GBT17228-1998地质矿产勘查测绘术语.pdf 61页

'免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228门998前言本标准根据GB1.6-88《标准化工作导则术语标准的编写规定》等制定。本标准的选词范围以能筱盖本专业主要的基本术语为主，测绘通用术语和基本地质术语仅收录与本专业关系密切的基本词和常用词，并注意术语本身的现代性。在测绘通用术语的选择上尽量与GB/T14911-1994((测绘基本术语》和GB/T14950-1994《摄影测量与遥感术语》相协调，相同术语的定义尽量等同或等效，同时又保持本标准的相对独立性和完整性。本标准从1998年9月1日起实施、生效。本标准的附录A,附录B都是提示的附录本标准由中华人民共和国地质矿产部提出。本标准由全国地质矿产标准化委员会归口。本标准由西安工程学院测量工程系负责起草。本标准主要起草人:田青文、杨志强、栗卫东、狄方贤、何现免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)中华人民共和国国家标准地质矿产勘查测绘术语GB/T17228一1998Terminologyofsurveyingandmappingforprospectingtogeologyandmineralresources飞范围本标准规定了地矿测绘学科基本的和常用的术语及其定义，并附有英文对应词和中英文索引本标准适用于地矿测绘学科及相关学科的标准制定、技术文件编制、教材和书刊及文献的编写。2测绘通用术语2.1测绘学SurveyingandMapping;SM研究对地球整体及其表面和外层空间中的各种自然和人造物体上与地理及空间分布有关的信息进行采集、处理、管理更新和利用的科学和技术。其学科内容主要有大地测量学、摄影测量与遥感学、地图学、工程测量学、矿山测量学、海洋测量学、土地信息学和地理信息学等。测绘学的服务范围和对象是国民经济和国防建设中与利用空间信息有关的各个领域2.2大地测量学geodesy研究和确定地球形状，大小、重力场及其整体与局部运动和地表面点的几何位置以及它们的各种动态变化的理论和技术的学科。2.2.1大地原点geodeticorigin大地坐标计算的起算点2.2.2水准原点levelingorigin高程起算的水准基准点2.2.31954年北京坐标系BeijingGeodeticCoordinateSystem19541954年我国决定采用的国家大地坐标系。它是将我国的大地网与原苏联以普尔科沃为原点的1942年大地坐标系相联测，以1956年黄海高程系统作为高程基准，通过天文大地网局部平差而建立的我国过渡性大地坐标系。2.2.41980国家大地坐标系NationalGeodeticCoordinateSystem1980采用1975国际椭球、以JYD1968.。系统为椭球定向基准，选用陕西径阳县永乐镇为大地原点所在地，采用多点定位方法而建立的大地坐标系。同义词:1980西安坐标系Xi"anCoordinateSystem19802.2.51956年黄海高程系统HuanghaiHeightDatum1956采用青岛水准原点、根据青岛验潮站1950---1956年的验潮资料计算确定的黄海平均海水面作为基准面所定义的国家高程基准。在此高程基准下，青岛水准原点的高程为72.289m2.2.61985国家高程基准NationalHeightDatum1985采用青岛水准原点、根据青岛验潮站1952^-1979年验潮资料计算确定的黄海平均海水面作为基准面所定义的高程基准在此高程基准F，青岛水准原点的高程为72.260m国家技术监督局1998一02一13批准1998一09一01实施标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一19982.2.7高程系统heightsystem相对于不同起算面(大地水准面、似人地水准面、地球椭球面等)所定义的高程体系2.2.8大地坐标系geodeticcoordinatesystem以地球椭球中心为原点，以大地赤道面和起始大地子午面为起算面的地球坐标系2.2.9地心坐标系geocentriccoordinatesystem以地球质心或几何中心为原点的大地坐标系2.2门0高斯平面坐标系GaussPlaneCoordinateSystem根据高斯一克吕格投影所建立的平面直角坐标系，各投影带的原点是该带中央子午线与赤道的交点,x轴正方向为该带中央子午线北方向，y轴正方向为赤道投影的东方向。2.2.11地方坐标系localcoordinatesystem局部地区建立平面控制网时，根据需要投影到任意选定的平面上和(或)采用地方子午线为中央子午线的一种平面直角坐标系2.2.12独立坐标系independentcoordinatesystem任意选定原点和坐标轴的平面直角坐标系2.2.13大地测量geodeticsurvey测定地球形状、大小、重力场及其变化和建立地区以至全球的三维控制网的技术。2.2.14大地天文测量geodeticastronomy使用仪器对天体进行观测来测定地面点的经度、纬度和方位角的大地测量。2.2.15空,H7大地测量spacegeodesy利用激光技术、空间技术等现代技术手段，观测人造或自然天体，在全球或区域范围内进行的高精度大地测量。2.2.18卫星大地测量satellitegeodesy利用人造地球卫星进行地面点定位以及测定地球形状、大小和地球重力场的大地测量。2.2.17甚长基线干涉Al量VeryLongBaselineInterferometry;VLBI利用电磁波干涉原理，在多个测站上同步接收河外射电源(类星体)发射的无线电信号，并对信号进行测站问时间延迟干涉处理，以测定测站间相对位置以及测站到射电源方向的测量技术和方法2.2.18卫星激光测距SatelliteLaserRanging;SLR利用安置在地面站的卫星激光测距仪跟踪观测装有激光反射棱镜的卫星，以测定测站到卫星的距离的测量技术和方法。2.3控制79111量controlsurvey在一定区域内，为地形测量和工程测量建立控制网所进行的测量工作。其中包括为测定控制点的平面坐标值所进行的平面控制测量和为测定控制点的高程值所进行的高程控制测量，或为测定控制点三维坐标值所进行的二维控制测量.2.3.1三角测量triangulation在地面上选定一系列点构成连续三角形，测定各二角形顶点处的水平角，再根据起始边边长与方位角和起始点坐标来推求各三角形顶点平面坐标的测量技术和方法。2.3.2三边测量trilateration在地面上选定一系列点构成连续三角形，测定三角形的边长，再根据起始点坐标和起始方位角来推求各三角形顶点平面坐标的测量技术和方法2.3.3边角测量triangulateration综合应用三角测量和三边测量来推求各三角形顶点平面坐标的测量技术和方法。2.3.4导线坝1量traversesurvey!t免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB;T17228一1998将一系列测点依相邻次序连接成折线形式，依次测定各折线边的长度、转折角，再根据起始数据以推求各待定测点的平面坐标的测量技术和方法2.3.5交会测量intersectionsurvey根据多个已知点的平面坐标(或高程)，通过测定已知点到某未知点的方向或汗口)距离(或测定其高度角或天顶距)，以推求该未知点平面坐标(或高程)的测量技术和方法2.3.6高程测量verticalsurvey确定地面点高程的测量技术和方法。主要方法有:水准测量、三角高程测量、气压高程测量及流体静力水准测量和GPs高程测量等〔2.3.7水准测量leveling利用水准仪提供的水平视线，在竖立于两点上的水准标尺上进行读数，以测定两点间高差.进丽根据已知点高程推求待定点高程的测量技术和方法2.3.8三角高程测量trigonometricleveling通过测定两点间直线的高度角或天顶距以及仪器高和日标高，再根据两点间的已知水平距离(普通三角高程测量时)或用电磁波测距仪测得的斜距(电磁波测距三角高程测量时)，利用止角公式推求两地面点间高差，进而根据已知点高程推求待定点高程的测量技术和方法2.3.9电磁波测距Electro-magneticDistanceMeasurement;EDM以直接或间接方式测量电磁波在待测距离两端点间往返的传播时间来推求两点间距离的测量技术2.3.10光电测距electro-opticaldistancemeasurement利用波长为400nm-1000mm的光波作为载波的电磁波测距2.3.11微波测距microwavedistancemeasurement利用波长为。.8cm-10cm的微波作为载波的电磁波测距。2.4;J}1量平差surveyadjustmentofobservation根据某种估计原理利用数学方法处理各种测量数据以推求测量值和参数的最佳估值并进行精度估计的理论和方法2.4.1精度估计precisionestimation以某一统计特征值作为尺度，对测量值、测量值的平差值、未知参数的平差值及其函数值的精度进行估算的过程和方法。2.4.2随机误差randomerror在相同测量条件下的测量值序列中，各测量值的测量误差的数值、符号具有不确定性，但又服从一定统计规律的测量误差。同义词:偶然误差accidenterror2.4.3系统误差systematicerror在相同测量条件下的测量值序列中，各测量值的测量误差的数值、符号保持不变或按某确定规律变化的测量误差。2.4.4粗差grasserror在相同测量条件下的测量值序列中，绝对值超过限差的测量误差2.4.5限差、olerance在一定的测量条件下，规定的测量误差绝对值的最大容许值。2.4.6相对误差relativeerror测量误差的绝对值与其相应的测量值之比2A.7中误差meansquareerror在一定的观测条件下.观测量的各个观测值的真误差的平方和的平均数的平方根以此作为在标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998该测量条件下衡量测量精度的一种数值指标2.4.8误差椭圆errorellipse描述待定点点位在各个方向上误差分布规律的椭圆2.4.9精密度precision在一定测量条件下，对某一量的多次测量中，各测量值间的离散程度2.4.10准确度accuracy在一定测量条件下，对某一量的多次测量中，测量值的估值相对其真值的偏离程度2.4.11直接平差directadjustment根据对同一个量多次直接观测的结果按最小二乘原理求出测量值和参数最佳估值并进行精度估1十的平差力一法。2.4.12参数平差parameteradjustment借助测量值与未知参数间所建立的观测方程按最小二乘原理求出测量值和参数的最佳估值并进行精度估计的平差方法。1a1义词:间接平差indirectadjustmetn,2.4.13条件平差conditionadjustment借助各测量值构成的几何条件、测量值与已知值之间构成的附合条件和参数的约束条件所建立的条件方程，按最小二乘原理求出测量值和参数的最佳估值并进行精度估计的平差方法2.4.14等权代替法methodofequal-weightsubstitution应用观测权的转化关系将由多个已知点出发对同一结点的各条路线合并为一条虚拟的等权路线，化多结点为单结点，最后求得各结点测量值的最佳估值及其权的平差方法。2.5普通测量学elementarysurveying研究地球表面较小区域内测绘工作的基本理论、技术方法及其应用的学科。主要内容有图根控制网的建立和地形图的测绘2.5.1水平角horizontalangle测站点至两目标点的方向线铅垂投影到水平面上所成的角2.5.2高度角altitudeangle测站点至目标点的方向线与水平面间的夹角。2.5.3天顶距zenithdistance从测站点铅垂线向上方向沿地平经度圈量度到观测目标的方向线的夹角2.5.4图根控制测量mappingcontrolsurvey直接为地形测图需要而在高级控制点之间进行控制点加密的控制测量工作。2.5.5碎部测量detailsurvey用平板仪或其它测图仪器，根据图根控制点对地物、地貌等的特征点进行测定，并对照实地以相应的地图符号绘制成地形图的测量工作。2.5.6平板仪测量plane-tablesurvey用平板仪按图解的方法加密图根控制点和测绘地形图的方法和过程。2.5.7地形topography地物和地貌的总称。2.5.8地物detail地球表面上相对固定的物体。可分为天然地物和人工地物。如:居民地、道路、水系、独立物、境界、管线垣栅和土质与植被等2.5.9地貌relief由于地球内外营力的作用以及人类改造自然等因素而使地球表面呈现出的各种高低起伏形态免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Gs/T17228一1998的统称2.5门0等高线contourline地图上地面高程相等的各相邻点所连成的曲线包括:按规定等高距描绘的a曲线，为判读和计数方便而每隔四条(或三条)基本等高线被加粗描绘的计曲线，为反映微型地貌而在基本等高线之间加绘的间曲线和助曲线2.5.11地形图topographicalmap以较大的比例尺和较详细的程度表示地物、地貌平面位置及基本的地理要素且高程用等高线配合地貌符号表示的一种普通地图2.6工程测量学engineeringsurveying研究工程建设和资源开发中的勘查、设计、施工和管理各个阶段进行的控制测量、地形测量、施仁测量、竣工测量、变形监测及建立相应信息系统的理论和技术的学科。2.6.1z程控制网engineeringcontrolnetwork为工程建设而布设的测量控制网。包括测图控制网、施工控制网和变形监测控制网2.6.2施工坐标系constructionalcoordinatesystem供工程建筑物施工放样用的一种平面直角坐标系为便于建筑物的施工放样，通常使施工坐标系的坐标轴与建筑物主轴线相一致或平行2.6.3线路测量routesurvey铁路、公路、索道、输电线路及管道等线形工程在勘测设计、施工和管理各个阶段所进行的测量工作。2.6.4建筑1#}m9量buildingworkssurvey为建筑物(或构筑物)的设计、施工和设备安装、竣工验收等所进行的测量上作。包括为总平面图设计而进行的各种测量工作，建筑格网的建立，建筑物轴线的测设，建筑物、设备的放样和安装测量，施工检核测量，竣工总平面图的实测与编绘，以及建筑物的变形观测等。2.6.5矿山测量miningsurvey在矿山建设和采矿过程中，为矿山的勘探、设计、建设和运营管理以及矿山报废等所进行的测绘工作。主要包括:矿图的测绘，矿山施工测量，地表移动观测和矿体几何图绘制等。2.6.6水利工程测量hydrographicengineeringsurvey为水利工程的规划、勘测设计、施工安装和运营管理等所进行的测量工作。包括:施工区的地形图的测绘，水利工程施工测量，水工建筑物状态变化和工作情况的监视以及变形观测等2.6.7施工41,}1量constructionalsurvey各种工程在施工阶段所进行的测量工作。包括:施工控制网的建立，工程建筑物或构筑物的施工放样，工程竣工测量，以及施工期间的变形观测2.6.8竣工测量finishconstructionsurvey在建筑物和构筑物竣工验收时，为获得工程建成后的各建筑物或构筑物及地「管网的平面位置和高程等资料而进行的测量工作2.6.9变形观测deformationobservation为监测建筑物及其地基或一定范围内岩体、土体在建筑物荷重和外力作用下随时间而变形的量值、方向和规律而进行的测量工作包括:测定建筑物上一些点的高程或一定范围内地面高程随时间而变化的沉降观测，测定建筑物平面位置随时间而移动的位移观测，测定建筑物倾斜度随时间而变化的倾斜观测，测定建筑物裂缝发展情况的裂缝观测，以及测定建筑物构件受力后产生弯曲变形的挠度观测2.6.10纵断面测量profilesurvey为测定线形工程中线上各桩高程而进行的测量上作。其成果供绘制纵断面图和确定设计坡度标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 尸—免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228-1998之用2.6-11横断面测量cross-sectionsurvey对中桩处垂直于线形工程中线方向的地面为测定其高低起伏所进行的测量工作其成果主要用于绘制横断面图和估算土石方量。2.6.12纵断面图longitudinalprofile表示线形工程中线方向地面高低起伏的剖面图2.6.13横断面图cross-sectionprofile表示中桩处垂直于线路中线方向地面起伏的剖面图。2.6.14竣工总平面图generalplanoffinishconstruction综合反映工程建筑区竣工后的主体工程及其附属工程和设备实际平面位置和高程的图件。根据竣工测量成果编绘2.7摄影测量与遥感学photogrammetryandremotesensing研究利用电磁波传感器获取目标物的影像数据，从中提取语义和非语义信息，用以测定目标物的形状、大小、空间位置，判释其性质及相互关系，并用图形、图像和数字形式予以表达的理论和技术的学科2.7.1摄影测量photogrammetry利用摄影影像信息测定目标物的形状、大小、空间位置、性质和相互关系的科学技术2.7.2航空摄影测量aerophotogrammetry利用航摄仪从飞机、直升机、飞艇、气球等航空飞行器上所拍摄的航摄像片进行的摄影测量。2.7.3航天摄影测量spacephotogrammetry利用人造卫星、宇宙飞船、航天飞机和轨道空间站等航天飞行器从地球大气层以外的宇宙空间对星球(主要是地球)所获得的摄影影像信息进行的摄影测量。2.7.4地面摄影测量terrestrialphotogrammetry利用安置在地面摄影站上的地面摄影机摄得的地面目标物的像片对所摄目标进行的摄影测量2.7.5近景摄影M量close-rangephotogrammetry利用对物距不大于300m的目标物摄取的立体像对所进行的摄影测量。2.7.6像片纠正photorectification将航摄像片通过投影变换去消除像片倾斜所引起的像点位移，以获得规定比例尺的水平像片或线划图的作业过程。2.7.7像片判读photointerpretation根据地物的光谱特性、空间特性、时间特性和成像规律，判释出与像片影像相应的地物的类别、特性和某些要素或测算出某种数据指标的作业过程2.7.8像片调绘:dentifiedphotograph利用像片在现场或在室内参照野外典型调查所获得的样片和各种资料，根据影像比较与对照进行判读，将在地图上需要表示的地貌和地物要素描绘和注记在像片上的作业过程.2.7.9空中三角测量aerotriangulation利用航摄像片与所摄目标之间的空间几何关系，根据少量像片控制点，计算待求点平面位置、高程和像片外方位元素的控制网加密测量方法2.1.10模拟摄影测量analogphotogrammetry根据摄影测量获取的像片，按光学机械投影原理，利用模拟测图仪器进行的摄影测量2.7.11解析摄影测量analyticalphotogrammetry根据摄影测量与遥感获取的像片或图像，按像点与相应地面点间的数学关系，借助计算机用数学解算方法进行的摄影测量。免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一19982.7.12数字摄影测量digitalphotogrammetry利用摄影测量与遥感获取的数字影像，经计算机处理获得被摄物体在三维空间中的语义和非语义信息的摄影测量。2.7.13数字地面模型DigitalTerrainModel;DTM表示地面起伏形态的一系列离散点或规则点的坐标和高程数值的集合2.7.14遥感RemoteSensing;RS利用光学、电子和电子光学的传感器，在不与被测物体直接接触的高空或远距离处，接收物体辐射或反射的电磁波信息，应用信息处理技术对其加工处理使其成为能被识别的图像或数据，经过分析判读揭示出被测物体的几何和物理特性、相互关系及其变化规律的现代科学技术2.7.15陆地卫星landsat美国为进行地球资源调查而发射的一种利用星载遥感器获取地球表面图像及数据的人造地球卫星同义词:地球资源卫星earthresourcetechnologysatellite2.7.16遥感图像处理imageprocessingofremotesensing运用光学、电子光学、数字处理方法，对遥感获得的图像进行图像数字化、复原、儿何校正、增强、统计分析和信息提取、分类、识别等图像加工的技术过程2.7.17遥感模式识别patternrecognitionofremotesensing采用光学和数字处理的手段，通过一系列运算和处理，用代表某种特征的模式对遥感图像数据进行区分、计数、定位、分类和解释的技术2.7.18微波遥感microwaveremotesensingtechnology遥感器工作波段选择在微波波段范围之内的遥感。2.7.19光学遥感opticalremotesensingtechnology遥感器工作波段选择在光波波段范围之内的遥感。2.7.20假彩色合成图像falsecolourcompositeimagery经多光谱图像彩色合成或彩红外摄影而形成的与景物原有的天然颜色不同的彩色图像2.a地图制图学cartography研究地图信息的传输、空间知识、投影原理、制图综合和地图的设计、编制、复制、应用以及建立地图数据库等的理论和技术的学科同义词:地图学cartology2.8.1地图map按一定的数学法则，运用符号系统，以图形或数字的形式表示具有空间分布的自然和社会现象的载体。2.8.2普通地图generalmap综合反映地表基本的自然地理和人文地理要素一般特征的地图2.8.3专题地图thematicmap着重表示自然或社会现象中的某一种或儿种要素，即集中表现某种主题内容的地图2.8.4平面图plan只衣示小范围内地物要素及其平面位置，而不表示地面起伏形态的地图。2.8.5影像地图photomap以航空或航夭遥感影像为基础，经过几何纠正，配合以线划和少量注记，综合表示制图对象的地图。2.8.6数字地图digitalmap以数字形式存贮在磁带、磁盘、光盘等介质上的地图标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T1722819982.8.7地图生产mapproduction地图制作和复制的iI-划安排、技术设计、生产实施和质量管理等的全过程2.8.8地图投影mapprojection按一定数学法则，把地球椭球面上的点、线投影到地图平面上，以建立起椭球面卜的点与地图平面上的点间函数关系的理论和方法2,8.9制M综合。artographicgeneralization在编绘地图时对地图内容按照一定的规律和法则进行选取和概括，使其能反映制图对象的基本特征和典型特点及其内在联系的制图原则、方法和过程2.8.10地图编绘mapcompilation利用已有地图及有关资料，按照编辑设计文件要求，编制编绘原图的技术过程。2.8.11地图清绘mapfairdrawing将实测原图或编绘原图按照图式、规范和编辑要求进行线划注记的整饰，得到图面质量符合出版要求的印刷原图的作业过程。2.8-12地图评价mapevaluation根据科学性、思想性、实用性与艺术性标准，对地图的完备性、现时性、精确性、正确性以及地图设计、编绘和印刷工艺等进行综合分析、评定的理论、方法和过程2.8.13机助地图制图ComputerAssistedCartography;CAC利用计算机及外围设备和自动制图软件，对地图信息进行采集、存贮、处理、管理、显示、绘图和制版的原理、技术和方法。2.9地理信息系统GeographicalInformationSystem;GIS在计算机软硬件支持下，运用系统工程和信息科学理论，为提供规划、管理、决策和研究所需信息而对具有空间内涵的地理数据进行科学管理和综合分析的技术系统。2.9.1土地信息系统LandInformationSystem;L工S在计算机软硬件支持下，把各种土地地理信息按照空间分布及属性，以一定的格式输入、处理、管理、空间分析、输出的技术系统2.9.2环境资源信息系统environmentalresourcesinformationsystem在计算机软硬件支持「，把环境资源信息按照空间分布及属性，以一定的格式输入、处理、管理、空间分析、输出的技术系统2.10测绘仪器instrumentofsurveyingandmapping为测绘作业设计制造的数据采集、处理、输出等的仪器和装置。2.10.1大地M11量仪器geodeticinstrument用干在野外测定地面点空间位置、地球重力场及其变化的测绘仪器2门0.2重力仪gravimeter通过测定重力加速度来测定地球上某点绝对重力或两点间重力差的测绘仪器2.10.3经纬仪theodolite在测量工作中主要用于测定水平角和竖直角的测绘仪器2.10.4光学经纬仪opticaltheodolite水平度盘和竖直度盘均用光学玻璃制成，具有光学读数装置的经纬仪。2.10.5电f经纬仪electronictheodolite利用光电技术测角，带有角度数字显示和进行数据自动归算及存贮装置的经纬仪2.10.6激光经纬仪lasertheodolite带有激光指向装置的经纬仪它是将激光器发射的激光束导入经纬仪望远镜筒内，使其沿着视准轴方向射出，以此为准进行定线、定位和测设角度、坡度，以及大型构件装配和划线放样等。免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一19982.10.7陀螺经纬仪gyrotheodilite带有陀螺装置、用以测定真方位角的经纬仪2.10.8矿山经纬仪miningtheodolite适用于矿山坑道测量的经纬仪其特点是:望远镜上面有镜上中心以便在顶板测气刊些行对中;带有偏心望远镜以便在急倾坑道测量水平角和竖直角;有悬挂式可用于不便于安置脚架的坑道内2.10.9水准仪level用来提供水平视线以测取地面仁两点间高差的测绘仪器亡2.10.10激光水准仪laserlevel带有激光指向装置的水准仪。它是将激光器发出的激光束导入水准仪的望远镜筒内.使其沿视准轴方向射出，用来进行水准测量。2.10.11自动安平水准仪automaticlevel在一定的竖轴倾斜范围内，利用补偿器自动安平望远镜视准轴的水准仪2.10.12测距仪distancemeasuringinstrument根据光学、声学和电磁波学原理设计制造的、用于距离测量的测绘仪器2.10.13电磁波测距仪electro-magneticdistancemeasuringinstrument利用电磁波作为载波，测出仪器发出的调制信号在仪器与目标(反射镜)之间往返所需的时间，以求取其间距离的测距仪。2.10.14全站型电子速测仪:otalstationelectronictacheometer利用电子测角、电磁波测距.与具有数字记录和数据处理功能的终端机相结合，兼有测髦和计算多种功能的测绘仪器2.10.15激光铅垂仪laserplummetapparatus借助仪器中安置的高灵敏度水准管或水银盘反射系统，将激光束导至铅垂方间用于进行竖向准直的一种测绘仪器2.10.16激光准直仪lasercollimator由激光器作光源的发射系统和光电接收系统组成，将激光束作定向发射而在空间形成一条光束，作为准直的基准线来标定直线的测绘仪器2.10.17激光导向仪laserguideinstrument以激光束作为准直线控制施工机械(如掘进机)等前进方向的仪器。2.10.18摄影测量仪器photogrammetricinstrument按照摄影测量的要求获取目标物电磁波影像信息或利用电磁波影像信息来测定目标物形状、大小、空间位置、性质和相互关系的测绘仪器。2.10.19模拟立体测图仪analogueplotter以摄影过程几何反转原理为基础，模拟摄影时空间光束的几何关系，建立与被摄物休相似的几何模型，并通过立体观测而对模型进行测图或空中三角测量的摄影测量仪器2.10.20解析测图仪analyticalplotter按解析原理设计、由计算机实时解析计算、伺服反馈系统实时控制像片盘运动，以建立像点坐标与模型点坐标的数字投影关系，据此进行立体量测和测图，其图形数据可被记录、存贮、处理或绘图输出的精密摄影测量仪器口2.10.21数字A1.(图仪digitalplotter通过将地面立体模型或像片影像灰度进行数字化，然后再进行测图的精密摄影测量仪器2.10.22数字摄影测量S作站digitalphotogrammetricstation按照摄影测量原理，将数字影像作为输入，以交互和自动方式进行摄影测量处理和输出的计标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Ga/r17228门998算机硬、软件系统该系统具有高精度、人容量、高处理速度、高显示分辨率、良好的用户界面、具有较强功能的网络硬、软件及外围设备，且具有对用户开放的特性它是从物体的二维数字影像中生成GIS/CAI〕的输入信息和摄影侧量产品的专用软件和通用计算机及其外围设备的结合2.10.23定位系统positioningsystem用来确定载体或待定位点空间位置的系列技术装置之通称2.10.24导航星全球定位系统NAVSTARGlobalPositioningSystem;NAVSTARGPS美国国防部研制的、用于在全球范围内进行全天候空间定位、导航和授时的系统2.10.25惯性测量系统InertialSurveyingSystem;ISS利用陀螺仪、加速度计等惯性敏感元件和计算机组成，用以确定运载体的空间位置和姿态以及地球重力场参数等的组合系统2.10.26跟踪数字化仪trackingdigitizer根据电磁感应原理，采用跟踪器(发信线圈)跟踪图形轮廓的作业方式，将图形转换成数字形式的图形输入装置2.10.27扫描数字化仪scandigitizer根据光电转化原理，采用扫描作业方式，将图形和图像转化成数字形式的图形自动输入装置c2.10.28自动绘图机automaticplotter在计算机控制下，将设定的图形数据以跟踪方式或扫描方式进行图形输出的绘图机2.10.29求积仪planimeter用于测量平面图形面积的仪器。包括机械求积仪和电子求积仪2.10.30缩放仪pantograph根据相似变换原理，将图形按比例缩小或放大的一种图形转绘仪器。3地质矿产勘变测绘通论3.1地质矿产勘查钡Ij绘，urveyingandmappingforprospectingtogeologyandmineralresoures为进行地质矿产的勘查和勘查成果图件的编制所涉及的全部测绘工作。其内容主要包括;矿区控制测量+矿区地形测量，勘探网的布测.地质点测量，勘探工程定位测量，地质剖面测量，坑探工程测量，井探工程测量，贯通测量，露天矿测量.物化探测量地表移动观测，以及有关图件的绘制、印刷和地质矿产勘查测绘信息系统的建立。同义ii]:地矿测绘surveyingandmappingforprospectingtogeologyandmineralresoures3.2区域地质调查regionalgeologicalrecormaissnce在选定的区域范围内，在充分研究和应用已有资料的基础上，采用必要的手段，进行全而系统的综合t-的地质调查研究工作其主要任务是通过地质填图、找矿和综合研究，阐明区域内的岩石、地层、构造、地貌、水文地质等基本地质特征及其相互关系，研究矿产的形成条件和分布规律，为经济建设、国防建设、科学研究和进一步的地质找矿工作提供基础地质资料。3.2.1水文地质勘杳hydrogeologicalinvestigation为查明一个地区的地下水形成、分布和变化等水文地质条件，用以解决国民经济各部门的水文地质间题，而对地下水及其有关的各种地质作用所进行的勘察研究工作。3.2.2工程地质勘查engineering-geologicalinvestigation为查明建筑地区工程地质条件而进行的综合性地质工作其目的是通过勘测对建筑地区的工程地质问题做出评价，为工程建设的规划、设计及施工提供必要的工程地质图件和文字报告等实际资料。3.2.3水文地质测绘hydrogeologicalmapping9自免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Ga/T17228一1998以一定比例尺的地形地质图为底图进行的对地面地质、地貌、地下水露头及地卜水有关的各种地质现象进行实地观察量测并将其填绘在地形地质底图七的勘察工作3.2.4工程地质测绘engineering-geologicalmapping以一定比例尺的地形地质图为底图进行的、对勘察区的工程地质条件及与其有关的各种地质现象进行实地观察量测，并将其填绘在地形地质底图上的勘察工作。3.2.5遥感地质remotesensinggeology综合应用现代的遥感技术来研究地质规律、进行地质调查和资源勘察的1种方法。其主要任务是根据航天和航空遥感信息资料、应用遥感分析技术和遥感解译手段，研究地壳演化、区域构造、地层分布、岩石类型，进行地质填图，并指导找矿和勘查地下水。3.2.6像片地质解释geologicalinterpretationofphotograph根据像片的各种影像特征来辨认、分析实际地质体和地质现象的过程3.2.7地质填图geologicalmapping在实地观察和分析研究的基础上，或通过在航空像片上进行地质解译并结合地面调查，按一定比例尺将各种地质体及有关地质现象填绘到地理底图之上，再经过编绘而制成地质图的工作过程。3.2.8野外地质图fieldgeologicalmap在地质填图的野外工作阶段，根据实地观察研究所测绘的一种原始地质图件。它是地质调查_〔作野外阶段的主要成果，其内容比较详细，根据实验鉴定资料对其进行补充、修改和经过取舍之后，便可编绘出正规的地质图。3.2.9地质略图geologicalscheme根据需要由内容比较详细的地质图，经过综合取舍、归并简化而编成的相同比例尺或小于原图比例尺的简单地质图3.2.10地质草图geologicalsketchmap与相同比例尺的正规地质图相比，其精度要求较低，内容比较简略，或侧重表示某些方面地质现象的地质图3.2.11地质图geologicalmap按一定比例尺和图式，将一定地区内各种地质体(地层、岩体、矿体)及地质现象(断层、褶皱等)的分布及其相互关系，垂直投影到同一水平面上，用以反映本地区地壳表层的地质构造特征的图件。3.2.12地质构造图geologicaltectonicmap着重表示地质构造的形态、性质、分布、形成和发展规律的一种广义地质图。3.2.13水文地质图hydrogeologicalmap反映一个地区地下水分布和特征的图件，是总结和表示水文地质调查成果的主要形式3.2.14工程地质图engineering-geologicalmap反映和评价地区工程地质条件，分析和预测某些工程地质问题的专门性地质图件。3.2.15影像地质图photogeologicalmap在遥感影像平面图上，利用遥感资料及其他资料，按规定的符号标绘出各种地质要素和必要的地形、地物以及有关的物化探成果，经编绘而制成的一种可供直观分析的、带有影像的地质图件3.2.16地理底图geographicbasemap按一定的要求将普通地图的内容经过制图综合，用于在编制专题地图时作为控制和转绘专题内容骨架的基础图件3.2.17地形底图topographicbasemap标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998以地形图作为资料原图经编绘而制成的地理底图。