外文翻译(氧化沟工艺设计在污水处理中的应用与发展) 29页

..外文翻译氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用与发展学生胥春柱学号1310020112学院石油天然气工程学院专业班级排水1301指导教师鹿钦礼填写日期2017年3月11日word教育资料\n..氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用与发展摘要：本文主要阐述了Carrousel氧化沟的结构、工艺机理、运行过程中存在的问题和相应的解决方法。最后，介绍了Carrousel氧化沟的最新的研究进展并指出了未来的主要研究方向。关键词：Carrousel氧化沟除磷脱氮结构机理1.前言　　氧化沟（oxidationditch）又名连续循环曝气池（Continuousloopreactor），是活性污泥法的一种变形。氧化沟污水处理工艺是在20世纪50年代由荷兰卫生工程研究所研制成功的。自从1954年在荷兰的首次投入使用以来。由于其出水水质好、运行稳定、管理方便等技术特点，已经在国外广泛的应用于生活污水和工业污水的治理[1]。　　目前应用较为广泛的氧化沟类型包括：帕斯韦尔（Pasveer）氧化沟、卡鲁塞尔（Carrousel）氧化沟、奥尔伯（Orbal）氧化沟、T型氧化沟（三沟式氧化沟）、DE型氧化沟和一体化氧化沟。这些氧化沟由于在结构和运行上存在差异，因此各具特点[2]。本文将主要介绍Carrousel氧化沟的结构、机理、存在的问题及其最新发展。2.Carrousel氧化沟的结构　　Carrousel氧化沟是1967年由荷兰的DHV公司开发研制。在原Carrousel氧化沟的基础上DHV公司和其在美国的专利特许公司EIMCO又发明了Carrousel2000系统，实现了更高要求的生物脱氮和除磷功能。至今世界上已有850多座Carrousel氧化沟和Carrousel2000系统正在运行[3]。word教育资料\n..　　Carrousel氧化沟使用定向控制的曝气和搅动装置，向混合液传递水平速度，从而使被搅动的混合液在氧化沟闭合渠道循环流动。因此氧化沟具有特殊的水力学流态，既有完全混合式反应器的特点，又有推流式反应器的特点，沟存在明显的溶解氧浓度梯度。氧化沟断面为矩形或梯形，平面形状多为椭圆形，沟水深一般为2.5～4.5ｍ，宽深比为2:1，亦有水深达7m的，沟中水流平均速度为0.3m/s。氧化沟曝气混合设备有表面曝气机、曝气转刷或转盘、射流曝气器、导管式曝气器和提升管式曝气机等，近年来配合使用的还有水下推动器[4~6]。3.Carrousel氧化沟的机理3.1Carrousel氧化沟处理污水的原理　　最初的普通Carrousel氧化沟的工艺中污水直接与回流污泥一起进入氧化沟系统。表面曝气机使混合液中溶解氧DO的浓度增加到大约2～3mg/L。在这种充分掺氧的条件下，微生物得到足够的溶解氧来去除BOD；同时，氨也被氧化成硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐，此时，混合液处于有氧状态。在曝气机下游，水流由曝气区的湍流状态变成之后的平流状态，水流维持在最小流速，保证活性污泥处于悬浮状态（平均流速>0.3m/s）。微生物的氧化过程消耗了水中溶解氧，直到DO值降为零，混合液呈缺氧状态。经过缺氧区的反硝化作用，混合液进入有氧区，完成一次循环。该系统中，BOD降解是一个连续过程，硝化作用和反硝化作用发生在同一池中。由于结构的限制，这种氧化沟虽然可以有效的去处BOD，但除磷脱氮的能力有限[7]。3.2Carrousel氧化沟除磷脱氮的影响因素　　影响Carrousel氧化沟除磷的因素主要是污泥龄、硝酸盐浓度及基质浓度。研究表明，当总污泥龄为8~10d时活性污泥中的最大磷含量为其干污泥量的4%，为异养菌体质量的11%，但当污泥龄超过15d时污泥中最大含磷量明显下降，反而达不到最大除磷效果。因此，一味延长污泥龄（例如20d、25d、30d）是没有必要的，宜在8~15d围选用。同时，高硝酸盐浓度和低基质浓度不利于除磷过程。4.Carrousel氧化沟存在的问题及解决方法　　尽管Carrousel氧化沟具有出水水质好、抗冲击负荷能力强、除磷脱氮效率高、污泥易稳定、能耗省、便于自动化控制等优点。但是，在实际的运行过程中，仍存在一系列的问题。4.1污泥膨胀问题word教育资料\n..　　当废水中的碳水化合物较多，N、P含量不平衡，pH值偏低，氧化沟中污泥负荷过高，溶解氧浓度不足，排泥不畅等易引发丝状菌性污泥膨胀；非丝状菌性污泥膨胀主要发生在废水水温较低而污泥负荷较高时。微生物的负荷高，细菌吸取了大量营养物质，由于温度低，代速度较慢，积贮起大量高粘性的多糖类物质，使活性污泥的表面附着水大大增加，SVI值很高，形成污泥膨胀。针对污泥膨胀的起因，可采取不同对策：由缺氧、水温高造成的，可加大曝气量或降低进水量以减轻负荷，或适当降低MLSS（控制污泥回流量），使需氧量减少；如污泥负荷过高，可提高MLSS，以调整负荷，必要时可停止进水，闷曝一段时间；可通过投加氮肥、磷肥，调整混合液中的营养物质平衡（BOD5：N：P=100：5：1）；pH值过低，可投加石灰调节；漂白粉和液氯（按干污泥的0.3%~0.6%投加），能抑制丝状菌繁殖，控制结合水性污泥膨胀[11]。4.2泡沫问题　　由于进水中带有大量油脂，处理系统不能完全有效地将其除去，部分油脂富集于污泥中，经转刷充氧搅拌，产生大量泡沫；泥龄偏长，污泥老化，也易产生泡沫。用表面喷淋水或除沫剂去除泡沫，常用除沫剂有机油、煤油、硅油，投量为0.5~1.5mg/L。通过增加曝气池污泥浓度或适当减小曝气量，也能有效控制泡沫产生。当废水中含表面活性物质较多时，易预先用泡沫分离法或其他方法去除。另外也可考虑增设一套除油装置。但最重要的是要加强水源管理，减少含油过高废水及其它有毒废水的进入[12]。4.3污泥上浮问题　　当废水中含油量过大，整个系统泥质变轻，在操作过程中不能很好控制其在二沉池的停留时间，易造成缺氧，产生腐化污泥上浮；当曝气时间过长，在池中发生高度硝化作用，使硝酸盐浓度高，在二沉池易发生反硝化作用，产生氮气，使污泥上浮；另外，废水中含油量过大，污泥可能挟油上浮。word教育资料\n..　　发生污泥上浮后应暂停进水，打碎或清除污泥，判明原因，调整操作。污泥沉降性差，可投加混凝剂或惰性物质，改善沉淀性；如进水负荷大应减小进水量或加大回流量；如污泥颗粒细小可降低曝气机转速；如发现反硝化，应减小曝气量，增大回流或排泥量；如发现污泥腐化，应加大曝气量，清除积泥，并设法改善池水力条件[12]。4.4流速不均及污泥沉积问题　　在Carrousel氧化沟中，为了获得其独特的混合和处理效果，混合液必须以一定的流速在沟循环流动。一般认为，最低流速应为0.15m/s，不发生沉积的平均流速应达到0.3~0.5m/s。氧化沟的曝气设备一般为曝气转刷和曝气转盘，转刷的浸没深度为250~300mm，转盘的浸没深度为480~530mm。与氧化沟水深（3.0~3.6m）相比，转刷只占了水深的1/10~1/12，转盘也只占了1/6~1/7，因此造成氧化沟上部流速较大（约为0.8~1.2m，甚至更大），而底部流速很小（特别是在水深的2/3或3/4以下，混合液几乎没有流速），致使沟底大量积泥（有时积泥厚度达1.0m），大大减少了氧化沟的有效容积，降低了处理效果，影响了出水水质。加装上、下游导流板是改善流速分布、提高充氧能力的有效方法和最方便的措施。上游导流板安装在距转盘（转刷）轴心4.0处（上游），导流板高度为水深的1/5~1/6，并垂直于水面安装；下游导流板安装在距转盘（转刷）轴心3.0m处。导流板的材料可以用金属或玻璃钢，但以玻璃钢为佳。导流板与其他改善措施相比，不仅不会增加动力消耗和运转成本，而且还能够较大幅度地提高充氧能力和理论动力效率[13]。另外，通过在曝气机上游设置水下推动器也可以对曝气转刷底部低速区的混合液循环流动起到积极推动作用，从而解决氧化沟底部流速低、污泥沉积的问题。设置水下推动器专门用于推动混合液可以使氧化沟的运行方式更加灵活，这对于节约能源、提高效率具有十分重要的意义[14]。5.Carrousel氧化沟的发展由于污水处理标准中对除磷脱氮的要求越来越严格，Carrousel氧化沟也得到了进一步的发展。目前，研究及应用较多的包括以下两种类型：微孔曝气型Carrousel2000系统、Carrousel3000系统。5.1微孔曝气型Carrousel2000系统word教育资料\n..　　微孔曝气型Carrousel2000系统采用微孔曝气（供氧设备为鼓风机），微孔曝气器可产生大量直径为1mm左右的微小气泡，这大大提高了气泡的表面积，使得在池容积一定的情况下氧转移总量增大（如池深增加则其传质效率将更高）。根据目前鼓风机生产厂家的技术能力，池的有效水深最大可达8m，因此可根据不同的工艺要求选取合适的水深。传统氧化沟的推流是利用转刷、转碟或倒伞型表曝机实现的，其设备利用率低、动力消耗大。微孔曝气型Carrousel2000系统则采用了水下推流的方式，即把潜水推进器叶轮产生的推动力直接作用于水体，在起推流作用的同时又可有效防止污泥的沉降。因而，采用潜水推进器既降低了动力消耗，又使泥水得到了充分地混合。5.2Carrousel3000系统　　Carrousel3000系统是在Carrousel2000系统前再加上一个生物选择区。该生物选择区是利用高有机负荷筛选菌种，抑制丝状菌的增长，提高各污染物的去除率，其后的工艺原理同Carrousel2000系统。Carrousel3000系统的较大提高表现在：一是增加了池深，可达7.5~8m，同心圆式，池壁共用，减少了占地面积，降低造价同时提高了耐低温能力（可达7℃）；二是曝气设备的巧妙设计，表曝机下安装导流筒，抽吸缺氧的混合液，采用水下推进器解决流速问题；三是使用了先进的曝气控制器QUTE（它采用一种多变量控制模式）。四是采用一体化设计，从中心开始，包括以下环状连续工艺单元：进水井和用于回流活性污泥的分水器；分别由四部分组成的选择池和厌氧池。这之外是有三个曝气器和一个预反硝化池的Carrousel2000系统（如图2所示）。五是圆形一体化的设计使得氧化沟不需额外的管线，即可实现回流污泥在不同工艺单元间的分配[17]。6.工艺的改良过程大致可分为四个阶段6.1曝气设备的革新：曝气设备对氧化沟的处理效率，能耗及处理稳定性有关键性影响，其作用主要表现在以下四个方面：向水中供氧；推进水流前进，使水流在池作循环流动；保证沟活性污泥处于悬浮状态；使氧、有机物、微生物充分混合。针对以上几个要求，曝气设备也一直在改进和完善。常规的氧化沟曝气设备有横轴曝气装置及竖轴曝气装置。word教育资料\n..1)横轴曝气装置为转刷和转盘。其中转刷更为常见，转刷单独使用通常只能满足水深较浅的氧化沟，有效水深不大于2.0－3.5米。从而造成传统氧化沟较浅，占地面积大的弊端。近几年开发了水下推进器配合转刷，解决了这个问题，如高密污水厂，有效水深为4.5米，保证沟平均流速大于0.3米/秒，沟底流速不低于0.1米/秒，这样氧化沟占地大大减少，转刷技术运用已相当成熟，但因其供氧率低，能耗大，故其逐渐被另外先进的曝气技术所取代。2)竖轴式表面曝气机，各种类型的表面曝气机均可用于氧化沟，一般安装在沟渠的转弯处，这种曝气装置有较大的提升能力，氧化沟水深可达4－4.5米，如1968年荷兰PHV开发的著名Carrousel氧化沟在一端的中心设垂直轴的一定方向的低速表曝叶轮，叶轮转动时除向污水供氧外，还能使沟中水体沿一定方向循环流动。表曝设备价格较便宜，但能耗大易出故障，且维修困难。3)射流曝气，1969年Lewrnpt等创建了第一座试验性射流曝气氧化沟（JAC），国外的射流曝气多为压力供气式，而国通常是自吸空气式，JAC的优点是氧化沟的宽度和水的深度不受限制，可以用于深水曝气，且氧的利用率高，目前最大的JAC在奥地利的林茨，处理流量为17.2万吨/天，水深7.5米。4)微孔曝气，现在应用较多的微孔曝气装置，采用多孔性空气扩散装置克服了以往装置气压损失大，易堵塞的毛病，且氧利用率较高，在氧化沟技术运用中越来越广泛，目前，我国省某污水厂已成功运用此种曝气系统。5)其他曝气设备，包括一些新型的曝气推动设备，如某公司开发的复叶节流新型曝气器，氧利用率较高，浮于水面，易检修，充氧能力可达水下7米，推动能力相当强，满足氧化沟的曝气推动一体化要求，同时能够满足氧化沟底部的充氧和推动。氧化沟在国外都发展很快。