自尊与抗争—论《白鲸》主人公亚哈的英雄悲剧性毕业论文.doc 50页

'学科分类号0502本科学生毕业论文（设计）题目（中文）：自尊与抗争—论《白鲸》主人公亚哈的英雄悲剧性（英文）：Self-esteemAndStruggle–AppreciatingtheTragicHeroAhabinMoby-Dick Self-esteemandStruggleAppreciatingtheTragicHeroAhabinMoby-DickbyZhangJianguosupervisedbyProfessorPanLifengsubmittedtoTheForeignLanguagesDepartmentInpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofBachelorofArtsinthesubjectofEnglishLanguageandLiteratureHunanUniversityofScienceandEngineeringYongZhouMay,2007 毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作者签名：　　　　　日　期：　　　　　指导教师签名：　　　　　日　　期：　　　　　使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。作者签名：　　　　　日　期：　　　　　 湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的本科毕业论文（设计），是本人在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。本科毕业论文（设计）作者签名：二○○七年五月一、湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）开题报告书 论文（设计）题目自尊与抗挣—论《白鲸》主人公亚哈的英雄悲剧性Self-esteemAndStruggle–AppreciatingtheTragicHeroAhabinMoby-Dick作者姓名张建国所属系、专业、年级外语　　系英语专业四年级指导教师姓名、职称潘利锋教授预计字数5000-7000开题日期2006年12月10选题的根据：1）说明本选题的理论、实际意义2）综述国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解《白鲸》是美国浪漫主义作家麦尔维尔的代表作。由于该作品结构的复杂性，因此在评论界引起争论很多，尤其是其主人公亚哈这一人物形象。本文选题意义在于通过分析解读这一人物形象，从而肯定他为捍卫自尊而勇于抗挣的悲剧英雄形象。希望人们对亚哈的形象有更加全面的认识。该作品以其象征意义的复杂性和主题的多样性。自１９１９年以来，受到越来越多的评论家的关注。由于亚哈这一人物形象的复杂性。国内外研究者对于他的评价众说纷纭，大多研究者认为亚哈是“恶魔”、“疯子”。为数不多的评论家谈及到亚哈的英雄气概。本文结合国内外研究动态，综合分析解读主人公亚哈人物形象，从而肯定其英雄悲剧意义，否定其偏执、癫狂行为。因此我期望通过对亚哈的人物剖析，能进一步增加人们对亚哈的认识和了解。主要内容：引言：亚哈这一人物形象，大多研究者执否定态度。本文将从人物性格特征分析、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写、人物抗挣等方面对亚哈人物形象进行解读。肯定其为维护自尊而勇于牺牲的英雄气概并对其悲剧原因进行分析。本文主体分为五部分：　第一部分：简单介绍作者、作品的基本情况。1.1作者麦尔维尔的简介1.2作品的主要内容　第二部分：分析亚哈人物性格特征以及对造成亚哈偏执、疯狂的原因进行分析。2.1孤独、偏执的亚哈2.2勇敢、坚毅的亚哈2.3视自尊为命的亚哈第三部分：亚哈—坚强、勇往直前的抗挣者。3.1心理活动抗挣的表现3.2与社会现实抗挣的表现第四部分：失败英雄的归宿4.1职业的悲剧性4.2自尊的悲剧性第五部分：对本文进行小结，从而肯定其英雄悲剧性。研究方法：本文通过大量文本解读、分析、归纳等方法，利用相关的理论知识就论点展开论述，并引申出自己的观点。 完成期限和采取的主要措施：完成期限：1）２００７年4月20日前完成初稿2）２００７年5月10日前完成定稿主要措施：1）在图书馆查阅、借阅各种相关书籍、学术期刊。2）通过于导师交流，加深了解作品。3）在网上搜索有用信息，经自己综合整理展开论证。4）仔细品味作品，形成自己观点。主要参考资料：[1]HermanMelville.Moby-Dick[M].北京：中国图书进出口总公司.2005.[2]FredMednick.AnIntroductiontoAmericanLiterature[M].郑州：河南大学出版社.1985.[3]AnnetteT·Rubinstein.AmericanLiteratureRootAndFlower[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.1998.[4]Jia-RuiChong.MelissaMartin.白鲸导读[M].天津：天津科技翻译出版公司.2003.[5]曹庸译.白鲸[M].上海：上海译文出版社.2003.[6]陈秋红.白鲸象征意义的文化阐释[J].武汉：外国文学研究.2002年第二期.[7]戴镏龄.《世界名言大辞典》[M].南宁：广西人民出版社.1996[8]黄静.论《白鲸》的悲剧意义[J].兰州：兰州铁道学院学报第2期.2003.[9]催凌云.《白鲸》欲望主体与复仇主题[J].株洲：株洲师范高等专科学院学报第四期.2004.[10]白锡汉.论《白鲸》的悲剧实质[J].青岛：山东师大外国语学院学报第二期.2000.[11]朱光潜.《悲剧心理学》[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社.2006.[12]周海燕.寻求与超越-亚哈与桑地亚哥人物形象解读[J].莱阳农学院学报第2期.2006.指导教师意见：签名：年月日开题报告会纪要时间地点 与会人员姓名职务（职称）姓名职务（职称）姓名职务（职称）会议记录摘要：会议主持人：记录人：　年　月日指导小组意见负责人签名：年月日系部意见负责人签名：年月日二、湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）评审表 论文题目自尊与抗挣—论《白鲸》主人公亚哈的英雄悲剧性Self-esteemAndStruggle–AppreciatingtheTragicHeroAhabinMoby-Dick作者姓名张建国所属系、专业、年级外国语言文学系英语专业2003年级指导教师姓名、职称潘利锋教授字数6000定稿日期2007年5月10日中文摘要《白鲸》是19世纪美国著名浪漫主义作家麦尔维尔的代表作，它讲述了亚哈船长为追杀白鲸而导致船毁人亡的悲剧故事。在悲剧的背后蕴含着主人公对自尊的捍卫与命运的抗争。在追捕白鲸的过程中，无论是警告还是预兆，亚哈都表现出毫不畏惧，这种对命运与神明的抗争在小说中淋漓尽致的表现出来。本文结合朱光潜的《悲剧心理学》，从主人公的性格、自尊与抗争三方面论述了亚哈的英雄悲剧性。关键词（3-5个）自尊，抗争，白鲸，亚哈，英雄悲剧性英文摘要  Moby-Dick(1851)waswritteninthe19thcentury.Itisthemasterpieceofthewell-knownAmericanromanticnovelistMelville.TheauthornarratesthetragicstoryofcaptainAhab,whotriestokillMobyDickbyallkindsofmeans.Thisactivityhascausedtheshiptobedestroyedandhumansperished.Throughthisnovel,wecanfindthat,ontheonehand,theleadingcharacterAhabdefendshisself-esteemandstruggleswithdestinyontheotherhand.InthecourseofpursuingtheMobyDick,Ahabneverretreats,nomatterwhatsortofunluckyomensorwarningshemeets.Thiskindofresistancetothedestinyandthegodisperformedvividlyinthenovel.ThearticleintegratesZhuGuangqian’sTheTragedyPsychologytogethertoelaboratetheAhab’sheroictragedyinthreeaspects:theleadingcharacter"spersonalities,theself-esteemandthestruggle.关键词（3-5个）Self-esteem,struggle,MobyDick,Ahab,heroictragedy指导教师评定成绩评审基元评审要素评审内涵满分指导教师实评分 选题质量25%目的明确符合要求选题符合专业培养目标，体现学科、专业特点和教学计划的基本要求，达到毕业论文（设计）综合训练的目的。10理论意义或实际价值符合本学科的理论发展，有一定的学术意义；对经济建设和社会发展的应用性研究中的某个理论或方法问题进行研究，具有一定的实际价值。10选题恰当题目规模适当，难易度适中；有一定的科学性。5能力水平40%查阅文献资料能力能独立查阅相关文献资料，归纳总结本论文所涉及的有关研究状况及成果。10综合运用知识能力能运用所学专业知识阐述问题；能对查阅的资料进行整理和运用；能对其科学论点进行论证。10研究方案的设计能力整体思路清晰；研究方案合理可行。5研究方法和手段的运用能力能运用本学科常规研究方法及相关研究手段（如计算机、实验仪器设备等）进行实验、实践并加工处理、总结信息。10外文应用能力能阅读、翻译一定量的本专业外文资料、外文摘要和外文参考书目（特殊专业除外）体现一定的外语水平。5论文质量35%文题相符较好地完成论文选题的目的要求。5写作水平论点鲜明；论据充分；条理清晰；语言流畅。15写作规范符合学术论文的基本要求。用语、格式、图表、数据、量和单位、各种资料引用规范化、符合标准。10论文篇幅文科15000字左右，理科10000字左右。