3.3地质勘探prospecting对矿床普查中发现的有意义的矿床，为查明其位置、产状、品位和储量以及开采利用的技术条件为矿山的设计和开采提供可靠的地质资料而进行的各项勘探工作之总称3.3.1勘探手段prospectingmeans在矿床勘探时，为了研究矿床地质构造，揭露、追索和圈定矿体.查明矿产的质和量以及了解矿床的水文地质和开采条件等所采用的各种工程和技术方法之总称目前，经常大量采用的勘探手段是槽探、钻探、坑探和井探等工程和技术方法。此外，还常配合使用物探、化探等方法3.3.2地质勘探工程geologicalprospectingengineering对矿床进行勘探时所布置的各类工程之总称。如浅井、探槽、探坑、剥土、小圆井、坑道、探井、钻井等3.4矿产普查searchformineraldeposite在一定的地区内。为寻找和评价发展国民经济需要的矿产而进行的地质调查研究工作其任务包括研究工作地区的地质构造，特别是与成矿形成和分布关系密切的地质条件，预测可能存在矿产的有利地段;综合运用有效的技术手段和找矿方法，在有利的地段内进行找矿，并对发现的矿点和矿床进行初步的研究，就其地质和经济意义作出评价;在此基础上阐明工作地区的矿产远景，为进一步的矿产调查或地质勘探工作提供资料依据3.4.1矿产图mapofmineraldeposits在地质图上，用规定的图例符号，反映出各种矿产分布、规模、类型、生成时代以及所发现的异常和有关找矿标志及其与地质构造之间关系的专题图件3.4.2矿产分布图mapofdistributionofmineraldeposits表示已知矿床、矿点、矿化点分布情况的图件。3.5矿床勘探mineralprospecting在矿产普查的基础上或在矿山的建设、生产过程中，为了查明一个矿床的工业价值或保证矿山的顺利建设和生产，而进行的调查研究和其它必需工作的总称。它的主要任务是要进一步查明矿床(或矿体)赋存的地质条件，探明矿产的质量和数量，了解开采的技术条件，提供矿山建设设计或矿山生产所需要的矿产储量、地质和技术经济资料等。3.5.1初步勘探preliminaryprospecting对初步确定的具有工业意义的矿床，为了给进一步的详细勘探提供依据而进行的调查研究工作其主要任务是查明矿床的赋存条件、规模大小、矿产的质和量，以及开采利用的技术条件，提出进一步详细勘探的方向和需要的各种资料。.3.5.2详细勘探detailedprospecting对国家计划准备开采的矿床或其一部分所进行的比较全面、深入的调查研究工作其主要任务是查明矿山建设范围内矿体总的分布情况、矿体形态及内部结构，研究矿石的物质成份和加工技术性能，研究和评价可供综合开采、综合利用的共生矿产和拌生有用成份，研究矿体的水文地质条件和开采技术条件等，从而为矿山建设设计提供各种地质和技术资料15.3开发勘探open-upprospecting为矿山基本建设的顺利进行和矿山持续正常的生产以及为合理开发和充分利用矿山等目的，对矿床所进行的深入研究和探矿工作。其主要任务是为矿山建设和采矿生产提供更加准确、可靠的地质资料及矿产储量，探明隐伏矿体，扩大矿床储量.延长矿山寿命3.5.4矿床地质图geologicalmapoforedeposite详细表示矿床或矿区的地形、地层、岩浆岩、构造、矿体、矿化带等基本地质特征及相互关系的图件。其用途是说明矿床的赋存地质条件，作为布置勘探工作、评价矿床、进行矿山建设及生产的92免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998基本资料依据。3.5.5矿区勘探工程分布图distributionmapofprospectingengineeringinminingarea表示矿床勘探矿区各类勘探工程分布位置的图件其用途是表明勘探工程的总体部署和勘探程序，及时反映勘探工作的进度3.6地质勘探工程测量geologicalprospectingengineeringsurvey为地质勘探工程的设计、布设、施工和对地质点的定位等所进行的各种专门测量工作其任务是为研究地质构造、进行地质勘探工程的设计，在实地定位定线、指导掘进方向、编制地质报告和储量计算等提供资料3.6.1矿区控制测量controlsurveyofminingarea以地质勘探和矿山建设与生产为目的而在矿区内进行的平面控制网和高程控制网的布设以及测定控制点的平面坐标和高程的测量工作3.6.2矿区地形测量topographicsurveyofminingarea以地质勘探和矿山建设与生产为目的而进行的矿区地形图测绘工作。3.6.3勘探网的布Y>"Jlayoutandsurveyofprospectingnet按设计要求的方位和间距计算出勘探网各交叉点的设计坐标，并根据勘探工作的进度，将全部或部分勘探网测设于实地以作为勘探工程定位依据的测量工作。3.6.4地质点测量geologicalpointsurvey为确定实地选择的地质点点位，并借助于某种测量方法将其测绘到底图上而进行的测量工作3.6.5勘探工程定位测量positioningsurveyofprospectingengineering将地图上设计的各类勘探工程测设于实地以指导工程的施工和在工程完成后测定工程点平面坐标和高程的测量工作。3.6.6地质剖面测量geologicalprofilesurvey按地质要求、沿勘探线或某给定方向进行的剖面测量工作。其目的在于提供勘探设计、工程布设、储量计算和综合研究的资料。其内容主要有:确定剖面端点，根据剖面长度设置剖控点和在其间设置测站点，在测站点上进行剖面测量，测定剖面方向上工程位置点、地质点、地物点、地貌特征点的平面位置和高程，进行剖面计算和绘制剖面图。3.6.7坑探工程测量aditprospectingengineeringsurvey为勘探坑道的设计、放样、施工以及坑内探矿而进行的各种测量工作。其内容主要有:坑口定向点与位置点的测量，坑道定线与定向测量，坑内导线测量、坑道贯通测量以及坑道平面图测量3.6.8井探工程测量shaftprospectingengineeringsurvey对竖井、斜井等深部掘进探矿工程所进行的测量工作其内容主要包括:地面控制测量和地形测量，井口平面位置和高程位置测量，井内引线、定线和深度测量，通过竖井导入高程测量和竖井定向测量，以及贯通测量。3.6.9贯通测量throughsurvey为指导坑道(或竖井)按设计方向掘进和施工以保证坑道(或并筒)在预定地点准确接通而进行的测量工作。其内容主要包括:地面联测，联系测量，地下导线测量和坑道掘进测量。3.6.10露天矿测量opencastsurvey在露夭矿的设计和开采阶段，为指导和监督露天矿的剥离、开采等而进行的一系列测量工作。其内容主要包括:建立矿区测量控制网，矿区地形测量，线路测量，爆破测量，采剥验收测量，绘制各种矿山测量图和露天矿边坡稳定性监测。3.6.11物化探测量geophysicalandgeochemicalprospectingsurvey地球物理和地球化学勘探过程中所涉及到的测量工作之总称。其目的是为物化探工作提供可靠的测量成果资料。其主要内容是:布置测网，测定测网网点的平面坐标和高程，为物化探布设9s标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998各种剖面，对物化探基点、异常点、测网和重要地质标志进行联测以及提供最终测量成果3.6.12地表移动观测observationofgroundmovement为研究由于地下开挖而产生的岩层和地表移动规律所进行的观测工作主要内容有在采*,区地表沿矿体走向和倾向设点进行监测，研究地表移动变形的大小和分布规律;向岩层内部打深钻孔设点和在采掘面附近设点，以观测岩层内部的移动;观测建筑场、铁路路基等的移动和变形;监测露天矿边坡的稳定性。3.7储量计算calculationofreserves根据矿产地质或矿一床勘探所获得的矿床(或矿体)资料和数据，运用矿床学的理论和一定的方法，确定矿床(或矿体)各部分有用矿产的数量、质量、空间分布、技术条件及研究精度的过程。3.7.1矿产储量mineralreserves矿产的蕴藏量。其表示方式有:矿石储量、金属储量、有用组分储量、有用矿物储量等，多以重量计，少数以体积计。3.7.2开采储量extractionreserves在开发勘探阶段由矿山开采部门详细探明的、列入矿山开采计划的矿产储量3.7.3设计储量designingreserves经过地质勘探工作探明的、可作为矿山建设和投资依据的矿产储量3.7.4远景储量futurereserves研究程度较低，一般只能作为矿山远景规划和进一步布置地质勘探工作依据的矿产储量3.7,5地质储量geologicalreseves根据区域地质调查、矿床分布规律，或根据区域构造单元，结合已知矿产的成矿地质条件所顶测的矿产储量3-7.6工业储量industryreseves开采储量和设计储量的总称3.8地质编录geologicalrecord用文字、图件、表格等形式，将地质勘探和矿山生产过程中所观测到的地质和矿产现象以及综合成果，系统、客观地反映出来的工作其目的是为研究工作地区的地质和成矿规律、评价和开发矿床提供准确、可靠的资料。3.8.1区域地质图regionalgeologicalmap反映包括矿区在内而范围较大或相当大地区的地质情况(即区域地质)的基本图件其作用是说明矿区所在区域的地质特征和成矿地质环境，反映该区的矿产远景，为进一步发现新的矿床提供线索。3.8.2钻孔柱状图boreholecolumnarsection根据对钻孔岩(矿)心(岩屑、岩粉)的观察鉴定、取样分析及在钻孔内进行的各种测试所获资料而编制成的一种原始图件。借以形象地表示出钻孔通过的岩层、矿体及其相互关系，是编制有关综合图件和计算矿储量的主要依据。3.8.3矿体(层)等厚线图thicknessisolinemapoforebody(seam)用厚度等值线来表示缓倾斜的沉积层状矿床中某一矿体(层)不同部位厚度变化趋势的一种图件3.8.4矿层顶(底)板等高线图contourmapofseamroof(floor)用高程等值线表示同一矿层的顶(底)板在矿区不同部位埋藏深度和变化趋势的图件。3.8.5地质报告‘eologicalreport全面反映地质勘探工作成果的主要技术文件，是在指定任务完成或告一阶段之后，根据各种资料的系统整理和综合研究编写而成。它一般由报告正文及各种图件、表格、附件等组fit拎fib.质免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)cs/T17225一1998工作的项目可将其分为矿产地质报告、水文地质或工程地质报告、区域地质调查报告、物化探报告、石油地质报告等;按工作阶段可将其分为中间报告、总结报告、补充报告等。4勘探网的布测4.1勘探网prospectingnet将勘探工程布设在两组不同方向勘探线交点匕使其总体形成的网状形式。4.1.1勘探网点intersectionofprospectingnet勘探网中纵、横勘探线的交点。4.1.2线距intervalbetweenlines勘探网中的勘探线之间的距离。线距一般在20m^-1000m之间取lom的整数倍，其大小依矿床类型与储量级别而定。4.1.3勘探网度densityofprospectingnet每个穿透矿体的勘探工程所控制的矿体面积，通常以工程沿矿体走向的距离与沿矿体倾斜的距离或变化最大方向的距离来表示4.2勘探线prospectingline将勘探工程布设在一组与矿体走向基本垂直或平行的铅垂剖面内，从而在地面上构成一组相互平行(有时也可不平行)的直线形的一种工程总体布设形式。4.2.1勘探基线prospectingbaseline在矿体适中部位选定的、作为勘探网基准线的勘探线。4.2.2横向勘探线horizontalprospectingline平行矿体走向的勘探线。4.2.3纵向勘探线verticalprospectingline垂直于矿体走向的勘探线。4.2.4勘探线基点startingpointofprospectingline勘探线与勘探基线的交点。4.2.5点距intervalbetweenpoints勘探线上工程点之间的距离。点距的大小视储量级别和矿体的倾角变化而定。4.3勘探网测量prospectingnetsurvey按勘探工作的要求进行勘探网的设计，并根据勘探网的设计数据将勘探网测设于实地的测量工作。4.3.1勘探网的设计designofprospectingnet确定勘探基线的方向和位置、勘探网的形状及其线距，并计算出勘探基线端点、勘探线基点、勘探网点的设计坐标的工作4.3.2勘探网的展绘drawingofprospectingnet根据勘探网的设计数据，将勘探网展绘于规定比例尺地形图上的工作。4.3.3勘探网的测设prospectingnetlayout根据勘探网的设计数据将勘探网中的勘探基线端点、勘探线基点、勘探网点等测设于实地的测量工作。4.4勘探线测量prospectinglinesurvey按勘探工作的要求，确定勘探基线的位置和方向、勘探线的线距和方位，并将勘探线测设于实地的测量工作。4.4.1勘探基线测量prospectingbaselinesurvey根据地质人员在实地(或图上)确定的勘探基线的位置和方向.按设计的线距，将勘探基线端点q几标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998和勘探线基点测设于实地的测量工作5地质点测里5.1地质观察点pointofgeolog、calob、ervation野外进行观察、研究地质现象的地点。其位置应着重选择在地质界线或矿体、蚀变岩石露头等显示矿化的地方，以及断层、褶皱、水文地质及地貌等重要地质现象的地点同义词:地质点geologicalpoint5.1.1水文地质观察点pointofhydrogeologicalob，ervat‘On地质调查中，观察研究水文地质现象的一类地质观察点。区域地质调查中的水文地质观察点应选择在泉、井等地下水出露的地方5.1.2地貌观察点polntofgeomorpholog，calobservation地质调查中观察、研究地貌现象的一类地质观察点一般应选择在地貌单元分界、微地貌及地形变化明显、有良好第四系出露的地方5.1.3露头Outcrop地层、岩体、矿体、地下水、天然气等出露于地表的部分其中包括:自然出露于地表的天然露头，经各种工程揭露的人工露头，氧化不深仍保持原有成份、结构构造等特点的原生露头，遭受明显氧化、其物质成份及结构构造均发生明显变化的氧化露头。5.2找矿标参oreguideofprospecting显示矿产存在或可能存在的各种现象和线索。其中包括:矿体露头、铁帽、矿砾、有用矿物重砂、旧矿遗迹、盐泉、油气苗以及部分由物化探所圈定的致矿异常等直接找矿标志，蚀变围岩、特殊地层层位或标志层、特殊颜色的岩石、特殊地形、特殊植物、物化探发现的异常以及某些历史资料、地名等间接标志。5.2.1矿苗mineralsprout各种矿产自然出露于地表的部分(如油苗、气苗、铁帽等)。它是直接显示矿产可能存在的地质现象，是重要的直接找矿标志。5.22矿点mineraloccurrenCe广义的矿点是指群众提供的或经区域地质调查、矿产普查工作发现的，并认为具有成矿条件、显示矿产存在标志的地点。在区域地质调查编制的矿产图上，矿点是指经区域地质矿产调查或初步勘探工作所确定的，矿石品位符合工业要求而规模小于小型矿床的含矿地点，或者指未进行过详细工作，规模尚未查明的含矿地点5.2.3矿化点rnineralizedpoint根据现有资料不足以说明是否确切存在矿产但有成矿现象的地点。它是进行矿产预测与进一步部署找矿工作的依据。5.2.4矿化带mineralizedzone矿床、矿点、蚀变围岩等矿化现象或找矿标志呈带状断续分布，并受同一地质条件控制的地带。它是预测矿产与进一步布署找矿工作的重要地带。5.3矿床depos，ts在内力及外力地质作用下在地壳中形成，并在现有技术和经济条件下其质和量方面均能够被开采利用，由一个或数个以至数十到数百个矿体所构成的集合体。53.1矿体orebody占有一定空间位置、具有一定形态和产状，并且有用矿物或有用元素含量达到工业价值的矿石的天然聚合体。它是矿床的基本组成单位。53，2矿带mineralzone96免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998具有共同特征和有成因联系的矿床或矿床组合成的呈带状分布的地质构造带5.3.3矿脉mineraldyke沿着各种岩石裂隙充填而形成的、其形态呈板状或近似板状的矿体5.4地质观察路线traverseofgeologicalobservation进行地质填图及各种地质调查时所布置的工作路线5.4.1穿越路线throughtraverse按近似垂直或斜交地质体或构造线的走向布置并横穿各地质体的地质观察路线5.4.2追索路线tracingtraverse沿岩层、矿体等地质体的界线或构造的延伸方向布置的地质观察路线。5.5地质点标定determinationofgeologicalpoint在野外进行选择地质点并将其位置测定到底图上的工作。5.5.1目测法定点spottingbyeye-surveymethod地质点标定时，在地形、地物标志明显情况下，根据地形、地物、微地貌特征，用目测直接将地质点位置标定到底图上，或借助航片进行定点然后再转绘到底图上的地质点标定工作。5.5.2半仪器法定点spottingbysemi-instrumentmethod地质点标定时，在地形、地物标志不明显，采用目测法有困难的情况下，采用简单的仪器(如罗盘等)和简易的测量方法进行的地质点标定工作。5.5.3仪器法定点spottingbyinstrumentmethod在进行大比例尺地质填图或测定重要地质点时，采用比较精密的仪器和较高精度的测量方法进行的地质点标定工作。勘探工程定位测t6.1勘探工程定位点positioningpointofprospectingengineering用来确定勘探工程位置的基本点例如:探井、钻孔的中心点，探槽中轴线的两端点，坑道的坑口点等。6.1.1勘探S程点prospectingengineeringpoint勘探工程的中心点。6.2地表揭露工程engineeringforunmaskground为揭露复盖地区的地质现象和探明表土层下面的岩石或矿体的地质资料而在地表布置的诸如探槽、浅井、小圆井、剥土、探坑等轻型勘探工程6.2门探槽trench为探明表土层下的地层岩性或矿体界限及其延伸方向而开挖的深度不超过3m的长条形地表揭露工程。6.2.2浅井shallowshaft为探明地表下的地层岩性或矿体的界限，从地表垂直向下挖掘的深度和断面均较小的井状地表揭露工程。其断面面积为l.2^2.2m",深度一般不超过20m,6.2.3小圆井smallcircularshaft断面为圆形、深度不超过5m的浅井。其直径一般为0.8-1.0m,6.2.4剥土stripping剥离地表覆盖层(厚度一般小于1m)以了解地表下部的岩层岩性及矿体界限的地表揭露工程。6.2.5探坑prospectingpit为探明表土层下的地层岩性或矿体界限而在地表挖掘的浅坑状地表揭露工程6.3地表揭露工程的测设layoutofengineeringforunmaskground97标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998将根据勘探工程要求将设计于地形图上的地表揭露工程测设到实施，并在工程完成后测定其工程点和工程定位点平面坐标和高程的测量工作6.3.1地表揭露工程的初测initialsurveyofengineeringforunmaskground将在地形图上设计好的地表揭露工程测设于实地，并对工程定位点进行桩定，以指导工程开挖的测量工作。6.3.2地表揭露工程的定测finalsurveyofengineeringforunmaskground在地表揭露工程开挖完成后进行的测定地表揭露工程的工程点和工程定位点的平面坐标和高程的测量工作6.4钻孔borehole钻机向地下钻凿成的直径较小且具有一定深度的井孔。6.4.1钻孔顶角zenithalangleofborehole钻孔轴线上某点的切线与过该点的铅垂线间的夹角6.4.2钻孔方位角azimuthalangleofborehole自钻孔轴线卜某点指北方向起顺时针量至从该点出发所作的钻孔轴线水平投影之切线的夹角。6.4.3钻孔倾角dipangleofborehole钻孔轴线上某点处的切线与过该点水平面之间的夹角。6.4.4孔斜holedeflection在钻进过程中，已经钻成孔段的轴线相对原设计轴线所产生的偏移。是衡量钻探工程质量的-项重要指标。它包括倾角偏移和方位角偏移。6.5钻孔位置测量positionsurveyofborehole在钻探工程测量中，按设计要求将钻孔位置测设于实地，并在平整钻机机场后恢复钻孔位置，以及在钻探结束后测定钻孔位置的平面坐标和高程等的测量工作。6.5.1钻孔位置的初测initialsurveyofboreholeposition将设计的钻孔位置测设于实地的测量工作。6.5.2钻孔位置的复测reobservationofboreholeposition在钻机机场平台的土工作业完成后，根据复测校正桩以恢复确定平整机场时被破坏的钻孔位置的测量工作。6.5.3钻孔位置的定测finalsurveyofboreholeposition钻探结束后，精确测定钻孔中心(封孔标志中心或套管顶面中心)的平面坐标和高程的测量工作。6.5.4复测校正桩correctionpileofreobservation在钻孔位置初测的同时，预先布设于钻机机场平整范围之外，以供恢复平整机场时将被破坏的钻孔位置的桩点。了地质剖面测t7.1勘探剖面prospectingprofile由按设计方向布设的勘探工程所构成的切面。其作用是为了正确地圈定矿体和了解矿体不同部分的产状、形态及内部结构。7.1.1水平勘探剖面horizontalprospectingprofile由布设在同一标高的水平面上的勘探工程所构成的勘探剖面其作用是沿不同深度揭示和圈定矿体7.1.2铅垂勘探剖面perpendicularprospectingprofile由布设在同一勘探线上的勘探工程所构成的勘探剖面。其作用是沿不同的勘探线揭示和圈定98免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998矿体同义词:勘探线剖面profileofprospectingline7.2勘探线剖面测量profilesurveyofprospectingline沿勘探线方向按地质要求进行的垂直剖面测量和绘制勘探线剖面图的工作其内容包括确定剖面端点，根据剖面长度设置剖控点，在剖控点间加设测站点，测定剖面线方向七的工程点、地质点、地物点、地貌特征点等平面坐标和高程，进行剖面计算和绘制剖面图7.2.1剖面端点profileterminal剖面线两端的控制点。7.2.2剖面定向点profileorientationpoint位于剖面线之上，在剖面测量中用于标定剖面线方向的控制点。7.2.3剖控点profilecontrolpoint为满足剖面测量需要，根据剖面线的长度，在勘探线上布设的控制点。7.2.4剖面测站点profilestationpoint在剖控点不能满足剖面测量设站需要时，在剖控点之间布设的专供剖面测量使用的仪器安置点。7.2.5剖面点profilepoint位于勘探剖面线上的勘探工程点、地质点、地物点、地貌点之总称7.2.6剖面工程点profileengineeringpoint位于勘探剖面线上的勘探工程点。7.2.7剖面定线profilelining根据勘探矿区的测量控制点或勘探线基点，将剖面端点和定向点测设在实地上以确定剖面线的位置和方向的测量工作。7.2.8剖面控制测量profilecontrolsurvey在剖面定线的基础上，根据剖面端点和定向点，在剖面线上设置剖控点以及在剖控点之间加密测站点的测量工作。7.2.9剖面点测量profilepointsurvey测定剖面线上的勘探工程点、地质点、地物点、地貌点等剖面点的平面坐标和高程的测量工作7.2.10勘探线设计方位designdirectionofprospectingline与勘探线两端点设计坐标相应的坐标方位角。7.2.11勘探线实测方位grounddirectionofprospectingline与勘探线两端点实测坐标相应的坐标方位角。7.3勘探线剖面图profilemapofprospectingline显示某一勘探线上的地物、地貌、地质现象、勘探工程等的分布情况的铅垂剖面图7.3.1剖面图水平比例尺horizontalscaleofprofilemap在勘探线剖面图上，剖面点在水平坐标线(横坐标线)上的投影间距与实地相应水平距离之比7.3.2剖面图垂直比例尺verticalscaleofprofilemap在勘探线剖面图上，剖面点到水平坐标线的垂直高度与相应的高差之比。同义词:剖面图高程比例尺heightscaleofprofilemap7.3.3地形剖面线profilelineoftopography在勘探线剖面图上，地表面与沿勘探线方向铅垂剖切面的交线7.3.4剖面投影平面图profileprojectionplan绘制在勘探线剖面图下方，反映勘探线上及其两侧一定区域内的地物、地貌、地质现象、勘探工程等分布情况的带状平面图。标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Gs/T17228一19987.3.5勘探工程的偏离距deviationdistaceofprospectingengineering当因测设和施工误差的存在而使勘探工程偏离勘探线时，勘探工程点到勘探线的垂直距离。7.3.6勘探S程的投影距projectiondistanceofprospectingengineering当因测设和施工误差的存在而使勘探工程偏离勘探线时，勘探工程点在勘探线上的垂直投影点距勘探线端点的距离7.4地质剖面geologicalprofile沿某一方向显示一定深度内地质构造情况的实际(或推断)切面。7.4.1地质剖面线geologicalprofileline地质剖面与地表或某一平面的交线7.4.2地质剖面图geologicalprofilemap按一定比例尺表示地质剖面上的地质现象及其相互关系的图件。7.4.3实测剖面surveyedprofile用测绘仪器和工具在实地布设并进行测绘的地质剖面7.4.4精IT]剖面fine-surveyedprofile为了详细研究已发现的地质现象，用精度较高的仪器和方法布设和测绘的实测剖面。7.4.5随手剖面freehandprofile以目测的方法勾绘出的实测剖面。7.4.6典型剖面typicalprofile在某一等级地层或构造岩相带区域内，具有代表性的地质剖面。它必须具备:岩石露头连续、产状清楚、构造简单(或清楚)、层序完整、分层标志明显易于识别，有较丰富的古生物及其确定年代(或年龄)的资料的划分岩相带的充分依据，与上、下地层接触关系清楚，在一定范围内具有较好的稳定性并与邻区可以进行可靠的对比。7.4.7图切剖面transversecuttingprofile在地质图上，选择某一方向，按一定的比例尺，根据地图上的地质、地理要素，用投影方法编绘而成的地质剖面图。借以同地质图配合反映地质构造在空间上的相互关系及历史的发展情况。7.4.8地质横剖面图geologicalcrosssectionmap垂直于岩层(或构造线)总体走向的地质剖面图。7.4.9地质纵剖面图longitudinalprofilemapofgeology平行于岩层(或构造线)总体走向的地质剖面图。7.4.10水平地质剖面图horizontalprofilemapofgeology沿水平方向的地质剖面图。用L:[表示地质体在不同深度的地质构造轮廓。8坑探工程测t81坑探aditprospecting从地表或地下挖掘不同类型坑道以探明地质及矿产现象的一种地质勘探技术手段。脚坑道adit为了地质勘探、采矿和其它目的，沿水平方向或倾角不大的倾斜方向，按一定规格在矿床或岩层中开凿成的洞状掘进工程8.2.1矿山坑道mineadit在生产矿山中，为了采矿、探矿等目的而在岩层或矿体中开凿的各种坑道。8.2.2开拓坑道developingadit为使矿床与地面有一条完整的通风、排水和运输线路而从地表掘进通入矿体的各种坑道8.2.3采准坑道preparatoryadit100免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998为采矿准备而掘进、形成采区外形的一些骨干坑道。以供采区的通行、运输、通风之用8.2.4回采坑道stopingadit在采区内为直接进行采矿作业而掘进的各种坑道8.3坑探工程aditprospectingengineering对矿床进行勘探时所布置的各类坑道之总称。8.3.1沿脉坑道dykeadit沿着矿体走向掘进，用以探明矿体沿其走向变化情况的水平坑道。8.3.2穿脉坑道transverseadit沿与矿体走向斜交或直交方向掘进，用以探明矿体厚度、了解矿石组分和品位变化以及查明矿体与围岩的接触关系等情况的水平坑道。8.3.3平m同drift由地表直接通向矿体，用以查明矿体的产状和范围的水平坑道。B-3.4斜坑，nclinedadit由地表直接通向矿体，用以查明矿体的产状和范围的倾斜坑道。8.3.5隧酮tunnel两端都直通地表的水平坑道。8.3.6巷道workings在地下掘进的无直通地面出口的水平坑道或倾斜坑道。8.3.7平巷gallery腰线近于水平的巷道。8.3.8石门cross-cut从竖井、斜井掘进于围岩之内的平巷。8.3.9石巷rockworkings在围岩中，沿平行矿体走向掘进的平巷。8.3.10WI室chamber断面较大而长度较短的平巷。8.3.11斜巷inclinedworkings腰线与水平面斜交的巷道·8.3.12上山raise在上、下相邻两平巷之间，自下而上掘进的小断面斜巷8.3.13下山winze在上、下相邻两平巷之间，自上而下掘进的小断面斜巷。8.4坑道要素aditfactor表征坑道形态和位置的线和面。8.4.1坑道帮仁壁」aditwall水平坑道和倾斜坑道的两个侧壁。8.4.2顶板roof水平坑道和倾斜坑道的顶面口8.4.3底板floor水平坑道和倾斜坑道的底面。8.4.4坑道中线centerlineofadit坑道水平投影的几何中心线8.4.5坑道坡度线slopelineofadit101标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998为指示坑道掘进的坡度而按设计坡度在坑道两壁上标出的与底板平行的直线同义词坑道腰线waistlineofadit8.4.6坑道开切面cuttingfaceofadit为放样坑道的开挖断面而裁切出的工作面8.5坑道测点aditstation在坑道工程测量时，设置于坑口附近及坑道内的控制点和放样点8.5.1近坑点approachpointofadit设置于坑口附近，用于指导坑道掘进和施测坑口位置点以及作为坑道内经纬仪导线起算点的控制点8.5.2坑口位置点pointforaditposition位于坑口的坑道中线桩点，它是坑道中线与地表的交点8.5.3坑口校正点correctionpointforaditposition用来恢复和校正坑口位置点而在掘进工作区之外设置的与坑口位置点构成一定几何关系的桩点。8.5.4顶板测点roofstation设置在坑道顶板或永久支护上部的测点8.5.5底板测点floorstation设置在坑道底板上的测点8.5.6坑道中线桩medianpileofadit为指示坑道中线方向而在坑道中线方向匕埋设于顶板或底板上的标志桩8.5.7坑道腰线点waistlinepointofadit为指示坑道的坡度而测设于坑道两壁腰线上的测点8.6坑道控制测量controlsurveyofadit坑道平面控制测量和高程控制测量之总称8.6.1坑道平面控制测量horizontalcontrolsurveyofadit为了将坑道与地面连为一个整体、指导坑道的掘进和贯通、建立测绘坑道平面图的基本控制、对坑内的特殊工程和地下矿体及各种地质特征点的位置进行控制等目的，而在坑道内外建立控制网并测取其控制网点平面坐标的测量工作B-6.2坑道高程控制测量verticalcontrolsurveyofadit为了测设坑道的设计高程位置和满足贯通与测图的需要，以从地面导人高程的控制点为基准，而在坑道内建立控制网并测取其控制网点高程的测量工作。8.7坑口位置点M量surveyofpointforaditposition根据勘探工作的要求，将坑口位置点布设到实地，并测定其平面坐标和高程的测量工作。8.7.1坑口位置点的布设layoutofpointforaditposition根据勘探工作的要求，将坑口位置点的设计位置测设于实地，并按规定的规格和要求埋设相应标志的测量工作。8.7.2坑口位置点的定测locationsurveyofpointforaditposition在坑口位置点埋设标志后，测定标志中心点的平面坐标和高程的测量工作。8.8坑道掘进测量drivingsurveyofadit坑道掘进过程中涉及到的测量工作。其内容包括:根据设计要求标定坑道掘进的方向(中线)和坡度(腰线)，测绘坑道的实际位置，进行坑道的验收丈量，测定坑内特殊工程和地质点的位置等8.8.1坑道定线测量aditlayoutsurvey将坑道的设计方向和坡度及时准确地测设于坑道的顶板、底板和两壁，并作出明显标志，以作为免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"r17228一1998掘进依据的测量工作8.8.2坑道中线标定。etting-outofaditmedian将坑道中线标定到坑口的开切面巨，并在掘进过程中将坑道中线引测到坑道内以及将其逐渐向前延伸的测量工作。8.8.3坑道坡度线标定，etting-outofaditslopeline按坑道的设计坡度将坑道的坡度线(腰线)标定在坑道两壁上的测量工作同义词:坑道腰线标定setting-outofaditwaistline8.8.4点一「对中centringunderpoint以顶板测点为准进行经纬仪(或其它测量仪器)对中的操作过程8.8.5激光导向仪给向setting-outofdirectionbylaserguideinstrument用激光导向仪标定坑道掘进方向的测量工作，即:用激光导向仪给出一条平行于坑道腰线且与坑道中线平行或重合的方向线，用以指导直线坑道的掘进。8.8.6饭岔放样setting-outofjunction根据坑道的交叉点的设计坐标，在坑道相交处或分岔处所进行的坑道放样测量工作8.8.7坑道验收丈量footagemeasurementofchechingadit丈量坑道进度和检查坑道规格、质量的测量工作8.9坑道碎部测量detailsurveyofadit为测绘大比例尺坑道图和炯室图而进行的碎部测量工作8.9.1坑内空tinjqp}量undergroundcavitysurvey对坑内天然形成或人工开凿的各种形状和大小的空iip和桐室而进行的碎部测量工作。8.9.2坑道平面图aditplan表示矿区内坑道的名称、形态及其各构筑物和设施，各类控制点的点号与高程，以及各种地质现象的综合性图件。8.9.3坑道平面图测量aditplansurvey根据坑内经纬仪导线或罗盘仪导线，以绘制坑道平面图为目的而进行的坑道碎部测量。