欧洲的氧化沟污水厂已有上千座，在国，从20世纪80年代末开始在城市污水和工业废水中引进国外氧化沟的先进技术，从原来的日处理量3000立方米到目前10万吨以上的污水处理厂已比较普遍，氧化沟工艺已成为我国城市污水处理的主要工艺。2.氧化沟脱氮除磷工艺word教育资料\n..2.1传统氧化沟的脱氮除磷传统氧化沟的脱氮，主要是利用沟溶解氧分布的不均匀性，通过合理的设计，使沟中产生交替循环的好氧区和缺氧区，从而达到脱氮的目的。其最大的优点是在不外加碳源的情况下在同一沟中实现有机物和总氮的去除，因此是非常经济的。但在同一沟中好氧区与缺氧区各自的体积和溶解氧浓度很难准确地加以控制，因此对除氮的效果是有限的，而对除磷几乎不起作用。另外，在传统的单沟式氧化沟中，微生物在好氧－缺氧－好氧短暂的经常性的环境变化中使硝化菌和反硝化菌群并非总是处于最佳的生长代环境中，由此也影响单位体积构筑物的处理能力。随着氧化沟工艺的反展，目前，在工程应用中比较有代表性的有形式有：多沟交替式氧化沟（如三沟式，五沟式）及其改进型、卡鲁塞尔氧化沟及其改进型、奥贝尔(Orbal)氧化沟及其改进型、一体化氧化沟等。他们都具有一定的脱氮除磷能力，2.2.PI型氧化沟的脱氮除磷PI（PhaseIsolation）型氧化沟，即交替式和半交替式氧化沟，是七十年代在丹麦发展起来的，其中包括DE型、T型和VR型氧化沟，随着各国对污水处理厂出水氮，磷含量要求越来越严，因而开发出现了功能加强的PI型氧化沟，主要由Kruger公司与Demmark技术学院合作开发的，称为Bio-Denitro和Bio-Denipho工艺，这两种工艺都是根据A/O和A2/O生物脱氮除磷原理，创造缺氧/好氧，厌氧/缺氧/好氧的工艺环境，达到生物脱氮除磷的目的。6.2DE型、T型氧化沟脱氮工艺DE型氧化沟为双沟系统，T型氧化沟为三沟系统，其运行方式比较相似，都是通过配水井对水流流向的切换，堰门的起闭以及曝气转刷的调速，在沟中创造交替的硝化，反硝化条件，以达到脱氮的目的。其不同之处在于DE型氧化沟系统是二沉池与氧化沟分建，有独立的污泥回流系统；而T型氧化沟的两侧沟轮流作为沉淀池。VR型氧化沟脱氮工艺VR氧化沟沟型宛如通常的环形跑道，中央有一小岛的直壁结构，氧化沟分为两个容积相当的部分，其水平形式如反向的英文字母C，污水处理通过二道拍门和二道出流堰交替起闭进行连续和恒水位运行。word教育资料\n..PI型氧化沟同时脱氮除磷工艺交替式氧化沟在脱氮效果上良好，为了达到除磷效果，通常在氧化沟前设置相应的厌氧区或构筑物或改变其运行方式。据国外实际运行经验显示，这种同时脱氮除磷工艺只要运行时控制的好，可以取得很好的脱氮除磷效果。北石桥污水净化中心采用具有脱氮除磷的DE型氧化沟系统（前加厌氧池），一期工程处理能力为15万立方米/天，对各阶段处理效果实测结果表明，DE型氧化沟处理城市污水效果显着。COD、TN、TP的总去除效率分别达到87.5%－91.6%，63.6%－66.9%，85.0%－93.4%，出水TN为9.0－10.1mg/l,TP为0.42－0.45mg/l,出水水质优于国家二级出水排放标准。上述三种PI型氧化沟脱氮除磷工艺都有转刷的调速，活门、出水堰的启闭切换频繁的特点，对自动化要求高，转刷利用率低，故在经济欠发达的地区受到很大的限制。奥贝尔氧化沟脱氮除磷工艺Orbal氧化沟简称同心圆式，它也是分建式，有单独二沉池，采用转碟曝气，沟深较大，它的脱氮效果很好，但除磷效率不够高，要求除磷时还需前加厌氧池。应用上多为椭圆形的三环道组成，三个环道用不同的DO(如外环为0，中环为1，环为2)，有利于脱氮除磷。采用转碟曝气，水深一般在4.0～4.5m,动力效率与转刷接近，现已在潍坊、黄村和王小郢的城市污水处理厂应用。卡鲁塞尔氧化沟脱氮除磷工艺传统的卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺卡鲁塞尔(Carrousel)氧化沟是1967年由荷兰的DHV公司开发研制的。它的研制目的是为满足在较深的氧化沟沟渠中使混合液充分混合，并能维持较高的传质效率，以克服小型氧化沟沟深较浅，混合效果差等缺陷。至今世界上已有850多座Carrousel氧化沟系统正在运行，实践证明该工艺具有投资省、处理效率高、可靠性好、管理方便和运行维护费用低等优点。Carrousel氧化沟使用立式表曝机，曝气机安装在沟的一端，因此形成了靠近曝气机下游的富氧区和上游的缺氧区，有利于生物絮凝，使活性污泥易于沉降，设计有效水深4.0－4.5米，沟中的流速0.3米/秒。BOD5的去除率可达95%－99%，脱氮效率约为90%，除磷效率约为50%，如投加铁盐，除磷效率可达95%。单级卡鲁塞尔氧化沟脱氮除磷工艺word教育资料\n..单级卡鲁塞尔氧化沟有两种形式：一是有缺氧段的卡鲁塞尔氧化沟，可在单一池实现部分反硝化作用，使用于有部分反硝化要求，但要求不高的场合。另一种是卡鲁塞尔A/C工艺，即在氧化沟上游加设厌氧池，可提高活性污泥的沉降性能，有效控制活性污泥膨胀，出水磷的含量通常在2.0mg/l以下。以上两种工艺一般用于现有氧化沟的改造，与标准的卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺相比变动不大，相当于传统活性污泥工艺的A/O和A2/O工艺。合建式卡鲁塞尔氧化沟缺氧区与好氧区合建式氧化沟式美国EIMCO公司专为卡鲁塞尔系统设计的一种先进的生物脱氮除磷工艺（卡鲁塞尔2000型）。它的构造上的主要改进是在氧化沟设置了一个独立的缺氧区。缺氧区回流渠的端口处装有一个可调节的活门。根据出水含氮量的要求，调节活门开程度，可控制进入缺氧区的流量。缺氧和好氧区合建式氧化沟的关键在与于对曝气设备充氧量的控制，必须保证进入回流渠处的混合液处于缺氧状态，为反硝化创造良好环境。缺氧区有潜水搅拌器，具有混合和维持污泥悬浮的作用。在卡鲁塞尔2000型基础上增加前置厌氧区，可以达到脱氮除磷的目的，被称为A2/C卡鲁塞尔氧化沟。四阶段卡鲁塞尔Bardenpho系统在卡鲁塞尔2000型系统下游增加了第二缺氧池及再曝气池，实现更高程度的脱氮。五阶段卡鲁塞尔Bardenpho系统在A2/C卡鲁塞尔系统的下游增加了第二缺氧池和在曝气池，实现更高程度的脱氮和除磷。综上所述，厌氧，缺氧与好氧合建的氧化沟系统可以分为三阶段A2/O系统以及四、五阶段Bardenpho系统，这几个系统均是A/O系统的强化和反复，因此这种工艺的脱氮除磷效果很好，脱氮率达90%－95%。另外，卡鲁塞尔3000型氧化沟也有较好的脱氮除磷效果。在此不加以详述。6.3合建式一体化氧化沟是指集曝气、沉淀、泥水分离和污泥回流功能为一体，无需建造单独二沉池的氧化沟。这种氧化沟设有专门的固液分离装置和措施。它既是连续进出水，又是合建式，且不用倒换功能，从理论上讲最经济合理，且具有很好的脱氮除磷效果。word教育资料\n..一体化氧化沟除一般氧化沟所具有的优点外，还有以下独特的优点：①工艺流程短，构筑物和设备少，不设初沉池、调节池和单独的二沉池；②污泥自动回流，投资少、能耗低、占地少、管理简便；③造价低，建造快，设备事故率低，运行管理工作量少；④固液分离效果比一般二次沉淀池高，使系统在较大的流量浓度围稳定运行。一体化氧化沟的工艺特点见图二：氧化沟工艺-3氧化沟工艺选择的讨论1）提高中小城市污水治理率是今后污水治理领域的重点，对于规模小于10万吨/天的中小型污水处理厂来说，氧化沟和SBR是首选工艺，目前总体来说应用最多的是氧化沟工艺，在氧化沟各种工艺中，考虑其各自的特点及污水脱氮除磷的要求，推荐中小城市使用较成熟的卡鲁塞尔氧化沟.对于合建式一体化氧化沟，国应用该工艺的污水厂已超过十余座，其示工程——新都污水处理厂己成功运行5年多，是未来氧化沟工艺发展的一个主要方向。2）近年来，在氧化沟中尝试使用各种综合曝气装置，即采用曝气器与水下混合器独立运行，将氧化沟中的水流循环混合作用与曝气传氧作用区分开来，使氧化沟替出现缺氧与好氧状态，已达到脱氮除磷目的，同时这种运行方式还能取得节能的效果。据报道，这种综合曝气系统已在国外得到应用，在国也可尝试并推广采用这种综合曝气设备。3）微孔曝气氧化沟工艺即保留了氧化沟沿水流方向间断曝气和循环流动的特点，又克服了氧化沟因采用表面曝气机而占地面积大，充氧效率低，水流断面流速不均，池底易沉淀等不足，不失为一种可推广使用的工艺。4）在土地十分紧的地区，在取得较准确的设计参数的基础上，可考虑使用立体式循环氧化沟。word教育资料\n..5）在氧化沟工艺设计中，沟深的设计是一个很重要的问题，尽管水下推进器的使用使沟深有所提高，但也并非越大越好，因为有效水深的增加会引起能量模式的改变，从而需增加动力设备就不同，引起投资和运行费用的提高。不同地质情况，不同进水水质及处理要求，有不同的沟深要求。因此，每一个选用氧化沟工艺的污水厂，都因根据各种因素综合分析以确定最佳的沟深。7.结论Carrousel氧化沟由于具有良好的出磷脱氮能力、抗冲击负荷能力和运行管理方便等优点，已经得到了广泛的应用。但由于科技的发展和社会的进步，该工艺必将得到进一步的提高。作者认为：Carrousel氧化沟的未来研究方向将主要体现在以下几方面。1结合生物膜法，研究和开发生物模型Carrousel氧化沟。这样不仅可以提高单位反应器的微生物总量，从而提高有机负荷，而且生物膜本身具有的置A/O系统强化了脱氮效果[18]。2不断提高Carrousel氧化沟中微生物的活性。例如在氧化沟中投加EM专一菌种、投入铁盐使微生物驯化成生物铁、投入活性炭增强菌胶团的形成并提高耐毒性冲击等。3提高Carrousel氧化沟设备性能和监控技术。提高表曝机、水下推进器的性能，减少维修工作量；利用DO、ORP等多目标监控技术及变频技术是今后Carrousel氧化沟科学运行的必由之路。4提高Carrousel氧化沟的耐寒、耐毒性能，减少占地面积和工程造价。膜理论的应用、深池水力条件和工艺性能的研究为降低工程造价、提高耐寒耐毒性能等提供了可能的方向。9．参考文献[1]XiaShibin,LiuJunxin.Aninnovativeintegratedoxidationditchwithverticalcirclefordomesticwastewatertreatment.ProcessBiochemistry,2004,39(4):1111~1117.[2]X,Hao;Doddema,H.J.;vanGroenestijn,J.W.Useofcontacttanktoenhancedenitrificationinoxidationditches.WaterScienceandTechnology,1996,34(1-2):195~202.word教育资料\n..[3]汪大，雷乐成。水处理新技术及工程设计[M]。化学工业，2000。[4]正明。导管式氧化沟设计介绍。化工给排水设计，1997，2：16~18。[5]朱谋溪。自吸式射流曝气器在中小型氧化沟中的应用。给水排水，1999，25(8)：13~18。　　　[6]Dudley,J.Processtestingofaeratorsinoxidationditches.WaterResearch,1995,29(9):2217~2219.[7]Stamou,AnastasiosT.Modelingofoxidationditchesusinganopenchannelflow1-DadvectiondispersionequationandASMIprocessdescription.WaterScienceandTechnology,1997,36(5):269~276.[8]Abusam,A.;Keesman,K.J.;vanStraten,G.Forwardandbackwarduncertaintypropagation:anoxidationditchmodellingexample.WaterResearch,2003,37(2):429~435.[9]施成忠。第一污水厂氧化沟工艺运行实践及分析。中国给水排水，1997，13(3)：17~19。[10]华。氧化沟工艺处理低浓度城市污水的研究。广西土木建筑，1998，23(4)：183~187。[11]玲，徐得潜，乐英。氧化沟活性污泥膨胀原因及控制措施。工业用水与废水，2003，34(6)：49~52。[12]吴昊，庆臣，强利等。氧化沟工艺运行中常见问题与解决方法。给水排水，2002，28(5)：26~29。[13]瑞钰，付见中。改善氧化沟流速分布的措施　　　　中国给水排水，2001，17(2)：16~18。