5实评总分成绩等级指导教师评审意见：指导教师签名：说明：评定成绩分为优秀、良好、中等、及格、不及格五个等级，实评总分90—100分记为优秀，80—89分记为良好，70—79分记为中等，60—69分记为及格，60分以下记为不及格。评阅教师评定成绩评审基元评审要素评审内涵满分评阅教师实评分 选题质量25%目的明确符合要求选题符合专业培养目标，体现学科、专业特点和教学计划的基本要求，达到毕业论文（设计）综合训练的目的。10理论意义或实际价值符合本学科的理论发展，有一定的学术意义；对经济建设和社会发展的应用性研究中的某个理论或方法问题进行研究，具有一定的实际价值。10选题恰当题目规模适当，难易度适中；有一定的科学性。5能力水平40%查阅文献资料能力能独立查阅相关文献资料，归纳总结本论文所涉及的有关研究状况及成果。10综合运用知识能力能运用所学专业知识阐述问题；能对查阅的资料进行整理和运用；能对其科学论点进行论证。10研究方案的设计能力整体思路清晰；研究方案合理可行。5研究方法和手段的运用能力能运用本学科常规研究方法及相关研究手段（如计算机、实验仪器设备等）进行实验、实践并加工处理、总结信息。10外文应用能力能阅读、翻译一定量的本专业外文资料、外文摘要和外文参考书目（特殊专业除外）体现一定的外语水平。5论文质量35%文题相符较好地完成论文选题的目的要求。5写作水平论点鲜明；论据充分；条理清晰；语言流畅。15写作规范符合学术论文的基本要求。用语、格式、图表、数据、量和单位、各种资料引用规范化、符合标准。10论文篇幅文科15000字左右，理科10000字左右。5实评总分成绩等级评阅教师评审意见：评阅教师签名：说明：评定成绩分为优秀、良好、中等、及格、不及格五个等级，实评总分90—100分记为优秀，80—89分记为良好，70—79分记为中等，60—69分记为及格，60分以下记为不及格。三、湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）答辩记录表论文题目Self-esteemAndStruggle–AppreciatingtheTragicHeroAhabinMoby-Dick作者姓名张建国所属系、专业、年级外国语言文学系英语专业2003年级 指导教师姓名、职称潘利锋教授答辩会纪要时间2007年5月20日地点第二教学楼202答辩小组成员姓名职务（职称）姓名职务（职称）姓名职务（职称）潘利锋教授盘群讲师彭长江教授陈碧园讲师胡伶俐讲师答辩中提出的主要问题及回答的简要情况记录：会议主持人：记录人：年月日 答辩小组意见评语：评定等级：负责人（签名）：年月日系学位委员会意见评语：论文（设计）最终评定等级：负责人（签名）：系部（公章）年月日校学位委员会意见评语：评定等级：负责人（签名）：年月日 Contents摘要…………………………………………………………………....ⅠAbstract……………………………………………………………....Ⅱ1.Introduction………………………………………………………...12.MelvilleandHisMoby-Dick………………..……………………....52.1 BriefIntroductionoftheAuthor………………………………...52.2 MainContentofMoby-Dick……………………………….……63.ThePersonalityofAhab…………………………………..…........83.1ALonelyandCrazyHero–Ahab……………………………......83.2ABraveandResoluteHero–Ahab……………………………..113.3RegardingtheSelf-esteemasLife……………………………...144.ThePerformancesofStruggle…………………………..……........174.1ThePerformancesofStruggleonPsychologicalActivity………174.2ThePerformancesofStrugglingwiththeSociety……..……....195.TheEndoftheUnsuccessfulHero………………………….….....235.1TheOccupationalTragedy……………………………………..235.2TheTragedyofStrugglewithFate………………………….…..256.Conclusion…………………………………………………………29Notes…………………………………………………………………..31Bibliography……………………………………………………….....32Acknowledgements 摘要《白鲸》是19世纪美国著名浪漫主义作家麦尔维尔的代表作，它讲述了亚哈船长为追杀白鲸而导致船毁人亡的悲剧故事。在悲剧的背后，蕴含着主人公对自尊的捍卫与命运的抗争。在追捕白鲸的过程中，无论是警告还是预兆，亚哈都表现出毫不畏惧，这种对命运与神明的抗争在小说中淋漓尽致地表现出来。本文结合朱光潜的《悲剧心理学》，从主人公的性格、自尊与抗争三方面论述了亚哈的英雄悲剧性。关键词：自尊,抗争,白鲸,亚哈,英雄悲剧性 Abstract  Moby-Dick(1851)waswritteninthe19thcentury.Itisthemasterpieceofthewell-knownAmericanromanticnovelistMelville.TheauthornarratesthetragicstoryofCaptainAhabwhotriestokillMobyDickbyallkindsofmeans.Thisactivityhascausedtheshiptobedestroyedandhumansperished.Throughthisnovel,wecanfindthat,ontheonehand,theleadingcharacterAhabdefendshisself-esteemandstruggleswithdestinyontheotherhand.InthecourseofpursuingMobyDick,Ahabneverretreats,nomatterwhatsortofunluckyomensorwarningshemeets.Thiskindofresistancetothedestinyandthegodisperformedvividlyinthenovel.ThearticleintegratesZhuGuangqian’sTheTragedyPsychologytogethertoelaboratetheAhab’sheroictragedyinthreeaspects:theleadingcharacter"spersonalities,theself-esteemandthestruggle.Keywords:Self-esteem,struggle,MobyDick,Ahab,heroictragedy 1IntroductionThethemeoftragedyisofvitalsignificanceintheworldliteratureandhasbeenvividlyrepresentedandfrequentlydiscussedinthedevelopmentofthetragicliterature.Regardingthetragicliterature,wecantracebacktoGreek.Wewouldfindthatthethemeoftragedyispopularinanyperiod,andMoby-Dickisatypicaltragicnovelamongthoseliteratures.Moby-DickisthemasterpieceofMelville,thewell-knownAmericanromanticnovelistinthe19thcentury.Moby-Dickwaspublishedin1951.Becauseofthemultiplicityofthethemesandthecomplexityofthestructure;ithadreceivednumerouscritics"severejudgmentsandcensurewhenitcameout.AthenaeumofLondon,everstatedthat"Moby-Dick belongedtothe Bedlamliteratureoftheworstschool” 1](p458)HenceforthnoonehasevermentioneditandMoby-Dickisneglectedintheliteraryarena.NotuntiltheanniversaryofMelville"s100thbirth,peoplebegantovaluethisbookagain.Thistime,itbecamethegenerallyacknowledgedmasterpiece,andwaspraisedasthesymboloftheepoch.In1917,Carl·VanDorendeclaredinTheCambridgeHistoryofAmerican