9井探工程测t9.1井探shaftprospecting挖掘不同类型的竖井、斜井等深部掘进勘探工程以探明地质及矿产现象的一种地质勘探技术手段9.2井探工程shaftprospectingengineering对矿床进行勘探时所布置的竖井、斜井等深部掘进勘探工程之总称。9.2.1竖井verticalshaft沿竖直方向从地表向下掘进而进入地下，且深度及断面较大的深部掘进筒状工程。9.2.2斜井inclinedshaft沿与竖直方向成一定角度的方向，从地表向下掘进而进入地下，且深度及断面较大的深部掘进筒状工程。9.2.3暗井blindshaft在水平巷道中，自上而下开凿的、无直通地表出口的小断面竖井。9.2.4天井raiseshaft在水平巷道中，自下而上开凿的、无直通地表出口的小断面竖井9.3竖井联系测量shaftconnectionsurvey通过竖井将地面控制网和井下控制网连系在同一个平面坐标系统和高程系统中的测量工作它包互v3标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)cs/T17228一1998括竖井定向测量和导人高程测量9.4竖井定向测量shaftorientationsurvey通过竖并将地面坐标系中的平面坐标及方向传递到井下的测量工作9.4.1近井点approachpointofshaft设置在井口附近，用以施测井口位置点、定向连接点以及指导井筒掘进的控制点9,4.2定向连接点connectionpointfororientation在竖井定向前设置于井筒附近地面上，用来作为定向时与吊锤线(或投影光束)连测的测站点9.4.3定向水平orientationplane用作投影定向方向的水平面。9.4.4n何定向geometricorientation采用在竖井内悬挂重锤线并与几何图形相连接进行坐标和方位角传递的竖并方向测量包括一井定向和两井定向9.4.5物理定向physicalorientation利用物理原理和方法进行的竖井定向测量如:用磁性仪进行的磁性定向，用陀螺经纬仪进行的陀螺定向，用激光铅垂仪进行的光学定向等9.4.6一井定向oneshaftorientation通过一个竖井进行的竖井定向测量，即:在一个竖井井筒内同时悬挂两根重锤线(或同时铅垂地发射两条可见光束)，通过地面和井下的连测，将两重锤线中心(或光束轴心)的平面坐标及其连线的坐标方位角传递给井下的控制点和导线边。9.4.7两井定向twoshaftorientation通过两个竖井进行的竖井定向测量，即:在两个有巷道连通的竖井井筒内各悬挂一根重锤线(或各铅垂地发射一条可见光束)，根据地面控制网测定两根重锤线中心(或光束轴心)的平面坐标，在巷道内用导线对两重锤线中心(或光束轴心)进行连测，从而将地面控制网的平面坐标和方向传递给井下的控制点和导线边9.4.8粗略定向roughorientation当定向精度要求不高时，来用精度较低的仪器和方法进行的竖井定向测量9.4.9精密定向preciseorientation当定向精度要求较高时，采用较精密的仪器和方法进行的竖井定向测量9.4.10定向误差orientationerror在竖井定向测量过程中，由于投影的误差和井上井下连接测量本身的观测误差等而导致井下控制点的坐标和导线边的坐标方位角所产生的误差9.5定向投影orientationprojection利用悬挂重锤线(或铅垂发射可见光束)等方法将吊锤线中心(或光束轴心)铅垂地投影到定向水平上的测量工作。9.5.1吊锤投点projectionbysuspendedplumbing根据在竖井井筒中悬挂的两根重锤线所构成的一个竖直面与任何一个水平面的交线均保持同一水平方向的原理来进行的定向投影方法。9.5.2稳定锤投点damping-bobshaftplumbing在采用稳定措施使吊锤线摆动很少的情况下，通过观测稳定吊锤线进行定向连接测量的定向投影方法。9.5.3摆动锤投点pendulous-bobshaftplumbing在竖井井深较大、吊锤难以稳定时，通过观测吊锤线的摆动来找出其静止的位置，并将其固定下来，然后再进行定向连接测量的定向投影方法。免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GR/T17228一19989.5.4激光投，,r,}laserplumbing用激光铅垂仪发射的铅垂光束轴线代替吊锤线来进行的定向投影方法。9.6定向连接测量connectionsurveyoforientation用IL何图形(如直线、三角形、四边形)把吊锤线与地面和井下的控制网联系起来，经过连if,11和计算将地面控制网的平面坐标和方向传递到井下控制点和导线边的测量工作9.6.1瞄直法sightinglinemethod在一井定向时，将定向连接点设置在两吊锤线连线延长线上的定向连接测量方法9.6.2联系三角形法connectiontrianglemethod在一井定向时，用分别布置在地而和井下的、以两吊锤线连线为公共边的二角形将地面与井F的控制网联系起来的定向连接测量方法。9.6.3联接四边形法connectionquadranglemethod在一井定向时，通过对由两吊锤线与井下两辅助点构成的平面联接四边形的角度和边长进行观测和计算，将地面与井下控制网联系起来的定向连接测量方法9.7陀螺定向测量gyrostaticorientationsurvey用陀螺经纬仪测定某控制网边真方位角的测量工作9.7.1陀螺仪子午线gyromeridian由陀螺仪所确定的子午线方向，即:测站上通过假想的陀螺轴稳定位置的子午面(陀螺仪子午面)与地平面的交线。9.7.2陀螺方位角gyroazimuth从陀螺仪子午线北方向按顺时针方向量至某定向边的水平角。9.7.3中天法transitmethod通过对陀螺仪轴运转的观测，先确定近似北方向，再连续读记摆动的指标线(陀螺轴)反复经过分划板零线时的时间和到达东、西逆转点时的摆幅.通过计算获得近似北方向的改正数，进而确定测站真北方向的一种定向方法9.7.4逆转点法methodofinversionpoints用陀螺经纬仪跟踪观测摆动的指示线(陀螺轴)反复到达东、西逆转点时水平度盘读数，经过计算确定测站真北方向的一种定向方法9.7,5陀螺定向误差gyroorientationerror用陀螺经纬仪测定某定向边真方位角时，因仪器和观测等误差而导致定向边真方位角所产生的误差9.8导入高程测量inductionheightsurvey将地面高程测量系统传递到井下水准基点的测量工作。9.8.1钢丝法longwiremethod利用分别安置在地面和井下的两台水准仪对立于地面和井下水准点上的水准尺进行观测，并按水平视线在悬挂于井筒中的钢丝上做出两个标记，通过量取钢丝上两标记间的长度并经过计算而获得井下水准点的高程的导入高程测量方法。9.8.2钢尺法steeltapemethod利用分别安置在地面和井下的两台水准仪对立于地面和井下水准点上的水准尺和悬挂在井筒中的特制钢尺进行观测，通过计算而获得井下水准点的高程的导入高程测量方法。9.8.3井下高程测量undergroundheightsurvey侧定各种勘探或采掘巷道、酮室、矿体等在竖直方向上的位置及其相互关系的测量工作其主要内容包括:向巷道内导人高程和建立井下高程控制网，标定巷道的腰线，确定巷道及矿体在竖直投影图上的位置，检查主要巷道和运输轨道的坡度，测绘主要运输巷道的纵剖面图等标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB;`P17228一19989.9矿山测量图miningmap在矿山设计、勘探、施工和生产过程中，在地面和地下施测的反映矿区内地物、地貌、生产系统和生活设施以及勘探工程和采掘工程分布的各种图件之总称。9.9.1矿区地形图topographicmapofminingarea反映矿区范围内地物、地貌的图件9.9.21!)“场平面图miningyardplan反映矿场内生产系统和生活设施等的综合性图件。9.9.3井底车场平面图shaftbottomplan反映井底车场的巷道和响室的位置分布以及运输和排水系统的综合性图件9.9.4井_L井F对照图surface-undergroundcontrastplan反映矿场地面的地物和地貌与井下勘探和采掘工程之间空间位置对应关系的综合性图件10贯通测量10.1贯通breakthrough按设计要求采用多个工作面掘进同一个坑道(或竖井)或在坑道(或竖井)之间掘进使其在预定地点接通的一类工程。10.1.1贯通面throughface坑道(或竖井)贯通施工时彼此接通处的工作面10.1.2单向贯通one-directionbreakthrough从一个坑道〔或竖井)掘进工作面向另一个未进行掘进工作的坑道(或竖井)掘进施i的贯通方式10.1.3同向贯通same-directionbreakthrough从一个坑道(或竖井)的两个掘进工作面开始按相同方向掘进施工的贯通方式10.1.4相向贯通reciprocalbreakthrough从一个坑道(或竖井)的两个掘进工作面开始按对向掘进施工的贯通方式。10.1.5坑道贯通aditbreakthrough按单向、或同向、或相向贯通方式开挖同一个水平或倾斜坑道时的贯通。10.1.6坑道Iriil贯通breakthroughbetweenadits为连通两水平或倾斜坑道而进行的贯通。其中包括左、右坑道间的贯通和上、下坑道间的贯通10.1.7竖井贯通shaftbreakthrough按单向、或同向、或相向贯通方式开凿同一竖井时的贯通。10.1.8竖井f7贯通breakthroughbetweenshafts为连通两竖井而进行的贯通。10.1.9地下找孔findingholeunderground在坑道内向已完工的钻孔开凿支巷，用已实现与钻孔接通的贯通。10.2贯通误差througherror相向或同向掘进的坑道的施工中线在贯通面上因未准确接通而产生的偏差。它有纵向贯通误差、横向贯通误差和竖向贯通误差三个分量。10.2.1纵向贯通误差longitudinalthrougherror沿坑道施工中线方向上的长度贯通偏差。它是贯通误差在施工中线方向上的分量10-2.2横向贯通误差lateralthrougherror沿垂直于坑道施工中线的水平方向贯通偏差。它是贯通误差在垂直于坑道施工中线的水平方向仁的分量免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一199810-2.3竖I"I贯iI误差verticalthrougherror沿垂直于坑道施工中线的铅垂方向贯通误差它是贯通误差在铅垂方向L的分量，即高程贯通误旅10.2.4贯通误差预计estimationofthrougherror在贯通工程施工之前，预先对坑道和井筒贯通时由于地面控制、定向和地I,-导线等测41f误趁引起的水平方向贯通误差和由地面高程测fit、导人高程测量和地下高程测贷等测量误差而引起的高程贯通误差等所进行的估算工作11露天矿测量11.1露天采矿opencastmining先将覆盖在矿体上面的土石剥离掉，自上而卜地将矿体分为若干梯段，然后直接在露天进行采0"-的方法一般适宜于规模较大、储量丰富、埋藏较浅的厚矿体11.1.1剥离overburden在露天采矿时，将覆盖在矿体上部及其周围的浮土和围岩剥去，并将其装运倾卸在排上场的上作11-1.2剥采比〔Overburdenratio露天采矿时剥去的废石量与采出矿石量的比值。11.2采场测量open-pitsurvey为及时填绘包含有采场工作面位置及日期、矿柱位置、矿层厚度及采高等内容的采场动态图1耐些行的测量工作11.2.1露天矿场open-ptt在地表直接进行剥离和采矿的工作场所。由边坡、台阶和开采境界等要素组成11.2.2露天tr场边坡open-pitslope露天矿场四周的倾斜表面。它是由许多已经结束剥采工作的台阶所组成的总斜坡11-2.3露天矿场台阶open-pitbench具有一定的高度、由独立的采掘及运输设备进行开采的各个水平分层或梯段它由上部平台、下部平台、坡面、坡顶线、坡底线、坡面角和台阶高度等要素组成11-2.4露天开采境界openmininglimit按技术上的可能性与经济上的合理性对露夭采矿场所确定的最终可能达到的、由上部边界和下部边界所限定的采矿范围11.3露天犷爆破测量blastingsurveyofopenmining在露天矿爆破工作的前、后所进行的测量工作之总称。主要包括:将设计炮孔位置标定于实地.爆破区的平面和高程测量，炮孔剖面测量和孔深测量，绘制爆破区的平面图和剖面图，测量爆破h新台阶剖面，打盲孔时的反位测量11.3.1炮孔位置测量positionsurveyoffirehole将设计图上的炮孔位置标定到实地的测量工作。11.3.2炮孔剖面测量profilesurveyoffirehole测定通过炮孔中心并垂直千坡顶线的乘直断面的测量工作其目的是确定炮孔爆破时的最小抵抗线位置，进而正确计算装药量。113.3炮孔深度测量depthsurveyoffirehole测定炮孔深度的测量工作。11.3.4爆破区平面测量planesurveyofblastingarea测定爆破区的炮孔位置、孔间距离、靠近坡顶线的炮孔中心到坡顶线的距离以及爆破矿石抛掷I,少了标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998范围内的建筑物的位置等的测量工作11.3.5爆破区高程测量altimetricsurveyofblastingarea测定炮孔所在的上、下平台的高程位置和爆破区平均高度的测量1-作11-3.6盲孔blindhole在爆破下来的岩石还未清除的区域内凿出的新炮孔11.3.7反位测量inversepositionsurvey在穿凿盲孔之前，在现场标定出上次爆破后冲线位置的测量工作们11.4排f_场侧量wastedumpsurvey为进行露天矿排土场的设计、选址和了解排土场使用现状等而进行的测量日乍。其中包括;测定排土场的面积和高度，计算排土场的接受能力.在现场标定排L场境界排土场的碎部i4IN量以及排土场的下沉和变形观测11.4.1排土场碎部测量detailsurveyofwastedump在露天矿生产过程中，为了了解排土场的使用现状和制定安徘排弃岩上的计划而对排上场定期进行的碎部测量工作。其测绘内容有:排土场台阶的坡顶线和坡底线，排土场内运输线路的位置.排土场附近的勘探坑道和采样地点·排土场内的排水设施，排土场内的地类界或各种境界和排土场内下沉观测点的位置11.4.2排上场下沉和变形观测subsidenceanddeformationobservationofwastedump为了了解由干堆置在排土场上的松方岩石随时间逐渐压实而导致排上平盘发生的下沉和变形情况.对设置于排土平盘上的各测点进行观测，以求出各测点在某一时段内的绝对下沉值并绘制下沉曲线图的测量工作。11.5边坡稳定性观milobservationofslopestability为判明各种工程的边坡或自然边坡的稳定性而进行的测量工作。11.6露天矿碎部测量detailsurveyofopen-pit在露夭矿的勘探、建设和开采过程中.为了绘制矿山测量图而进行的包括测定地质勘探r作、采剥工作和爆破工作所涉及的对象、机械设备和地面建筑物的位置以及测量某地段的地形图等内容的测量工作。11.7采掘场验收测量check-acceptancesurveyofopen-pit露夭矿采掘完成以后为统计采掘量而进行的外业测量和内业计算工作1118露天矿矿图opencastminingmap在露夭矿勘探、建设和开采过程中，根据野外测量成果直接绘制的基本矿山测量图和根据基本矿山测量图编制的专用矿山测量图之总称。11.8.1露天矿场综合地质图complexgeologicalmapofopen-pit用以表示露天矿矿场的设计最终境界位置及现状范围、各平台边坡位置及范围、矿场内各类探、采工程位置以及矿床和矿体的地质构造情况的一种露天采矿基本地质图件11.8.2}r土场平面图wastedumpplan表征排土场现状的平面图。其内容包括:排土场的范围，排上场内运输线路，排土场附近的勘探坑道和采样点，排土场内的排水设施，排土场内的地类界和其它境界以及排土平盘上的观测站和观测点，等等。11-8.3采剥工程综合平面图syntheticplanofoverburdenengineering表示回采工程和剥离工程及其与之有关的各种现象的综合性平面图。其内容包括:露天矿的开采境界，各台阶的坡顶线和坡底线及其标高，各种矿柱边界，各种地质破坏，基本控制点和施工控制点各竖直断面的断面线，建筑物、运输线路、贮水池及崩落区、水淹区以及其它重要地物的位置及其状况。免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228-199812物化探测量12.1物化探geophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting地球物理勘探(物探)和地球化学探矿(化探)的总称。12.1.1地球物理勘探geophysicalprospecting以各种岩石和矿石的密度、磁性、电性、弹性、放射性等物理性质的差异为研究基础.用不同的物理方法和物探仪器去探测天然的或人工的地球物理场变化，通过对所获得的物探资料进行分析和研究，用以推断、解释地质构造和矿产分布情况的找矿勘探技术方法。II义词物探geophysicalprospecting12.1.2地球化学探矿geochemicalprospecting通过系统地测量天然物质中的地球化学性质，发现与矿化或矿床有关的地球化学异常，)月以研究地质构造和矿产分布情况的找矿勘探技术方法同义词:化探geochemicalprospecting12.1.3物化探工作比例尺workscaleofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting为使物化探工作图件的比例尺与测网密度相适应而按“图r.1cm与实地的测网线距相当”的原则选定的物化探工作图件比例尺12.2异常anomaly由于地质体与作为背景的围岩存在着地球物理特性和化学特性的差异而引起的地球物理场变化和地球化学特征值的变异12.2.1地质体geologicbody地壳内占有一定的空间和有其固定成份并可以与周围物质相区别的地质作用产物12-2.2异常体anomalousbody为达到普查勘探目的而寻找的具有物化探异常的地质体12.2.3矿异常mineralanomaly由矿床、矿体和含矿地质体而引起的异常12-2.4非矿异常nonmineralanomaly不是由于存在矿床、矿体和含矿地质体.而是由其它因素引起的异常。12.2.5重力异常gravityanomaly地下物质异常或其密度分布不均匀而引起的重力值的变化12.2.6地磁异常magneticanomaly地球上某点处的地球磁场强度的实测值与理论值的差异12-2.7电性差异electricalpropertycontrast岩石与矿石的电化学活动性、导电性、介电性等电学性质的差别12-2.8异常波anomalouswave人工地震波在遇到断层或界面挠曲等地下特殊的地质体而产生的诸如绕射波、回转波、断面反射波等这类与正常反射波在视速度或强度上有明显差异的波12.3物化探测网observation-netofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting在物化探中，由基线、测线和测点组成的测量网。12.3.1物化探基线baselineofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting在物化探测量中，按设计要求沿一条直线布置的、由基点组成的基本控制线。它是物化探71?4网的干线。用它来控制测线，一般应与地质体轴线相平行12-3.2物化探测线measuringlineofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting酬勿化探中，按设计要求沿直线布置的、由观测点组成的观测线。它一般应与地质体轴线相ia帅标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228--1998垂直12-3.3物化探基点basepointofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting在物化探中.为起算物化探异常值或进行物化探结果的改正而设置的特殊观测点12-3.4物化探基点网basepointnetofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting彼此之间经过联测的若干基点组成的物化探测网。12.3.5物化探测点stationofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting在物化探中，按设计要求布置的、供安置物化探仪器或其它附属设备等进行观测的点位12.3.6物化探异常点anomalouspointofgeophysicalandgeochemical出现地球物理化学异常的测点12.3.7规则测Julregularobservation-net按照物化探工作比例尺所规定的测点点距、线距构成的矩形或方形测网12.3.8非规探测网nonregularobservation-net按照物化探工作比例尺所规定的测点密度，在一定范围内构成具有一定自由度的面积3}1测网12.4物化探测网的布设observation-netlayoutofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospection采用适当的方法，将根据物化探任务、工作比例尺和所研究异常的规模设计的物化探测网测设到实地的测量工作12.4.1测网法observation-netmethod将测线上的每个测点都按设计要求测设到实地上去的一种物化探测网布设为法12-4.2控制Jul法controlnetmethod在由测量人员布设的控制网的基础上，由物化探作业人员采用简易测量方法定出全部(或部分)测点的一种物化探测网布设方法。12-4.3控制线法controllinemethod用控制网法布设物化探测网的一种方法。它是在测区内沿测线方向布设若千条控制基线(相当于测网基线)，在控制基线上按控制线(相当于测线、的设计间距定出控制基汽。然后在两控制基线之间布置控制线，并在控制线L按测线间距定出控制点，而两控制点间的测点再由物化探作业人员用简易测量方法定出。12-4.4控制点法。ontrolpointmethod用控制网法布设物化探测网的一种方法。它是在测线上按设计要求的两相邻控制点的距离布设各控制点，而控制点间的测点由物化探作业人员用简易测量方法定出12.4.5物化探测网的连测connectionsurveyofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospectingnet为将物化探测网纳入国家统一坐标系中，以国家等级控制点和物化探加密控制点为基础，应用某些测量方法.测定测网网点平而坐标和高程的测量工作12.5物化探测网编号numberofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospectingnet按照规定格式和方法，对物化探测网中的测点和测线编定的号码。通常是以分式表示其中分母代表测线号，分子代表测点号。编号顺序一般按由西向东、由南向北逐渐增大12.5.1连续编号法continuednumberingmethod测线和测点均按连续号码编号的一种物化探测网编号方法12.5.2双编号法。ven-numberingmethod测线和测点均按偶数编号，而将奇数号码留给发现异常时需要加密测线和测点时使用的一种物化探测网编号方法。12.5.3跳号法jumpnumberingmethod在同一工区进行不同比例尺测网编号时，为使各比例尺侧网编号不致于混淆，而让同种比例尺测网的相邻测线和测点的编号间空余出相同间隔的号码.以使各比例尺测网分别占有各自的免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/"r17228一1998编号而能相TL-区别的一种物化探测网编号方法12.6物化探定位;1M11量locationsurveyofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting按照规定的精度、采用一定的方法侧定物化探控制加密点或侧点的平面位置与高程的测量工作12.6.1航空像片定点locationbyairphotograph利用航空像片判定点位，通过航测内业解求点的三维坐标，以获得物化探加密控制点或测点的平面坐标和高程的物化探定位测量C12.6.2地形图定点locationbytopographicmap利用地形图判定点位，通过图卜量测平面坐标和读取高程，以获得物化探加密控制点或测点的平面坐标和高程的物化探定位测量12.7物化探剖面测量profilesurveyofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting为了了解物化探异常特性或研究已发现的物化探异常，进行定性的或定量的推断和解释而进行的勘探剖面测量工作。12.7.1物化探典型剖面typicalprofileofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting为了了解物化探异常特性，以定性解释为主或作概略定量推断解释为目的而布置的勘探剖面12.7.2物化探精测剖面{ine-surveyedprofileofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting为了详细研究已发现的物化探异常，进行定量推断解释或确定物化探工程位置时布置的勘探剖面12.8重力勘探测量gravityprospectingsurvey重力勘探中所涉及到的测量工作主要包括;将设计的测点位置布设在实地或者将实地测点位置测绘到图上，重力测量和为进行重力改正计算而进行的高程测量.建立测区的平面控制和高程控制以及测定重力基点的平面坐标和高程.根据一系列测点的异常值绘制布伽重力异常平面图和剖面平面图以及一些综合性图件12.8门重力勘探gravityprospecting利用组成地壳的各种岩体、矿体的密度差异所引起的重力变化而进行地球物理勘探的一种技术方法。12-8.2重力测量gravitymeasurement根据不同的目的和要求，利用重力测量仪器测定地球表面或近地空间某点重力加速度的技术和方法。12-8.3绝对重力测量absolutegravitymeasurement应用重力测量仪器直接测定地面点绝对重力加速度的重力测量12-8.4相对重力测量relativegravitymeasurement利用重力仪、摆仪测定两地面点间重力加速度之差以推求未知傲重力加速度的重力测量12-8.5重力总基.=,totalbasestationofgravity相对重力测量时的重力起算零点12-8.6重力基点basestationofgravity为了提高重力测量的精度和在一定时间内便于检查重力仪器的混合零点位移，在进行重力测5的重力测量之前，预先按高于一般测点2-3倍的精度测定其重力值的重力控制点12-8.7重力基点网basepointnetofgravity由重力基点所构成的重力测量控制网12-8.8辅助基‘!?;additionnalbasestation为了弥补重力基点数量不足而布设的次一级重力控制1久12.8.9重力iJI点gravitystation仪为重力勘探而布设的Eff力观测点标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/r17228一199812.8.10重力测网gravitynet在重力勘探野外观测中，由一系列重力测点所构成的重力观测网其规格和形状由勘探任务及勘探对象的大小和形状而定12.8.11重力归算gravityreduction将地面实测重力值归算到大地水准面上或其他参考面卜的过程12.8.12高度改正heightcorrection不考虑测点与归算面之间的岩层引力。而仅考虑测点的高度而进行的重力归算改正同义词:空间改正spacecorrection12.8.13层rpl改正platecorrection把测点与归算面间的岩层视为无限延伸的、厚度与高度相应的平面层物质的情况下，为消除该平面层物质对重力观测值的影响而进行的重力归算改正。12.8.14地形改正topographiccorrection为消除测点周围地形起伏对观测结果影响而进行的重力归算改正。12.8.15纬度改正latitudecorrection为消除测点在不同纬度时由于正常重力场的变化所产生的影响而进行的重力归算改正同义词:正常重力改正normalgravitycorrection12.8.16布格改正Bouguercorrection为消除测点与归算面间岩层质量的影响并将测点降到归算面上而进行的重力归算改正，即高度改正和层间改正之和。由法国天文学家、数学家布格(P.Bouguer,1698-1758)首先提出，故名。12.8.17八方位法eight-directionmethod重力测量的地形改正方法之一。它是以测点为中心，分别用3个同心圆环和8个方位将测点周围的地形分成24个扇形柱体，通过计算其各扇形柱体的地形改正数并求其和，以达到计算测点地形改正数之目的。12.8.18方域法squareareamethod重力测量的地形改正方法之一它是以测点为中心，将测点周围地形划分成若干方形柱体，通过计算各方形柱体的地形改正数并求其和，以达到计算测点的地形改正数之目的。12.9磁法勘探测量magneticprospectingsurvey磁法勘探所涉及的各种测量工作。主要包括:建立磁法勘探的平面控制网和高程控制网，布设基线和测线网，进行测网的连测，进行测点的定位测量和勘探线的剖面测量。12.9.1磁法勘探magneticprospecting利用磁探仪器发现和研究由于自然界的岩石和矿石具有不同磁性而产生的地磁异常，进而寻找磁性矿体和研究地质构造的地球物理勘探方法。12.9.2地磁要素geomagneticelement表示地球磁场方向和大小的物理量。其中包括磁偏角、磁倾角、总磁场强度以及磁场强度的水平分量、北分量和垂直分量。确定某一点的磁场情况时，常用的是磁偏角、磁倾角和水平分量这三个要素12.9.3磁偏角declination罗盘磁针在某地静止时的磁北针的指向相对于该地真子午线北方向的夹角。磁针偏于真子午线以东时为东偏，其角值为正;以西时为西偏，其角值为负。12.9.4磁倾角，nclination地球表面某地的地磁场总强度矢量和水平面之间的夹角。地磁场强度方向在水平面之下时磁倾角为正;在水平面之上时磁倾角为负。免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一199812.9.5地磁图geomagneticmap表示某地磁要素在区域内分布规律的等值线图。它是根据区域内各地磁观测台站的观测数据编绘的常用的有表征磁偏角、磁倾角、垂直分量及水平分量等要素的几种地磁图12-9.6地磁基点geomagneticbasestation在磁法勘探中，为起算地磁异常值或进行磁测结果的各项改正，而在平稳地磁场中设置、以高精度磁力仪施测的特殊地磁观测点12.97地磁基点网geomagneticbasepointnet由彼此之问经过连测、使磁场值相互联系起来的若干基点组成的地磁控制网。12.9.8地磁测点geomagneticstation仅为磁法勘探而布设的、精度较低的一般地磁观测点12.9.9地磁测网geomagneticobservationnet由一系列地磁测点构成的磁法勘探测网。其规格和形状由勘探任务及勘探对象的大小和形状而定12.9门0磁异常剖面图profileofmagneticanomaly表示磁异常沿某一测线的变化规律的图件。在图上纵坐标代表磁异常强度，横坐标代表测点位置，并在剖面图下方附有与异常曲线相对应的地形、地质剖面及根据磁异常推断的地质剖面。12.9.11磁异常剖面平面图profileofmagneticanomaliesonplane用磁异常剖面表示测区内磁异常分布规律的一种图件。图中各测线的磁异常均用相应的剖面图表示在同一张平面图上。12.9.12磁异常平面等值线图isolinemapofmagneticanomaly用磁异常等值线表示磁异常在平面上分布规律的一种图件。它由若干等值线构成其中实线表示正值，点划线表示零值，虚线表示负值。12.10电法勘探测量electricalprospectingsurvey电法勘探所涉及的各种测量工作。主要包括:建立电法勘探的平面控制网和高程控制网，布设基线和测线网，布设电测深的测点，进行测网的连测，进行测点的定位测量和勘探线剖面测量12.10.1电法勘探electricalprospecting根据岩石和矿一石电学性质(如导电性、电化学活动性、导磁性和介电性)的差异来找矿和研究地质构造的地球物理勘探方法。12.10.2电阻率法resistivitymethod根据岩石和矿石导电性的差别，研究地下岩石、矿石电阻率的变化，进行找矿勘探的一组电法勘探方法。主要有剖面法和测深法两大类。12.10.3电阻率剖面法resistivityprofilingmethod保持两供电电极之间的距离不变，并让测量电极与其一起移动，沿一定剖面方向逐点观测视电阻率，研究剖面方向地下一定深度的岩石、矿石电阻率沿水平方向变化的一组电阻率法勘探方法。根据电极排列方法不同，它又可分为对称剖面法、联合剖面法、偶极剖面法和中间梯度法12-10.4电阻率测探法resistivitysoundingmethod在地面的一个测点(即两测量电极的中点)上。通过逐次加大供电电极的极距大小，测量该点相对不同供电极距的视电阻率值，以研究该侧点下不同深度的地质断面情况的一类电阻率法勘探方法。12.10.5激光极化法inducedpolarizationmethod根据岩石、矿石在人工电场一次场或激发场作用下产生的随时间变化的二次电场这种激发极1i3标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998化效应来寻找金属矿和解决水文地质、工程地质等问题的一组电化学勘探方法12门0.6充电法"mise-a-la-mas5e"method将一个供电电极置于导电的研究对象匕或其附近，并对其充电.另一供电电极置于无穷远处，观测研究该充电对象周围的电场分布特征或电场随时间变化规律的一种电法勘探方法12.10.7自然电场法self-potentialmethod利用地「的一些岩石或矿石可以由氧化还原作用、地下水渗透作用、扩散作用和岩石颗粒的吸附作用等自然形成的电场为基础进行找矿勘探的一种电化学勘探方法。12-10.8电极排列electrodearray在电法勘探中，供电电极和测量电极的排列关系c有剖面排列和测深排列两大类12.10.9剖面排列profilearray在电法勘探中，供电电极和测量电极之间的距离保持不变而沿测线方向同时移动电极的电极排列它是用来研究沿剖面方面电阻率变化的。按电极排列方式不同，可将其分为对称剖面排列、偶极剖面排列、联合三极剖面排列等12.10.10测深排}Ajsoundingarray在电法勘探中，测量电极的中点(即记录点，与测点重合)保持不动，而供电电极的极距按-定比例逐渐向两侧远移的电极排列它是用来研究测深点下沿铅垂方向电阻率变化的按电极排列方一式不同可将其分为对称测深排列、三极测深排列、偶极测深排列12.10.11视电阻率apparent在电阻率法勘探测量中.