GBT17433-1998冶金产品化学分析基础术语.pdf 38页

'免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)ICS77.040.99H10督馨中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T17433-1998冶金产品化学分析基础术语Foundationtermsforchemicalanalysisofmetallurgicalproducts1998一07一15发布1999一02一01实施国家质看_i技术监督局发布免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998目次前言范围·⋯弓I用标准3术语···，“···········‘································，·，·······················，······，··························一13.1一般··········“···“····“····”····”·····“·”····”····”··“···“·“·“····“·····，，····················⋯⋯13.2分析方法···”····”········································································‘·············”···一33.2.1按目的任务···“······“·········“············“····“····“·“·········”····························⋯⋯33.2.2按原理“·········”····”·”，······”·”····”···”····“····”····”····”··“”·”····“····”·······“···一33.2.3按试料量·...................................................................................................·一63.2.4按被测组分在试样中的质量分数”············，·········“·⋯”·⋯”二”................................63.2.5按要求···”·······”···，······························，··························，······················⋯⋯63.3试样···“·······“·“·”··········“·····”···············”···“······”·········”····“········“···⋯⋯73.3.1取样、制样································································································⋯⋯73.3.2试样·····“·········“·“····“··“···“····“····“····“·····“·““····“········“···“···············⋯⋯73.4试剂········“··“······“·”····”·”····“····“····”·”·”·“·“·“·“······“····”····“···············⋯⋯73.4.1标准物质·........................................................................................................73.4.2指示剂·“·“‘·，··”·”···，”·“·“·“····“·，，·，””··，，”····“·“·“····”···，”······“·····“·······一83.4.3一般试剂·························································································”····”···一83.5装置、仪器及器具·········，，··············································，·················⋯⋯93.5.1一般装置·····················““····“····“·“····“····“····“···········“···························⋯⋯93.5.2仪器“·······“·”·······”····”····”··”···”····”····”··“”·”····”····”····”····“····“·······“··⋯103.5.3天平“··································································································⋯⋯123.5.4器具···················，···，············“····”·”，········，.···“··································⋯⋯123.6操作···················，，····，················································，······，，·‘······，.·····“，，，⋯153.7现象、特性、反应及生成物，··················“····”··⋯“···..·······..··························..···⋯⋯173.7.1现象·········“···“·····“·“········“····“··“···”·····，.···“·”·“·············”···“········“···⋯⋯173.7.2特性“····“·“··”·“···············”·······”····”·····””····”····”····”············“····“···⋯⋯183.7.3反应，.······”·······”······，·············”·········”············”·····”···”·”····“···”·”····”·⋯⋯193.7.4生成物‘············································，···················································”一193.8数据处理，“·..................................................................................................20汉语拼音索引”···············，，···，·····················，······················，···················⋯⋯22英文索引··········“····“···“··“···，····“·······”····”····”·“·········“·”····“··”·····“···········“一27标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998前言本标准属基础标准，规定了冶金产品化学分析方法标准中的基础术语。在制定、修订冶金产品化学分析方法标准时所涉及的术语，可以此作为依据。本标准中术语“物质的量”、“摩尔”、“物质的量浓度”和“摩尔质量”分别引用GB3102.8-93中8-3,8-3.a,8-13和8-5,本标准由中国有色金属工业总公司提出。本标准由北京有色金属研究总院负责起草。本标准由北京有色金属研究总院和中国有色金属工业总公司标准计量研究所共同起草。本标准主要起草人:张文、刘英、减慕文、罗建平。本标准首次发布。免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)中华人民共和国国家标准冶金产品化学分析基础术语GB/T17433一1998Foundationtermsforchemicalanalysisofmetallurgicalproducts范围本标准规定了冶金产品化学分析基础性术语共计314条。本标准适用于编写国家标准、行业标准、企业标准。编写技术文件、书刊以及学术交流和技术业务交往中亦应参照使用。2引用标准下列标准所包含的条文，通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。本标准出版时，所示版本均为有效。所有标准都会被修订，使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。GB1.4-88标准化工作导则化学分析方法标准编写规定GB1467-78冶金产品化学分析方法标准的总则及一般规定GB3102.8-93物理化学和分子物理学的量和单位33.13.1术语一般1化学分析chemicalanalysis以化学、物理或物理化学方法确定物质的化学成分、状态、价态的技术。2测定determination通过实验获得某一物质的物理或化学特征信息的全部操作。3测定范围rangeofdetermination在一定允许差下，某一分析方法的测定上限至测定下限的范围。4测定上限maximumlimitofdetermination在一定允许差下，某一分析方法实际可测定到的某组分的最大量或浓度。5测定下限minimumlimitofdetermination在一定允许差下，某一分析方法实际可测定到的某组分的最小量或浓度。6质量分数massratio物质(组分)的质量与混合物(试样)的质量之比。7灵敏度sensitivity某一分析方法或反应鉴定或测定某组分，其测量值随被测组分的量或浓度的变化量。3.18信噪比signal-noiseratio信号与噪音的比值。9空白试验blanktest国家质f技术监督局1998一07一15批准1999一02一01实施1标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998求空白值的试验。通常在不加入试样或被测组分的情况下，按与分析试样完全相同的条件和步骤进行。3.1.10空白值blankvalue空白试验所得到的测定值。它是由试剂、器皿、环境等引人的额外的增加值。3.1.11检出限detectionlimit(DL)在一定置信度下，能产生一个确证试样中存在的被测组分的分析信号所对应的该组分的最小量或最小浓度。在与测定实际试样完全相同的条件下，作不加入被测组分的重复测定，求出空白值的平均值X。和空白值的标准偏差Sbl，则能在一定置信度下被检出的最小测量值X,=X6,+KSb,(K值通常取3)，所对XL一XblXL-XbI应的被测组分的浓度CL=，或被测组分的量qL-，就是分析方法的检出限。d2/d。或d,r/dcdx/dqdz/dq即该分析方法工作曲线的斜率。3.1.12未检出notdetection(ND)化学分析结果的一种表示方法。即利用确定的方法测定时，结果表明该被测组分量小于此种方法的检出限。3.1.13工作曲线workingcurve亦称校正曲线。表示测量值与物质的特性量之间的关系曲线。3.1.14回收试验recoverytest检验分析方法准确度的一种方法。即对定量加入到试样中的被测组分进行全过程操作，其测得量与加入量进行比较，计算回收率。3.1.15回收率recovery回收试验中加人被测组分的测得量与加人量之比。3.1.16物质的量amountofsubstance以Avogadro常数为计数单位，表示物质的指定的基本单元是多少的一个物理量，符号为。。，等于系统中物质的质量与指定的基本单元摩尔质量之比。基本单元可以是原子、分子、离子、电子、光子及其他粒子，或是这些粒子的特定组合。3.1.17摩〔尔]mole物质的量的单位。符号为mol。是一系统的物质的量，该系统中所包含的基本单元数与。.012千克碳-12的原子数相等。在使用摩尔时基本单元应予指明。3.1.18浓度concentration溶质的质量、体积、物质的量与溶剂或溶液的质量、体积之比。3.1.19物质的量浓度amountofsubstanceconcentration物质B的物质的量，。除以混合物的体积V，符号‘。，法定主单位为mol/L,3.1.20摩尔质量molarmass质量,n除以物质的量na。符号为M，法定单位为kg/mol.3.1.21差减法subtractingmethod用100减去试样中非欲测成分的定量值(质量百分数)，以得到的差值表示被测组分的含量。3.1.22标准加入法standardadditionmethod为消除干扰物质引入的系统误差所采用的一种分析方法。取几份(例如四份)等量的试样溶液.除了一份(浓度为‘。)外，其余按顺序加入不同量的被测组分的标准溶液，并稀释至一定的相同体积。设。。、ClIC2,C3分别代表它们的浓度，所测得的物理量对应地为MO,M=M2,M,。将被测物理量M对浓度。作图，得到的直线外延与浓度坐标相交，交点为。二，即为试样中被测组分的浓度。3.1.23常温ordinarytemperature免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Ga/T17433-1998指其温度在15^250C,24常压normalpressure标准大气压，即100000Pa.3.125线性范围linearrange测得的物理量与被测组分浓度成线性关系的范围。反映方法对不同浓度的适应性。323分析.方法23.2按目的任务定性分析qualitativeanalysis识别和鉴定组成物质的元素、离子、分子或官能团的分析。3.2.1.2定量分析quantitativeanalysis确定物质中各种组分含量的分析。3.2.1.3物相分析phaseanalysis确定物质中有关组分的存在形态的分析。3.2.2按原理3.2.2.1化学分析法chemicalanalysismethod利用化学反应及其计量关系的分析方法。如利用化学沉淀反应的重量分析，利用中和反应、氧化还原反应、络合反应进行滴定的滴定分析等。3.2.2.2仪器分析法instrumentalanalysismethod采用仪器设备，通过测量物质的某些物理或物理化学性质的参数及其变化来确定试样的组成、含量及结构的一类分析方法。3.2-2.3重量分析法gravimetricanalysismethod根据反应产物(一般是沉淀)的质量来确定被测组分在试样中的含量的分析方法。3.2-2.4滴定分析法titrimetricanalysismethod将一种已知浓度的试剂溶液滴加到被测组分的试液中，根据完成化学反应所消耗的试剂量来确定被测组分含量的分析方法。3.2-2.5氧化还原滴定法。xidation-reductiontitrationmethod以氧化还原反应为基础的滴定分析方法。以氧化剂或还原剂为滴定剂，直接滴定一些具有还原性或氧化性的物质;或者间接滴定一些本身并没有氧化还原性，但能与某些氧化剂或还原剂起反应的物质。3.2-2.6酸碱滴定法acid-basetitrationmethod利用酸碱中和反应的滴定分析方法。3.2-2.7络合滴定法complexometrictitrationmethod以络合反应为基础的滴定分析方法。3.2-2.8沉淀滴定法precipitationtitrationmethod利用沉淀反应进行滴定的分析方法。3.2-2.9光度滴定法photometrictitrationmethod在滴定过程中利用光度计记录吸光度的变化，从而确定滴定终点的滴定分析方法。适用于滴定有色的或混浊的溶液。3.2.2.10原子发射光谱法atomicemissionspectrometry,AES简称光谱分析法。根据原子或离子在一定条件下受到激发后自发发射的特征光谱的波长和强度，进行元素的定性和定量分析的方法。试样在电弧、火花、等离子体等激发光源的作用下转变为气态原子，并使其外层电子激发至高能级，当它从高能级跃迁回到基态或其他较低能级时，原子发射出特征光，经色散后可用照相或光电方法将谱线记录下来。根据各元素具有特征的线光谱进行元素的定性检测，根据谱线强度进行定量分析。标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/T17433-19983.2.2.11化学光谱法chemicalspectrometry根据试样中各组分的化学性质的不同，预先用化学方法将试样中痕量组分与基体分离、富集，然后对这些痕量组分进行光谱测定的分析方法。3.2.2.12电感祸合等离子体原子发射光谱法inductivelycoupledplasmaatomicemissionspec-trometry,ICP-AES以电感祸合等离子体为激发光源的原子发射光谱分析技术。3.2.2.13火焰光度分析法flamephotometricanalysis发射光谱分析的一个分支。对于一些激发电位较低的元素，如K,Na等，可以用火焰作激发源，将试样以溶液形式喷人火焰，其原子和分子在火焰中受热激发发光，以单色器分出特征谱线，用光电器件检测进行测定。3.2.2.14原子吸收光谱法atomicabsorptionspectrometry,AAS利用蒸气状态的基态原子具有吸收特征辐射的性质进行分析的方法。试样通过高温火焰或石墨炉等原子化器，转变为原子蒸气，以可提供特征辐射的灯作光源，光源发出的特征辐射经过原子蒸气时被吸收而减弱，其减弱程度与被测元素浓度成正比。通过测量辐射减弱的程度可求得待测元素的含量。3.2.2.15火焰原子吸收光谱法flameatomicabsorptionspectrometry利用火焰使分析元素原子化的原子吸收光谱法。3.2.2.16石墨炉原子吸收光谱法graphitefurnaceatomicabsorptionspectrophotometry,GFAAS以石墨炉为原子化器的原子吸收光谱方法。3.2.2.17氢化物发生一原子吸收光谱法hydridegeneration-atomicabsorptionmethod通过化学反应使试样溶液中待测元素转化为气态共价氢化物，再将氢化物导入原子化器进行原子吸收测定的方法。3.2.2.18原子荧光光谱法atomicfluorescencespectrometry,AFS利用测量基态原子在辐射能激发下发射的荧光强度进行分析的光谱法。被测基态元素的原子蒸气吸收光源的特征辐射后，其外层电子激发到较高能级，当它以辐射方式去活化，由高能级跃迁返回基态或较低能级时，发射出与原激发辐射波长相同或不同的辐射，即原子荧光。通过测量荧光强度求得待测元素含量。3.2.2.19X射线荧光光谱法X-rayfluorescencespectrometry,XRF利用原级X射线光子或其他微观粒子激发待测物质中的原子，使其引起内层电子的跃迁，发射出具有一定特征波长的次级X射线(即荧光X射线)，根据测得谱线的波长和强度，从而进行物质成分分析和化学态研究的方法。3.2.2.20紫外一可见分光光度法ultraviolet-visibleabsorptionspectroscopy根据被测定物质分子对紫外一可见波段范围单色光的吸收、散射或反射强度进行物质的定性或定量分析的方法。