[14]伟民，邓荣森，王涛等。水下推动器对氧化沟混合液的循环作用。中国给水排水，203，19(9)：45~47。word教育资料\n..[15]黄伏根，朱炳林。微孔曝气、Carrousel-2000型氧化沟工艺处理城市污水。冶金矿山设计与建设，2000，32(6)：23~27。[16]黄祖安。氧化沟脱氮除磷工艺的运行控制。中国给水排水，2003，19(12)：101~102。[17]白晓慧，王宝贞。一种新型的Carrousel氧化沟。给水排水，1999，25(3)：27~30。[18]Gillot,S.;Héduit,A.Effectofairflowrateonoxygentransferinanoxidationditchequippedwithfinebubblediffusersandslowspeedmixers.WaterResearch,2000,34(5):1756~1762.英文原文OxidizetheditchcraftindirtywaterhandleofapplicationanddevelopmentCaiZhi一jun(FoshanCityShundeDistrictEnvironmentalEngineeringBranchFoshanGuangdong528000)【Abstract】Setanaerobic,naoxicsectionCarrousoxidationditchwithbiologiclanitrogenandphosphorusremovalcapabilitie,iscurrendythemainstreamofcitylifeprocessofsewagetreatment,ThisarticledescirbesthestructureofCarrouseloxidationditch,porcessanddesignproblemsduringtheoper-ationandthecorrespondingsolutions．【Keywords】Carrousel；Oxidationditch；Phosphorusnadnitrogenremoval；Structure；Mechanism1.ForewordOxidizetheditch(oxidationditch)againacontinuouscirculationspiritpond(Continuousloopreactor),isaliveanddirtymiremethodakindoftotransform.OxidizingthedirtywaterinditchhandlesthecraftberesearchedtomanufacturebythehygieneengineeringgraduateschoolofHollandinthe50'sof20centuriessuccess.Sinceinword教育资料\n..1954atDutchthrowintheusageforthevelYfirstnme.secauseitsawaterfluidmattergood,circulatethestabilityandmanageconvenienceetc.techniquecharacteristics,alreadyatdomesticandinternationalandextensiveapplicationinlivethedirtywatertoisdirtytomanageaquecustvwiththeindustlYli).Currentapplicationthanoxidizeextensivelytheditchtypeinclude:The(Pasveer)oxidizestheditch,the(Carrousel)oxidizestheditch,(Orbal)oxidizestheditch,thetypeofToxidizestheditch(threeditchtypesoxidizetheditch),thetypeofDEoxidizestheditchtoturntooxidizetheditchwiththeIntegralwhore.theseoxidizetheditchbecauseofthedifferenceofesseinconstructionwithcirculating,thereforeeachcharacteristics[2].Thistextwillintroduceconstruction,mechanism,existentproblemanditslatestdevelopmentsthatCarrouseloxidizeditchesprimarily.2.TheCarrouseloxidizestheconstructionoftheditchTheCarrouselOxidizetheditchtoberesearchedtomanufacturebyDutchDHVcompanydevelopmentin1967.0xidizethelastthecompanyofDHVinfoundationoftheditchintheoriginalCarrouseltopermitedspeciallythecompanyEIMCOtoinventagainwithitspatentintheUnitedStatesCarrousel2000systemrealizesthelivingcreatureofthehigherrequesttakesoffthenitrogenwithdividedbythefunctionof.Therehasbeenintheworlduptonowmorethan850CarrouselsoxidizetheditchwiththeCarrousel2000systemarecirculatingFromdiagramtherefore,theCarrouseloxidizestheditchtheusagethespiritofthatdefinitedirectioncontrolwithshakeupthedevice,facetomixwiththeliquiddeliverthelevelspeed,frombutmakedrivetheliquidofadmixturethatshakeupisinoxidizeditchshutmatchoutletcirculatenowrnereroreoxidizetheditchhavethespecialhydraulicsflowsthe,currentcompletemixwiththecharacteristicsofthetypereactor,havethecharacteristicsthatpushtheflowtypereactoragain,theditchinsideexsrtsobviouslyofdeliquescenceoxygendensitystepsdegree.Oxidizingtheditchcrosssectionisrectangleortrapezoids,thefiatsurfaceshapeismanyforoval,theditchinternalwaterisdeepgeneralfor2.5-4.5m,thebreadthisdeepcomparefor2:1,alsohavethedeepwateramountto7msof,ditchinsideaveragespeedinwatercurrentis0.3mS/s.ostorzeditchspiritadmixtureequipmentscontainsurfacespiritmachine,thespiritofturntobrushorturnthedishandshoottoflowthespiritmachine,pipetypespiritmachinewithpromotetakecareoftypespiritmachineetc.,matchwithinrecentyearsusagestillcontainunderwaterpushmachineword教育资料\n..3.TheCarrouseloxidizesthemechanismoftheditch3.1TheCarrouseloxidizestheditchhandlesdirtyandaqueousprincipleTheatthebeginningcommonCarrouseloxidizesthedirtywaterIninsideIncraftoftheditchdirectwithdirtymireInrefluxtogetherenteroxidizetheditchsystem.ThesurfacespiritmachinemakesfuseIntheliquidofadmixturethedensityoftheoxygenDOincreasesabout2the3mgslt.uncerthiskindofwellthetermoftheoxygen,themicroorganismgetstheenoughdeliquescenceoxygencomesandgotodividedbytheBOD;Atthesametime,theammoniaweretoooxidizednitratewithsecondnitrate,thistime,mixwiththeliquidbeplacedintheoxygenappearance.Inthespiritmachinedownstream,afterwatercurrentbebecomebytheswiftflowappearanceofthespiritDistrictoPevenflowtheappearance,thewatercurrentmaintainsintheminimumcurrentvelocity,guaranteeingtheliveanddirtymirebeplacedinthefloatstheappearance.(averagecurrentvercctvs-o.amsls)Oxldlzemicrobiallytheprocessconsumedtofusetheoxygeninthewater,untilthevalueofDOdeclinesforzero,mixingwiththeliquidreporttheanoxiaappearance.versanitricthatturnthefunctionthroughanoxiaarea,mixwiththeliquidentertohavetheoxygenarea,completingoncecirculating.Thatsysteminside,theBODdeclinesthesolutionisacontinuousprocess,thenitricturnsthefunctiontoturnwiththeversanitric~efunctiontakeplaceinsamepond.Becauseofstructuralrestrict,thiskindofoxidizetheditchalthoughcanthenvalidwhereaboutsBOD,dividedbythephosphorustakeoffthenitrogenousabilityltmrtedt".3.2TheCarrouseloxidizestheditchdividedsbythephosphorustakesoffthenitrogenousinfluencefactor.AffectingtheCarrouseloxidizestheditchdividedsbythephosphoricfactorisdirtymire,nitratedensityandqualitydensitiesprimarily.Theresearchexpresses,beingtotalanddirtymireas11%thatahourbiggestphosphorus4%withdealisitsfuckdirtymiredealwithinliveanddirtymire,keepforthethegermphysicalendowmentmeasures,butwhendirtymireover