LiteraturethatMoby-Dickwas“oneofthegreatestoceanlegendarynovelsintheliteratureofthewholeworld”,whichhadbeenagreatevaluationtothebook.InPsychologyandLiterature,CarlGJungbelievesthatMoby-DickisoneofthegreatestAmericannovels.Obviously,wecanknowthattheMoby-DickhaswinedthehighplaceinAmericanliterature.Atpresent,manypeoplehavedonesomeresearchesintoMoby-DicksuchasHuangJing’sthetragicsignificanceofthewhale,Baixi-han’sontragicessenceofMoby-Dick,CuiLing-yun’sMoby-Dick:LustandRevenge.ButtheymainlystayonthestudyofthesymbolicsignificanceandthetragicconductwithfeweranalysesonAhab’sself-esteemandstruggletodestiny.TheygiveanegativeattitudetowardswhatAhabhasdone.TheyhaveignoredthatlosingfaceleadstoallofAhab’scrazyactivities.InTheCultureInterpretationoftheSymbolicSignificanceinMoby-DickChenQiuhonghasmentionedthatAhabisaherowhoseself-esteemcannotbeconquered.Nevertheless,shedidnotmakeafurtherstudyonit.ThispaperisaimedtoanalyzeandappreciateAhab’sbelieftoself-esteemandstrugglethroughhispersonality,behaviordescription,languagedescription,andpsychologicaldescription.ThisarticlewillbaseontwoaspectsoftheleadingcharacterAhab:oneisthathedefendstheself-esteemandtheotheristhathestruggleswithfate.Atthesametime,IrefertoZhuGuangqian"sTragedy PsychologytoelaborateAhab"sheroictragedy.InpartoneIgiveabriefintroductiontothewholepaper.Inparttwo,IwillgiveabriefintroductionoftheauthorandMoby-Dick.Therefore,readerswillbeabletounderstandthewriterandhisworkseasily.Thepartthreeisfocusedonanalyzingtheleadingcharacter’spersonality.Itisthepersonalityoftheleadingcharacterthatleadstothetragicend.ThroughAhab’sbehaviorsandwords,itisclearthathestruggleswithdestinyanddefendshisself-esteematalltime.Thischapterwould helpthereadersknowaboutAhabinanewway.Atthesametime,ithelpstoexplainwhyAhabbecomesacrazyman.Thepartfourwouldtalkabouttheperformancesofstruggle.Itincludestwoaspects,namely,theperformancesofstruggleonpsychologicalactivityandtheperformancesofstrugglewiththesociety.Fromthischapter,wewouldknowthatAhabisarealherowhoisneverwillingtobecontrolledbythefateandbowtohisenemy.Thepartfivewoulddiscusstheresultofthestruggle.Everyyear,thousandsofwhalemenareburiedintothesea.Thisnovelisalsoanexampleoftheoccupationaltragedy.Whilefacingthepowerfulenemy,Ahabneverthinksofshrinkingfromit.Atlast,heisburiedintotheseatowhichhehasdevotedallhislife.Inthisway,Ahabfinallyreleaseshimself.Atthesametime,itleadstoanothertragedy--thetragedyofstrugglingwithfate. Thepartsixwouldconcludethewholepaper.Ahabisdoomedtobeatragicfigure.However,itisAhabwhodarestosacrificehimself,anddarestoenterprise,thatweareabletounderstandmoreaboutnature.Fromthisthesis,wewouldknowthatAhabisagreatermanwithanotablespirit.Meanwhile,heisalsoatragichero.. 2MelvilleandHisMoby-DickHermanMelvilleisthewell-knownAmericanromanticnovelistinthe19thcentury.Ifwewanttoknowaboutthetragichero–AhabinMoby-DickwehavetorefertoMelvillewhoselifeisfulloftragedy.That’swhymostofhisworksarefilledwithastrongtragiccolor.Hislifeisunsuccessful,buthehasleftthegreatworks–Moby-Dicktothehumanbeings.Thetragiclifeoftheauthorisdoomedtoportrayhisworkswithtragiccolor2.1BriefIntroductionoftheAuthorHermanMelville(1819-1891)wasborninafamilythatenjoyedgoodreputationinNewYork.Whenhewasyoung,hehadreceivedagoodeducation,ashisfamilywasrichenoughatthattime,thushewasabletogotothebestschools.Butwhenhewas12yearsold,hisfatherbecameinsolventanddiedsoonbecauseoftheillnesscausedbyanxiety.Hehadtodropoutofschoolhalfway,andthrewhimselfintothesocietyatanearlyage.Toescapethepoverty,Melvillewasforcedtostarttheseverevoyagelifein1837.Thefouryears’experienceontheseahaswidenedhisviewandenrichedhisthought,whichprovidesaninexhaustiblesourceofmaterialsforhisfutureliteraturecreation.Thatis whymostofhisliteraturesarerelatedtothesea.Itistheseathatgivesbirthtothisgreatwriter.Nowonderhecallshisfour-yearvoyagecareerashis”YaleUniversity"and"HarvardUniversity".Therefore,Melvillehasadeepaffectiontothesea.HehaswrittensuccessfullyTheTypee(1846),Omoo(1847),Mardi(1849),White-jacket(1850),Moby-Dick(1851),Theconfidence-man(1857),amongwhichMoby-Dickishisrepresentativewriting.ThisworksmergesShakespeare"stragedyandromanticismintoanintegralwhole.Ithasbeenrecognizedasoneofthemasterpiecesintheworldliteraturetreasure-house.2.2MainContentofMoby-DickMoby-Dick(1851)isthemasterpieceofMelville,thewell-knownAmericanromanticnovelistinthe19thcentury.WiththegreatvehemenceofthetragicepicandthetragicartisticconceptionofShakespeare,Moby-Dickmoldsaheroictragedycharacter—CaptainAhab,whoisagrand,ungodly,god-likeman.TheleadingcharacterofthenovelAhablostalegwhenheencounteredMobyDick,whichseemedtobeagreatshametohim.Sohepledgedthathewouldsparenoefforttotakerevengeonit.Atthattime,peoplebelievedthatmanwasthemasterofhisownfate.Therefore,Ahabstartedhiscrazyrevengeinordertosavehisself-esteem.Fromthenon,thisdifficultmissionhadbecometheonlypursuitofhislife.Inordertoachievethisgoalassoon aspossible,AhabbegantosearchthewhereaboutsofMobyDickthemomenthewentouttosea.Hetriedallkindsofmeanstofinditout.Meanwhile,hemadeallsailorsobeyhiswillbyvariousways.Ahabrealizedclearlythathewouldhavetopayaheavypriceforthis.However,hestillmadeuphismindthathewouldratherdiethanliveindishonor.Withgreatcourageanddedication,Ahabtriedhisbesttofulfillhismissionwithouthesitation.Nomatterwhobeggedhimtostop,nomatterwhatobstacleshehadmetontheway,Ahabstillinsistedonhisgoal.Intheend,allthepeoplewereburiedintotheseaexceptIshmael,whonarratedthewholestoryasanexperiencedperson.AndAhabfinallyfoundouthisowndestinationofspiritbythewayofperishingtogetherwithMobyDick. 