3.2.2.21荧光分析法fluorescenceanalysis利用某些物质受光照射所产生的荧光的特性和强度，进行物质的定性或定量分析的方法3.2.2.22电解分析法electrolyticanalysis建立在电解过程基础上的电化学分析法。此法中测定的金属离子以金属状态在阴极析出或以一定组成的氧化物形态在阳极析出，称量析出物的重量可求出溶液中金属离子的含量，亦称为电重量分析法。电解分析法有两种，恒电流电解分析法和控制电位电解分析法。3.2.2.23电位滴定法potentiometrictitration将一指示电极和一参比电极插入被滴定的溶液中组成化学电池，利用滴定过程指示电极电位的突跃来指示滴定终点的滴定分析方法。3.2.2.24电流滴定法amperometrictitration免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/T17433-1998利用电解池中电流的变化指示滴定终点的滴定分析方法，又称安培滴定法，可分为一个极化电极的安培滴定法和两个极化电极的安培滴定法。用滴汞电极作为极化电极的一个极化电极的安培滴定法称为极谱滴定法。两个极化电极的安培滴定法称为死停终点法或双安培滴定法。3.2.2.25电导滴定法conductometrictitration利用滴定过程中电导的变化指示滴定终点的分析方法。3.2.2.26离子选择性电极分析法ionselectiveelectrodeanalysis以离子选择性电极作为测量器件或指示器件的电化学分析法。包括通过测量膜电位求得溶液中待测离子浓度的直接电位法和以离子选择性电极为指示电极的电位滴定法。3.2.2.27伏安法voltametry通过测定电解过程中所得的电流一电位(或电位一时间)曲线来确定溶液中被测组分的浓度的电化学分析法。3.2.2.28极谱法polarography电解池中使用滴汞电极或其他表面能够周期性更新的液体电极为极化电极的伏安法。3.2.2.29库仑分析法coulometricanalysis建立在电解过程基础上的电化学分析法。在电解过程中，电极上起反应的物质的量与通过电解池的电量成正比。在合适的条件下测量通过电解池的电量，计算出在电极上起反应的物质的量。利用这一原理建立的分析方法即库仑分析法。分为两大类:控制电位库仑分析法和恒电流库仑分析法。3.2.2.30质谱法massspectrometry,MS采用高速电子束撞击气态分子，将分解出的阳离子加速导入质量分析器中，然后按质荷比的大小顺序进行收集和记录，即得到质谱图，根据质谱图峰的位置和强度，可以进行定性和定量分析。3.2.2.31电感祸合等离子体质谱法inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry,ICP-MS以电感藕合等离子体作为离子源的质谱分析技术。3.2.2.32中子活化分析法neutronactivationanalysis,NAA一种核分析方法。以一定能量和流强的中子轰击待测试样，然后测量所生成的放射性核素的特征辐射，通过测量射线能量和半衰期进行定性分析，通过测量射线强度进行定量分析。3.2.2.33火试金法fireassay将试样和适当的熔剂在一起加热熔融，用化学或仪器方法对得到的金属熔珠进行分析，借以测定金属含量的方法。火试金分析适用于测定各种物料中金、银、铂等贵金属的含量。3.2.2.34流动注射分析法flowinjectionanalysis,FIA基于一定体积的液体试样注入到一个运动着的，由适当液体组成的连续载流中，被注入的试样在载流中形成一个分散带并被推向检测器，由检测器连续记录其通过流通池时的吸光度、电极电位或其他物理量变化的分析技术。3.2.2.35脉冲红外吸收法impulse-infraredabsorptionmethod在惰性气氛下以脉冲炉加热熔融石墨增涡中的试样，逸出的气体进入红外线检测器中进行测定的气体分析方法。3.2.2.36高频红外吸收法highfrequency-infraredabsorptionmethod试料在助熔剂存在下，于高频感应炉内，氧气氛中熔融燃烧，逸出的气体进入红外线检测器中进行测定的气体分析方法。3.2.2.37色谱法chromatography利用物质在固定相和流动相之间相互作用的平衡场内行为的差异，从多组分混合物中使单一组分互相分离，继而进行定性检出和定量测定的分析方法。用气体作流动相，称为气相色谱法，用液体作流动相则称为液相色谱法。3.2.2.38比浊分析法turbidimetry标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998根据测量光线通过悬浮液后透射光的强度进行分析的方法。3.2.2.39浊度分析法nephelometry根据测量光线通过悬浮液后散射光的强度进行分析的方法。3.2.3按试料量3.2.3.1常量分析macroanalysis试料量为。.19以上的化学分析。3.2-3.2半微量分析semimicroanalysis试料量为。.10.01g的化学分析。3.2.3.3微量分析microanalysis试料量为。.01一。.001g的化学分析。3.2-3.4超微量分析ultramicroanalysis试料量<。.001g的化学分析。3.2.4按被测组分在试样中的质量分数3.2.4.1大量组分分析alargenumbercomponentanalysis试样中，被测组分的质量分数为1%一100%的化学分析。3.2.4.2少量组分分析alittlecomponentanalysis试样中，被测组分的质量分数为100^10-1%的化学分析。3.2.4.3痕量组分分析tracecomponentanalysis试样中，被测组分的质量分数为小于10-2肠的化学分析。3.2.5按要求3.2.5.1常规分析routineanalysis又称例行分析，指日常作业进行的化学分析。3.2.5.2快速分析rapidanalysis在保证一定的准确度和精密度的前提下，用尽可能简便的操作，在短时间内即可完成的化学分析。3.2-5.3仲裁分析arbitrationanalysis两个实验室分析同一试样，结果有显著差别而发生争议时，要求双方认可的第三实验室所进行的再分析。3.2.5.4全分析totalanalysis测定试样中所有组分而进行的分析。3.2.5.5元素分析elementalanalysis检测试样中各元素含量而进行的分析。有机元素分析是测定有机化合物中各元素的含量，进而推算出化合物中各元素的组成比，确定其实验式。3.2-5.6自动分析automaticanalysis借助仪器装置而自动进行的分析。一般除处理样品外，不需分析人员参与操作就能自动进行，并给出分析结果。3.2.5.7点滴分析spotanalysis在滤纸或瓷质点滴板上，只用一滴试液即可进行的微量化学分析。3.2-5.8现场分析sceneanalysis在取样现场进行的分析。3.2.5.9在线分析on-lineanalysis利用自动取样和样品预处理装置，将分析仪器与生产线相连，样品经预处理装置被间歇地或连续地送到分析仪器中进行分析。3.2.5.10过程分析processanalysis免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)cs/T17433-1998化学过程自动控制分析。分为离线方式、现场方式、在线方式、内线方式和非破坏性方式等五种形式。3.3试样3.3.1取样、制样3.3.1.1取样sampling从分析对象的总体中采集一定数量具有代表性样品的过程。3.3门.2制样preparativesample将采得的样品制备成实验室样品所进行的一系列操作。3.3.1.3筛分sieving用不同筛号的筛把固体物料按所要求的颗粒大小分开的操作。3.3.1.4四分法quartering取样的一种方法。将随机采集的物料聚成一个圆锥体，然后将锥顶压平，划“十”字将其等分为四份，弃去相对的两个四分之一部分，把留下的堆成另一圆锥体，再分为四部分，照此重复弃留，直到最后所留数量为所要求的试样量为止。3.3.2试样3.3.2.1实验室样品laboratorysample送交实验室供检验或测试的样品。3.3.2.2试样testsample由实验室样品进一步制得的，可进行称量的样品。3.3.2.3试料testportion用以进行检验或观测所称取的一定量的试样。3.3.2.4合成试样syntheticsample根据试验要求人工配制的试样3.3.2.5模拟试样simulatedsample仿照实际试样的成分、状态等条件，人工制备的试样。3.4试剂3.4.1标准物质3.4.1.1标准物质referencematerial具有一种或多种准确确定的特性量值，且足够均匀的物质。标准物质用于校准测量仪器、评价测试方法或确定材料特性量值。化学分析中的标准物质，其化学成分均匀、稳定，并已准确确定其含量3.4.，.2认证标准物质certifiedreferencematerial具有证书的标准物质。其一种或多种特性量值是以建立了计量溯源性的程序确定的，且每个特性量值均附有一定置信水平的不确定度。3.4.1.3基准物质primarystandardmaterial用以直接配制标准溶液或标定其他溶液浓度的物质3.4.1.4标准试剂referencereagent用于衡量被测物质化学量的、并按国家标准进行严格检验的试剂。3.4.1.5标准溶液referencesolution已确定其主体物质浓度或其他特性量值的溶液。3.4.1.6标准滴定溶液standardtitrimetricsolution用于滴定分析的已知准确浓度的试剂溶液。又称滴定剂。3.4.1.7基准溶液primarystandardsolution由基准物质配制或用其他手段标定过的溶液，用于标定其他溶液。标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-19983.4.1.8标准气体referencegas具有一种或多种准确确定的特性量值的气体物质。3.4.1.9校正用气体calibrationgas用于校正检测器的标准气体。是零点校正气体、满量程校正气体和中间点校正气体的总称。3.4.2指示剂3.4.2.1指示剂indicator用以指示试液某种化学性质的试剂。滴定分析中的指示剂用来指示滴定终点。3.4-2.2内(部)指示剂internalindicator滴定分析时，加于被滴定溶液中用以判定滴定终点的指示剂。3.4-2.3外(部)指示剂externalindicator滴定分析时，取出少量被滴定溶液，在外部判定反应终点所使用的指示剂。3.4.2.4pH指示剂pHindicator用于测量溶液pH值的指示剂。3.4-2.5吸附指示剂adsorptionindicator沉淀滴定时所使用的一种指示剂。吸附指示剂是一些有机染料，它的阴离子在溶液中易被带正电荷的胶状沉淀吸附而引起颜色变化，从而指示滴定终点。3.4.2.6金属指示剂metallochromicindicator用于金属离子络合滴定的指示剂。金属指示剂与被测金属离子形成有色络合物，到达终点后，金属指示剂被滴定剂取代而释出，呈现其本身的颜色，借此颜色变化指示滴定终点。3.4.2.7酸碱指示剂acid-baseindicator用于酸碱滴定的指示剂。酸碱指示剂是有机弱酸或有机弱碱，它们在不同酸度介质中具有不同的结构，因而溶液呈现不同的颜色。3.4-2.8氧化还原指示剂oxidation-reductionindicator用于氧化还原滴定的指示剂。这类指示剂的氧化态和还原态具有不同的颜色，借以指示氧化还原滴定的终点。3.4-2.9沉淀指示剂precipicationindicator用于沉淀滴定的指示剂。3.4.3一般试剂3.4.3.1试剂reagent具有一定化学组成并已知杂质含量的一类化学物质。依其纯度和杂质含量的不同，可将化学试剂分为四个等级。一级试剂又称优级纯或保证试剂，二级试剂又称分析纯或分析试剂，三级试剂又称化学纯，四级试剂又称实验试剂。此外还有光谱纯、色谱纯、基准试剂、生化试剂等各种特殊规格的试剂。3.4-3.2有机试剂organicreagent其组成为有机化合物的试剂。在分析化学中可用作指示剂、沉淀剂、滴定剂、显色剂、萃取剂、吸附剂和掩蔽剂等。3.4-3.3非水溶剂nonaqueoussolvent除水以外能溶解其他物质的液态物质。3.4-3.4熔剂fusingagent用于熔融的试剂。常用的熔YFIJ有K2S201,KHSO,,NaiCO,,NaOH,Na,Oi等。3.4.3.5水water实验室用水规格分三级，其电导率(250C)分别为:一级，(0.1Ps"cm-";二级，成1.0ps"cm-";三级，毛5.0ps"cm-"。根据不同的实验要求，使用不同级别的水。常用的纯化水的方法有蒸馏法、亚沸蒸馏法、离子交换法和反渗透法等。免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-19983.4-3.6蒸馏水distilledwater用蒸馏的方法制备的纯水。根据不同的水质要求，可使用不同材料的蒸馏器，如硬质玻璃蒸馏器、石英蒸馏器、聚四氟乙烯蒸馏器等。3.4-3.7超纯水ultrapurewater经过蒸馏、离子交换、反渗透及超过滤等多步纯化手段而制得的水。其电导率(。.1ps·cm-.3.4.3.8离子交换水ionexchangewater又称去离子水。用离子交换法制备的纯水。此水中的有机物不能除去。3.4-3.9离子交换树脂ionexchangeresin带有功能基的网状结构、具有离子交换能力的一类高分子化合物。根据树脂中活性基团所交换离子电荷的不同，可分为阳离子交换树脂和阴离子交换树脂。能与溶液中高价阳离子作用形成钳环形络合物的树脂称为赘合树脂。3.4.3.10萃淋树脂levextrelresin一种含有液态萃取剂的树脂，它是以苯乙烯一二乙烯苯为骨架的大孔结构和有机萃取剂的共聚物，兼有离子交换和萃取的作用。3.4.3.11萃取剂extractant进行萃取分离时所使用的一类有机试剂。它们能与被萃取物结合，并溶于有机相。萃取剂可分为酸性萃取剂，中性萃取剂和离子缔合萃取剂(或称碱性萃取剂)三类。3.4.3.12沉淀剂precipitant使之发生沉淀反应所用的试剂。包括无机沉淀剂和有机沉淀剂两大类。3.4.3.13脱水剂dehydratingagent能从一种材料中除去水分的物质。例如浓硫酸能从有机化合物分子内或分子间除去水分子而形成新的化合物。前者如醇转化为烯，后者如醇转化为醚。3.4.3.14稀释剂diluent用于降低物质浓度的试剂。3.4.3.15干燥剂dryingagent能强烈吸收水分的物质。常用的干燥剂有颗粒状五氧化二磷、无水氯化钙和硅胶等。3.4.3.16稳定剂stabilizer能增加溶液、胶体或固体物质的稳定性、防止其变质的试剂。3.4.3.17掩蔽剂maskingagent能与体系中干扰组分结合，从而消除干扰的试剂。3.4.3.18解蔽剂demaskingagent能够将被掩蔽的离子释放出来的试剂。3.4.3.19浴液bathliquid用作传热媒体的液体。如水浴中的水，甘油浴中的甘油。3.4.3.20pH试纸pHtestpaper用于测定溶液pH值的试纸。由滤纸浸透几种酸碱指示剂的混合溶液制成，在不同pH值溶液中显示出不同的颜色。分为广泛pH试纸和精密pH试纸两大类。3.5装置、仪器及器具3.5.1一般装置3.5.1.1电炉electricfurnace一种电加热装置。有电阻电炉、电弧电炉、感应电炉等。化学分析常用电阻电炉。3.5.1.2管状炉tubularfurnace以电热丝或硅碳棒为加热元件，具有管状炉膛的加热设备。使用时在炉膛中插人一根瓷管或石英9标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998管.管内放置盛有反应物的舟。3.51.3马弗炉mafflefurnace以硅碳棒或电热丝为发热元件的箱式高温炉。用于灼烧试祥、增祸和沉淀，碱熔融处理试样等。炉内温度由温度控制器自动调节35.1.4砂浴sandbath以砂为传热媒体的加热装置一般是在铁盘中装入干燥细沙，把受热容器的底部埋入沙中，加热，温度可达数百度35.1.5空气浴airbath以空气为传热媒体的加热装置。热源与受热容器之间有空气相隔。3.51.6油浴oilbath以油为传热媒体的加热装置。多用于有机液体的加热或减压蒸馏。常用的油浴液有甘油、液体石蜡、植物油和硅油等。35.1.7烘箱oven以电热丝为加热元件，用于烘干试样、沉淀或器皿的设备。烘箱设有温度控制器可自动调节箱内温度。3.5.1.8恒温槽thermastat以液体为介质的恒温装置。由槽体、搅拌器、加热器、感温元件和电子继电器构成。根据所控温度不同，可选用水、甘泊、液体石蜡和硅油等介质。3.5.1.9离心机。entrifuge利用高速旋转产生的离心力，分离溶液中的少量沉淀(悬浮胶粒)或不同密度峥液体(乳浊液)的种装W.o3.5.1-10电磁搅拌器electromagneticwhisk利用电磁学原理搅拌溶液的装置。使用时，将玻璃容器放在磁场盘仁，容器中盛欲搅拌的溶液和一枚磁性转子。由电动机带动磁钢，再带动容器中的转子旋转，达到搅拌溶液的目的。3.5.1.11电动振荡器electricallyascillator带有盛放试验容器的振荡托盘，由电动机通过一偏心轮带动，使其沿水平方向胜复振动的设备。有的振动频率固定，有的可以调节。常用于试样的溶解、某些成分的浸取或有机萃取分离等操作3.5-1-12真空泵vacuumpump为获得负压或真空，从一个体系抽吸出气体(或蒸气)所用的装置真空4A用于真空蒸发、真空蒸馏、真空过滤等操作。3.5.1.13气体流量计gasflowmeter计量气体流量的仪表。安装在管路中用于记录流过的气体量。按结构不同，气体流量计可分为千式和湿式两种3.5.2仪器35.2.1分光光度计spectrophotometer测量介质对不同波长的单色光吸收程度的仪器。用于分光光度分析。仪器通常由光源、分光系统(单色器)、吸收池、检测器和测量信号显示系统五个基本部分组成按光源所提供的光l区不同，可分为可见光分光光度计、紫外一可见分光光度计和红外分光光度计等。按通过样品和参比溶液光束数量的不同，可分为单光束分光光度计和双光束分光光度计。按测定时提供波长种数的不同，可分为单波长分光光度计和双波长分光光度计。35.2.2原子吸收分光光度计atomicabsorptionspectrophotometer用于原子吸收光谱分析的仪器。通常由光源、原子化器、单色器和检测系统等基本部分组成。光源多为空心阴极灯，有时也用无极放电灯。常用的原子化器为火焰原子化器和石策炉原子化器10免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433一19983.5.2.3原子荧光光谱仪atomicfluorescencespectrometer用于原子荧光光谱分析的仪器。其基木部件包括激发光源、原子化器、色散系统(非色散原子荧光光谱仪除外)和检测器。3.5.2.4X射线荧光光谱仪X-rayfluorescencespectrometer用于X射线荧光光谱分析的测量仪器。根据分光原理的不同，可分为波长色散型和能量色散型两种。波长色散型仪器主要由X光管激发源、晶体分光器、探测器和计数系统等部分组成。能量色散型仪器与前者不同的是，用半导体探测器和多道脉冲分析器代替晶体分光器和普通的探测器。3.5.2.5原子发射光谱仪atomicemissionspectrometer用于原子发射光谱分析的测量仪器。其工作原理是利用色散元件和光学系统将被分析物质发射的光谱按不同的波长分开排列，然后加以记录和测量。