15dhourdirtymiretheInsideisbiggesttocontaintheobviousdescentindealInphosphorus,canningnotreachthebiggestdividedingbytheresultofphosphorusonthecontrary.Therefore,prolongpersistentlythedirtymire(forexample20ds,25ds,30ds)istohavenonecessary,properchoosetousewithinthescopeof8~15d.Atthesametime,highnitratedensitywithlowqualitydensitydisadvantageindividedbytheprocessofphosphorus.4.TheCarrouseloxidizesproblemandsolutionmethodsoftheditchword教育资料\n..esse.ThoughtheCarrouseloxidizestheditchhasawaterfluidmattergood,theanti-poundsattheburthenabilitystrong,dividedbythephosphorustakeoffthenitrogenefficiency.But,inphysicallyofmovementprocess,stillexsttsaseriesofproblem.4.1DirtymireinflationproblemWhendiscardtheaquaticcarbohydratemore,theN,Pcontainstheunbalanceofdeal,thepHvalueislow,oxidizingthedirtymireininsideinditchcarrieshigh,fusetheoxygendensitytheshortage,lineupthemirenotetc.causeseasilydirtymireingerminforminsilkinflatlon;Notthedirtymireingerminforminsilkinflationtakesplaceprimarilyatthewastewaterwatertemperatureislowerbutthedirtymirecarrieshigherhour.Themicrobialburthenishigh,thegermsabsorbedthelargequantitynourishmentmaterial,islowbecauseofthetemperature,metabolismthespeedisslower,accumulatingtheriseslargequantityishightogluesexualandmanysugarmaterials,makingthesurfaceoftheliveanddirtymireadheretothewatertoincreaseconsumedly,SVIthevalueisveryhigh,becomingthedirtymireinflation.Causethataimatthedirtymireinflation,canadoptthedifferentcounterplan:Fromtheanoxia,watertemperaturehighresultinof,canenlargementtoleranceorlowerintothewatermeasurestoalleviateburthen,ortheadequacylowerstheMLSS(controldirtymirerefluxmeasure),makingneedtheoxygenmeasuresdecrease.Itthedirtymirecarrieshigh,canincreaseMLSS,toadjusttheburthen,necessity4.2FoamproblemBecauseenteringtotakethegreaseoflargequantityinthewater,handlingsystemcan'tcompletelyandavailablyitsobviation,partsofgreasesenrichestogatherininthedirtymire,throughturntobrushtheoxygenagitation,creationlargequantityfoam;Themireispartialtolong,thedirtymireisaging,andalsoeasycreationtoam.Spravtopourthewaterordividedbywiththesurfacetheofdoawaywiththefoam,incommonusedividedbytheanorganismoil,kerosene,theoilofstncon,throwdealas0.5~1.5mgslL.Passtoincreasedirtymireinpondinspiritindensityoradequaciesletupthetoleranceof,alsocancontrolthefoamcreationeffectively.Whencontainthelivemateria!insurfaceinthewastewatermore,separatewiththefoameasilyandinadvancemethodorothermethodsdoawaywith.Alsocanconsidertoincreasetoestablishasetofdlvidedingbytheoildevicemoreover.Butenhancemostimportantlytheheadwatersmanage,reducingtocontaintheoiloverthehighwastewaterandotherpoisonouswastewaterofinto[llJ.word教育资料\n..4.3FloattheproblemonthedirtymireWhencontaininthewastewatertheoilmeasuresbig,wholesystemmirequalitybecomelight,can'tliketocontrolverymuchinoperateprocessitsattwosinkthepondstopovertime,resultingintheanoxiaeasily,producingthecorruptanddirtymireascendtofloat;Whenspirittimeoverlong,takeplaceinpondthehighdegreenitricturnthefunction,makingnitratedensityhigh,attwosinktheversanitricineasyoccurrenceinpondturnthefunction,creationnitrogenspirit,makedirtymireascendf1oat;Moreover,containtheoilinthewastewater?Takeplacethedirtymireascendafterfloatingshouldpauseenterwater,brokeoffordirtymireinclearance,judgetheclearreason,adjusttheoperation.Thedirtymiresinkstodeclinethesexbad,canthrowtoaddofoagulateorslothmaterials,theimprovementprecipitatesthesex;Suchasenterthewatercarriesbigletupintothewatermeasuresortheenlargementrefluxmeasures.Sucnasthedirtymiregrainsmalllowerthespiritmachineturnsoon.Ifdiscoversversanitricturning,shouldletupthetolerance,enlargetherefluxorrowthemiremeasures;1fdiscoverthedirtymireiscorrupt,shouldenlargementtolerance,theclearanceaccumulatesthemire,andtrytheameliorativepondinternalwaterdintterm!':".4.4CurrentvelocityisnotallandthedirtymiresinkstoaccumulatetheproblemInCarrouseloxidizeditch,foracquiringitsspecialadmixturewithhandlesresult,mixwithliquidmustwithcertaincurrentvelocityisinditchcirculateflow.Thinkgenerally,thelowestcurrentvelocityshouldshouldattainforanaveragecurrentvelocityfor,doingnottakeplacesinkingacccmutetmq0.3~0.5msls.Thespiritequipmentsthatoxidizetheditchisgeneraltoturntobrushforthespiritoftoturnthedishwiththespiritof,turningtobrushofimmersetohavenodepthfor250~300mms,turnthedishimmersetohavenodepthfor480"'530mms.Withoxidizetheditchwaterthedeep(3.0~3.6ms)comparing,turntobrushoccupiedthedeep1/10~inwater1/12,turnedthedishtoalsooccupythe1/6'"only1/7,thereforeresultintooxidizetheditchupperpartcurrentvelocitybigger{roughly0.8"'1.2ms,evenlarger},butthebottomcurrentvelocityisverysmall(especiallyatthewaterisdeep2/3or3/4below,mixwiththeliquidhasnocurrentvelocityalmost),causingditchbottomlargequantityaccumulatethemire(sometimesaccumulatethemirethicknessamounttoa1.0ms),thevalidcapacitythatreducedtooxidizetheditchconsumedly,loweredtohandleresult,affectedawaterfluidmatter.Moreover,passinthespiritonboardswimtoestablishtheword教育资料\n..underwaterpushmachinecanalsoturntothespiritoftheliquidofadmixturethatbrushthebottomlowspeedareacirculatestoflowtorisepositivepushfunction,frombutthesolutionoxidizestheproblemthatlowanddirtymireincurrentvelocityinbottominditchsinkaccumulates,Establishtheunderwaterpushmachineusedsforexclusivelythepushmixswiththeliquidcanmakemovementmethodthatoxidizetheditchmuchmorevivid,thisforeconomyenergy,liftthehigh-efficiencyhavingtheveryimportantmeaning[141.5.TheCarrouseloxidizesthedevelopmentoftheditchBecausethedirtywaterhandlesstandardinsidetodividedbythephosphorustakeoffthenitrogenousrequestmoreandmorestrict,thedevelopmentthatCarrouselfurtheroxidizedtheditchtoalsoget.Current,theresearchandapplicationincludesmorelybelowtwocategorytype:TinyborespirittypeCarrousel2000systems,Carrousel3000system.5.1TInyborespirittypeCarrousel2000systemTinyborespirittypeCarrousel2000tinyboreinadoptioninsystemspirit(provideoxygenequipmentsasthedrumbreezemachine),thetinyborespiritmachinecanproducethediameteroflargequantityasasurfacefororsoandsmallspiritsteeping,thisconsumedlyincreasesspiritbubbleaccumulates,underingthecertaincircumstanceincapacityinpondmaketheoxygentransferthegrossmeasuresaggrandizement.