3ThePersonalityofAhabManycriticshavedoneresearchesonMoby-Dick.ButtheyallbelievethatAhabisademon,acrazyman,becausetheyjustanalyzeAhabfromhiscrazyactivityinpursuingMobyDick,whichisonlyasmallpartofAhab.TheyhaveignoredAhab’sinnerpersonality.Ahabisamanwhowouldneverbowtofateandtakesself-esteemashislife.Hebelievesthatapersoncanbekilled,buthecan’tlosehisself-esteem.ThischapterwillfocusonappreciatingAhab’spersonalitycomprehensively.3.1ALonelyandCrazyHero–AhabHeroesarealwayslonely,andAhabisnoexception.Heisincompatiblewiththesurroundingworld,andalwayssilentandspeechless.Thebrutalrealityandthehierarchicalsystemhadimprisonedhimsofirmlyinthewhalingshipthathecouldnotgetoutofthisnarrowspace.However,whenMobyDicktookawayoneofhislegs,Ahabbecameevenmoreeccentricbecauseofthekindofphysicaldestructionandmentaltorturemadebyit.Totakerevenge,hemadeuphismindtoleavehisonlydaughterandhiswifewhohadbeenmarriedtohimfortenyears.Thus,hestartedthemiserablenavigationjustas:"tryingtofindaneedleinahaystack".Duringthislongvoyage,whathadbroughttohim wereonlythesufferingoftormentandtheendlessmentaltorture.Inthebottomofhislonelyheart,akindofhelplessnessalsorevealed,whichmadehimfeelevenworse.Insuchcase,Ahabhadtopourouttheseinnermostpains,whichhadpiledupinhisheartforsomanyyears."Forty-forty-fortyyearsago!-ago!Fortyyearsofcontinualwhaling!Fortyyearsofprivation,andperil,andstorm-time!Fortyyearsonthepitilesssea!ForfortyyearshasAhabforsakenthepeacefulland,forfortyyearstomakewaronthehorrorsofthedeep!Ayeandyes,Starbuck,outofthosefortyyearsIhavenotspentthreeashore.WhenIthinkofthislifeIhaveled;thedesolationofsolitudeithasbeen;themasoned,walled-townofaCaptain"sexclusiveness,whichadmitsbutsmallentrancetoanysympathyfromthegreencountrywithout-oh,weariness!heaviness!Guinea-coastslaveryofsolitarycommand!---Whatafortyyears"fool-fool-oldfool,hasoldAhabbeen!Whythisstrifeofthechase?Whyweary."2](p761)ForAhab,40years’whalinglifehadmadehimfeeltiredoflifeandhelpless.Hecouldfeeltheinnerloneliness,anxiety,self-doubt,whileallthesewereahero"slonelycrywithwails.MobyDickwasjustlikeaninvisiblewall.Ithadimprisonedstubbornlythisoldpersonabovethevastsea,whilethispitifulmanhadalreadyexperiencedquitealot.Formany times,AhabclosedhimselfinthecaptaincabinandthoughtabouthowtotakerevengetoMobyDick.Undersuchcircumstances,howcanonelettheoldcaptainnotfeelwretchedandhelpless?Duetothepaincausedbythelossoftheleg,Ahabcouldnotwalkoutofthehumiliationoflossofdignity;eventhepipecouldnotlessenanyofhispain.Itlookedasiftheartificiallimb,whichwasmadebyMobyDick,frequentlyremindedhimthathehadbeendefeatedbyit.Atthattime,theconceptof“mancanconquernature”waswidelyacceptedbypeople.Therefore,thelossofthelegcausedbyMobyDickwasundoubtedlyagreatshametoAhab.Thus,revengeinevitablybecametheonlyoutletofAhab’slifeandkillingMobyDickhadbeentheonlymeaningofhislifeinthisworld.Anyunluckyomens,warningsandpleacouldnotchangehisdeterminationtokillMobyDickandpreventhimfromtakingrevenge.Onthecontrary,hebecameevenmoredeterminedabouthisgoal.“Now,inhisheart,Ahabhadsomeglimpseofthis,namely;allmymeansaresane,mymotiveandmyobjectmad.”3](p261)Itismainlybecauseofthiskindofmotivationandcrazypurpose,somehorriblepowerrevealsinAhab—craziness.Whathesaidandwhathedideloquentlydemonstratedhisparanoidpersonality.WhenStarbuck toldAhabthatthefireonhisjavelinmeantthatgodwasagainsthim,andpersuadedhimtogiveupthegoalofkillingMobyDick,AhabcursedStarbuckloudly.Heshoutedthatanyonewhodaredtolaxtheropeendwouldbepiercedbyhisjavelin.InAhab"seyes,allthecrewmusttakethetaskofkillingMobyDickastheirsacredresponsibility,fromwhichwecanseethatAhabhasimposedhisownwillonothersinordertocompletehismission.Heregardsthelivesofthesailorsasvaluelessasgrass.Fromtheverybeginning,Ahabhaspledged,“I’llchasehimroundGoodHope,androundtheHorn,androundtheNorwayMaelstrom,androundperdition"sflamesbeforeIgivehimup."4](p227)Ahabunderstandsthatitisimpossibleforhimtostopthecrazypursuit;becausehecouldnot.Andalsoitisimpossibleforhimtobowtohisfate.Theonlyoutletistotrytoretrievehisdignitybythiskindofcrazyrevenge. 