光谱分析所用仪器包括激发光源和光谱仪两大部分。常用的激发光源有电弧、电火花和电感祸合高频等离子体。光谱仪由A(f明系统、准光系统、色散系统和记录测量系统组成根据所用色散元件的不同，可分为棱镜光谱仪与光栅光谱仪.根据光谱记录和测量方法的不同，可分为看谱镜、摄谱仪和光电直读光谱仪。3.5.2.6火焰分光光度计flamespectrophotometer用干原子和分子火焰发射光谱分析的仪器。其构造包括发光、分光和测光三个部分。发光部分由喷雾一燃烧器组成。分光部分由聚光照明系统和色散元件组成。测光部分由检测器和读数装置组成3.5-2.7质谱仅massspectrometer利用电磁学原理;使物质分子产生带正电荷的离子，井按离子的质荷比将它们分离，同时记录和显示这些离子的相对强度的仪器质谱仪由进样系统、离子源或电离室、质量分析器、离子检测器和记录系、统等部分组成。根据质量分析器的工作原理，质谱仪可分为静态和动态两大类3.5.2.8气相居语仪gaschromatographymeter用于气相色谱分析的仪器由气路系统、进样系统、分离系统、温度控制系统以及检测和记录系统组成。3.5-2.9液相色谱仪!iquidchromatographymeter用于液相色进分析的仪器，由输液系统、进样系统、分离系统和检测系统组成。采用颗粒极细的高效固定相，并运用高压篆输送流动相的仪器称为高效液相色谱仪。3-5.2.10极谱仪polaxograph记录极谱电解过程中电流一电位(或电位一时间)曲线的仪器。多用三电极系统，即工作电极、参比电极和辅助电极。3.5.2.11库仑分析仪coulometricanalyzer用于库仑分析的仪器。由电源、电解池、恒电位仪和库仑计四部分组成。库仑汁是库仑分析仪的核心部分，用于准确测量电量。库仑计分为化学库仑计、电动机械库仑计和电子库仑计二大类。化学库仑计是结构简单、测量最准确的一类库仑计.其本身是一个电解池，它与样品测定电解池串联使用。按测定方式的不同，化学库仑计叮分为重量库仑计(如银库仑计、铜库仑计)、体积库仑计(如氢一氧库仑计、氢-氮库仑计)、滴定库仑计和电流积分库仑计3.5.2.12电解仪。lectrolyticinstrument根据电解原理，用适当的电极将被测元素以纯金属或难溶化合物的形式定幼地沉积在电极七，进行分离或重靖法测定的仪器。最常用的电极是铂电极。3.5.2.13离子计tonmeter与离子选择电极配套，用电位法测定溶液中离子活度(或浓度)的仪器3.5.2.14pH计pHmeter使用pH指示电极，以电位法为原理测量溶液pH值的一种仪器，也称酉勿变计。由电极和电位计两部分组成。常用的指示电极为玻璃电极，参比电极为饱和甘汞电极。测量范围为pHO--11。标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)c8/T17433-19983.5.3天平15.3.1天平balance准确测量物体质量的仪器。按构造原理的不同，分为机械天平和电子天平两大类。机械天平是根据杠杆原理设计的，按其结构特点，可分为等臂双盘天平(包括摆幅天平，阻尼天平和电光阻尼天平)、等臂单盘天平(电光阻尼天平)和不等臂单盘天平几种。电子天平是根据电磁力补偿原理设计制造的。习惯上，按天平的分度值(绝对精度)不同，又可把天平分为常量分析天平(0.1mg/分度)、微量天平(0.01mg/分度)和超微量天平(0.001mg/分度)。3.5.3.2单盘天平singlepanbalance指不等臂单盘天平，也称双刀(一个支点刀，一个承重刀)单盘天平。具有全部机械减码装置和光学读数系统祛码和被称物在同一个悬挂系统中。称量时，放上被称物，转动旋钮减去悬挂系统上的祛码，使横梁保持全载平衡状态。3.5-3.3电子天平electronicforcebalance根据电磁学原理设计制造的天平。有顶部承载式(吊挂单盘)和底部承载式(上皿)两种结构电子天平一般都具有数字显示、自动调零、自动校准、扣除皮重和输出打印等功能。15.3,4祛码weights具有确定质量和规定形状的实物量具。用于测量物体的质量或检定天平15.4器具3.5.4.1称量瓶weighingbottle精确称量分析试样或基准物时所用的玻璃容器。一般为圆筒形，并带有磨口瓶盖。3.5.4.2乳钵mortar也称研钵。与乳棒一起将固体物质研碎、磨细、混匀的器具。依制造材料不同可分为瓷乳钵、玻璃乳钵和玛瑙乳钵等3.5.4.3钳涡crucible用于样品熔融或沉淀灼烧的容器。依制造材料不同可分为瓷塔祸、刚玉柑竭、石墨钳锅、石英柑祸、铁柑涡、镍增祸、铂增祸等15.4.4蒸发皿evaporatingdish用于进行蒸发操作的器皿。一般为瓷质，内壁上釉，半球形，圆底或平底。3.5.4.5铂皿platinumdish用于加热和溶解试样的铂制蒸发皿。3.5-4.6舟boat在反应容器、反应管或燃烧管中进行加热、燃烧或其他操作时，用于盛放试样，使其不接触反应器壁或管壁的船形小容器。依制造材料不同，可分为瓷舟、石英舟和铂舟等。3.5-4.7烧杯beaker可加热的杯形容器，杯口有供液体流出的嘴。应用最多的是由耐护玻璃制成的玻璃烧杯。其他还有石英烧杯、银烧杯和聚四氟乙烯烧杯等。3.5-4.8表面皿watchglass圆形凹面玻璃片。用以覆盖烧杯、蒸发皿、漏斗等，以免溶液溅出或灰尘落入3.5-4.9锥形瓶Erlenmeyerflask可加热的平底锥形玻璃容器。滴定分析中经常使用15.4.10烧瓶flask进行加热或合成等化学操作时所用的带颈球形玻璃容器。分圆底烧瓶和平底烧瓶两种3.5.4-11容量瓶graduatedflask细颈梨形平底玻璃容器。带有磨11塞或塑料塞，颈上有容量标线。容量瓶用于配制准确浓度的溶液12免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998或定量稀释溶液。3.5-4.12移液管pipet用于准确移取一定体积溶液的量出式玻璃量器。包括单标线吸量管、分度吸量管和移液器三类单标线吸量管为一细长玻璃管，下端是尖嘴状流液口，中间有一膨大部分管颈上部刻有一圈体积标线，用于移取该移液管标称容量所示的一定体积的溶液分度吸量管是一根粗细均匀的细长玻璃管，下端有一尖嘴，管身刻有体积分度标线，分度吸量管用于移取非固定量溶液。移液器利用空气排代原理，分为定量式和可调式两种移液器由定位部件、容量调节指示部分，活塞套和吸液嘴四部分组成。15.4.13滴定管burette可准确放出不固定量液体的量出式玻璃量器。主要用于滴定分析中测量滴定剂的体积。滴定管的管身为一根细长且内径均匀的玻璃管，上面刻有均匀的分度线，下端是呈尖嘴状的流液口，并有控制溶液流速的截门截门有玻璃磨口旋塞、聚四氟乙烯磨口旋塞和玻璃珠三种。依调节零位方法的不同，又可分为普通滴定管和自动定零位滴定管两种15.4.14量筒measuringcylinder具有容量标度的圆筒状量器，用于粗略量取一定体积的液体。15.4.15滴管droppingpipet带有橡皮乳头的尖嘴小玻璃管。用于吸取或滴加液体3.5.4.16滴瓶droppingbottle带有磨口滴管的玻璃瓶。用于盛放液体试剂或溶液。3.5-4.17杜瓦瓶Dewarflask盛放液态气体的容器。瓶体由双层玻璃构成，两层玻璃的内侧壁上镀银，其间抽成真空并密封。杜瓦瓶内外的热交换能大大降低，因而用其盛放液态气体时能较长时间维持低温。15.4.18洗瓶washbottle利用空气排代原理，可将瓶内液体压出的器具有玻璃洗瓶和塑料洗瓶两种。3.5.4.19洗气瓶gaswashbottle洗涤或干燥气体所用的玻璃瓶，其磨口塞上有两根与外界相通的玻璃管，其中一根长管插至瓶的底部，用于通入待洗涤或干燥的气体，另一根短管为洗净后气体的出口。瓶中所盛液体依需要而异，例如NaOH溶液可除去气体中的CO，浓HMSO;可使气体干燥。3.5.4.20吸滤瓶、uctionbottle与布氏漏斗或烧结玻璃滤器配套，进行过滤操作时承接滤液的带支管的锥形瓶。该瓶能够耐受真空减压。3.5.4.21水泵aspirator又称抽气泵。用于抽取空气的器具。其内有一窄口，当水流急剧流经窄口时，水即把空气带出，造成低压。水泵多由玻璃吹制而成，也有金属和塑料制品。3.5.4.22漏斗funnel具有大口、细颈的一种器具。过滤或将溶液注入小口容器时使用。有短颈、长颈、粗颈等几种。由玻璃或塑料制成3.5.4.23布氏漏斗Buchnerfunnel中间带有多孔瓷板的白色瓷质漏斗。该漏斗与吸滤瓶配套使用用于沉淀分离。3.5.4.24烧结玻璃"l器sinteredglassfilter以多孔玻璃滤片为过滤层的玻璃过滤器。其滤片是用玻璃砂在600℃左右烧结成的，依其孔径大小的不同分为6个规格，1号孔径最大((80-v120pin)，用于过滤粗颗粒状沉淀，6号孔径最小(<2pm)，用于过滤细菌。依外形不同，烧结玻璃过滤器又可分为漏斗形和柑祸形两种，它们都与吸滤瓶配套使用。15,4.25分液漏斗separatorsfunnel标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)CB/T17433-1998球形、梨形或圆筒形玻璃漏牛，带有活塞和磨口盖。常用于两种不相溶液体的分离15.4-26分馏柱dephlegmator分离混合液的一种装置在分馏柱中、借助气液两相的充分接触，反复地进行部分气化和部分冷凝作用，使混合液分离为纯组分。3.5.4.27冷凝管condenser蒸馏操作中冷却蒸气，使之凝结成液体的管子，由玻璃制成分空气冷凝管、直形冷凝管、球形冷凝管和蛇形冷凝管等几种。3.5.4.28启普发生器Kipp"sgenerator依靠化学反应制备气体的装置。由葫芦状容器和球形漏斗组成，通过活塞可随时控制气体的发生和流速。适用于实验室中制造氢气、一氧化碳和硫化氢等气体。3.5.4.29干燥器desiccator进行干燥或保存干燥物品的玻璃器具。其内置放一块带多个圆孔的瓷板，瓷板下面放干燥剂，瓷板上面放待干燥物品。干燥器分为普通干燥器和真空干燥器两种。3.5.4.30试管testtube可加热的圆底玻璃管。在进行化学实验时，将少量物质放入其中，以观察反应现象。3.5.4.31离心管centrifugingtube用干离心分离的、具有锥形底部的玻璃管。内盛待分离溶液，与离心机配套使用3.5.4.32毛细管capillary内径小到足以引起显著毛细现象的管子。3.5.4.33活塞、topcock控制流体在管路中流动的器具。活塞可以阻止或沟通管内流体的流动，也可以改绳流体的流速和方向。多为玻璃制造。依功能不同，有普通活塞和真空活塞之分。依构通管路数目+13`1不祠，又可分为二通活塞、三通活塞等。3.5.4.34筛sieve用于把颗粒状物质按其大小分开的器具主要部分是由金属丝编成的网格或穿士有很多小孔的金属板。表示筛孔大小的数值称为筛号，筛号愈大.筛孔愈小，筛出的颗粒愈细15.4.35滤纸filterpaper具有良好过滤性能的纸。由精制洁白的木浆或棉浆制成。滤纸的纸质疏松爹孔，有很强的吸水性，用于沉淀的过滤。常用的滤纸分为定量滤纸和定性滤纸两种。按过滤速度的不同，又可分为快速、中速和慢速几种。3.5.4.36感光板。hotographicplate以特种玻璃为片基，涂布卤化银微晶乳剂等制成的感光材料光谱分析用的感光板可根据使用的感光范围和灵敏度的不同分为若十类型15.4.37吸收池absorptioncell亦称比色皿、液槽。分光光度分析中盛放待测溶液的方形容器，由玻璃或石英等材料制成。用于可见光和紫外分光光度分析的吸收池，其透光的两面采用透明材料(可见光分析用光学玻璃，紫外光分析用石英)，另两面采用毛玻璃。分了荧光光度分析中用的吸收池四面均由透明的石英材料构成。3.5.4.38盐桥saltbridge一种消除液体接界电位的装i。由适当的盐类浓溶液被琼脂或砂芯玻璃固定在倒U型的玻璃管中而制成。盐桥安插在两个半电池的溶液之间以代替原来溶液的直接接触，可基本消除液体接界电位，提高测定精度，或将被测溶液与参比半电池隔开以避免发生化学沉淀。用作盐桥中的电解质需具备如I,-条件(1)正、负离子的迁移率大致相等(如KCI,KNO=,NH,NO)。(2)浓溶液。(3)不与半电池中溶液发生化学反应免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/"r17433-19983.5.4.39工作电极workingelectrode因电解池中有电流通过，使本体溶液成分发生显著变化的电极。例如电解用的铂电极。3.5.4.40指示电极indicatingelectrode用来指示电极表面被测溶液中某一离子的活度(或浓度)的电极在测试过程中，指示电极只作为一种响应激发信号和被测溶液成分之间关系的传感器，并不引起被测溶液主体浓度可观察到的变化。如测量溶液pH值的玻璃电极，电位法中的离子选择性电极和极谱分析中的滴汞电极等。3.5.4.41参比电极referenceelectrode测量电极电位时，提供电位标准的电极。常用的参比电极有标准氢电极、甘汞电极、银一氯化银电极等3.5.4.42离子选择性电极ionselectiveelectrode,ISE一种电化学传感器，其敏感膜能对溶液中某特定离子产生选择性响应，且膜电位与该离子活度的负对数呈线性关系，故可借测量膜电位求得待测溶液中特定离子的活度(或浓度)。3.5-4-43pH玻璃电极pHglasselectrode用于测量溶液pH值的一种指示电极，与pH计配套使用。它有一个由对氢离子有响应的敏感玻璃吹制成的薄膜球泡，内置pH值一定的内充液和Ag-AgCl电极。适用于pHl-10范围内的测量。3.5.4.44甘汞电极一calomelelectrode电化学中常用的尸种参比电极。由金属汞、Hg,Cl,Hg混合物和KCI溶液组成。常用的KCI溶液浓度有三种((0.1mol/L,1mol/l、饱和)，它们的电极电位也不同，最常用的是饱和KCl溶袱3.6操作3.6.1称量weighing将被称物和g41A决平上进行比较，以求得被称物质量的操作。称量方法有增量法和减量法两种〔16.2加热heating将热加于物质，使其温度升高的操作。3.6.3蒸发干涸evaporationtodryness从含有不挥发溶r的溶液中蒸发出液相，使之残留干锢的固相。3.6.4浓缩concentration从溶液中除去部分溶剂，使溶液浓度增大的操作。16.5熔融fusion分解难溶物质的化学反应过程。一般将难溶物质与适当的熔剂混合，经加热使其发生化学反应，达到溶解的目的。3.6.6溶解dissolution在液体中溶入其他物质，使之呈均一相的过程。3.6.7煮沸boiling加热溶液至沸腾的操作。3.6.8蒸馏distillation加热溶液，将逸出的蒸气冷却，再凝成液体的操作。用于具有不同沸点的液体混合物中各组分的分离或物质的精制16.9减压蒸馏distillationunderreducedpressure在低于大气压的条件下进行的蒸馏。3.6.10浸出leaching在物质中加入溶剂，使可溶成分溶出的操作3.6-11沉淀precipitation使溶质或悬浊物从液相中呈固相析出的现象或过程。或者指析出的物质。标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-19983.6-12重结晶recrystallization采用适当的溶剂或方法，使晶体先溶解，然后再结晶析出的过程。利用重结晶可减少或除去晶体中夹杂的杂质，并获得良好的晶形。16.13静置stillstanding在一定条件下，放置一段时间的操作过程。3.6.14陈化ageing在沉淀形成之后，将沉淀与母液一起放置一段时间，使沉淀内部发生不可逆的结构变化，从而获得晶形完整、粗大且纯净的晶形沉淀的过程。加热和搅拌可缩短陈化时间3.6.15过滤filtration使用多孔性物质，将悬浮在液体或气体中的固体颗粒分离的操作。常用的过滤方法有常压过滤、减压过滤和热过滤三种。3.6.16减压过滤filtrationunderreducedpressure又称抽滤。借助吸滤瓶进行的过滤。吸滤瓶支管与水泵或其他减压装置相连，使滤面产生负压，从而提高过滤速度，并得到较干燥的固体颗粒。3.6-17澄清defecation受重力作用，悬浮在溶液中的固体颗粒沉降，而使溶液变清的过程。3.6.18灼烧ignition加强热于固体物质的操作。3.6.19恒重constantweight重量分析中，将物质在同一条件下重复进行加热(或灼烧)后称量的操作，其前后两次称量结果之差小于规定值(如0.2mg),3.6.20掩蔽masking利用化学反应，不经分离操作而消除干扰的方法。通常是加入一种试剂，干扰离子与该试剂发生化学反应后以另一种形式存在于体系中，从而使干扰离子的浓度降低到不干扰测定的程度。16.21解蔽demasking在被掩蔽的反应体系中，加入一种试剂，使被掩蔽离子重新释放出来的方法。3.6.22滴定titration在滴定分析中，将已知准确浓度的试剂溶液(滴定剂)经滴定管逐滴加到被测物质的溶液中进行测定的操作过程。3.6.23返滴定backtitration又称回滴。先于被测物质的溶液中加人一定量过量的滴定剂，待反应完成后，再用另一种标准溶液滴定剩余的滴定剂的操作过程。回滴多在没有合适的指示剂或加入符合计量关系的滴定剂，反应不能立即完成的情况下采用。3.6-24标定standardization利用与基准物质(或已知准确浓度的溶液)的化学反应来确定某溶液准确浓度的操作3.6.25分离separation将被测组分与其他组分分开的操作。常用的分离方法有沉淀、溶剂萃取、离子交换、层析、挥发和蒸馏等。3.6.26溶P)萃取solventextraction溶于水相的溶质与有机溶剂接触后，经过物理或化学作用，转移到有机相的过程。溶剂萃取主要用于物质的分离和提纯。3.6.27反萃取backextraction改变条件，将原来由水相萃人有机相的溶质，再返回到水相的操作。免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-19983.6.28洋(倾析)decantation容器中上清液和沉淀共存时，将容器倾斜，使上清液缓慢流出，而与沉淀分离的操作3.6.29透析dialysis通过膜进行的选择性扩散。常用于分离能够通过膜的低分子量溶质与不能通过膜的高分子量溶质或胶体。3.6.30离子交换ionexchange利用离子交换树脂与溶液中离子发生交换反应而进行分离的方法。3.6.31淋洗elution以洗涤液过柱的操作。在离子交换分离过程中，指交换完成后，用洗涤液洗去残留的试液和树脂中被交换下来的离子的操作。3.6.32洗脱elution在离子交换分离过程中，指将交换到离子交换树脂上的离子，用洗脱剂置换下来的过程。在色谱法中，指流动相携带组分在色谱柱内向前移动并流出色谱柱的过程。3.6.33洗涤washing用水、酸或其他洗液将沉淀物上的残留液体杂质洗掉的操作。3.6.34离心分离centrifugalseparation利用离心机高速旋转产生的离心力将溶液中密度不同的成分进行分离的操作。3.6.35终点校正endpointcorrection对滴定终点和化学计量点的差进行修正。16.36水封watersealing为阻止气体逸出或侵入而用水形成的密封。16.37滴加droppingdropadding将液体逐滴加入的操作3.6.38炭化carbonization重量分析中，将沉淀和滤纸烘干，进而加热(不能着火)使滤纸变成炭的操作，或者分解试样中有机物质，形成富有炭素物质的操作。3.6.39灰化ashing炭化了的物质灼烧得到灰分的操作。16.40稀释dilution加入其他物质，降低某物质浓度的操作。