(ifdeepincrementinpond,itsspreadthequalityefficiencywillbehigher)Producethetechniqueabilityofthefactoryhouseaccordingtothecurrentdrumbreezemachine,thevalidwaterofthepondisdeepbiggestamountingtoa8ms,thereforecanselectbyexaminationsaccordingtothedifferentcraftrequestthefitwaterisdeep.Thetraditionoxidizestheditchpushestoflowistomakeuseoftoturntobrush,turnadiscorpourtheumbrellatypeformmachinerealizesof,itsequipmentsutilizationislow,themotiveconsumesbig.TInyborespirittypeCarrousel2000systemsthenadoptedtheunderwaterpushesthewaythatflow,risestodivethepropellertheleafthemotivationthatroundcreationthedirectfunctionnamelyintheofwater,atpushtoflowthefunctiontocankeepdirtymirefromsinkingtodeclineeffectivelyagainatthesametime.Asaresult,theadoptiondivesthepropellersincelowerthemotiveconsume,makingmirewatergotagaintomixswithadequately.5.2Carrousel3000systemCarrousel3000systemsareintheCarrousel2000systemsareex-toplusalivingcreaturethechoicethearea.Thatlivingcreaturechoiceareaisacrafttomakeuseofhighorganismcarriestosievegermgrow,represssilkformgermincrease,increaseeachpollutantword教育资料\n..doawaywiththerate,afterwardprincipletogetherCarrousel2000system.Carrousel3000systemofbiggerincreasestoexpressat:Anistoincreasedtheponddeep,canamountto7.5"'8ms,unitedatheartcircletype,thepondwallusestotally,reducingtocoverthearea,loweringtobuildthepricetoincreasestobearthelowtemperatureabilityatthesametime;(canamountto7'C)Twoistheliquidofadmixturethatspiritequipmentsthatskillfuldesign,theformmachinedescendstoinstalltoleadtoflow,theanoxiaoftakeout,adopttheunderwaterpropellersolutioncurrentvelocityproblem;ThreeistousedtheadvancedspiritcontrollerQUTE.(itadoptthemuchaerkindofchangingthedealcontrolmode)fouristoadopttheintegralwholeturnthedesign,startingfromthecenter,Includingbelowwreathformconsecuuoncraftunu.eoterthewellofwaterwiththecentwatermachinethatusedfortheliveanddirtymireinreflux;Differencefromfour-partthechoicepondthatcentconstitutewith!Xoxygenpond.ThisoutsideisaCarrouseltohavethreespiritmachinewithaprepareversanitricturnthepond2000system.(suchasfigure2show)Fiveistubelinethatthedesignthatthecircularintegralwholeturntomakeoxidizetheditchdonotneedadditionally,canimmediatelyrealizedirtymireinrefluxallotmentindifferentcraftunit[I7J.6.Processimprovementprocesscanberoughlydividedintofourstages:aerationequipmentinnovation:Aerationdevicesforoxidationditchtreatmentefficiency,energyconsumptionhasacriticaleffectandhandlingstability,itsroleismainlymanifestedinthefollowingfouraspects:oxygensupplytothewater;Pushforwardflow,makethewatercirculatinginapool;Ensuretheactivatedsludgeinasuspendedstateinthegroove;Makeoxygen,organicmatter,microbialmix.Formorethanafewrequirements,aerationdevicehasbeenimprovedandperfected.Conventionaloxidationditchaerationequipmentwithhorizontalshaftaerationdevicesandverticalshaftaerationdevice.1)thetransverseaerationdeviceforbrushandrotarytable.Whichturntobrushmorecommon,turnbrushusedaloneoftencanonlymeetthewaterdepthofshallowoxidationditch,theeffectivedepthofwaterisnotmorethan2.0to3.5meters.Resultinginthetraditionaloxidationditch,coversanareaofbigdrawbacks.Underwaterpropellerisdevelopedinrecentyears,withbrush,solvedtheproblem,suchasshandonggaomisewageplant,andtheeffectivedepthof4.5meters,ensuretheaverageflowvelocityintheditchisgreaterthan0.3m/s,thebottomvelocityofnotlessthan0.1m/s,oxidationditchcovergreatlyreduced,soturnbrushtechnologyword教育资料\n..alreadyquitemature,butbecauseofitslowoxygenrate,largeenergyconsumption,itgraduallyreplacedbyotheradvancedaerationtechnology.2)verticalshaftsurfaceaerator,varioustypesofsurfaceaeratorcanbeusedintheoxidationditch,generallyinstalledinditchbend,theaerationdevicehasgreatabilityofascensionoxidationditchwaterdepthupto4-4.5m,suchasthe1968DutchfamousCarrouseloxidationditchPHVdevelopmentsetinthecenterofthesideoftheverticalaxisofacertaindirectionoflowspeedtableofimpeller,theimpellerrotates,besidestodeliveroxygentosewagealsocanmaketheditchwatercirculationflowalongacertaindirection.Tableexposureequipmentpriceischeaper,buteasytooutoforder,largeenergyconsumptionanddifficultmaintenance.Lewrnpt3)jetaeration,1969,createdthefirstexperimentaljetaerationoxidationditch(JAC),morethanforeignjetaerationispressuregastype,anddomesticisusuallyaself-primingtypeair,JAChastheadvantageofoxidationditchwithunlimitedwidthandthedepthofthewater,canbeusedfordeepwateraeration,andoxygenutilizationratioishigh,thebiggestJACinlinz,Austria,processflowforthe172000tons/day,thedepthof7.5meters.4)microporousaeration,microporousaerationdevice,nowiswidelyappliedusingporousairdiffusionsystemovercomespreviousunitpressurelossisbig,easytojam,andhighoxygenutilizationinoxidationditchtechnologyismoreandmorewidely,atpresent,asewageplantofguangdongprovinceinChinahasbeensuccessfuluseoftheaerationsystem.5)otheraerationequipment,includingsomenewaerationdrivingequipment,suchaszhejiangacompanydevelopmentcompoundthrottlingthenewaerator,oxygenutilizationratioishigher,floatinginthewater,easymaintenance,oxygenationcapacitycanreach7metersunderwater,drivingabilityisquitestrong,satisfytherequirementoftheoxidationditchaerationtopromoteintegration,atthesametime,cansatisfytheoxidationditchofoxygenationanddrive.Oxidationditchisdevelopingrapidlyathomeandabroad.Europeanoxidationditchsewageplantthousandsofseats,athome,sincethelate1980sinthecitysewageandindustrialwastewaterinintroducingforeignadvancedtechnologyoftheoxidationditch,fromtheoriginaldaycapacityof3000cubicmeterstothecurrent100000tonsofsewagetreatmentplanthasbeenrelativelycommon,oxidationditchtechnologyhasbecomethemaintechnologyofurbansewagetreatmentinChina.2.Theoxidationditchdenitrificationandphosphorusremovalprocess2.1oftraditionaloxidationditch,denitrificationandword教育资料\n..phosphorusremovaloftraditionaloxidationditch,denitrification,mainlyusinginhomogeneityofdistributionofdissolvedoxygenintheditch,throughreasonabledesign,maketheditchproducesalternatingcycleofaerobiczoneandanoxiczone,soastoachievethegoalofdenitrification.Itsbiggestadvantageisthatwithoutadditionalcarbonsourceisrealizedinthesamegrooveorganicmatterandtotalnitrogenremoval,thereforeitisveryeconomic.Butinthesamegrooveintheaerobiczoneandanoxiczoneoftherespectivevolumeanditisdifficulttoaccuratelycontroldissolvedoxygenconcentration,sotheeffectofremovingnitrogenislimited,butalmosthadnoeffectonphosphorusremoval.Inaddition,inthetraditionalsinglegroovetypeoxidationditch,themicroorganisminaerobicanaerobic-aerobic-shortcurrentenvironmentalchangesofnitrifyingbacteriaanddenitrifyingbacteriaarenotalwaysinthebestgrowthmetabolismofenvironment,whichalsoaffectstheprocessingcapacityofunitvolumestructures.Asofoxidationditchtechnology,atpresent,intheengineeringapplicationmorerepresentativeformsare:moregroovealternatingoxidationditch(suchasthreegroovetype,fivegroovetype)anditsmodified,thecarrouseloxidationditchandmodified,MrBell,Orbaloxidationditchanditsadvanced,theintegratedoxidationditch,etc.Theyallhavecertainabilityofnitrogenandphosphorus,2.2.PItypeoxidationditchofdenitrificationandphosphorusremovalPI(PhaseIsolation)typeoxidationditch,thealternatingandhalfalternatingoxidationditch,isdevelopedinDenmarkintheseventys,includingDEtype,T,andVRtypeoxidationditch,ascountriesofsewagetreatmentplanteffluentnitrogen,phosphoruscontentisincreasinglystrict,thusdevelopthefunctionofstrengtheningPItypeoxidationditch,mainlybytheKrugercompanyandDemmarkjointlydevelopedbytheinstituteoftechnology,knownasBio-DenitroandBio-Deniphoprocess,thetwoprocessisbasedontheA/OandA2/Obiologicaldenitrificationandphosphorusremovalprinciple,createtheanoxic/aerobic,anaerobic/anoxic/aerobicprocessenvironment,achievethegoalofbiologicaldenitrificationandphosphorusremoval.2.2.1DEtype,TtypeoxidationditchdenitrificationprocessDEoxidationditchforshuanggousystem,Toxidationditchforthreechannelsystem,itsoperationmodeissimilar,isthroughtheWellsofwaterflowswitch,weirdoorclosedandaerationspeedaroundthebrush,createalternatenitrificationintheditch,denitrifyingconditions,inordertoachievethepurposeofdenitrification.ThedifferencebetweenDEoxidationditchsystemwasbuilt,thesecondpondandoxidationditchhaveindependentreturnword教育资料\n..sludgesystem;AndTbothsidesoftheoxidationditchditchassedimentationtankinturn.2.2.2VRtypeoxidationditchdenitridingtechnologyVRoxidationGouGoutypeasusuallycircularrunway,thereisasmallislandstraightwallstructures,inthemiddleoftheoxidationditchisdividedintotwovolumequiteapartofitslevelformsuchasreverseEnglishlettersC,sewagetreatmentthroughtheflapvalveandtworevealedalternatingflowweirclosedtorunthecontinuousandconstantwaterlevel.2.2.3PItypeoxidationditchsimultaneousdenitrificationanddephosphorizationprocessalternatingoxidationditchonthedenitrificationeffectisgood,inordertoachievedephosphorizationeffect,ofteninfrontoftheoxidationditch,setupcorrespondinganaerobiczoneorstructuresorchangetheoperationmode.Accordingtotheactualoperatingexperienceathomeandabroad,accordingtothesimultaneousdenitrificationanddephosphorizationprocessaslongastheruntimecontrolofgood,verygooddenitrificationandphosphorusremovaleffectcanbeobtained.XiannorthstonebridgewithsewagepurificationcenterofdenitrificationandphosphorusremovalofDEoxidationditchsystem(formerplusYanYangChi),aphaseoftheprocessingcapacityof150000m3/dayandthestagesoftreatmenteffectthemeasuredresultsshowthattheDEtypeoxidationditchsewageprocessingeffectissignificant.TotalremovalefficiencyofCOD,TNandTPwere87.5%,91.6%,63.6%,66.9%,85.0%93.4%,effluentTN9.010.1mg/l,TP0.420.45mg/l,thesecondaryeffluentisbetterthannationalstandards.ThethreePItypeoxidationditchofdenitrificationandphosphorusremovalprocesshasturnedtobrushspeedcontrol,valve,outletweiropeningandclosingofthecharacteristicsoftheswitchingfrequency,highrequirementtotheautomation,lowutilizationrateofbrush,sotheeconomyislimitedbyalotofthelessdevelopedareas.2.3MrBelloxidationditchdenitrificationanddephosphorizationprocessOrbaloxidationditchreferredtoas"concentriccirclestype,itisalsobuildingtype,haveseparatetwopond,thediscaeration,groovedepthislarger,itsdenitrificationeffectisverygood,butphosphorusremovalefficiencyisnothigh,stillneedtoaddYanYangChibeforeforphosphorusremoval.Applicationsforellipticsanhuanroad,threeringwithdifferentDO(suchastheouterringis0,centralto1,theinnerringis2),isbeneficialtodenitrificationandphosphorusremoval.Usingdiscaeration,waterdepthisincommonly4.0~4.5m,powertransferefficiencyandthebrushnear,isnowinshandongweifang,Beijinghuangcunandhefeiword教育资料\n..WangXiaoyingcitysewagetreatmentplantapplication.2.4carrouseloxidationditchdenitrificationandphosphorusremovalprocessBrusselsagainst2.4.1traditionalcardoxidationditchprocessCarrousel(Carrouseloxidationditch)isdevelopedin1967bytheDutchDHVcompany.Thedesignofitistomeetthemixtureinthedeepoxidationditchditchmix,andcanmaintainhighermasstransferefficiency,toovercomethesmalloxidationGouGoudeepshallow,mixingeffectsomeshortcomings.Byfartheworldhasmorethan850Carrouseloxidationditchsystemisrunning,thepracticeprovedthatthisprocesshastheinvestmentprovince,highprocessingefficiency,goodreliability,easymanagementandlowoperationmaintenancecostadvantages.Carrouseloxidationditchwithverticaltableexposuremachine,oneendoftheaeratorisinstalledinthegroove,thusformedtheoxygenenrichmentzoneneartheaeratordownstreamandupstreamoftheanoxiczone,isadvantageoustothebiologicalflocculation,easyactivatedsludgesedimentation,designeffectivedepthof4.0to4.5meters,ditchthevelocityof0.3m/s.TheremovalrateofBOD5canreach95%99%,nitrogenefficiencyisabout90%,phosphorusremovalefficiencyisabout50%,suchasaddingtheironsalts,phosphorusremovalefficiencycanreach95%.2.4.2.Single-stagecarrouseloxidationditchdenitrificationandphosphorusremovalprocessSingle-stagecarrouseloxidationditchhastwoforms:oneisanoxicperiodofcardRusselloxidationditch,canbeachievedwithinasinglepoolpartofdenitrification,usedinsomedenitrificationrequirements,butthedemandisnothigh.IsanotherkindofcarrouselA/Cprocess,setupinoxidationditchupstreamYanYangChi,canimprovetheactivatedsludgesedimentationperformance,effectivecontrolofactivatedsludgeexpansion,watercontentofphosphorusisusuallybelow2.0mg/l.Abovetwokindsoftechnologyareusedforreconstructionofexistingoxidationditch,littlechangedcomparedwithstandardcardRusselloxidationditchprocess,equivalenttotraditionalactivatedsludgeprocessofA/OandA2/Oprocess.2.4.3.&typecarrouseloxidationditchAnoxiczoneandaerobiczone&typeEIMCOcompaniesintheUnitedStatesforcarrouseloxidationditchtypesystemdesignofanadvancedbiologicaldenitrificationandphosphorusremovalprocess(carrousel2000type).Itsstructureisthemainimprovementsonsetupanindependentintheoxidationditchanoxiczone.Anoxiczonebackflowdrainageportisequippedwithanadjustablevalve.Accordingtotherequirementofthenitrogencontentofwater,adjustthevalveopendegree,canbeintroducedintoanoxicareatrafficcontrol.Hypoxiaanaerobic-aerobiczone&thekeytypeoxidationword教育资料\n..ditchandincontrolofthefillingoxygenaerationequipment,mustensurethatentertheflowchannelofmixtureinhypoxiastate,createagoodenvironmentfordenitrification.Anoxiczonemixer,mixingandmaintaintheroleofsludgesuspension.Onthebasisofcarrousel2000increaseleadanaerobiczone,canachievethepurposeofnitrogenandphosphorus,isknownasthecarrouseloxidationditchA2/C.FourstagesofcarrouselBardenphosysteminthedownstreamofcarrousel2000systemincreasedthesecondanaerobicpoolandaerationtankagain,achieveahigherdegreeofdenitrification.FivestagesofcarrouselBardenphosystemdownstreamoftheA2/Ccarrouselsystemincreasedoxygentothepoolandintheaerationtank,achieveahigherdegreeofdenitrificationandphosphorusremoval.Aboveall,anaerobic,anoxicandaerobic&oxidationditchsystemcanbedividedintothreestagesofA2/Osystem,andfourorfivephasesBardenphosystems,thesesystemsareofA/Osystemtostrengthenandrepeatedly,sotheprocessofdenitrificationandphosphorusremovaleffectisverygood,denitrificationrateof90%-95%.Inaddition,thecarrousel3000oxidationditchhasgooddenitrificationandphosphorusremovaleffect.Notbedetailedhere.2.4.4.&typeintegratedoxidationditchReferstoasetofaeration,precipitation,spateseparationandsludgecircumfluencefunctionasawhole,tobuildthesecondpond,oxidationditchalone.Theoxidationditchisequippedwithspecialsolid-liquidseparationdeviceandmeasures.Itisacontinuousinandoutofthewater,and&type,andneednotrearrangementoffunction,themosteconomicandreasonableintheory,andhasverygooddenitrificationandphosphorusremovaleffect.Integratedoxidationditchinadditiontothegeneraloxidationditchhasadvantages,thereareuniqueadvantages:(1)shorttechnologicalprocess,structuresandequipmentless,donotsetatthebeginningofsunkenpool,poolandseparatethesecondpond;(2)thesludgerefluxautomatically,lessinvestment,lowenergyconsumption,lessland,managementissimple;3.Lowcost,fastconstructionofequipmentaccidentrateislow,lessoperationmanagementwork;(4)solidliquidseparationefficiencyishigherthangeneralsecondarysedimentationtank,makethesysteminthelargerflowconcentrationrangeandstableoperation.Theintegratedoxidationditchprocessfeaturesshowninfigure2:word教育资料\n..Oxidationditchprocess-3oxidationditchprocessdiscussion1)improvethemediumandsmallurbansewagetreatmentrateisafocusinthefieldofsewagedisposalinthefuture,thescaleislessthan100000tons/dayofsmallandmedium-sizedsewagetreatmentplant,theoxidationditchandSBRisthepreferredprocess,overallapplicationatpresentmostisoxidationditchtechnology