3.2ABraveandResoluteHero–AhabAmongAhab’spersonalities,hehasthesideofaparanoidandcrazyman,butheisalsoabrave,strong-determinedhero.However,itisobviousinthenovelthat,whilestrugglingwithfate,Ahab’sreally powerless.Hisrevoltwillinevitablyleadtohisandallthecrew"sdestroy.Tosomeextent,thiskindofdestroyundoubtedlymeansthatAhabisabletobefreefromthementaltortureforever."Hehasforsakenthepeacefullandforfortyyears,andmadewaronthehorrorsofthedeepforfortyyears!Hehasanotablespirit"5](p336)Hehasexperiencedallsortsofhardships,butheisalwaysfullofspiritandfightsbravelywithoutfear.Ahabownstheindomitablespiritofthehumanbeings,justaswhatEmersonwritesintheHeroism,"Theherocannotbemediocre;mediocritycouldneverbecomethehero."(p720)DuringthetimewhenAhabfightswithMobyDick,hehasshownthespiritthathewillnevergiveuphismission.Nomatterwhatkindofwhalingshiphehasmet,hewillinquireaboutthewhereaboutsofMobyDick.HetravelsallovertheworldwhilehisonlyaimistoseekMobyDick,andtheneliminateitatanycost. IntheprocessofkillingMobyDick,Ahab’sgoalisclear,hismannerisfirmandhisdeterminationisfaithful.Inordertoachievehisgoal,everydayheonlyliesdownonbedforthreehours.HealwayswondersabouthowtofindoutMobyDick.Helooksatthechart,observesthesunandstudiestherouteinthecaptain"sroom.AnyplaceMobyDickmightappear,Ahabwillseetoitandnevermissthechancetokillit.However,MobyDickhasakindofmysteriousandsupernaturalforce.Atthattime,itisimpossibleforpeopletogettoknowMobyDick.Therefore,Ahabmust,firstofall,havethecourageandperseverancetoendureallsortsofunfortunatethingsinthisstruggle.Andthenheisabletofightwithamuchmorepowerfulenemytodefendhisowndignity.AhabdarestobreaktheconventiontoeradicateMobyDick,whichismuchmorepowerfulthanhim.ItformsasharpcontrastwiththeChristiancoward--Starbuck.WhilefacingthepowerfulMobyDick,Starbuckhaschosenthemethodofastep-by-stepconcession.InthecourseofstrugglingwithMobyDick,wecanseehisretreateverywhere.ButAhabdisplaysthathedarestodowhateverhewantstodo."I"dstrikethesunifitinsultsme."7](p229)ThiskindofcouragetochallengethegodandthefearlessspiritofAhabhasmadethehumanbeingsdeeplyshocked.Fromthevery beginningtotheend,StarbuckneverstoppedpersuadingAhabtogiveupthegoalofattackingthewhitewhale,"Evennowitisthethirdday,nowitisnottoolatetogiveupyet."Ahabunderstoodthathewouldhavetopayaheavytaxforhisrevenge.However,atthistime,ithadbeenimpossibleforAhabtoabandonthismission.AfterlearningthepositionofMobyDick,inspiteofalltheotherpeople"sattemptstodissuadehim,AhabstillsailedagainstthewindanddashedtothepointoftheseawhereMobyDickappeared.TheinnerconflictgotoutofhishandwiththeapproachofMobyDick,butAhabstillmadeunremittingeffortstochallengeitandtriedhisbesttobeatitdown.Finally，Ahabfulfilledhislong-cherishedwish:killingMobyDickforrevenge.Hefoundhisspiritualdestinationintheend.Inthefaceofmisfortune,Ahab"sheroicspiritshowsushuman’sgreatfaithandnoblespirit.3.3RegardingtheSelf-esteemasLifeBeforeAhablostoneofhislegs,dependingonhiscourageous,quick-wittedandtenaciousdevotion,hehadbecomeabraveandresourceful,resolutecaptaininawhalingship,withouthavingtoscrupleaboutanything.However,whenMobyDickgotawayoneofhislegs,itgavehimnotmerelythephysicalpain.Moreimportantly,itwasthesufferingofthespiritandthefeelingofthedefeatofself-esteemthathadhurtAhabverymuch.Becauseofthehatredoflosinghisleg,ithasbeen veryhardforAhabtoraisehisheadtore-examinehimselfwithself-esteem.CaptainAhabissuperiortoothers.Undoubtedly,toAhab,theself-esteemisevenmoreimportantthanhisownlife.MustaiKarimoncesaid:"Onceapersonloseshisself-esteem,hewouldnotbeamanbutacreepyghost."8](p1583)Therefore,Ahabshouldfightforhisself-esteem.Thusheisseizedbyafanaticaldesireforrevenge.Whalingisnolongerhisgoal,hisrealaimistokillMobyDickandrestorehisself-esteem.JustaswhatChenQiuhongwritesinTheCultureInterpretationoftheSymbolicSignificanceinMoby-Dick,"Hehassufferedsetbacksagainandagain,buthewillneverbedefeated.Thefireoflifecanbeputout,buthisself-esteemwillneverbeconquered."9](p99) ThereforeAhabpledgedthathewouldgotoeveryplaceoftheworldtofindMobyDickoutandkillit,inordertoeliminatetheshameithadbroughttohim.ZhuGuangqianbelievesthat,intragedies,thesenseofdignityisasimportantastheideaoffate.Ifthereisnobreak,no strugglefordisasters,therewillbenotragedy.SoMobyDickisjustlikeamagnetwhichattractsAhab’sunwaveringresistance. 