3.6.41分取aliqust从全部溶液中按比例分出一部分的操作3.7现象、特性、反应及生成物3.7.1现象3.7.1.1饱和saturation在一定温度和压力下，溶剂中所溶解的溶质与未溶解的溶质达到溶解平衡37.1.2过饱和supersaturation溶液中所含溶质的量超过饱和状态。3.7.1.3挥发volatilization液态或固态物质转变为气态的现象，如汽油、樟脑在常温下的挥发。17.1.4结晶crystallization从溶液或熔融物中生长出晶体的过程。3.7.1.5共沉淀coprecipitation17标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/"r17433-1998一种沉淀从溶液中析出时，引起某些可溶性物质一起沉淀的现象3.7.1.6析出deposition因温度或其他外界条件的改变，从液相中生成固相的现象。3.7.1.7凝聚coagulation胶体分散体系中分散相微粒因各种因素聚集，进而沉淀的过程。又称凝结，聚沉。引起凝聚的因素有:升高温度、加入电解质、加入与原胶体带相反电荷的溶胶及浓缩等，其原因是破坏了对溶胶起保护作用的双电层或液体膜3.7.1.8悬浮suspension固体微粒分散于流体巾的现象。3.7.1.9乳化。mulsification两种完全不互溶的液体，使其中一种以微小液滴(直径在10-5-10-aem)均匀地分散在另一种液体中的现象。一3.7.1.10偏析segregation由于合金元素、头质或显微相的不均匀分布而导致的局部浓集状态。3.7.1.11暴沸btnaping液体在接近沸点的温渡下加热，发生爆发性沸腾的现象加入沸石可防止暴沸3.7.1.12电解沉积electrolyticdeposition电解时，电极grl的产物以纯金属或难溶化合物的形式沉积在电极卜的电化学过程。17.，.13点嘛zeropointshifting因某种原因使河量仪器零点移动的现象17.2特性;17.2.1酸度,acidity用pH值或浓度(mol/I)表示的溶液中H+的浓度。3.了.2.2吸光度absorbance物质对光的噢簇碑凰数值卜等于入射光强度与透射光强度之比的对数值或A-1131L率倒数的“寸数值，用符号A表示。A-log令一10lo。g-1r3.7.2.3黑度blac帷sing在发射光谱分析中，光谱感光板七乳剂经曝光和显影后变黑的程度。定义为谱片上透明部分透过光强度入与谱片曝光变黑部分透过光强度I之比的对数值，即透光率倒数1/二的对数值。S(黑度)=log令一log令。17.2.4粒度granularity与颗粒或结晶大小有关的结构特性。3.7.2.5烧减量ignitionloss物质灼烧时质量减少的量3.7-2.6热减量heatloss将物质在一定温度下加热时其质量减少的量17.2.7化学计量点、toichiometricpoint滴定分析中，当加入的滴定剂的物质的量与被测物的物质的量，正好符合化学反应式所表示的化学计量关系时，反应到达的状态。3.7.2.a滴定终点titrationendpoint在滴定分析中停止滴定的那一点滴定终点常借助于滴定体系中指示剂的颜色变化来确定。理论is免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998上应在化学计量点停止滴定，但实际上很难做到。所以滴定终点和化学计量点常常不一致确定滴定终点的方法还有电位法、光度法、电导法等，这此方法都要借助于相应的仪器3.7.2.9变色点pointofcolorchange在指示剂的变色间隔内，其颜色变化最明显之处。例如甲纂橙在pH3.1时为红色，pH4.4时为黄色，当pH-4.。时呈显著的橙色，此即甲基橙的变色点，以pT表示3-7.2.10变色域transitioninterval可目视到的指示剂变色的pH范围。指示剂的变色域位于该指示剂pKa两侧。3.7.2.11换算因数conversionfactor重量分析中，将称得的称量形的质量换算成被测组分的质量时所使用的常数。该常数为待测组分的相对原子质量(或相对分子质量)与称量形的相对分子质量之比值17.3反应17.3.1盐效应salteffect把盐加到饱和非电解质水溶液中，引起非电解质溶解度改变的效应。若溶解度降低，叫盐析;若溶解度增加，叫盐溶。利用盐析作用，可提高有机萃取的分配系数。17.3.2焰色反应flamereaction某些金属或其化合物在无色火焰中灼烧时火焰呈现出特殊颜色的反应。利用焰色反应可鉴定化合物中某些元素的存在。3.7.3.3缓冲作用4ufferaction能够缓解外加少量强酸、强碱或水的影响，保持溶液pH值不发生显著变化的作用。17.3.4同离子效应commonioneffect在弱电解质溶液中，用加入与该弱电解质具有相同离子的强电解质而使其电离度减小的效应或在电解质的饱和溶液中加入与该电解质具有相同离子的强电解质而使原电解质的溶解度降低的效应。3.7.3.5显色反应chromogenicreaction在光度分析中，将待测离子转化为有色化合物的反应。17.3.6中和反应neutralizationreaction酸和碱的反应。包括强酸与强碱、强酸与弱碱和强碱与弱酸等三种类型。3.7.3.7络合反应complexreaction络合剂与金属离子作用形成络合物的反应。3.7.3.8氧化还原反应oxidation-reductionreaction反应物之间有电子得失的一类反应。17.4生成物3.7.4.1熔融物melt试样与固体熔剂混合，于高温条件下熔化后的生成物3.7.4.2晶体crystal由原子或分子在空间按一定规律周期性地重复排列所构成的固体物质。3.7.4.3残渣residue经溶解、加热、蒸发等操作后的残留物。17.4.4灰ash灼烧除去有机物后得到的残存无机物17.4.5溶液solution由两种或两种以上物质组成的均一液相。3.7.4.6滤液filtrate过滤时，通过滤纸、滤布等过滤介质流出的澄清液体。标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"r17433-19983.7.4.7母液motherliguor结晶过程中，除去晶体以后所余下的溶液。3.7.4.8贮存液;tocksolution配制成较使用时浓的、兼有保存目的的试剂溶液，或用于分取的试料溶液。17.4.9缓冲溶液buffersolution能对溶液的酸度起稳定作用，使溶液的pH值不因外加少量酸、碱或溶液稀释等因素而显著变化的溶液。3.8数据处理3.8.1误差error测定值与真值之差。表征测定结果的准确度。误差可用绝对误差和相对误差表示。18.2系统误差。ystemattcerror由某些固定的影响因素造成的误差系统误差的大小及符号恒定或有一定的规律在同一试验中会重复出现，因此可进行校正或设法消除。系统误差来源于仪器误差、方法误差、试剂误差、环境误差和个人误差等。18.3随机误差randomerror由某些难以控制、无法避免的偶然因素造成的误差它决定测量结果的精密度随机误差有大有小，时IE时负，服从统计规律，多次测量时，平均值的标准偏差可随着测量次数的增加而减小18.4精密度precision多次侧量某一量时，测定结果相互接近的程度。通常用标准偏差或相对标准偏差来量度，它表征随机误差的大小。精密度可分为室内精密度(即重现性)和室间精密度(即再现性)两种。3.8.5准确度accuracy一次测定值或多次测定的平均值与真值相符合的程度准确度是与系统误差相联系的‘常用误差来量度，误差越小，准确度越高18.6重复性repeatability同一分析人员在同一条件下于短时期内重复测定同一量时，测定结果相互接近的程度3.8.7再现性reproducibility不同实验室，由不同分析人员在不同条件下对同一量进行测定时测定结果相互接近的程度3.8.8允许差tolerance在一定置信度下用特定的分析方法对同一试样独立进行。次测定所得测定值的极差的允许界限3.8.9检定公差verificationtolerance计量器具等检定时允许的公差(规定最大值和最小值之间的差值)。3.8.10真值truevalue被观测量客观存在的真实值。通常所说的真值，是指理论真值、约定真值和相对真值3.8门1总体population统计学中，指所研究对象的全体。总体中的一个单位，称为个体。一组个体称为样本。样本中个体的数目，称为样本容量3.8.12方差variance测定值对样本平均值偏差平方的平均。通常以S1表示，S`一n-11珍x，一;)。方差表征测定值的离散程度3.8.13标准值certifiedvalue标准物质证书中给出的，由定值部门确定的具有确定准确度的标准物质特性量值3-8-14不确定度uncertainty20免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)cs/T17433-1998由于测量误差的存在，导致分析结果不能肯定的程度3.8.15离群值descretevalue在一组测量值中，较绝大多数测量值明显偏大或偏小的值3.8.16异常值outfier经显著性检验，位于一定置信度下所允许的合理误差范围之外的离群值3.8.17中位数median将一组测量值按其大小顺序排列，位于正中间位置的数值。若测量次数为偶数，则中位数为正中两个数的平均值。3.8.18算术平均值arithmeticmean简称平均值。测定值相加平均的值。用X表示，X=1菩r平均值是一种中心趋势的度量，各测定值距平均值的偏差之和为零8.19加权平均值weightedmean由于各个测定值的精度不同，分别给予各测定值以不同的权值，按不同权值计算的各个测定值的平均值，称为加权平均值。加权平均值按下式计N:X、一豁，式中W,=S:是测定X;的方差。3.8.20偏差deviation单个测量值与多次测量平均值之差。是衡量精密度高低的尺度。3.8.21标准偏差standarddeviation方差平方根的绝对值，表示测量精密度的一种常用的方法。数学表达式为S-。式中S为标准偏差，x为，次测量的平均值，二，为单次测量值3.8.22极差range一组测量值中最大值与最小值之差，即全距。表示数据的波动范围。3.8.23相对标准偏差relativestandarddeviation标准偏差与平均值的比值，以百分数表示。3.8.24有效数字significantfigure在测量中，除定位用的“。”之外，所能得到的有实际意义的数字。有效数字的最后，位是可疑数字。3.8.25回归分析regressionanalysis研究随机现象中随机变量与固定变量之间关系的一种数理统计方法3.8.26相关系数correlationcoefficient表示变量之间线性相关程度大小的一个量其绝对值在。^1之间两变量之间线性相关程度越大，艺(二一X)(.Y一Y)相关系数的绝对值就越接近于1，相关系数按下式计算:r=—o乙(二一z)·艺(Y+-Y),标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"r17433-1998汉语拼音索引陈化··········································⋯⋯3.6.14称量··········································⋯⋯3.6.1半微量分析······························⋯⋯3.2.3.2称髦瓶····································⋯⋯3.5.4.1饱和·······································⋯⋯3.7.1.1澄清··········································⋯⋯3.6.17暴沸······································⋯⋯3.7.1.11重复性·······································⋯⋯3.8.6比浊分析法·········。····················⋯⋯3.2.2.38重结晶·······································⋯⋯3.6.12沱(倾析》···································⋯⋯3.6.28萃淋树脂·································⋯⋯3.4.3.10变色点··························。·········⋯⋯3.7.2.9萃取剂····································⋯⋯3.4.3.11变色域······。。····························⋯⋯3.7.2.10标定··········································⋯⋯3.6.24标准滴定溶液···························⋯⋯3.4.1.6大量组分分析·························⋯⋯3.2」标准加人法······························⋯⋯3.1.22单盘天平···················....·.....⋯⋯3.几标准偏差································⋯⋯3.8.21滴定······································⋯⋯63.2:标准气体·································⋯⋯3.4.1.8滴定分析法······.·.....·..............⋯⋯2.2标准溶液······························””⋯3.4.1.5滴定管····································⋯⋯35.13标准试剂·······························⋯⋯3·4.L4滴定终点·················.·.........⋯⋯372.8标准物质············.·················“⋯⋯3.4.1.1滴管·······················“·············⋯⋯3.5.15标准值····································⋯⋯3.8.13滴加·····································⋯⋯月.6.37表面皿····⋯⋯‘························价二3.5.4.8滴瓶·······································⋯⋯3.516铂皿···············‘·····················⋯⋯3.5.4.5点滴分析·····················...·.....⋯⋯3.25.7不确定度·································⋯⋯3.8.14电磁搅拌器··············.....·........⋯⋯35.10布氏漏空扣·····-························⋯⋯3.5.4.23电导滴定法··········..··.....·..........⋯⋯3.2tZ几11电动振荡器············.·..·⋯⋯‘......⋯⋯3岛C勺1电感藕合等离子体原子发射光谱法⋯⋯了川I参比电极·········”···.··············⋯⋯3.5.4.封电感祸合等离子体质谱法··-.········⋯⋯:.:.jlC残渣·············⋯⋯，··················⋯⋯3.7.4.3电解沉积··”··················....⋯⋯3.7测定·········································⋯⋯3.1.艺电解分析法，·······.··...................⋯⋯3.2.222Mid定范围········⋯⋯，’··”··············⋯⋯3.1.3电解仪·······················，············⋯⋯3.5.2.12沏{定上限····································⋯⋯3.1.4电流滴定法·········...·................⋯⋯3.2.2.24测定卜限···································⋯⋯3.1.5电炉·····································⋯⋯3.5.1.1差减法·······································⋯⋯3.1.21电位滴定法·······......·...............⋯⋯3.2.2.23常规分析································⋯⋯3.2.5.1电子天平···················...·..·.....⋯⋯3.5.33常量分析·································⋯⋯3.2·3·1定量分析·········.·....................⋯⋯3.2.1.2常温··········································⋯⋯3.1.23定性分析····················..·..·..·⋯⋯3.2.1.1常压·········································⋯⋯3.1.24杜瓦瓶··························..··......⋯⋯3.5.4.17超纯水····································⋯⋯3.4.3.7超微量分析······························⋯⋯3.2.3.4沉淀········································⋯⋯3.6.n祛码·3534盯沉淀滴定法······························⋯⋯3.2.2.8反萃取36洲沉淀剂····································⋯⋯3.4.3.12返滴定3.6沉淀指示剂································，⋯3.4.2.9力一差⋯只.8.】222免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"r17433一1998非水溶剂·3.4.3.3回收试验····································⋯⋯3.1.14分光光度计3.5.2.1活塞·······································⋯⋯3.5.4.33八.斗少户0乙扫﹄，行卜口分离···⋯⋯3.6火试金法·························，·······⋯⋯3.2.2.33分馏柱⋯⋯3.5火焰分光光度计························⋯⋯3.5.2.6二.胜分取···⋯⋯3.6火焰光度分析法························⋯⋯3.2.2.13﹂分液漏斗⋯3.5.4火焰原子吸收光谱法··················⋯⋯3.2.2.15伏安法⋯⋯3.2.2.27基准溶液·································⋯⋯3.4.1.7干燥剂············。·········。···。········。。。:3.4.3.15基准物质·································⋯⋯3.4.1.3干燥器····。