用以反映岩石和矿石导电性变化的参数由于.在地下存在多种岩石的情况卜，用电阻率法测得的电阻率不是某一种岩石的真电阻率，它除了受各种岩石电阻率的综合影响外，还与岩石、矿石的分布状态、电极排列等具体情况等有关，故名12.10.12纵向电导平面图longitudinalconductanceplane根据各测深点的纵向电导值绘制而成的平面等值线图。用来定性表示高阻电性标准层的相对起伏，是电测深定性解释的一种图件12.10.13纵向电导剖面图longitudinalconductanceprofile以纵向电导值为纵坐标、以测深点为横坐标而绘制的一种电测深定性解释剖面图·用来直观地显示出标准层的起伏情况12.10.14视电阻率等值线断面图isolineprofileofapparentresistivity根据同一剖面上不同测深点和不同极距的视电阻率值勾绘的等值线断面图用来综合分析剖面上不同深度地电断面的特征和规律，是电测深定性解释的重要图件。12.11地震勘探测量seismicprospectingsurvey地震勘探所涉及的各种测量工作。主要包括建立地震勘探的平面控制网和高程控制网，布设地震测线和地震测网，布设地震观测点(包括激发点、检波点)，进行测网的连测，进行测点的定位ill}l量和勘探线剖面测量。12.11.1地震勘探seismicprospecting利用人工激发的地震波在弹性不同的地层内的传播规律来勘探地下地质情况的地球物理勘探方法12.11.2激发点excitedpoint产生人工地震波的震源或激发中心。同义词:炮点shotpoint12.11.3检波点geophonepoint埋设检波器用来检测、记录地震波的点，与地震仪的记录道相对应12.114接收间隔receiveddistance114免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998激发点到第一道检波点的距离12-11.5道Itl1距seismic-channeldistance相邻两接收道(即两检波点)之间的距离12-11.6炮检距、hot-geophonedistance激发点到某检波点的距离〔12.11.7地震道seismic-channel地震仪的检波器、放大系统和记录系统的总称。12.11.8炮点距shotpointdistance相邻两个炮点之间的距离12-11.9排"11spread地震勘探工作中，每次观测时各检波器分布的长度和形式的总称。根据检波器分布的形式和激发点相对位置可将其排列分为不同类型，例如:纵排列、非纵排列、展开排列等。12.11.10纵排列extendedspread激发点和检波点在同一直线上的排列。根据激发点所在位置的不同，纵排列又可分为:端.4激发排列、中间激发排列、间隔激发排列、延长激发排列等12.11.11非纵排列broadsidespread激发点与检波点未排列在一条直线上，并且激发点到检波点排列的垂直距离大于60米的排列。根据激发点的所在位置及排列形状，非纵排列又可分为I形排列、T形排列、扇形排列等。12.11.12展开排列expandingspread反射波法地震勘探中的一种专门获取有效速度资料的观测系统。其激发点和检波点的位置围绕同一个反射点而展开。12.11.13观测系统图observingsystemlayout激发点与检波点排列之间的相对位置关系图。观测系统的形式很多在反射波法中常用的有简单连续观测系统、间隔连续观测系统、重复追踪观测系统等。13地表移动观测13.1地表移动groundmovement地下开采工作破坏了岩体内原有的初始应力场，使采空区周围的岩石乃至地表发生的移动现象13.1.1冒落topfailure地下坑道或采场的顶板岩石从整体岩层中分离并成块状破碎而从顶板自然塌落的现象13.1.2片帮sidefalls由于地压和地下水等因素的影响，坑道两壁或采场矿壁产生大片坍塌的现象。13.1.3底板隆起flooruplift在矿层底板岩石很软而倾角较大时，矿层采出后底板岩石向采空区凸起造成底板岩石移动的现象13.1.4地表倾斜变形groundinclinedeformation在地表移动中，由于地表相邻点的下沉量不等而引起两点之间地表产生倾斜的地表移动现象13.1.5地表曲率变形groundcurvaturedeformation在地表移动中，由于地表相邻线段的倾斜变形方向不同而引起地表弯曲的地表移7}ii现象。13.1.6地表水平变形‘roundhorizontaldeformation在地表移动中.由于地表相邻两点水平移动量不等而引起地表的拉伸或压缩的地表移动现象13.1.7冒落带topfailurezoneI里几标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998采用全部垮落方法管理顶板时，回采工作面放顶后引起矿层顶板破坏而发生冒落的区域13门·8断裂带breakingzone冒落带以上岩层发生垂直于层面的裂缝或断开和岩层顺层面离开但尚未坍落的区域。13.19弯曲带curvingzone断裂带以上岩层未发生断裂但在自重作用卜已发生法向弯曲的区域。13.1门0地表移动盆地groundmovingbasin采空影响到达地表后，使受采动的地表从原有标高向下沉降而在采空区上方的地表形成的比采空区面积大得多的洼地。13.1.11移动盆地主断面main-sectionofmovingbasin通过采区中心并垂直于开采边界的断面13.1.12移动角movingangle在移动盆地主断面上，采空区边界点和临界变形点的连线与水平线之间在矿壁一侧所构成的锐角。13.1门3边界角boundaryangle在移动盆地主断面上，采空区边界点和盆地的最外边界点的连线与水平线之间在矿壁一侧所构成的锐角13.2地表移动观测工作observationworkofgroundmovement在采动范围内的地面上和岩层内部，按一定精度要求用专门的测量方法进行观测，以求得地表或岩层的移动和变形的测量工作。13.2.1地表移动观测站observationstationofgroundmovement为进行地表移动观测工作而在选定地点设置的测站。13.2.2地表位移观测observationofgrounddisplacement测定地表测点随时间而发生水平位移的位置、位移量和位移方向的测量工作13-2.3岩层移动观测observationofrocklayermovement为了掌握地下开采引起的岩层移动规律，在开采工作面周围、采区上部的巷道内和钻孔中，测定岩层随时间而发生移动的位置、位移量和位移方向的测量工作。13.2.4地表移动预计predictionofgroundmovement根据已知的地质采矿条件，利用地表移动理论，在采矿之前预先对开采可能引起地表与岩层产生的移动和变形所进行的估计工作。13.2.5地表移动曲线图curvediagramofgroundmovement根据地表移动观测的结果绘制而成的、表征地表与岩层随时间移动和变形的各种曲线图之总称13-2.6地表沉降观测observationofgroundsettlement测定一定范围内地表测点的高程随时间的变化量的测量工作13.2.7基岩标benchmarkonrock穿过松软岩层，埋设在基岩之上的地面水准观测标志13.2.8分层标layermark埋设在不同深度土层之中，用于分层监测土层变形量的观测标志13.2.9地面沉降等值线图isolinemapofgroundsettlement利用地面沉降观测资料。以地面沉降等值线表示地面沉降变化的一种图件。免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)cs/T172281998附录A(提示的附录)中文索引A暗井·········································⋯⋯9.2.3B八方位法·································⋯⋯12.8.17边坡稳定性观测11.5摆动锤投点·································⋯⋯9.5.3变形观测···⋯⋯2.6.9半仪器法定点······························⋯⋯5·5·2剥采比···⋯⋯爆破区高程测量·············。··········⋯⋯11.3.5剥离爆破区平面测量···············，········⋯⋯11.3.4录U土·6.边角测量···································⋯⋯2.3.3布格改正·················⋯⋯’·‘’·’“·’‘’82.1.164边界角。···································⋯⋯13.1.13C采剥工程综合平面图··················⋯⋯11.8.3初步勘探························。··⋯⋯“3.5.7采场测量····································⋯⋯11.2储量计算··············⋯⋯”‘·’二’二‘二”‘3.7采掘场验收测量···························⋯⋯n·7穿脉坑道·····················⋯⋯“·‘·“’‘8‘3.2采准坑道····。····························⋯⋯8.2.3穿越路线·············。········⋯⋯‘·‘’·’·’5.4.1参数平差·································⋯⋯2.4.12磁法勘探··············。········⋯⋯’‘’“·12.9.1测绘学··································，·····⋯⋯2.1磁法勘探测量······················，⋯⋯12.9测绘仪器···。······························⋯⋯2.10磁偏角.9.3测距仪····································⋯⋯2.10.12磁倾角1。9:一2此测量平差·······································⋯⋯2.4磁异常剖面平面图1()论测深排列······························⋯⋯12.10.11磁异常剖面图⋯⋯9测网法···································⋯⋯12.4.1磁异常平面等值线图‘9层间改正·············，···················⋯⋯12.8.13粗差············⋯⋯’二4充电法··································⋯⋯12.10.7粗略定向⋯;:.8D大地测量.......................................2.2.〕3单向贯通·································⋯⋯10.1.2大地测量学····································⋯⋯22导航星全球定位系统··············。···⋯⋯2.10,24大地测量仪器···························⋯⋯2.10.1导入高程测量·································⋯⋯9·8大地天文测量···························⋯⋯2.2.14导线测量····································⋯⋯2.3.4大地原点··································⋯⋯2.2.1道间距····································⋯⋯12.11.5大地坐标系·，································。·⋯2.2.8等高线···································⋯⋯2.5.10i17标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Gs!T17228-1998等权代替法·····，························⋯⋯2.4,14地图投影·································⋯⋯2.8.8底板·...............................................8.4.3地图学······································，⋯⋯2.8底板测点····································⋯⋯8.5.5地图制图学····································⋯⋯2.8底板隆起·······························⋯⋯13.1.3地物··········································⋯⋯2.5.8地表沉降观测···························⋯⋯13，2.G地厂找孔···································一10.1.，地表揭露工程·......................................6.2地心坐标系························‘······⋯⋯2，29地表揭露工程的测设····················。·····。⋯6.3地形·······························‘····..........2.5.7地表揭露工程的初测·····················⋯⋯6.3.1地形底图··························，······⋯⋯3.2.17地表揭露工程的定测······················一6.3.2地形改正·.................................·一12.8.14地表倾斜变形.................................13.1.4地形剖面线····，······························一7.33地表曲率变形··。························⋯⋯13.1.5地形图..........................................2.o.11地表水平变形·············，·············⋯⋯13.1.C,地形图定点·，····························⋯⋯12.6.2地表位移观测··························⋯⋯13.2.2地震道.....................................·一12.11.7地表移动····································⋯⋯13.1地震勘探································⋯⋯12.11.1地表移动观测······················⋯⋯，·⋯3.6.12地震勘探测量····，·························⋯⋯12.il地表移动观测工作························⋯⋯13.2地质报告·······，····························⋯⋯3.8.5地表移动观测站·.............................13.2.1地质编录··········，····························⋯⋯3.8地表移动盆地··························⋯⋯13.1.10地质草图·································⋯⋯3.2.10地表移动曲线图···············。······.·⋯⋯13.2.5地质储量··········，····，·············，······⋯⋯3.75地表移动预计··，························⋯⋯13.2.4地质点·········································⋯⋯5.工地磁测网········，··‘···················⋯⋯12-9.9地质点标定···································⋯⋯5，:地磁测点·································⋯⋯12.9.8地质点测量·································⋯⋯3.6.4地磁基点·，····················，·····。····，·⋯12.9.6地质观察点······················，··········.··⋯⋯5.1地磁基点网··。·························⋯⋯12.9.7地质观察路线································⋯⋯5.、地磁图，······················，。·。·········⋯⋯12.9.5地质构造图·········，····················⋯⋯3.2.12地磁要素·································⋯⋯12.9.2地质横剖面图····························一7.4.8地磁异常········，···。··················⋯⋯12.2.6地质勘探······································⋯⋯3.3地方坐标系·····························。⋯⋯2.2.n地质勘探工程··，·······，······、···，·····⋯⋯3，3.2地矿测绘·······································⋯⋯3.1地质勘探工程测量···························⋯⋯3.‘地理底图·································⋯⋯3.2.16地质矿产勘查测绘····························，·⋯3.1地理信息系统····················，············⋯⋯29地质略图····································⋯⋯3，2.9地貌·，·····。·······························⋯⋯25.9地质剖面·······································⋯⋯7.4地貌观察点·············，···················⋯⋯5.1.2地质剖面测量······························⋯⋯3.66地面沉降等值线图······、·‘········⋯⋯13.2.9地质剖面线································⋯⋯7.4.1地面摄影测量······························⋯⋯2.7.4地质剖面图································⋯⋯7.4.2地球化学探矿···········。······。·········一12.1.2地质填图·.........................................3.2.7地球物理勘探···························⋯⋯12.1.1地质体···································⋯⋯12.2.1地球资源卫星···························⋯⋯2.7.15地质图····································⋯⋯3.2.11地图·········································⋯⋯2.8.1地质纵剖面图······························⋯⋯74.9地图编绘·································⋯⋯2.8.10典型剖面·································⋯⋯7，4.6地图评价·······························⋯⋯.2.8.12点距······，············，···················⋯⋯4.2.5地图清绘································⋯⋯2.8.n点下对中····································⋯⋯8，8.生地图生产························。··········⋯⋯2.8.7电磁波测距·········。·······················⋯⋯23.9118免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/"e17228一1998电磁波测距仪，·························⋯⋯2.10.13顶板测点··················、················⋯⋯8.5.4电法勘探·······························⋯⋯12.10.1定位系统·································⋯⋯2月。.23电法勘探测量·，.················，·‘·······⋯⋯12.10定向连接测量······················，·······⋯⋯’二9·6电极排列。·······························⋯⋯12.10.8定向连接点·································⋯⋯9.4.2电性差异·······························⋯⋯12.2.7定向水平····································⋯⋯9东3电阻率测深法··························⋯⋯12.10.4定向投影·······································⋯⋯95电阻率法································⋯⋯12.10.2定向误差·································⋯⋯9.4.10电阻率剖面法···········。·············⋯⋯12.10.3酮室···································⋯⋯8.3.10电子经纬仪·...................................2.10.5独立坐标系········，·，.········，····⋯⋯2，2.12吊锤投点································⋯⋯9.5.1断裂带······，····························⋯⋯13.1.8顶板·········································⋯⋯8.4.2F反位测量11.3.7非纵排列.11.11方域法···········，·····················⋯⋯12.8.18分层标···，.············，.··············一13.2.8l212非矿异常.2。4复测校正桩⋯6，5.4非规则测网3.8辅助基点·⋯12.8.8G钢尺法····································⋯⋯9.8.2贯通·······························。·····⋯⋯10.1钢丝法···············”············”······⋯⋯9.8.1贯通测量··············，···················⋯⋯3.6.，跟踪数字化仪···························⋯⋯2.10.26贯通面···································⋯⋯10.1.1高度改正······························⋯⋯1"2.8.12贯通误差····································⋯⋯10.2高度角···························，.···········一2.5.2贯通误差预计················。·········⋯⋯10.2.4高程测量················，·················，⋯⋯2.3.6惯性测量系统···························⋯⋯2.10.25高程系统·····，.···························⋯⋯2.2.7观测系统图····················”···⋯⋯12.11.13高斯平面坐标系·····················⋯⋯2.2.10光电测距········。·······················⋯⋯2.3.10工程测量学···“··“·····“·”·，“”·······⋯⋯2.6光学经纬仪····························⋯⋯2.10.4工程地质测绘”········”············，···⋯⋯3.2.4光学遥感································⋯⋯2.7.19工程地质勘查························，.··一3.2.2规则测网·······价·····················⋯⋯12.3.7工程地质图....................................3.2.14198。国家大地坐标系·······。·”·······⋯⋯2.2.4工程控制网”·······”········”·······”··⋯2.6.11985国家高程基准····················⋯⋯2.2.6工业储量······价·················，.······⋯⋯3.7.6H肮空摄影测量····。·················“····“:2.7.2横断面图······························⋯⋯2.6.13航空像片定点······”·········”·····⋯⋯12.6.1横向贯通误差······························⋯10.2.2航天摄影测量”··”·····················⋯⋯2.7.3横向勘探线·································”⋯4.2.2巷道。，.·，.························“···“⋯8.3.6化探·····················‘················⋯⋯12.1.2横断面测量···················“·········⋯⋯2.6.11环境资源信息系统·····················。··⋯⋯2.9.211自标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Gs/T17228一1998回采坑道··································⋯⋯8.2.4J机助地图制图·························⋯⋯2.8.13解析摄影测量···························⋯⋯2·7·H基岩标···········，··，··。···················一13.2.7近井点···，’·············，.，····，············⋯⋯9.4.1激发点···························。····⋯⋯12.11.2近景摄影测量·····························⋯⋯2，7.5激发极化法························，·····⋯⋯12.10.5近坑点···‘····，·····，·······················⋯⋯8.51激光导向仪·····························⋯⋯2.10.17经纬仪·······················，·····，·····⋯⋯2.10.3激光导向仪给向··························一8.8.5精测剖面·‘····。···························⋯⋯7.4.4激光经纬仪··。···························⋯⋯2.10.6精度估计···································⋯⋯2.4.1激光铅垂仪······························一2.10.15精密定向····，··，··。························⋯⋯9.4.9激光水准仪···············。··············⋯⋯2.10.10情密度····················。··················⋯⋯2.4.9激光投点··········‘·······················⋯⋯9，5.4井底乍场平面图····。···················⋯⋯9.9.3激光准直仪···············，········。·····⋯⋯2.10.16井上井下对照图··························⋯⋯9.9.4n何定向··········”·”·········，······⋯⋯9.4.4井探············································⋯⋯9.1假彩色合成图像··························，⋯2·7.2。井探工程······································⋯⋯9.2检波点····“··········，··············⋯⋯12.11.3井探工程测量······························⋯⋯3.6·8间接平差·································⋯⋯2,4.12井下高程测量··，···························⋯⋯9.8.3建筑工程测量········。···。··，··············⋯⋯2.6.4绝对重力测量···························⋯⋯12.8.3交会测量···························，-······⋯⋯2.3.5竣工测量···································⋯⋯2，6.8接收间隔”·············，.····“····“··“·一12.11.4竣工总平面图·····················⋯⋯2.6.14解析测图仪·········“····“，···”····⋯⋯2.10.20K开采储量·····················。···········一3，7，2勘探网的展绘······························⋯⋯4.3·2开发勘探·，-································⋯⋯353勘探网点···································⋯⋯4.1.1开拓坑道···············”····”····‘········⋯⋯8.2.2勘探网度·································⋯⋯4.生3勘探工程的偏离距·····················⋯⋯7.3.5勘探线·········。······························⋯⋯4.2勘探工程的投影距·····················”.⋯7.3.6勘探线测量·····················，.···········。·⋯4.4勘探工程点”···························⋯⋯6，1.1勘探线基点··，·····。·······“··。·“······⋯⋯‘二4.2·4勘探工程定位测量·····················”···一3.6.5勘探线剖面···。··········。··············⋯⋯7.1.2勘探工程定位点···“·····················⋯⋯6.1勘探线剖面测量····，·······················⋯⋯72勘探基线································，.·⋯4.2.1勘探线剖面图···········。··············+.⋯⋯‘二7.3勘探基线测量············”···············⋯⋯4.4.1勘探线设计方位························⋯⋯7.2.10勘探剖面·················‘·········、····，··，·⋯7.1勘探线实测方位························⋯⋯7.2·11勘探手段····································⋯⋯3.3.1坑道···············。···，-···················⋯⋯8.2勘探网·‘···‘····‘···‘，.·······”··”······⋯⋯4.1坑道帮仁壁〕·。·····。·“··。·“·············⋯⋯8.4.1勘探网测量······“··························⋯⋯4.3坑道测点·······································⋯⋯8.5勘探网的布测·‘·”·。····················““。一3.6.3坑道定线测量···························”⋯⋯8.8.1勘探网的测设·········，.····“····”·····⋯⋯4.3.3坑道高程控制测量························⋯⋯8.6.2勘探网的设计···························⋯⋯4.3.1坑道贯通·························。⋯⋯10.1.512免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/"r17228一1998坑道间贯通·。···························⋯⋯lo.1.6控制测量······································⋯⋯2.3坑道掘进测量································⋯⋯8·8控制点法································⋯⋯12.4.4坑道开切面································⋯⋯8.4.6控制网法·································⋯⋯12.4.2坑道控制测量······························价··⋯8.6控制线法································⋯⋯12.4.3坑道坡度线································⋯⋯8.4.5矿层顶〔底)板等高线图·······。