,oxidationditchinvariouskindsofcraft,consideringitsowncharacteristicsandsewagedenitrificationandphosphorusremoval,smallandmedium-sizedcitiesrecommendedtheuseofmoremature,Russelloxidationditch.For&integratedoxidationditch,thedomesticapplicationofthetechnologyofsewagefactoryhasmorethantencities,itsdemonstrationprojectofsichuanxindusewagetreatmentplanthassuccessfullyrunformorethanfiveyears,isoneofthemaindirectionofthedevelopmentoftheoxidationditchtechnologyinthefuture.2)inrecentyears,intheoxidationditchtryingtouseavarietyofsyntheticaerationdevice,whichUSEStheaeratorandunderwatermixerrunindependently,mixingthewatercirculationintheoxidationditchandoxygenaerationanddistinguish,appearalternatelyintheoxidationditchanoxicandaerobiccondition,hasreachedthedenitrificationanddephosphorizationpurpose,atthesametime,thisoperationcanalsoachieveenergysavingeffect.Itisreportedthattheaerationsystemhasbeenappliedabroad,athomecanalsotryandpromoteusingthiscomprehensiveaerationequipment.3)microporousaerationoxidationditchprocesswhichwouldholdtheintermittentaerationoxidationGouYanflowdirection,andthecharacteristicsofthecirculationflow,andovercometheoxidationditchwithsurfaceaeratorandcoversanareaofbig,oxygentransferefficiencyislow,uneven,sectionvelocity,thebottomiseasytoprecipitation,etc,canyetberegardedasakindofcanpromotetheuseoftechnology.4)inareaswherelandisverynervousinarelativelyaccurate,onthebasisofdesignparameters,canconsidertouseverticalcirculationoxidationditch.5)inoxidationditchprocessdesign,thedesignofthegroovedepthisanimportantproblem,althoughtheuseofunderwaterpropellertomakethegroovedepthisimproved,butnotthebiggerthebetter,becauseoftheincreaseoftheeffectivedepthwillcauseenergypatternchanges,thustoincreasethepowerequipmentisdifferent,leadtotheimprovementofinvestmentandoperationcost.Differentgeologicalconditionsanddifferentwaterqualityandtheprocessingrequirements,havedifferentgroovedepthrequirements.Therefore,eachchoosesewageplantofoxidationditchprocess,becauseaccordingtothecomprehensiveanalysisofvariousfactorstoword教育资料\n..determinethebestgroovedepth.8.ConclusionTheCarrouseloxidizestheditchbecauseofhavingthegoodaphosphorustakesoffthenitrogenability,anti-poundsattheburthenabilitywithcirculatetomanagetheconvenienceetc.theadvantage,havinggottheextensiveapplication.Butbecauseoftechnologicaldevelopmentwithsocialadvance,thatcraftisnecessarilywillexaltationgettingfurther.Theauthorthinks:Thecarrouseloxidizesthefutureresearchdirectionoftheditchwillnowofmainbelowseveralaspects.1Combinationlivingcreaturemethod,researchwithdevelopthelivingcreaturemodelcarrouseloxidizethecrtcn.ukethiscannotonlyincreasesthemicroorganismgrossoftheunitreactormeasures,frombutincreasestheorganismcarries,butalsolivingcreatureoneselftheinsidethathaveplacestheAIthesystemof0enhancestotakeoffthenitrogenresult[IBl.2IncreasescontinuouslytheCarrouseloxidizethemicrobialactivityinInsideincrtcn.screxamplethrowtoaddtheEMinoxidizeditchwithsinglemindthegermgrow,throwsinthatthesaltofIronmakethemicroorganismtamethelivechariniron,devotioninlivingcreaturetobecomethetorrnationtostrengthenthegermgumregimentandincreasestobearthetoxicitypoundatetc..3IncreasingtheCarrouseloxidizestheditchequtpmentsfunctionwithsuperviseandcontrolthetechnique.Functionthatincreasesformmachine,underwaterpropeller,reducetomaintaintheworkload;MakinguseofDO,etc.ofORPmanytargetssupervisesandcontrolthetechniqueandchangesthetechniqueofisfromnowonthecarrouseloxidizesditchsciencecirculatenecessarilyfromitroad.4IncreasingtheCarrouseloxidizestheditchresistanttocoldandbeartoxicitycan,reducetocovertheareatobuildthepricewiththeengineering.Theoreticalapplication,deeppondinwaterpowertermwiththeresearchofthecraftfunctionistolowerstheengineeringbuildsthepriceandincreasesresistanttocoldbearthetoxicitycanwaittoprovidethepossibledirection.9.Referencesword教育资料\n..[1]XiaShibin,LiuJunxin.Aninnovativeintegratedoxidationditchwithverticalcirclefordomesticwastewatertreatment.ProcessBiochemistry,2004,39(4):1117[2]X,Hao;Doddema,H.J.;vanGroenestijn,J.W.Useofcontacttanktoenhancedenitrificationinoxidationditches.WaterScienceandTechnology,1996,34(1-2):195~202.1~1117.[3]汪大，雷乐成。水处理新技术及工程设计[M]。化学工业，2000。[4]正明。导管式氧化沟设计介绍。化工给排水设计，1997，2：16~18。[5]朱谋溪。自吸式射流曝气器在中小型氧化沟中的应用。给水排水，1999，25(8)：13~18。　　　[6]Dudley,J.Processtestingofaeratorsinoxidationditches.WaterResearch,1995,29(9):2217~2219.[7]Stamou,AnastasiosT.Modelingofoxidationditchesusinganopenchannelflow1-DadvectiondispersionequationandASMIprocessdescription.WaterScienceandTechnology,1997,36(5):269~276.[8]Abusam,A.;Keesman,K.J.;vanStraten,G.Forwardandbackwarduncertaintypropagation:anoxidationditchmodellingexample.WaterResearch,2003,37(2):429~435.[9]施成忠。第一污水厂氧化沟工艺运行实践及分析。中国给水排水，1997，13(3)：17~19。[10]华。氧化沟工艺处理低浓度城市污水的研究。广西土木建筑，1998，23(4)：183~187。[11]玲，徐得潜，乐英。氧化沟活性污泥膨胀原因及控制措施。工业用水与废水，2003，34(6)：49~52。word教育资料\n..[12]吴昊，庆臣，强利等。氧化沟工艺运行中常见问题与解决方法。给水排水，2002，28(5)：26~29。[13]瑞钰，付见中。改善氧化沟流速分布的措施　　　　中国给水排水，2001，17(2)：16~18。[14]伟民，邓荣森，王涛等。水下推动器对氧化沟混合液的循环作用。中国给水排水，2003，19(9)：45~47。[15]黄伏根，朱炳林。微孔曝气、Carrousel-2000型氧化沟工艺处理城市污水。冶金矿山设计与建设，2000，32(6)：23~27。[16]黄祖安。氧化沟脱氮除磷工艺的运行控制。中国给水排水，2003，19(12)：101~102。[17]白晓慧，王宝贞。一种新型的Carrousel氧化沟。给水排水，1999，25(3)：27~30。[18]Gillot,S.;Héduit,A.Effectofairflowrateonoxygentransferinanoxidationditchequippedwithfinebubblediffusersandslowspeedmixers.WaterResearch,2000,34(5):1756~1762word教育资料