·········。·····················⋯⋯3.5.4.29极差··········································⋯⋯3.8.22甘汞电极································⋯⋯3.5.4.44极谱法················”··················⋯⋯3.2.2.28柑祸·················。。············”····⋯⋯3.5.4.3极谱仪···································⋯⋯3.5.2.10感光板·····················”·····”“····⋯⋯3.5.4.36加权平均值················...··············⋯⋯3.8.19高频红外吸收法·······”··”········⋯⋯3.2.2.36加热················“·····················⋯⋯3.6.2工作电极······························⋯⋯3.5.4.39检出限·························.··········⋯⋯3.1.11工作曲线············..·····················“一3.1.13检定公差”·”·············⋯⋯“··········⋯⋯3.8.9共沉淀···································⋯⋯3.7.1.5减压过滤··············⋯⋯，’’·⋯，········⋯⋯3.6.16管状炉·····················。。···········⋯⋯.3.5.1.2减压燕馏·································⋯⋯3.6.，光度滴定法·······“”·····················一3.2.2.9校正用气体”······················“····⋯⋯3·东Lg过饱和·····⋯⋯‘···················。·⋯⋯.3.7.1.2结晶·························，·········⋯⋯3.7.1.4过程分析·····⋯⋯，。···················一3.2.5.10解蔽··································..·····⋯⋯3.6.21过滤···············.‘”·“···················⋯⋯3.6.15解蔽剂·””···························..··⋯⋯3.4.3.18金属指示剂·。················，··⋯‘····⋯⋯3.4.2.6H浸出································.······⋯⋯3.6.10合成试样·⋯3.3.2.4晶体·········“········⋯⋯，·············⋯⋯3.7.4.2黑度····⋯⋯3.7.2.3精密度······“··················..··········⋯⋯3.8.4痕量组分分析3.2.4.3静置·········”········，·····⋯⋯，··········⋯⋯3.6.13恒温槽·⋯⋯3.5.1.8K恒重······⋯⋯3.6.19烘箱····⋯⋯3.5.1.7空白试验·3.1.9化学分析·⋯空白值⋯⋯10化学分析法·3.2.2空气浴·⋯3.乌朋ll化学光谱法⋯3.22.11库仑分析法化学计量点·7.2.7库仑分析仪:.:.:缓冲溶液·⋯3.7.4.9快速分析·3.2只.2缓冲作用·⋯3.7.3.3换算因数··一3.72.11灰··。····⋯⋯3.7.4.4冷凝管只.气4.27灰化·····.⋯⋯6.39离群值8.15挥发····⋯⋯3.7.1.3离心分离3.6.34回归分析⋯⋯3.8.25离J臼管····································⋯⋯3.5.回收率···⋯⋯3.1.15离心机································。···⋯⋯3.5标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 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免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Ga/T17433-1998随机误差····································⋯⋯3.8.3T盐桥·。·········。···························⋯⋯3.5.4.38炭化···············，·························⋯⋯3.6.38盐效应··········，·························⋯⋯3.7.3.1天平·····································⋯⋯3.5.3.1掩蔽··········································⋯⋯3.6.20同离子效应·················，············⋯⋯3.7.3.4掩蔽剂····································⋯⋯3.4.3.17透析···。·。····································⋯⋯3.6.29焰色反应································⋯⋯3.7.3.2脱水剂···································⋯⋯3.4.3.13氧化还原滴定法························⋯⋯3.2.2.5氧化还原反应·············。·············⋯⋯3.7.3.8W氧化还原指示剂·······················⋯⋯3.4.2.8外(部)指示剂···························⋯⋯3.4.2.3液相色谱仪··························，···⋯⋯3.5.2.9微量分析·································⋯⋯3.2.3.3仪器分析法·························，.···⋯⋯3.2.2.2未检出·······································⋯⋯3.1.12移液管·····。······················。·······。··⋯3.5.4.12稳定剂···································⋯⋯3.4.3.16异常值·，·····································⋯⋯3.8.16误差·········································⋯⋯3.8.1荧光分析法················。······。······⋯⋯3.2.2.别物相分析··········。。···。·················⋯⋯3.2.1.3油浴································。。。·····一3.5.1.6物质的量···································⋯⋯3.1.16有机试剂·································⋯⋯3.4.3.2物质的量浓度······························⋯⋯3.1.19有效数字···································⋯⋯3.8.24原子发射光谱法························⋯⋯3.2.2.10X原子发射光谱仪························⋯⋯3.5.2.5X射线荧光光谱法3.2.2.19原子吸收分光光度计··················⋯⋯3.5.2.2X射线荧光光谱仪3.5.2.4原子吸收光谱法························⋯⋯3.2.2.14析出3.7原子荧光光谱法························⋯⋯3.2.2.18吸附指示剂3.4:.:原子荧光光谱仪························⋯⋯3.5.2.3吸光度7.2.2浴液·········。。。·····························。⋯3.4.3.19吸滤瓶······。··⋯⋯3。5.20元素分析·......................................3.2.5.5吸收池·········⋯⋯3.5.37允许差·······································⋯⋯3.8.8稀释········一‘”‘”3.6.40稀释剂·········⋯⋯3.4.14洗涤······⋯⋯‘二“·3.6.33再现性·3.8.7洗瓶··。··⋯⋯””“’.18在线分析3.25.91210沼洗气瓶··⋯”·”“”‘:一.19真空泵⋯3.5洗脱······⋯⋯”·’“3.6.32真值⋯⋯3.8系统误差8.2蒸发干涸3.6显色反应3.73.5蒸发皿·3.5.4.4现场分析3.25.8蒸馏·⋯.6.8线性范围······⋯⋯.25蒸馏水·3。4.36相对标准偏差⋯⋯:.;.23指示电极3.54.40相关系数······⋯⋯3.8.26指示剂·3.4.2.1信噪比3.l.8制样·⋯3.3.1.2悬浮7.1.8质量分数3.l.6质谱法⋯3.2.2.30质谱仪·3.5.2.7标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998中和反应·⋯⋯3.7.3.6贮存液············⋯⋯3.74.8I月了中位数······⋯⋯3.8锥形瓶··⋯”“””“”’3.54.9nn口J.J乙准确度⋯⋯‘二””””‘中子活化分析法3.23.8I二qQ刁d终点校正···⋯⋯3.6口浊度分析法·········一3.2.2户l.Q灼烧·············⋯⋯“’I介仲裁分析·⋯⋯3.2.5.336n川重量分析法·⋯3.2.2.3紫外一可见分光光度法3.2.2舟··········⋯⋯3.5.4.6自动分析········⋯⋯3.25.6煮沸⋯‘二”’“’.3.6.7总体····。。······⋯⋯’二’3.8.11免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)cs/T17433-1998英文索引Alargenumbercomponentanalysis3.2.4.1littlecomponentanalysis···。··⋯3.2.4.2absorbance···。。。········。·，··。。。····················。·····················。·····。···················。··。······。二3.7.2.2absorptioncell·············。。········································································。··⋯⋯3.5.4.37accuracy············，，·······························。。·······························，，，··························，⋯3.8.5ac记-baseindicator····，，···，·····，.···················，·························，·，·····················⋯⋯3.4.2.7acid-basetitrationmethod................····，-·····，，，········，-·，.·······，·，，.········⋯⋯3.2.2.6acidity............................................................................................................3.7.2.1adsorptionindicator.............................................................................................3.4.2.5ageing······⋯⋯‘二‘··.·····⋯⋯’二’二‘二‘二‘二’⋯⋯‘二’·⋯‘二’二’···························⋯⋯‘·⋯3.6.14airbath·············································，··。···..··················...··。。。·······················。二3.5.1.5aliqust························，·······。·············································，························一3.6.41amount-of-substance一，·······，········...，.‘··········。，。.········。·············。。。，，，·········。。·····⋯⋯3.1.16amountofsubstanceconcentration...............................................................·····。二3.1.19amperometrictitration.................."^........................"^.........······················⋯⋯3.2.2.24arbitrationana卜sis···················································，·······························⋯⋯3.2.5.3arithmeticmean············。····················。·····················。。。·。···················。···············一3.8.18ash·················.···。。。············。····。··············。····.····················，·····················.·。。。。⋯3.7.4.4ashing·········。···········。··，，··················，·····，····，，·······················。···。··········。···‘··。····，⋯3.6.39aspirator···········，··‘·············，，···‘····，.······，······················甲·········，·······“。⋯3.5.4.21atomicabsorptionspectrometry,AAS.................."0.....................................··0""·一3.2.2.14atomicabsorptionspectrophotometer·······························································⋯⋯3.5.2.2atomicemissionspectrometer···········································································⋯⋯3.5.2.5atomicemissionspectrometry,AES0...................0............""^""""··0.............0.0.......3.2.2.10atomicfluorescencespectrometer3，5.2.3atomicfluorescencespectrometryAFS3.32.3.22.18automaticanalysis5.6R舒别backextractionbacktitration:.:.balance35bathliquid3.4beaker3.5blackening··⋯3.7blankvalue3.1.10blanktest3.19boat3.5.4.6boiling3，6.727标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998Buchnerfunnel3.5.4.23bufferaction一3.7.3.3buffersolution3.7.4.9bumping3.7.1.11卜urette⋯⋯‘’3.5.4.13calibrationgas··········································。················································⋯⋯3.4.1.9calomelelectrode························。·。················。·······················。······，············。··⋯3.5.4.44capillary············································································，····················⋯⋯3.5.4.32carbonization·······。······················································································⋯⋯3.6.38centrifugalseparation·······································，··············。····················。········⋯⋯3.6.34centrifuge································。···························。