·········⋯⋯3.8.4坑道坡度线标定···························⋯⋯8.8.3矿产储量····································⋯⋯3.7.1坑道平面控制测量························⋯⋯8.6.1矿产分布图································⋯⋯3.生2坑道平面图·································⋯⋯8，9·2矿产勘探·······································⋯⋯3.5坑道平面图测量····。··············。··⋯‘二’二8.9.3矿产普查··············‘······················⋯⋯3.1坑道碎部测量······，.························一89矿产图······································⋯⋯3.4.1坑道验收丈量···························⋯⋯8.8.7矿场平面图·············，.··。·········⋯⋯‘二’二9.9·2坑道要素·····································⋯⋯8.4矿床·········································⋯⋯5.3坑道腰线···········”······················⋯⋯8.4.6矿床地质图····························。····⋯⋯3.5·4坑道腰线点································⋯⋯8.5.7矿带·········································⋯⋯5.3.2坑道中线··················，.···············⋯⋯8.4.4矿点······································⋯⋯5.2.2坑道中线标定······························⋯⋯8.8.2矿化带·······································⋯⋯5.2.4坑道腰线标定·························⋯⋯8.8.3矿化点···································。···⋯⋯J.2.3坑道中线桩·································““·8.5.6矿脉················价·······················⋯⋯5.3.3坑口校正点··············”··”······⋯⋯8.5.3矿苗··················”···················⋯⋯5.2.1坑口位置点······“··””··················⋯⋯8.5.2矿区地形测量···························⋯⋯3.6.2坑口位置点布设······”····”········，··⋯⋯8.7.1矿区地形图····”························⋯⋯9.9.1坑口位置点测量“····················⋯⋯8.7矿区勘探工程分布图·····················⋯⋯3.5.5坑口位置点的定测··················“··一8.7.2矿区控制测量·······················“·，··⋯⋯3·6·1坑内空桐测量·········“”··········⋯⋯8.9.1矿山测量·······························⋯⋯26.5坑探··················””···················⋯⋯8.1矿山测量图······························，-··⋯9·9坑探工程·····························“··“⋯8.3矿山经纬仪·····························⋯⋯2.10.8坑探工程测量···········，.···········””一3.6.7矿山坑道····················”·········⋯⋯8.2.1空间大地测量··············“··“”····⋯⋯2.2.15矿体·····································⋯⋯5.3.1空间改正···“·········”·············⋯⋯12.8.12矿体(层)等厚线图·················，···⋯⋯38.3空中三角测量”···············，-···········一2.7.9矿异常····································⋯⋯12.2.3孔斜··························””···⋯⋯6.4.4I连续编号法····”··························一12.5.1露天矿场11.2.1联系三角形法···············，.········⋯⋯9.6.2露天矿场边坡11.2.2联系四边形法·，.·····““··““··”······⋯⋯9.6.3露天矿场台阶11.2.3两井定向···““··“···”·············⋯⋯9.4.7露天矿场综合地质图11.8.1陆地卫星···”······················⋯⋯2.7.15露天矿开采境界·11.2.4露天采矿·····················“·········⋯⋯11.1露天矿矿图·⋯⋯11.8露天矿爆破测量························⋯⋯.11.3露天矿碎部测量11.6露天矿测量······················“···⋯⋯3.6.10露头······⋯⋯’·”;.I.3标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"P17228一1998M，1玲土1模拟立体测图仪盲孔，，训.d模拟摄影测量2.2.107.,冒落1八土口日测法定点二5.5.1冒落带瞄肖法9.N年北京坐标系2.23逆转占法··········⋯⋯9.7.4::::年黄海高程系统2.2.60偶然误差······价·························“·⋯2.4.2P排列···。····························”···⋯⋯12.11.9剖面测站点·······⋯⋯7.2牛排土场测量···········”··················⋯⋯11.4剖面点·“············⋯⋯7_2.5排土场平面图····························一n.8.2剖面点测量········⋯⋯7.2.9排土场碎部测量······。··············⋯⋯11.4.1剖面定线···，.·······⋯⋯7.2.7排土场下沉和变形观测······”···⋯⋯11.4.2剖面定向点······⋯⋯72.2炮点·····，·······························⋯⋯12.11.2剖面端点·····，··⋯⋯7.2.1炮点距····························，-⋯12.11.8剖面工程点········⋯⋯7.2.6炮检距···········，······················⋯⋯12.11.6剖面控制测量·······一7.2.8炮孔剖面测量···········，.············⋯⋯11.3.2剖面排列·········⋯⋯.上0.9炮孔深度测量.................................11.3.3剖面投影平面图···⋯⋯.1273、4炮孔位置测量···“··················⋯⋯11.3.1剖面图垂直比例尺⋯7.3.2片帮·······································⋯⋯13.1.2剖面图高程比例尺⋯⋯了‘32平板仪测量······························⋯⋯2.5.6剖面图水平比例尺⋯73，L平蛔·······································⋯⋯.8.3.3剖控点·········。··⋯⋯了23平巷··········································⋯⋯8.3.7普通测量学·········⋯⋯9平面图·····································⋯⋯2.8.4普通地图·············一8.2Q铅垂勘探剖面·⋯‘·’二’‘””‘”’‘’‘”’‘””7.1.2区域地质调查⋯⋯’二””””“”·‘”32浅井···································⋯⋯6.2.2区域地质图···，·⋯‘二”‘”””””‘”’.”3.8.1求积仪················，·············，.··⋯2.10.29全站型电子速测仪········⋯⋯‘’‘””’‘’“10.14免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998S三边测-ht..........................................2.3.2竖井定向测量·································⋯⋯9·4三角测量···，································⋯⋯2.3.1竖井贯通····。·。·······················⋯⋯10.1.7三角高程测量·····························⋯⋯2.3.8竖向贯通误差···························⋯⋯10.2.3扫描数字化仪·························⋯⋯2.10.27竖井间贯通·····························⋯⋯10.1.8上山·······································⋯⋯8.3.129井联系测量···························⋯⋯’·“二9.3设计储量.·.......................·········⋯⋯3.7.3双编号法································⋯⋯12.5.2摄影测量···································⋯⋯2.7.1水利工程测量·····························⋯⋯2.56摄影测量仪器·························⋯⋯2.10.18水平地质剖面图·······················⋯⋯7·4.10摄影测情与遥感学···························⋯⋯2.7水平角·······································⋯⋯2.51甚长基线干涉测量...........................2.2.17水平勘探剖面······························⋯⋯7.1.1施「测量··································⋯⋯2.6.7水文地质测绘....................................3.2.3施工坐标系·······························⋯⋯2.6.2水文地质观察点···························⋯⋯5.11石巷·········································⋯⋯8.3.9水文地质勘查·····························4⋯⋯3·乙]石门·······································⋯⋯8.3.8水文地质图······························⋯⋯3.2.13实测剖面··································⋯⋯7.4.3水准测量···········，·······················⋯⋯2.3.7视电阻率··。··························⋯⋯12.10.11水准仪····································⋯⋯2.109视电阻率等值线断面图，.·········⋯⋯12.10.14水准原点····································⋯⋯2.22数字测图仪····························⋯⋯2.10.21随机误差···································⋯⋯2.4.2数字地面模型·························⋯⋯2.7.13随手剖面···································⋯⋯7.4.5数字地图································⋯⋯2·&6碎部测量···································⋯⋯2.5.5数字摄影测量······················“·⋯⋯2.7.12隧桐................................·········⋯⋯8.3.5数字摄影测量工作站······“········⋯⋯2.10.22缩放仪··············，·········。·········⋯⋯2.10.30竖井········································⋯⋯9.2.1T探槽·········”·······························⋯⋯6.2.1图切剖面····································，·⋯7.4.7探坑”·······································⋯⋯6.2，5土地信息系统······························⋯⋯2.9.飞天顶距·······································⋯⋯2.5.3陀螺定向测量·····························..·.⋯⋯9.7天井···········，.·························⋯⋯9.2.4陀螺定向误差·············。················⋯⋯9卜7.5条件平差···。···························⋯⋯2.4.13陀螺方位角····················。············⋯⋯9.7.2跳号法····································。··⋯12.5.3陀螺经纬仪······························⋯⋯2.10.7陀螺仪子午线······························⋯⋯9.Z.1同向贯通·································⋯⋯10.1.3图根控制测量······························⋯⋯2·5·4W弯曲带13.1.9卫星大地测量⋯2.2二。︸微波测距卫星激光测距⋯2微波遥感:.:.稳定锤投点·⋯⋯9.5.2纬度改正·······⋯⋯‘二”””.”’12.8.15物化探······⋯⋯19]标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/"r17228一1998物化探测点1艺3.5物化探基点，·⋯12a泪i地物化探测量3.6.11物化探基点网⋯川托物化探测网123物化探基线⋯⋯翻物化探测网编号12.5物化探精测剖面阴物化探测网的布设12.4物化探剖面测量物化探测网的连测12.4.5物化探异常⋯⋯12.3.6物化探测线12.3.2物理定}a1.......................·······，···，⋯⋯9.4)物化探典型剖面12.7.1物探······。································⋯⋯12.1.1物化探定位测址12.6误差椭圆····································一2.4.8物化探上竹三比例尺12.1.3X1980西安坐标系························。·⋯2.2.4像片地质解释·····························⋯⋯3.2.6系统误差····································⋯⋯2魂3像片调绘······································一2.78下山······························，·······⋯⋯8.3.13像片纠正·································⋯⋯2.7.6限夕.................................................2.4.5像片判读····································⋯⋯2.7.7线距··········································⋯⋯4.1.2小圆井·······································⋯⋯6.2.3线路测虽···································⋯⋯2.6.3斜巷·······································⋯⋯8.3.11相对误旅············，·······················⋯⋯2.4.6斜井·····。···································⋯⋯9.2.2相对重力测量····························一12.8.4斜坑·····································，··⋯⋯8.3.4相向贯通·......................................10.1.4漩岔放样································。·⋯⋯8.8.6详细勘探····································⋯⋯3.5.2Y岩层移动观测··························⋯⋯13.2.3移动角····································⋯⋯13.1.12沿脉坑道····································⋯⋯8.3.1移动盆地主断面························⋯⋯13.1.州遥感····························”·········⋯⋯2.7.14异常··············，·························⋯⋯12.2遥感地质····································⋯⋯3.2.5异常波·····································⋯12.28遥感模式识别·························⋯⋯2.7.17异常体··································.⋯⋯12.2.2遥感图像处理··························⋯⋯2.7.16影像地图··········，.·········‘·、····一2.8.5野外地质图·································⋯⋯3.2.8影像地质图······························⋯⋯3.2.15一井定粉................··········。···”，.一9.4.6远景储量····················。·····。···。····⋯⋯3.7.4仪器法定点·······························⋯⋯5.5.3Z找矿标志·······································⋯⋯5.2中天法·······································⋯⋯9.7.3展开排列····················。·········⋯⋯12.11.12中误差·······································⋯⋯2.4.7正常重力改正·····················“····一12.8.15重力测点·································。··⋯12.8.9直接平差················。···。············⋯⋯2.4.11重力测量································⋯⋯12.8.2制图综合，···································⋯⋯2.8.9重力测网································⋯⋯12.8.10免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"r17228-1998重力归算·································⋯⋯12.8.11纵断面图·································⋯⋯2.6.口重力基点·······························⋯⋯12.8.6纵排列································⋯⋯12.11.10重力基点网·····························⋯⋯12.8.7纵向电导平面图·····················⋯⋯12.10.12重力勘探·································⋯⋯12.8.1纵向电导剖面图······················，·⋯12.10.上3重力勘探测量······························一128纵向贯通误差，··························⋯⋯10.2.1重力仪····································⋯⋯2.10.2纵向勘探线·································⋯⋯4.2.3重力异常························。········⋯⋯12.2.5钻孔············································⋯⋯6..1重力总基点·····························⋯⋯12.8.5钻孔顶角··，·······························⋯⋯6.1.1专题地图········”·························⋯⋯2.8.3钻孔方位角·································⋯⋯6.尔2追索路线······································一5.4.2钻孔倾角····································⋯⋯6.1.3准确度··································⋯⋯2.4.10钻孔位置测量·············。···。···········⋯⋯‘二‘·吕自动安平水准仪····················⋯⋯2.10.11钻孔位置的初测···························⋯⋯6二1自动绘图机········。····················⋯⋯2.10.28钻孔位置的定测····························一6.5.3自然电场法·····························⋯⋯12.10.7钻孔位置的复测···························⋯⋯6.5.艺纵断面测量··············“···········⋯⋯2.6.10钻孔柱状图·······························⋯⋯3.8，2标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)cs/T17228一1998附录s〔提示的附录)英文索引Aabsolutegravttymeasurement12.8.3accidenterror2.4.2accuracy2.4.10additionnalbasestation”.···..··..··一。·。··..··⋯⋯。·。....·.⋯⋯。⋯。..................⋯⋯。⋯12.8.8aditadit.breakthrogh········”·················································，····················..⋯⋯10aditfactoraditlayoutsurvey88.1aditplan8.9，2aditplansurvey8。9‘3aditprospecting8.laditprospectingengineering83aditprospectingengineeringsurvey36了aditstation8.5aditwall·.····...··⋯⋯，········.····.......................................··········.········⋯⋯8.4.1aerophotogrammetry2.7.2aerotriangulation2.7.9attimetricsurveyofblastingarea······················································，··，··。‘·‘····‘二11.3，污altitudeangle·························································“，.····，.，’·”，’············⋯⋯2.5.2apparent‘··⋯’二‘’·‘二’·····⋯⋯’二’⋯“‘二’⋯“4·‘·’·一’.’’⋯，’.·‘:.’··⋯⋯‘·，··，···.···，·⋯12·土〔)11approachpointofadit·····。·”···“····”·············，·····‘，···，·，·····························⋯⋯8.5.土approachpointofshaft.....................................................................................·一9.4.1analogphotogrammetry·‘·，.‘·，································”··················‘····················⋯⋯2.7.10analogueplotter。·····························⋯⋯’·⋯⋯’‘“‘······································⋯⋯2.10.19ana场ticalphotogrammetry·······”·····································································⋯⋯2.7.11analyticalplotter···。···。·················。·················‘········································⋯⋯2.10.20anomal卜···························，.·······································································⋯⋯12.2anomalousbody································。·················································，······⋯⋯12.2.2anomalouspointofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting····································⋯⋯12.3.6anomalouswave···。·······...··....···..········。·············。····················⋯⋯。····.···.··..·一12.2.8automaticlevd·········。····.····...··.·····························。····.···············.·······。·⋯⋯2.10.nautomaticplotter··。···。···································，····，······································⋯⋯2.10.28azimuthalangleofbarehole··········································································⋯⋯6.4.2Bbaselineofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting12.3.1]IIS免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998一﹄一一basepointnetofgravitybasepointnetofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospectingbasepointofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospectingbasestationofgravityBeijingGeodeticCoordinateSystem1954···························································⋯⋯2.2.3benchmarkonrock，.······...·········....·········。·····································。···········⋯⋯13.2.7blastingsurveyofopenmining····································································、·⋯⋯11.3blindhole································································································⋯⋯11.3.6blindshaft····················”·····················‘·················································⋯⋯9.2.3borehole............·······。···⋯⋯，.················.·······.·⋯⋯。..·····⋯⋯‘················.·····。二6.4boreholecolumnarsection.·⋯⋯“···················。····································..···.··⋯⋯3.8.2Bouguercorrection·················”····”··+.···············，.·····································⋯⋯12.8.16boundaryangle····················································”·······，·························⋯⋯13.1.13breakthrough.........................................................................................................10.1breakthroughbetweenadits····································”·······································⋯⋯10.1.6breakthroughbetweenshafts·····。·························。··············。····························⋯⋯10.1.8breakingzone·····················”。·················································，····”·········⋯⋯13.1.8broadsidespread······························。······················································⋯⋯12.11.11buildingworkssurvey·“·············，.。·······························“·······························⋯⋯2.6.4Ccalculationofreserves····，-·····························，.···························，··············⋯⋯3.7cartology···············””·······“·······························，·····································⋯⋯2.8cartography····································“··············。