·····································⋯⋯3.5.1.9centrifugingtube···········································································，···········⋯⋯3.5.4.31certifiedvalue···························································，··································⋯⋯3.8.13certifiedreferencematerial·············································································⋯⋯3.4.1.2chemicalanalysis···························································································⋯⋯3.1.1chemicalanalysismethod············································································⋯⋯3.2.2.1chemicalspectrometry················································································⋯⋯3.2.2.11chromatography····························································。·····················。······⋯⋯3.2.2.37chromogenicreaction··················。·······················，···············。···。。···················⋯⋯3.7.3.5coagulation··。···························································································⋯⋯3.7.1.7commonioneffect·········。··································，.·····························。····，·····⋯⋯3.7.3.4complexreaction··········。····································································。········⋯⋯3.7.3.7complexometrictitrationmethod···································································.⋯⋯3.2.2.7concentration············································，··········。。。··················。················⋯⋯3.1.18concentration······································。。·。··················。···，···············。··············⋯⋯3.6.4condenser·······。······································································。。。··，···········⋯⋯3.5.4.27conductometrictitration···············，·························································⋯⋯3.2.2.25constantweight··············································，.·····················，.··················。。。⋯3.6.19conversionfactor·····················································································⋯⋯3.7.2.11coprecipitation················。。····························。.··················。···········。。······。。····⋯⋯3.7.1.5correlationcoefficient················································································⋯⋯，3.8.26coulometricanalysis·······································。···········································⋯⋯3.2.2.29coulometricanalyzer·························。··············································。···········⋯⋯3.5.2.11crucible·。···.....·..·.···。····。·..·..·..·..·..。··········。·..·..·..·..·..··········。··..·..·..·..·.·····。·。·⋯⋯3.5.4.3crystal··。···································································································⋯⋯3.7.4.2crystallization··········································。···················································。·⋯3.7.1.4Ddecantation3.6.28defecation3.6.17dehydratingagent3.43.1328免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998demasking·····················································。···。········································⋯⋯3.6.21demaskingagent················。。·········································································一3.4.3.18dephlegmator····························································································⋯⋯3.5.4.26deposition·································································。····························。····⋯⋯3.7.1.6descretevalue······。··············。··········································································⋯⋯3.8.15desiccator··············，·············································。·。··。·····。·····················。。····⋯⋯3.5.4.29detectionlimit(DL)·······································。。·····。·························。··············⋯⋯3.1.11determination··········。············。·········································。。····························⋯⋯3.1.2deviation······················································。。·.··.·.··。························。··。··········一3.8.20Dewarflask·······················································。。·。。····················。。。···。。·..····⋯⋯3.5.4.17dialysis·······································································································⋯⋯3.6.29diluent······。。。。。。··。。。······。····················································。·。·····。··················。·⋯3.4.3.14dilution............................................................................................................3.6.40dissolution·。···。·········。。················，·············································。。·······················。二3.6.6distillation··································································，·····································一3.6.8distillationunderreducedpressure·······。···············································。。··········⋯⋯3.6.9distilledwater·····························································。····························。。⋯⋯3.4.3.6droppingdropadding·。···································································。················⋯⋯3.6.37droppingpipet·························································································，··⋯3.5.4.15droppingbottle··························································································⋯⋯3.5.4.16dryingagent。····························································································⋯⋯3.4.3.15electricallyascillator·······。············································································⋯⋯15.1.11electrolyticanalysis···························。···············。。·······································⋯⋯3.2.2.22electrolyticdeposition···················，································。························。·⋯⋯3.7.1.12electrolyticinstrument················································。·。·····························⋯⋯3.5.2.12electromagneticwhish································。················································⋯⋯3.5.1.10electronicforcebalance······················································。·。·····⋯⋯，.··········⋯⋯3.5.3.3elementalanalysis····················。···········。····················································⋯⋯3.2.5.5elution·······································································。。·············。·················。··⋯3.6.31dution·。·。。。·。··。··················。············。。··。·····。。··。··..·。·······························。。········⋯⋯3.6.32emulsification·····························································。············.················。··。二3.7.1.9endpointcorrection·························································。·····························⋯⋯3.6.35Erlenmeyerflask··························································································⋯⋯3.5.4.9error···········································。···············。·····。。··.。····························。······。⋯⋯3.8.1evaporatingdish·················，········································································⋯⋯3.5.4.4evaporationtodryness···························································。。···························一3.6.3externalindicator·。·。。·。·。。。·······。·。·。··。。。···。··。··············································。。···。···⋯⋯3.4.2.3extractant。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。.。。。。.o.。。。。二。。。.。。。。。.。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。.o.。。。..·.·.⋯⋯。。。.o.。。。二。。。。。。。。。。。。。⋯3.4.3.11filterpaper3.5.4.35标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/T17433-1998filtrate3.，4.6，匕.filtration胜J36、卜卜卫filtrationunderreducedpressure··⋯3.6n八乃乃fireassay·····························⋯⋯3.2.2，匕1flameatomicabsorptionspectrometry3.2.2口1八力flamephotometricanalysis3.2.2flamereaction373.2flamespectrophotometer·········⋯⋯3.5.2.610flask··········。·。······················⋯⋯八讨〕.;乃幼flowinjectionanalysis,FIA少1fluorescenceanalysis一q9funnel:.:.:臼一fusingagent3.43.4fusion。·································⋯⋯3.6Ggaschromatographymeter·············································································⋯⋯3.5.2.8gasflowmeter····························································································⋯⋯3.5.1.13gaswashbottle3.5.4.19graduatedflask3.5.4.11granularity············。·············。·····································································⋯⋯3.7.2.4graphitefurnaceatomicabsorptionspectrophotometry,GFAAS3.2.2.16gravimetricanalysismethod3.2.2.3Hheatloss3.72.6heating6.2弱highfrequency-infraredabsorptionmethod:，:.Hhydridegeneration-atomicabsorptionmethodignition“·“““’二’二’二‘二“·’二‘二“·’二’一’二“‘’二“”二”‘’二‘’“二‘二’二‘’‘’二’·‘’二“‘’二‘·‘二‘二‘一‘··⋯3.6.18ignitionloss··································································································一3.7.2.5impulse-infraredabsorptionmethod······························································⋯⋯3.2.2.35indicatingelectrode····················································································⋯⋯3.5.4.40indicator··········。····························。···················································。。·········⋯⋯3.4.2.1inductivelycoupledplasmaatomicemissionspectrometry,ICP-AES························⋯⋯3.2.2.12inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry,ICP-MS·········································一3.2.2.31instrumentalanalysismethod··，········································································⋯⋯3.2.2.2internalindicator·············。。。····。。。。·····。。。·········。。。。。·。···。·····。······························。·⋯⋯3.4.2.2ionexchange································································································⋯⋯3.6.30ionexchangewater·······················································································⋯⋯3.4.3.8ionexchangeresin·······················································································⋯⋯3.4.3.930免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"r17433-1998ionmeter3.5.2.13ionselectiveelectrodeIISE3.5.4.42tonselectiveelectrodeanalysis3.2.2.26KKipp"sgenerator3.54.28laboratorysample3.32.1切10leachinglevextrelresin·一3.:.:linearrange················································································。···············⋯⋯3.1.25liquidchromatographymeter...............................................................................3.5.2.9Mmacroanalysis············。。··············································································⋯⋯3.2.3.1mafflefurnace········································································。····················⋯⋯3.5.1.3masking······································································································一3.6.20maskingagent...................................................................................................3.4.3.17massratio··············......·.·······················································。····。··········.··。·⋯⋯3.1.6massspectrometer·······································..··......····..·...·.·························⋯⋯3.5.2.7massspectrometry,MS·························。···················································。·⋯⋯3.2.2.30maximumlimitofdetermination···························...····.·⋯⋯“···························⋯⋯3.1.4measuringcylinder·······················································································，⋯3.5.4.14median·························，··。。·。···················。········································。·····。。·。。·⋯3.8.17melt······。。。。。。··。。。···············································..·······································⋯⋯3.7.4.1metallochromicindicator·········⋯⋯。.⋯。.·.·.··..·········⋯⋯。......·。·。···。。二。······.····⋯⋯3.4.2.6microanalysis······························”································。·。·····················⋯⋯3.2.3.3minimumlimitofdetermination··⋯⋯。⋯”·...···············⋯⋯”·.········。··········。········.··。二3.1.5molarmass·················一。······························································。···········。·····。一3.1.20mole·············.·.。。·············································..·····.·····································⋯⋯3.1.17mortar·····。·············⋯⋯”···.·.··。。··········。················。····································。。二3.5.4.2motherliguor······。·····························································“·····················⋯⋯3.7.4.7nephelometry·································································。························⋯⋯3.2.2.39neutralizationreaction·········································。········································⋯⋯3.7.3.6neutronactivationanalysis,NAA。。·······························································⋯⋯3.2.2.32nonaqueoussolvent······················································。·····························⋯⋯3.4.3.3normalpressure···························································································⋯⋯3.1.24notdetection(ND)···················································，······，··············，···············⋯⋯3.1.12标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)GB/"r17433-19980oilbath3.51.6Onlineanalysis2。弓10八.j工乙ordinarytemperature·····················································································⋯⋯3..nQj自organicreagent.⋯‘’.⋯’.⋯⋯“.⋯‘.’..........⋯⋯”’...........⋯⋯’.⋯”’⋯’⋯⋯“.⋯“.‘3.4.;0八Joutlier3..1﹁了oven3。5。…八n乙凸oxidation-reductionindicator3.4。卜0乃中oxidation-reductionreaction37.oxidation-reductiontitrationmethod··············。···················································⋯⋯3.2.2.5pHglasselectrode········································。··············································⋯⋯3.5.4.43pHindicator····················································································。···········⋯⋯3.4.2.4pHmeter···································································································。。。⋯3.5.2.14pHtestpaper·····························································································⋯⋯3.4.3.20phaseanalysis·····。·······················································································⋯⋯3.2.1.3photographicplate········································，········································。。。···⋯⋯3.5.4.36photometrictitrationmethod.................................................................................3.2.2.9pipet·········································································································⋯⋯3.5.4.12川atinumdish···································。·························································⋯⋯3.5.4.5pointofcolorchange····················································································⋯⋯3.7.2.9polarograph··············································。···············································⋯⋯3.5.2.10polarography·················，·················································。。························⋯⋯3.2.2.28population·······················。············································································。·⋯3.8.11potentiometrictitration················································。································⋯⋯3.2.2.23precipicationindicator····················································································⋯⋯3.4.2.9precipitant·······························································································⋯⋯3.4.3.12pr,apttatton····································。···。。。······。·。。。。。。。·····································⋯⋯3.6.11precipitationtitrationmethod···················································。。······················⋯⋯3.2.2.8precision························。··················································。。··················。。·····⋯⋯3.8.4preparativesample3.3.1.2primarystandardmaterial3.4.1.3primarystandardsolution3.4.1.7processanalysis3.2.5.10Qqualitativeanalysis3.2.1.1quantitativeanalysis3.2.1.2quartenn只3.3.I.礴3免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/T17433-1998Rrandomerror············”·”··········································“···············”···“·········⋯⋯3.8.3range”···································”···”·······“·············”···”··”·····················”···”·⋯3.8.22rangeofdetermination······························”···”··”···············”·······“···········⋯⋯3.1.3rap记analysis·······················································”····”···························⋯⋯3.2.5.2reagent····················································”················································⋯⋯3.4.3.1recovery“.·.......⋯⋯“··..···········⋯⋯’·“二”.”，”.”.“.“·················.⋯⋯“·“·..··········⋯⋯3.1.15recoverytest·····⋯⋯“·.···································⋯⋯”···················。.·....········⋯⋯3.1.14recrystallization··················”·····“··········“······”···”··”··························⋯⋯3.6.12referenceelectrode·········································································⋯⋯3.5.4.41referencegas···········································”·······”··””·”·················”···········⋯⋯3.4.1.8referencemateria卜··············”······”·”·“····“······“···”·”·”······“···················一3.4.1.1referencereagent·········”······················”······”····“··············”·········“·······⋯⋯3.4.1.4referencesolution·························“·············”·······”···“·“························⋯⋯3.4.1.5regressionanalysis···“·”···················“·························“·“··························⋯⋯3.8.25relativestandarddeviation·······⋯⋯”⋯”....