··············································⋯⋯2.8cartographicgeneralization.......................................................................................2.8.9centerlineofadit········“············································································⋯⋯8.4.4centringunderpoint·····”。·”·············，.···································”··················⋯⋯8.8.4chamber······································。·....······........·········。···········。·············.·.······⋯⋯8.3.10check-acceptancesurveyofopen-pit··········，.，.················“····································一11.7close-rangephotogrammetry·········”··········································”··············⋯⋯2.7.5complexgeologicalmapofopen-pit····，·······················································⋯⋯11-8.1ComputerAssistedCartograp厅;CAC·······················“····································⋯⋯2.8.13conditionadjustment·····“····························································，.··。·············⋯⋯2.4.13connectionpointfororientation·····································································⋯⋯9.4.2connectionquadranglemethod············”······················，-································⋯⋯9.6.3connectionsurveyoforientation························································，.······..··⋯⋯9.6connectionsurveyofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospectingnet·················。·········⋯⋯12.4.5connectiontrianglemethod·············，.·····，·，···，······································，··⋯⋯9.6.2constructionalcoordinatesystem··，.··“··········································“·············⋯⋯2.6.2constructionalsurvey·················，.···“··········，.，.·4“··，························⋯⋯2.6.7continuednumberingmethod················································“········，·········⋯⋯12.5.1controllinemethod.............................................................············，.·12.4.3contourmapofseamroof(floor)······························“···································⋯⋯3.8.4标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998controlnotmethod······。············，’·，···，······························。···························⋯⋯controlpointmethod······。··························，···················································⋯⋯controlsurveyofminingarea········································································。·····⋯⋯:i.controlsurveyofaditcontrolsurveycontourline···..········。··················································································，.⋯⋯2.5.10Cr门SS,,it只3，8此Cro55--tn-profile2.6.月cross-sectionsurvey2‘6.correctionpoint.foraditposition3cnrrec幸Innpileofreobservation:一4l31.9curvingzonel3curvediagramofgroundmovement2.5cuttingfaceofadit8.4.6Ddamping-bobshaftplumbing··········································································⋯⋯9.5.2dedmatron···。·······。··..·····⋯⋯。····..·····.···.·⋯⋯。.·······..⋯⋯”········.···············⋯⋯12.9.3deformationobservation·································································“···············⋯⋯2.6.9densityofprospectingnet·······。········“··············，.·······。··································⋯⋯4.1.3deposits·································································，····································，··⋯⋯5.3depthsurveyoffirehole···············································································⋯⋯11.3.3designdirectionofprospectingline·······································“···············”····⋯⋯7.2.10designofprospectingnet"""0......"························...·······················价···············⋯⋯4.3.1designingreserves························································································⋯⋯3.7.3detail············。····。··················。···························。⋯⋯.。·····.。·⋯⋯”.········.···⋯⋯2.5.8detailsurvey···。·······.“······························”············································⋯⋯2.5.5detailsurveyofopen-pit···”·······································································⋯⋯11.6detailsurveyofwastedump···································································.·.··..·.⋯⋯11.4.1detailsurveyofadit··························。·····················································⋯⋯.8.9detailedprospecting································································”························⋯⋯3.5.2determinationofgeologicalpoint·············“····················································⋯⋯5.5developingadit·················”·····························“·······”··，.·························⋯⋯8.2.2deviationdistaceofprospectingengineering·······························”··········，.····”····一7.3.5digitalmap·······························································································⋯⋯2.8.6distancemeasuringinstrument·······“············“··············································⋯⋯2.10.12digitalplotter·····················································································⋯⋯2.10.21digitalphotogrammetry···························································，.。，·，···，.·····⋯⋯2.7.12digitalphotogrammetricstation·····································“········。·····················⋯⋯2.10.22DigitalTerrainModel旧TM·················。···········，.·，’·“·······························⋯⋯2.7.13dipangleofborehole·······，.·····································································⋯⋯，··⋯6.4.3directadjustment····，.··，··，············、··························································⋯⋯2.4.11distributionmapofprospectingengineeringinminingarea·······································⋯⋯3.5..5SYft免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998drawingofprospectingnett.:;。drift8.3.3drivingsurveyofadit8.8dykeadit8.3.1Eearthresourcetenologysatellite·······································································⋯⋯2.7.15eight-directionmethod·················································································⋯⋯12.8.17electricalpropertycontrast····················，·························································⋯⋯12.2.7electricalprospectingsurvey....................................................................................12.10electricalprospecting····················································································⋯⋯12.10.1electrodearrag·······················································································⋯⋯12.10.8Electro-magneticDistanceMeasureanent;EDM······································”·······.·.···⋯⋯2.3.9electronictheodolite···，.···············································································⋯⋯2.10.5electro-opticaldistancemeasurement··························································⋯⋯2.3.toelectro-magneticditancemeasuringinstrument················································⋯⋯2.10.13elementarysurveying···，.···················································，····························⋯⋯2.5engineeringcontrolnetwork···“·········“··························································⋯⋯2.6.1engineeringforunmaskground·············································································⋯⋯6.2engineering-geologicalinvestigation···································································⋯⋯3.2.2engineering-geologicalmapping····················“·······················。························⋯⋯3.2.4engineering-geologicalmap····························································。·············⋯⋯3.2.1.1engineeringsurveying^..............‘..⋯⋯‘·⋯‘.“·.··.····.·.··.······。·.···········⋯⋯，··········⋯⋯2.6enviranwentalresourcesinformationsystem······················································⋯⋯2.9.2errorellipse······································································。·························⋯⋯2.4.8estimationofthrougherror········································································，···⋯⋯11.2.3excitedpoint····································································。···，.················⋯⋯12.11.122expandingspreadextendedspreadextractionreserves3.7.2even-numberingmethod12.5.2Ffalsecolourcompositeimagery····。·······························，·········，················⋯⋯2.7.20fieldgeologicalmap··········，.···········································································⋯⋯3.2.8finalsurveyofengineeringforunmaskground·································“。··················⋯⋯6.3.2finalsurveyofboreholeposition“····································································⋯⋯6.5.3findingholeunderground··············································································。⋯10.1.9fine-surveyedprofile·········································。············。····················....·.·..⋯⋯7.4.4fine-surveyedprofileofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting······························⋯⋯12.7.2finishconstructionsurvey····“···········································································⋯⋯2.1.3.8月oor·····················。····························。···································。。··⋯⋯，·。·。·⋯⋯8.生.、之floorstation································································································⋯⋯8.5_5Iri标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998flooruplift}3ifootagemeasurementofcheckingadit8.8。7freehandprofile74污futurereserves3.7牛Ggallery···························································。·········································⋯⋯8.3.7GaussPlaneCoordinateSystem·························，············，·············，··················⋯⋯2.2.10generalmap··········。····。·····································································，·······⋯⋯2.8.2generalplanoffinishconstruction··············································。·······，.············⋯⋯2.6.14geochemicalprospecting···················································································，⋯12.1.2geocentriccoordinatesystem··，··········································································⋯⋯2.2.，geodesy···············。·····················································································，一2.2geodeticastronomy··················。····，.·····························································。二2.2.14geodeticcoordinatesystem······································································、·····‘·⋯2.2.8geodeticinstrument·····················。······························································⋯⋯2.10.1geodeticorigin·················。·················“····················‘········‘······，·····‘···，·····⋯⋯2.2.1geodeticsurvey··································⋯⋯‘············································“···⋯⋯2.2.13geographicbasemap·········································‘·····“··‘，“·”····”·，················⋯⋯3.2.16GeographicalInformationSystem;GIS···············。··················································，··⋯2.9geologicalinterpretationofphotograph·”‘···”，·················，·································⋯⋯3.2.6geologicalbody····，.···················································⋯⋯‘··⋯‘二‘··⋯‘二’·‘二’二‘二’·’12.2.1geologicalcrosssectionmap··”··”·······、····，······················，·············“··············⋯⋯7.4.8geologicalmap·······································································”··”············⋯⋯3.2.Ilgeologicalmapoforedeposits·····················································“···············⋯⋯3.5.4geologicalmapping·····⋯⋯‘··⋯‘二’二‘二’二‘二’·⋯’............................””‘’‘”’.’二’二’·⋯’3.2.7geologicalpoint······。·············，··”·····························，-·······································⋯⋯5.Igeologicalpointsurvey····。···························，···············································⋯⋯3.6.4geologicalprofie····················································。·····““··································⋯⋯7.4geolo彭calprospectingen翻neering·································。··································⋯⋯3.3.2geologicalprospectingengineeringsurvey··“·······················································⋯⋯3.6geologicalprofilesurvey···················································································⋯⋯3.6.6geologicalprofileline···················································································⋯⋯7.土1geologicalprofilemap····。·········。·····································································‘··⋯⋯7.4.2geologicalrecord···········。·····，······························，···········································。··⋯⋯3.8geologicalreport···········，····。·······························。·························，·‘·，，‘········一3.8.5geologicalreserves·········································································⋯⋯‘·······⋯⋯3.7.5geologicalscheme·····“。·“”。··································，.··········，·····，······‘····‘·····‘···一3.2.9geologicalsketchmap······························“····”·············································⋯⋯3.2.」。geologicaltectonicmap························。······”······‘··，··············‘，·‘···，··············。⋯3.2.12geomagneticbasepointnet·····················”·········································.··········⋯⋯12.9.7zeomagneticbasestation····················、···········、·····‘，··，··，··························⋯⋯12.9.6geomagneticelement···········································································。······⋯⋯12.9.2‘福从免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998geomagneticmap······。·················································································⋯⋯12.，.5geomagneticobservationnet·············································································。··⋯12.9.9geomagneticstation·····················································································⋯⋯12.9.8geometricorientation··········⋯⋯‘····················一‘··············，·····················⋯⋯‘··⋯9.七4geophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting·······································。·······················⋯⋯12.1geophysicalandgeochemicalprospectingsurvey···················································⋯⋯3.6.11geophonepoint···········，·······················································。·······················⋯⋯12.11.3geophysicalprospecting······“··········································································⋯⋯12.1.1gravimeter··············································。··········”·······，·······························⋯⋯2.10.2gravityanomaly······································。···················································⋯⋯12.2.5gravitymeasurement······················································”···················⋯⋯12.8.2gravitynet.........................................................................................................12.8.10gravityprospecting············”···········“··························································⋯⋯12.8.1gravityprospectingsurvey········································“··································”⋯⋯12.8gravityreduction·············，·······································，·····························⋯⋯12.8.11gravitystation········⋯⋯‘·······.··“·⋯‘··⋯⋯‘········.···································⋯⋯‘二12.8.，grosserror.⋯‘’.，.“.·⋯’·.⋯⋯’···.··.··.··.···.··⋯⋯’·。.··.·⋯⋯’·.··.······················⋯⋯2.4.4grounddirectionofprospectionline···························································。···⋯⋯7.2.11groundcurvaturedeformation·”······”································”··························⋯⋯13.1.5groundhorizontaldeformation···································································⋯⋯13.1.6groundinclinedeformation···，.。······························································⋯⋯13.1.4groundmovement·····”··“··“··“”····“··”······”·········”··，.··········”······“··············⋯⋯13.Igroundmovingbasin···”·····，.·····························································⋯⋯13.1.10gyroazimuth“························，-···························，.··，.···············，.············⋯⋯9.7.2gyromeridian·””·“···············”·····················，·······································，··⋯9.7.1gyroorientationerror·························，’···················································⋯⋯9.7.5gyrotheodilite·················，.·············································，.··，.······“······⋯⋯2.10.7gyrostaticorientationsurvey”········，“··················································。··········⋯⋯9.7Hheightcorrection12.8.12heightscaleofprofilemap“·········”····，.·················‘··，··。·”“·········⋯⋯’·，⋯’二7.3.2heightsystem2.2.7holedeflectionhorizontalangle:.:.:horizontalcontrolsurveyofadit8.6.1horizontalprofilemapofgeology7.4.10horizontalprospectingline”····························································。·······“·····⋯⋯4.2.2horizontalprospectingprofile·，.·············。·”············，.··“··············”··“······⋯⋯’·一’二‘二7.1.1horizontalscaleofprofilemap7.3.1HuanghaiHeightDatum195622，5hydrographicengineeringsurvey2.6.6hydrogeologicalinvest电ation·········“················································⋯⋯’··⋯⋯’··⋯3.2.1立i1标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998hydrogeologicalmap3.2.13hydrogeologicalmapptog..⋯⋯‘，.323Iimageprocessingofremotesensing2.7.16inclination12.9.4inclinedadit8.3.4inclinedshaft9.2.2inclinedworkings················⋯⋯‘二‘·······“·’”⋯‘二’二’·’二’二’二’·⋯‘二’.’二’二’二‘·‘二8.3.11indentifiedphotograph··················，.·⋯’⋯⋯’·⋯’··⋯’‘·’··⋯’.⋯‘.‘二‘.’二’··⋯’二’二‘.‘二2.7.8independentcoordinatesystem···································⋯⋯，，··。，.····”··“···”···”二2.2.12indirectadjustment“·········································”··············”······，······”⋯⋯2.4.12inductionheightsurvey··，···”··，.··“··“··························⋯⋯‘二‘··⋯‘二‘⋯‘二’····，-·⋯9.8inducedpolarizationmethod““··”····”·························，.··，.···，.“···“··”·⋯，··一12.10.5industryreserves··································“·················””·······························⋯⋯3.7.6InertialSurveyingSystem,ISS······“············”·········”····”·····························⋯⋯2.10.25initalsurveyofboreholeposition······“···”··””···············，.··························，-⋯⋯6.5.1initialsurveyofengineeringforunmaskground·”················，.········”·················⋯⋯6.3.1insturmentofsurveyingandmapping·····”································“”··，.···，.“··“·⋯，.⋯2.10intersectionofprospectionnet"^"""........""""0......""0............""""^""""0""""^"^"^""""^.........4.1.lintersectionsurvey·······················“··”··“······”··”··”·······”····················⋯⋯2.3.5intervelbetweenlines·.·⋯⋯.”。.。”二”..···.···..···············。.··.········。····.················⋯⋯4.1.2intervelbetweenpoints”······························，.··，.·················⋯⋯.””··”······⋯⋯4.2.5inversepositionsurvey······，-···“··“··················“··”“················”········”·········⋯⋯11.3.7isolinemapofgroundsettlement..............................................................................13.2.9isolinemapofmagneticanomaly·“·················”··········”·························⋯⋯12.9.12isolineprofileofapparentresistirity·················，-······························，.·········⋯⋯12.10.14Jjumpnumberingmethod················································································⋯⋯12.5.3LLandInformationSystem;LIS”··”···“·······，·················································⋯⋯2.9.1landsat·”二。”·⋯⋯.，.·.·····.。···.··⋯⋯。·⋯。二“二，.⋯⋯，.·⋯。:.。..⋯⋯.””二”..······⋯⋯2.7.15lasercollimator······，.······“，.············”···“····························，-···············⋯⋯，·2.10.16laserlevel······.····.···....·....·..··..。·····························，-二，.·········.··。..·····，.···⋯⋯2.10.10laserplummentapparatus··································，.。·，.···············“···············一2.10.15laserguideinstrument···························，.··，.··········”··········.···”·······”··⋯2.10”lasertheodolite，.·.·.·.⋯⋯“..·....·.⋯⋯.””。········································，.:，.·，·2.10.6laserplumbing···········································”····························，·‘·”····，，·一9.5.4lasteralthrougherror····⋯⋯”··“··················”··，·············，···········‘，······⋯⋯10.2.2latitudecorrection.......·......··.···········.·。···，··，··。·，⋯“·，·.···t.··‘·。二12.8.15layermark·······”⋯⋯”··················，.···········“·，，·”·。””二，.”·····················”⋯13.2.81凡2免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998layoutandsurveyofprospectingnet3.6.3layoutofengineeringforunmaskground63layoutofpointforaditposition·····‘⋯⋯8.7.1level2.10.9leveling2.3.7levelingorigin2.2.2localcoordinatesystem“.⋯2.2.l112locationbyairphotographlocationbytopographicmaplocationsurveyofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospectinglocationsurveyofpointforaditposition8‘:.:longitudinalthrougherror10.2.1longitudinalconductamceplane12.10.longitudinalconductanceprofilelongitudinalprofile2.6.12longitudinalprofilemapofgeology7.4.9longwiremethod···“········“·····，·················一9.8.1Mmagneticanomaly···”·························································“···············⋯⋯12.2.6magneticprospecting··，.············································································⋯⋯12.9.1magneticprospectingsurvey，.··············”·”··”······“··········································⋯⋯12.9main-sectionofmovingbasin·······················································，.·······⋯⋯13.1.11mapcompilation········“·····“····“··“···”“······“···”··················，.···“···········⋯⋯2.8.10mapovaluation...................................................................................................2.8.12mapfairdrawing”···“··““······””······”··························”················，.··”··⋯⋯2.8.11mapofdistributionofmineraldeposits····························································⋯⋯3.4.2mapofmineraldeposits·························“···“·············“········“··，·····················⋯⋯3.4.1map···，······················”·······”··，··················“··············，.····“··········⋯⋯2.8.1mapproduction······························，·············································..·······⋯⋯2.8.7mappingcontrolsurvey..........................................................................................2.5.4mapprojection·，.····“··“，.··““。······················“··············”·········”··············”··⋯⋯2.8.8meansquareerror’二’二‘”’二’·⋯’”’二’二’·’二’··⋯’·’二’·’二’二’，.’二‘二’二’二‘二’··⋯’··⋯’··⋯’·‘二2.4.7measuringlineofgeophgsicalandgeochemicalprospecting····················，···············⋯⋯12.3.2medianpileofadit................................................................................................8.5.6methodofequal-weightsubstitution·”·“····”··············”·····························⋯⋯2.4.14methodofinversionpoints·········”····”·”。·················································..·..·.⋯⋯9.7.4microwaredistancemeasurement····..·············..。·································。···..····.’···一2.3.11microwareremotesensingtechnology······························“························”····⋯⋯2.7.18mineralanomaly·········“········”··，.···“·······””·········································‘··⋯⋯12-2.3mineraldyke······“··“····”··············································································，··⋯5.3.mineadit·.·...·········。·.···，·······，.·，.·····..⋯⋯，·”，，.“·····...·，·⋯”···，·‘········、··。··⋯8.2.1mineraloccurrence5一_艺标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998mineralprospecting，······················，··································································⋯⋯3.5mineralreserves················································································。·······⋯⋯3.7.1mineralsprout···········，.···········，············”····················································⋯⋯5.2.1minevalizedpoint·。···················································，······························⋯⋯5.2.3mineralzone························。··················。·············································⋯⋯5.3.2mineralizedzone··································。·········································，········⋯⋯5.2.4mtnmgmap.⋯’·.·⋯⋯‘·.··.···。.··.················⋯⋯”·⋯⋯‘”.·⋯⋯“························.··⋯⋯99mtnmgsurvey·⋯⋯，.，...·.··.·..··.··.·.·.··⋯⋯‘························⋯⋯，··..····⋯⋯2.6.5miningtheodolite····························，.·························································⋯⋯2.10.8miningyardplan············································。······。“··········。···························一9.9.2"mise-a-la-masse"method·········································································，······一12.10.6movingangle····································，·················································⋯⋯13.1.12NNationalHeightDatum1985··”····”·······················································⋯⋯‘二’·⋯⋯2.2.6NAVSTARGlobalPositioningSystem;NAVSTARGPS···········，.························⋯⋯2.10.24normalgravitycorrection····················，.·····························，··················，··⋯12.8.15nonmineralanomaly··················································································⋯⋯12.2.4nonregularobservation-net···········································································⋯⋯12.3.8numberofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospectingnet，.··“······································。⋯⋯12.50observation-netmethod·“”.·⋯⋯。····································.··...·..·...·..···········，⋯12.4.1observation-netlayoutofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospection······························⋯⋯12.4observation-netofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospection···。···································⋯⋯12.3observationofgrounddisplacement.................................··························⋯⋯13.2.2observationofgroundmovement··········”····“······························”·············⋯⋯3.6.12observationofgroundsettlement·。································。·············”··········⋯⋯13.2.6observationofrocklayermovement····························””··”···“·····················⋯⋯13.2.3observationofslopestability································，.······，·········””·················⋯⋯71.5observationstationofgroundmovement············································⋯⋯13.2.1observingsystemlayout·································”··”·······“·························一12.11-13observationworkofgroundmovement····················“············“·················“··⋯13.2one-directionbreakthrough······“······························”··““····”········‘····‘·····”··‘:10.1.2oneshaftorientation”··””··““··““··，.·················································.·..·..·.⋯⋯9.4.6opencastmining‘.’二’.⋯’-..··⋯⋯”‘二’”⋯“:“’..·.·⋯⋯“·，··，·‘⋯，·‘·‘.··.·...·.···.·······⋯⋯11.1opencastminingmap⋯⋯‘·⋯‘·。.⋯⋯.’····⋯⋯，.⋯.““‘“，.。‘··..。·.·······⋯⋯”..··⋯⋯11.8opencastsurvey..⋯“·”.，..⋯“·“·········，-······.··，··..，.....········.·········⋯⋯3.6.10openmininglimit·········”···，.···“，’···”··“···········，-···········”····“·····“··⋯⋯11.2.4open-pit······，.···，.·····················‘·”‘···················································⋯⋯11-2.1open-pitbench··························‘·····，，，，····················································⋯⋯11.2.3open-pit以ope·····”··。····”··””“‘·“·“·“·，·································”······，·············⋯⋯H.2.2open-pitsurvev，·····⋯⋯”................，一，..................................................................11.2飞st免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一19980pen-upprospecttng’...⋯⋯”.⋯，3opticalremotesensingtechnology2.7.195.}3opticaltheodolite210，4orebody··················································。··················································⋯⋯5.3.1...乐oreguideofprospecting5.2orientationerror............................................................二“....................................4.10叭东orientationplance································”························································⋯⋯9，只orientationprojection·······················，·，-·······················································⋯⋯5overburdenoverburdenratio·..·...·。⋯⋯.，.············，-.········......·····.··...···················，.·······。···。一‘·⋯outcropo.Ppantograph2.10.30parameteradjustment2.4.patternrecognitionofremotesensing2。7.perpendicularprospectingprofile7]。2pendulous-bobshaftplumbing9.5.3photointerpretation2.7.17photogrammetryandremotesensing2.7photogrammetricinstrument2.10.18photogeologicalmap3.2.15photogrammetry····················”··”············⋯⋯‘..·⋯“·⋯⋯’”⋯’二’..······⋯⋯‘··⋯2.7.1photomap···················“·········”··············..··..··············..··..·············‘·······⋯⋯2.8.5photointerpretation................................................................................................2.7.7photorectification·······························································⋯⋯“··....⋯⋯2.7.6physicalorientation·······················“·················⋯⋯’.··.’..·⋯⋯‘·······················⋯⋯9.4.5plan·······························“··”·································....·······························⋯⋯2.8.4planimeter····。······“································....·······，···························⋯⋯”..·⋯⋯2.10.29planesurveyofblastingarea·······································“······“·······..················⋯⋯11.3.4plane-tablesurvey................................................................................................2.5.6platecorrection·····································”······················⋯⋯*.··..····················一12.8.13pointforaditposition..............................................................................’二‘··.··⋯⋯8.5.2pointofgeologicalobservation··“···，.⋯⋯‘二‘·‘，.··，..’”’“”二’二“，·’..’二’..‘二’..’二’二’二”·’二5.1pointofhydrogeologicalobservation二‘···”···········⋯⋯’二’..’二‘··⋯’二‘二‘..’二’..‘二‘二‘⋯’二‘二5.1.1pointofgeomorphologicalobservation·····..················..·····..······················..·········⋯⋯5.1.2positioningpointofprospectingengineering······⋯⋯.”⋯“··..············..····⋯⋯“··..······..一6.lposition讯gsystem·························”·····..···············..··..···························⋯⋯2.10.23positionsurveyofborehole······，.························，.“··“····················⋯⋯“⋯⋯‘··。·⋯6.3positionsurvey。曰irehole································..·······················。··，··········⋯⋯”·11.3.1positionsurveyofprospectingengineering··。·..············································，·········⋯⋯3.6.5preciseorientation·...............................................................................····。··一9.4.9precisionestimation······································。···············································⋯⋯2.4.113标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998precision···············，·······································································⋯⋯2.4.9predictionofgroundmovement·······················································..········.