·⋯⋯“············....··.·....··················⋯⋯3.8.23repeatability········································”·”·”·”····”·“·“················“··············⋯⋯3.8.6reproducibility···“···························”·”··””····”····”·“·“···················”············⋯⋯3.8.7residue·····⋯⋯”。...·.’..········································.·......···············⋯⋯”.··。⋯。.⋯3.7.4.3routineanalysis”·”·”···········································································”⋯⋯3.2.5.1saltbridge·········“·····················””·”·”·········”·“······“··················“·····“⋯⋯3.5.4.38salteffect···············“···················”·············”·············“········”········”“·⋯⋯3.7.3.1sampling···············“·············································“·“···············”··⋯⋯3.3.1.1sandbath··········。二。...................................................””.“.···············.·····⋯⋯3.5.1.4saturation··········⋯⋯”⋯”。·.··，.·⋯⋯。.””。“···.·············⋯⋯”.........······.······⋯⋯3.7.1.1sceneanalysis·································”····”·“····”··············”·······”····”···⋯⋯3.2.5.8segregation······················“····································································⋯⋯3.7.1.10semimicroanalysis··················································································⋯⋯3.2.3.2sensitivity···························································································⋯⋯3.1.7separation········，.·······················“·························”····”·····················⋯⋯3.6.25separatoryfunnel····································”············································”·⋯⋯3.5.4.25sieve.·..·.····.···············································.·.·...·.··.，····························.·..·⋯⋯3.5.4.34sieving···························································································⋯⋯3.3.1.3signal-noiseratio···········，.········································································⋯⋯3.1.8significantfigure····················································”····························⋯⋯3.8.24simulatedsample······················..············································，··················⋯⋯3.3.2.5singlepanbalance·········································”········”·······························⋯⋯3.5.3.2sinteredglassfilter···············”···················································”·······”····⋯⋯3.5.4.24solution···”················，.·····································································⋯⋯3.7.4.5solventextraction................................................................................................3.6.2633标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/T17433-1998spectrophotometer.........................................................................................⋯3.5.2.1spotanalysis..................................................................................................⋯3.2.5.7stabilizer·······················。·········‘············。····。··。·····1。·······。··。。，····，···‘一3.4.3.16standardadditionmethod·····。··························⋯⋯，······。···“·····，，···。·..·‘二3.1.22standarddeviation‘。·······················，···········。····，········，······························一，···⋯⋯3.8.21standardtitrimetricsolution···。·。····，·，..·········。····。·············..···。。“·。···············..。⋯⋯3.4.1.6standardization·。，····················。。⋯⋯，·················。··························。···············⋯⋯3.6.24stillstanding^".."·............................................................................................3.6.13stocksolution··..·························。····。··.........................................................3.7.4.8stoichiometricpoint，.··········，··············································⋯⋯.3.7.2.7stopcock·························································⋯⋯3.5.4.33subtractingmethod·····················，，····························，，·············。····················⋯⋯3.1.21suctionbottle·一，···················。····，··..···············。。。·······。。。.··························。···。二3.5.4.20supersaturation....................................................................................................3.7.1.2suspension.........··...........................................................................................3.7.1.8syntheticsample····················‘······························⋯⋯3.3.2.4systematicerror·。·····，。。。，·。·······，，·、····‘·。···。·。······，···。。·····‘·‘············。··“⋯3.8.2Ttestportion·····。.⋯’⋯‘二“·。.·。⋯’。·⋯⋯‘’·⋯⋯‘“·.··.·。.··.······。·.·············。。，.············⋯⋯3.3.2.3testsample···，·····.......................................................................................·一3.3.2.2casttube··········..·······················。。·····。················。。·......................⋯3.5.4.30thermastat···。···。。····。··········，，.“····‘··。。···，，·，，·..。·。。·····.·，，·⋯⋯3.5.1.8titration·······。。···。。··。。··。。·‘········。一，··。······‘。，.·········，·····。··。···，··。。。·.·11二3.6.22titrimetricanalysismethod···········，······························，，·························。·，，，···⋯⋯3.2.2.4titrationendpoint.............................................................................................3.7.2.8tolerance·······································。·····························································⋯⋯3.8.8totalanalysis·······.......................................................................................·一3.2.5.4tracecomponentanalysis·················，.····················································“·3.2.4.3transitioninterval··································，.···········，.··········⋯⋯3.7.2.10turevalue...................................···················。······.······························⋯⋯3.8.10tubularfurnace······························································，··················。···········⋯⋯3.5.1.2turbidimetry···································‘··························‘·····························⋯⋯3.2.2.38Uultramicroanalysis3.2.3.4ultrapurewater3.4.3.7ultraviolet-visibleabsorptionspectroscopy3。22uncertainty.{:V12vacuumpump3.5.1枪variance3.834免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载 免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)Gs/"r17433-1998verificationtolerance······。··········。。·········，···················。···························。。········，··⋯3.8.9volatilization·····。·。····。······························。···。················。············。·················一3.7.1.3voltametry............................................................································⋯⋯3.2.2.27Wwatchglass······················，，································‘···························‘··········⋯⋯3.5.4.8washing···································································································⋯⋯3.6.33washbottle·········...············。·············。。····。。·······················。。······················⋯⋯3.5.4.18water·····......................................................................................................。二3.4.3.5watersealing.................................................................................................·一3.6.36weighing······················································，“·······················二··············⋯⋯3.6.1weighingbottle··················，，，···································⋯⋯‘···········⋯⋯‘二‘··⋯‘··⋯⋯3.5.4.1weightedmean······················，················································。·····················⋯⋯3.8.19weights···························································，··········································⋯⋯3.5.3.4workingcurve.................................................................................................·一3.1.13workingelectrode.............................................................................................3.5.4.39XX-rayfluorescencespectrometry····························。······················，··············⋯⋯3.5.2.4X-rayfluorescencespectrometry,XRF················，，········································。。⋯3.2.2.19Zzeropointshifting·····································································，·················⋯⋯3.7.1.13标准分享网www.bzfxw.com免费下载免费标准下载网(www.freebz.net)无需注册即可下载'