·⋯⋯13.2.4preliminaryprospecting································································，·‘·······、····、·一3.5.1preparatoryadit·························································。····························⋯⋯8.2.3profilearray·································。·····································‘···············，··⋯12.10.，profilecontrolpoint···“··，··。·······································································，··⋯7.2.3profilecontrolsurvey······································，.···············，.，.··‘·”‘”············⋯⋯7.2.8profileengineeringpoint·····································。········································⋯⋯7.2.6profilelineoftopography.....................................................····，····‘····，······⋯⋯7.3.3profilelining···················································。······································⋯⋯7.2.7profilemapofprospectingline··。············，-···············。·“··，.·····”··························⋯⋯7.3profileofmagneticanomalily·····，.······························································，⋯⋯12.9.10profileofmagneticanomaliesonplane····，.··，··‘·········，··，·······························⋯⋯12.9.11profileofprospectingline·············································································⋯⋯7.1.2profileorientationpoint············”·······.’···，·······，················。························⋯⋯7.2.2profilepoint·························································。·································⋯⋯7.2.5profileprojectionplan“·········，.··”··”··”···”······、·········································⋯⋯7.3.-4profilepointsurvey················..............................................................................7.2.9profileprospectingline·······“·······························”······························⋯⋯7.1.2profilestationline·················”·························”······································⋯⋯7.2.4profilesurvey···························，.·········································，.····-······⋯⋯2.6.10profilesurveyoffirehole···························“············。·······“·····。···········⋯⋯11.3.2profilesurveyofprospectingline··，·”·······················”··”····”·····························⋯⋯7.2profilesurveyofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting··········································⋯⋯12.7profileterminal·······························‘·······························”··························⋯⋯7.2.1prospecting.................................·⋯‘...................................................................3.3projectionbysuspendedplumbing···········”···”······““·········“··············”····”····““·⋯9.5.1projectiondistanceofprospectingengineering”····”·”··”····”················”···················一7.3.6prospectingbaseline····，···········，·································，.”··“·················“·⋯⋯4.2.1prospectingbaselinesurvey······················································，·‘·····‘·····‘··⋯⋯4.4.1prospectingengineeringpoint....................................................................................6.1.1prospectingline·”·························””·····”··”············”····”···*.···”········⋯⋯4.2prospectinglinesurvey···，·····，···························，··········”···“·········“······⋯⋯4.4prospectingmeans·········，··································，·‘·······、”··················，.····⋯⋯3.3.1prospectingnetlayout.............................................................................................4.3.3prospectingnetsurvey·······“··········“，···“····、······”····“···························⋯⋯4.3prospectingnet····”··········································，····，””··”··········“········”··。··“⋯4.1prospectingpit························。·····、······························。···················一6.2.5prospectingprofile...................................................................................................7.1Rraise·.‘，··.··。···········。···.。···········。··············。··。················。··。·····。··················。··⋯8.3.12raiseshaft······⋯⋯。.。“⋯。.⋯。·.·⋯.⋯，...·.··.··········⋯⋯”·········⋯⋯”⋯”..···。····。⋯9.2.4isG免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998randomerror⋯⋯receireddistance2..1一:reciprocalbreakthrough··············································································⋯⋯10.1.4regionalgeologicalmap·“················································································⋯⋯3.8.1regionalgeologicalreconnaissnce··········································································⋯⋯3.2regularobservation-net·····································································..·.··..·.⋯⋯12.3.7relativeerror······，.·········，-············································。······························⋯⋯2.4.6relativegravitymesurement········································································⋯⋯12.8.4relief····················，··”·····································································..·······⋯⋯2.5.9RemoteSensing;RS···············································································⋯⋯2.7.14remotesensinggeology··················································································⋯⋯3.2.5reobservationofboreholeposition···································································⋯⋯6.5.2resistivitymethod·····················································································⋯⋯12.10.2resistivityprofilingmethod“······“··“··················，.··········································⋯⋯12.10.3resistivitysoundingmethod················································。··················。·····⋯⋯12.10.4rockworkings····”········”··”·····································································⋯⋯8.3.9roof················。····。..·。··....······················⋯⋯。··⋯⋯。”..⋯⋯，....····················.···⋯⋯8.4.2roofstation二。“..·.....·.·.·············..··············。·····························⋯⋯。..·.····。⋯⋯8.5.4roughorientation···················”··”，”····”····························，.·······················”⋯9.4.8routesurvey·⋯“·.······。·····.························⋯⋯，⋯”“...·.····················⋯⋯2.6.3Ssame-directionbreakthrogh10.1.3此环SatelliteLasterRanging;SLRsatellitegeodesy:.:.scandigitizer⋯2.10.27searchformineraldeposits3.4seismic-channel·.⋯。·.⋯。·12.11.7seismic-channeldistance12.11.5seismic-prospecting12.11.1seismicprospecun只survey12.11self-potentialmethod12.10.7setting-outofaditslopeline8.8.3setting-outofaditmedian8.R.2setttng-outofaditwaistline8.8.3setting-outofdirectionbylaserguideinstrument8.8.5setting-outofjunction·······························································‘·······..·..·..·..·..·.⋯⋯8.8.6shaftbreakthrough10.l.7shaftbottomplan⋯⋯“···············”·········”········‘·········································..·..·⋯⋯9.9.3shaftconnectionsurvey93shaftorientationsurvey9.4shaftprospecting9.1shaftprospectingengineering·······”···“····“··········································..............⋯⋯9.2标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998shaftprospectingengineeringsurvey···················，········，····································⋯⋯3.6.8shallowshaft···················。···········。·········”·，·········，.、···························⋯⋯6.2.2shot-geophonedistance·····················，···························································⋯⋯12.11.6shotpoint··························。···············，.·······。·······································⋯⋯12.11.2shotpointdistance······························································，······················⋯⋯12.1土.8sidefalls···································。·，.······。···.········。··.··。·.··..··.······，·······⋯⋯13.1.2sightinglinemethod···················································································⋯⋯，6.1slopelineofadit·······。·”，.·，.·········..................................................···············一8.11.5smallcircularshaft········.·····························，··········.··。··.····.·······.·····.·。。.·.·····一6.2.3soundingarray·，··‘··，···”··········································································⋯⋯12.lo.tospacecorrection··························································。··························。··⋯⋯12.8.12spacegeodesy········，···············································································⋯⋯2.2.15spacephotogrammetry···························································。·········.··⋯⋯‘二‘二‘二‘二2.7.3spread·············、············，···。·························。···。·································⋯⋯12.11.9spottingbyeye-surveymethod····································，··。·································⋯⋯5.5.1spottingbyinstrumentmethod····························································‘·····..·......5.5.3spotting"场semi-instrumentmethod...........................................................................5.5.2squareareamethod··········，··，········································································⋯⋯12.8.18startingpointofprospectoingline..............................................................................4.2-1stationofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting.................."^......"^........................12.3.5steeltapemethod·········”··“······················“··”············。·················‘·····，······⋯⋯9.8.2stopingadit······························································································⋯⋯8.2.4str币ping·················································”····························，··“········⋯⋯6.2.4subsidenceanddeformationobservationofwastedump·······，.···········“················⋯⋯11.4.2surface-undergroundcontrastplan···································“··““···················⋯⋯9.，.1SurveyingandMapping;SM··············································，’·······················⋯⋯。.·⋯2.1surveyadjustment.ofobservation············““·“··，.···“················。····························⋯⋯2.4surveyandmappingforprospectingtogeologyandmineralresoures······························⋯⋯3.1surveyofpointforaditposition·····“······，····················································⋯⋯8.7surreyedprofile·······························································。·························⋯⋯7.4.3synthetic.planofoverburdenengineering······························。························⋯⋯11.8.3systematicerror·····⋯⋯，‘二，·“.，:.“··.·.··.·⋯⋯，·“··⋯，·⋯⋯，.。·······························一2.4.3Tthematicmap······‘··。·“。··”。········································································⋯⋯2.8.3theodohto·。···。···························································································⋯⋯2.10_3thicknessisolinemapoforebody(seam)..................”·········································⋯⋯3.8.3througherror··········，.··············································································⋯⋯10.2throughface··········································，················································⋯⋯10.1.1throughsurvey···················，.······“··································，。·····················⋯⋯3.6.9throughtraverse“·························································································⋯⋯5.{1tolerance⋯⋯”..⋯。···························，·········。··。。·········。····························、···一2.4.5top枯ilure······。·································，·················································⋯⋯13.1.1i从免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17228一1998topfailurezone·········，·······································································⋯⋯13.].7topography·······························································································⋯⋯2.5.7topographiccorrection·······”·········································································⋯⋯12.8.14topographicbasemap·”··········································································⋯⋯3.2.17topographicsurveyofminingarea·······································································⋯⋯3.6.2topographicalmap············································································。············⋯⋯2.5.11topographicalmapofminingarea····································································⋯⋯9.9.1totalbasestationofgravity··········································································，·⋯12.8.5totalstationelectronictacheometer··。。·······。。·······。··········。·······························⋯⋯2.10.14tracingtraverse·······。·“·····························“··“·······································⋯⋯5.4.2trackingdigitizer··················································································⋯⋯2.10.26transverseadit················。···，.···································································⋯⋯8.3.2transversecuttingprofile·····························································，·················⋯⋯7.4.7transitmethod···································.·····。·········。·········.········.··············。.·······⋯⋯9.7.3traverseofgeologicalobservation···”···································································⋯⋯5.4traversesurvey⋯⋯’“’⋯.’“..⋯⋯’‘二’.⋯.’.’·⋯’二’··⋯’...·⋯⋯’··············。······。··········⋯⋯2.3.4trench················，-·······。···。····。····································.······。.······...····...······。·⋯6.2.上triangulation··，.··”·················”······························································⋯⋯2.3.1triangulateration·······················································································⋯⋯2.3.3tr咭onometricleveling···”······”··························································。·······⋯⋯2.3.8trilateration······················································································。·······⋯⋯2.3.2tunnel······。··········。·。··..⋯⋯.，.····..⋯⋯。·⋯⋯“··············..······..······..·······。·······。··⋯8.3.5twoshaftorientation·····...·······..············································。··················.·⋯⋯9.4.7typicalprofile·····························································，.·······················，·······⋯⋯7.4.6typicalprofileofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting·······································⋯⋯12.7.1Uundergroundcavitysurvey89，1undergroundheightsurvey9.8.3Vverticalcontrolsurveyofadit············。···················，.···································⋯⋯8.6.2verticalprospectingline······”·”····”··············“··············································⋯⋯4.2.3verticalscaleofprofilemap······”················“···············...................................⋯7.3.2verticalshaft·································································································⋯⋯9.2.1verticalsurvey·········“·····“······························································，，···，··⋯2.3.6verticalthrougherror······“····································································⋯⋯10.2.3VeryLongBaselineInterferomentry;VLBI······”··，’“···········································⋯⋯2.2.17Wwaistlineofaidt84.5waistlinepointofaidt只.5wastedumpplan118、2JI了标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"r17228一1998nwastedumpsurvey主winze8I3workings8_3，6workscaleofgeophysicalandgeochemicalprospecting12.l.3XXi"anCoordinateSystem198022.47.zenithalangleofborehole6，4.lzenithdistance2;.3免费标准网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载'