4ThePerformancesofStruggleAhab’lifeisunfortunate.Duringthefortyyearsofwhalinglifeinthesea,hehasexperiencednearlyallkindsofhardshipsintheworld.WhetherheshouldcontinuetopursueMobyDickornothastroubledhimallthetime.Differentkindsoftorturesarealwaystogetherwithhimwhichhasmadehimfeelratherpainful.Butaheroisalsoacommonpeople.Hehasalwaysstruggledwithhisinnerconflict.Atthesametime,hepersistsonresistingthefateandgods.4.1ThePerformancesofStruggleonPsychologicalActivityInMoby-Dick,HermanMelvillehasportrayedtheheroicimageofPrometheuswhorunstocontrolhisownfate.CaptainAhabthesupremecommanderofthe“Pequod"whalingship,islonelyandcontradictoryinthebottomofhisheart.Aftergoingouttothesea,foralongperiodoftime,herefusedtoseeanypeoplelikeaproudLamaandhidhimselfinthecaptain’scabinwhichresembledthe"grave".Forhim，thereisquitealongdistancebetweenhimandhappiness.Onlylonelinesscansoothethewoundinhisdeepheart.Inthisway，heappearstobemoresuperiortoothersandmoremysterious.AfterbeingtakenawayoneofhislegsbyMobyDick,Ahabstilldidnotabandonthenavigationandwas notwillingtoreturntothetranquilland.Onthecontrary,hestartedhisfrenziedrevenge.Theprocessofrevengeistheprocessofstruggleinhisinnerworld.Ahabhasbecomemoreandmorecomplexandlonely.InthechapterofPipe,thestruggleinAhab’sinnerworldisvividlyperformed.ThisKhanandkingoftheseawhohasstruggledwiththeseaforfortyyearsisreallypitifulatthismoment."Thissmokingnolongersoothes.Oh,mypipe!Hardmustitgowithmeifthycharmbegone!HerehaveIbeenunconsciouslytoiling,notpleasuring.“10](p181)ForAhab,whoseheartwasfullofhatred,smokingcouldnotrelievethepainanymore，butevengaveintensedistress.Aspiperepresentedakindofthepeacefulandquietlife,hethereforethrewhispipeintothesea.Inthelastchapter,StarbuckstillpersuadedAhabtogiveuphispursuit,forhisyoungwifeandhisonlychildwerewaitingforhisreturn.AhabwasmovedbywhatStarbuckhadsaid,buthestilldesertedtheideaofreturningtothequietandpeacefulcontinent.HefirmlybelievedthatkillingMobyDickwastheonlywaytoberescued.Sohecuthimselfofffromthecommonworldofhumanbeings.Thusheisdoomedtobedestroyed. Inchapter135,thiskindofinnermostresistanceappearedtobeevenmoreobvious.AhabnarratedthemiseryjourneyofhisownlifetoStarbuck.Whenhementionedhiswifeanddaughterwhowerequitefarawayinthehometown,Ahabcouldnothelpfeelingsadfromthebottomofheart.Hedidn’tknowwhetherheshouldgiveuporcontinuetocaptureMobyDick.Ahab’sinnermostcontradictionwasjustaspainfulasthosevulturesweregorgingonhisbody.Facingthereality,thisoldpersononlyhadtomakeachoice.Hemissedhisfamilymembers,butthepainsandtormentsbroughtforthbyMobyDickcouldnotbeerasedfromhislife.SotheonlymeanswastocarryonthestrugglewithMobyDicktotheend,untilhehadwipedthemiserablememoryoutthoroughly.Finallyhebrokethroughthebunchofpressure,andperishedtogetherwithMobyDick.4.2ThePerformancesofStrugglingwiththeSociety"WhatI"vedared,I"vewilled;andwhatI"vewilled,I"lldo!“11](p235)InAhab’seyes,MobyDickisnotmerelytheoldenemyofhisbody,butalsotheoldenemyofhisspirit.HedoesnothesitatetostrugglewithMobyDick-----theevilconductinhisopinion,thoughhehasbeencoveredwithamassofbruises.Ahabhastheexplicitgoalandfaithful determination.Duringtheprocessofhisrevenge,thoughAhabhasthethoughtandthewisdomtoinstructhim,thereisakindofsubconsciousnessandinstinctwhichsummonshimtocarryouthismission.Inhiseyes," everythinghasnotsupposedtobesodifficultthatwecannottobeabletoachieveinthisworld,solongaswedoesn’tfeartopayfortheprice…Iwillneverbegtothepowerfulenemies,justliketheschoolboysdotothestrongergangsters.Iwillneversaytothegangstersthatyoushouldtakesomeoneofyourownsize,don’tjusttyrannizeme!No,ye’veknockedmedown,andIamupagain…Solongasyouexist,Icanattackyouwithouthesitation.Ihavealreadypreparedforall."12](p236)Obviously，Ahabdoesn’tbelieveinthearrangementoffate.Hedoesn’tbelievethatnatureandallthethingsarecontrolledbythegod,either.Whilefacingtheformidableenemy,hedoesnotcompromiseattheslightestdegree.Ahabfirmlybelievesthatrelyingonhisstrongwillandthespiritofdefianceofthesacrifices;hecandefeattheformidableopponent.Wemayseetheevilomensofthethunderandlightningintheworks.Butevenso,theycannotpreventAhab’swillfromstrugglingwithMobyDick. Ahabisamanwhoisnotwillingtobecontrolledbythefateandwhowillneverbowtohisownfate.Withaquitestrongwillanddetermination,hebearsallsortsofmisfortunes.Thereisakindofinviolabledignityonhiscoolfacethatisfullofwrinkle.Ahab"sresistancefirstmanifestsinthestrugglewiththegod,whichisjustaswhatFatherMapplesays,"IfweobeyGod,wemustdisobeyourselves;anditisinthisdisobeyingofourselves,whereinthehardnessofobeyingGodconsists."13](p60)Ahabchoosestodisobeythegodandfollowhisownwillforherealizesclearlythathehastotakehumanbeing’sself-esteemashislife.Therefore,heplainlydeclaresthatheisthemasterofhisownfateandsoul.Hedeniesthatthegodmastersthefateofhumanbeings.“Ifmanwillstrike,strikethoughthemask!Talknottomeofblasphemy,man;I"dstrikethesunifitinsultedme." 14](p229)Obviously,Ahabdeniesthatthegodrestrictsthefreedomofhumanbeingsandthedevelopmentofpursuingthepersonality.Hehopestoseetheworld’soriginalappearanceclearly. Althoughheneverstoppedstrugglingwithfate,despisingthegodsandencouragingtheindividuality,theirresistiblestrengthofnaturehadswallowedallthepeoplethatstruggledwithitbybillowywaves.Somepeoplediedinthetide,somediedinshallowwaters,andsomediedinthefloods.Therefore,Ahabknewthathewasdoomedtodieinthewaves.Thisishislife,whichhasalreadybeendoomedinadvance.SoAhabtriesallhiseffortstokillMobyDicktosavehisself-respectuntilthelastminute.WhenMobyDickrushesontothebow,Ahabisdoomedtobedefeatedbythefate.heisfinallyburiedintothesea,towhichhehasdevotedhiswholelife.Ahabfinisheshistragicresultintheend.Althoughdestinymaydestroythegreatperson,itisunabletodestroythehuman’sloftiness. 5TheEndoftheUnsuccessfulHeroTragicauthorhaswrittenthetragicworks;thetragicworksdescribesthetragicfigure;thetragicfigureproducesthetragicending.Thoughfacingthedestiny,godaswellasthesupernaturalpower,Ahabhasneverretreatedbuttostrugglewiththemactively.Eventually,hehasdirectedadramatictragedy.Histragedyisnotonlyakindofoccupationaltragedy,butalsoakindoftragedyofstruggle.5.1TheOccupationalTragedyInthe19thcentury,whalingwasanextremelydangerousprofession.Mostly,onlythepeoplewhowereinthedesperatesituationwerewillingtotakethisoccupation,astheymighteasilybeburiedintothesea.Infact,theyhadabandonedtheirlives;theyalsohadsoldtheirsoulstoshipownersandthesea.Atthattime,thematerialandtechnicalconditionswerenotveryadvanced,sothewhalingreliedentirelyonphysicalstrength,andpeoplewereonlyabletobeluckydogswiththehelpofexperience.Everyyear,thousandsofwhalemendisappearedinthesea,leavingonlytheirlonelyrelatives."Somanyaretheunrecordedaccidentsinthefishery”15](p50) Theconditionsofthewhalemenwereverypoor.Theyateroughageanddranktheseawater.Thenovelhasshowedableakscenetothereadersatthebeginningofthisworks,whilegravescanbeseeneverywhere.“Deathiseasilytohappeninthebusinessofwhaling----aspeechlesslyquickchaoticbundlingofamanintoEternity.16](p51)AlthoughAhabisthecaptainofthe"Pequod"andhasenoughsailorsandshipmentobedominatedonhand,theyallworkfortheownerofthe"Pequod",includingAhabhimself.Therewardoftheultimatecostwiththeirlivesisonlyaverysmallpartoftheprofitsinwhaleoil.Eachdropofthewhaleoilcontainsadropofblood.Itisobviousthatlifeisusedasstakewhileengaginginthehuntingofwhales.InAhab’s40yearsofwhalinglife,undoubtedly,hestruggleswiththegodofdestinyateveryturn.Asoldierwhodiesinabattleisatragedy;asailorwhoisburiedintotheseaisalsoatragedy.Buttheyhaveonethingincommon,thatisanoccupationaltragedy.Ithinkthisjob’stragedy(whaling’stragedy)hashiddenamuchdeepersignificance.Thatistheexplorationofnatureandthepursuitoftruth.Becausetheuniversehastheunknownsidetohumanbeingsandthevastnaturealsohasitsownfixedrule,Humansarenotabletoexplainthe mysterywiththeexistedscientificandtechnologicalachievements.MobyDickisagoodexample.Itseemstobeseparatedbyveil,whichmakesitimpossibletobeunderstoodbyhumanbeings.Itisjustbecauseoftheunknownsideofthenature,peoplegoinginforwhalingneedtopayaheavycost."Tragicfigurehasbeenpunished,notbecauseanyindividualhascommittedasin,butduetothe‘originalsin’thatistheverysurvivalofthissin."17](p347)Fromthisitcanbeseenthatsurvivalisthemostimportantthingforeachlife.Whileallthehumanbeingsexistinginthisworld,theyhavetofaceaseriesofconflictssuchasendsandmeans,hopeandreality.Thehumanbeingshavealwaysbeenfoundtostrugglewiththesocialreality,however,theyalsohavetofightagainstnature.Thenavigationofwhalingshipisjusttheprocessinwhichhumanbeingsstruggleswiththenatureinordertoexistinthisworld.Thesinkingofthe"Pequod"indicatesthefinaltragedyofthisoccupation.5.2TheTragedyofStrugglingwithFateAhabisatypicaltragicfigure.Fromtheverybeginning,thenovelhaslaidoutthecolorofthistragedy.ThenameofAhabcomesfromthe Bible.HeistheseventhkingofIsrael,andheisaheinouspersonatthesametime.Whilefightingwithanotherking,Ahabiskilled.SothenameofAhabcanbeeasilyassociatedwithtragedybyreaders. Ahab"sdeathisinevitable,Ahabhimselfisalsowellawareofthis.HehasrealizedthesupernaturalpowerofMobyDick."Iseeinhimoutrageousstrength,withaninscrutablemalicesinewingit."18](p229)PeoplethinkthatAhabisamadmanandapersonwhohasbeenaffectedwithparanoia.Undoubtedly,hehasbeenfaintingwiththedesiretokillMobyDick.Butheisaclear-headedmadman.Hebecomescrazybecauseheconsidershisdignityinsulted.Therefore,hehastosafeguardhumanbeings’dignity,butwithacrazymanner.ThatistryingeverymeanstokillMobyDick.JustaswhatErnestHemingwayhaseversaid,"Amancanbedestroyed.Buthecannotbedefeated".19](p68)Ahabcanonlyventhispainoflosingtheself-esteemthroughpursuingMobyDickcrazily.ZhuGuangqianwritesinThePsychologyofTragedythat "sufferingisfeltandperformedinthetragedy,atthesametime,theenergywhichhasbeenrestrainedforalongtimewillthenbereleasedandsmootheddownabit".20](p381)CaptainHarmisgratefulthatheonlylostanarm,andhewouldratherliveindisgrace.ButAhabcannotdolikethat.IntheeyesofAhab,hecanlosehislife,buthecannotlosehisdignity."Agentlemanprefersdeathtohumiliation."Howcanaherowhoisbraveenoughnottofearofthegodsiswillingtosufferthephysicalandmentaltorturewithoutstruggle?Tolivesolitarilyanddielonely,thatisthemostunwillingthingAhabwantstosee.SohecanonlychooseaheroicdeaththatistostrugglewithMobyDickunwaveringly.ThephilosopherUnamunoofthe20thcenturyoncesaid,"Manisdoomedtobedestroyed,thismightbethecase.However,letusthenbedestroyedintherevoltaction.“AhabdiedinasuicideattackwithMobyDickintheend.AsSchopenhaueroncesaid,"Theninthetragedies,wecanseethatallthegreatestmenhavegivenuptheultimategoalwhichtheyareeagertopursuitforquitealongtime,andtheyarealwaysrejecttoenjoyinglife,ortheyarehappytogiveuptheirlivesateaseafteralongperiodofconflictandsuffering."21](p348) Ahab’srevengeisaperformanceofacrazysuicide;itisalsoakindofwaytopursuethedevelopmentofthepersonalityandameansoffierceprotest.Sucharejustthetwosidesoflifedemonstratedbythetragedy,sothatweseethesuffering,andalsoweseethestruggle. 6ConclusionThetragedyoftenbringsaprofoundspiritualshock.Toagreatdegree,italsoshowstheauthor"sfate.Melvilleisunsuccessfulallhislife.Hislifeisfullofthecoloroftragedy.Nomatterwhathehasdone,hestillcouldnotchangehisownfate.Throughthefiguresofhisnovel,wecanseethegreatnessofhumanbeings.Mankindisabletoachievetheirself-valuethroughtheirsubjectiveinitiativeintheuniverse.Meanwhile,werealizethatwemustpayaheavycostinthecourseofknowingtheworldandcontrollingit.ItisAhabwhodarestosacrificehimself,anddarestoenterprise,thatweareabletounderstandmoreaboutnature.Ahab"spursuitofMobyDickistheprocessofexploringthenature.BecauseMobyDickisjusttherepresentativeofnature,thesymbolofthenature’sforces,areflectionofthepowerfulforcesofnature.Ifwedonothavethespiritofpioneeringandexploringthetruth,howcanweachieveharmonybetweenmankindandnature?Fromtheverybeginning,humanbeingsdonotknowhowtogetalongwiththenatureharmoniously.Butwegettoknowandtransformthenaturegraduallyintheprocessofexploringit.Ultimately,manandnaturecanbetogetherinaharmoniouscoexistence.Ahabiscourageousenoughtoprotestthegodsandhehasthespiritofhardgritandperseverance.Allofthesemakehimaherowithalofty spirit.However,duringthestrugglewiththeunknownpower,heisdoomedtobeatragicfigure."Thewindsoughsandthewatergetscold,theherogoesovertherenevercomingback."Inthatera,onlydeathcanaccomplishtheirfeatsofheroismcompletely,andthentheywillbeabletosavetheirself-esteemandcompletetheirinevitabletragedy. Notes[1]AnnetteT.Rubinnstein.AmericanLiteratureRootAndFlower[M]北京：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.1985[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][11][12][13][14][15][17][18]HermanMelville.Moby-Dick[M].北京：中国图书进出口总公司.2005.[9]戴镏龄.世界名言大辞典[M].南宁：广西人民出版社.1996[10]陈秋红.白鲸象征意义的文化阐释[J].武汉：外国文学研究.2002年第二期.[19]周海燕.寻求与超越-亚哈与桑地亚哥人物形象解读[J].莱阳农学院学报第2期.2006.[16][20][21]朱光潜.悲剧心理学[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社.2006. Bibliography[1]AnnetteT·Rubinstein.AmericanLiteratureRootAndFlower[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.1998.[2]FredMednick.AnIntroductiontoAmericanLiterature[M].郑州：河南大学出版社.1985.[3]HermanMelville.Moby-Dick[M].北京：中国图书进出口总公司.2005.[4]Jia-RuiChong.MelissaMartin.白鲸导读[M].天津：天津科技翻译出版公司.2003.[5]白锡汉.论《白鲸》的悲剧实质[J].青岛：山东师大外国语学院学报第二期.2000.[6]陈秋红.白鲸象征意义的文化阐释[J].武汉：外国文学研究.2002年第二期[7]曹庸译.白鲸[M].上海：上海译文出版社.2003.[8]催凌云.《白鲸》欲望主体与复仇主题[J].株洲：株洲师范高等专科学院学报第四期.2004.[9]戴镏龄.世界名言大辞典[M].南宁：广西人民出版社.1996[10]黄静.论《白鲸》的悲剧意义[J].兰州：兰州铁道学院学报第2期.2003.[11]朱光潜.悲剧心理学[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社.2006.[12]周海燕.寻求与超越-亚哈与桑地亚哥人物形象解读[J].莱阳农学院学报第2期.2006. AcknowledgementsIwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmygratitudetoallthepeoplewhohaveeverhelpedmeinthisproject.MysincereandheartythanksandappreciationsgofirstlytoProfessorPanLifeng,mysupervisor.Itishewhomademebelievethatlcanexertmyabilitytoworkonthisstudy.Itishewhotaughtmesomuchknowledgeforthisstudyandcalledattentiontomymistakes.Itishissuggestionandencouragementthathavegivenmemuchinsightintothisstudy.Ithasbeenagreatprivilegeandjoytostudyunderhisguidanceandsupervision.Furthermore,itismyhonortobenefitfromhispersonalityanddiligence.Ifthisworkcanbeofanymerits,itisbecauseofhim.IamdeeplyindebtedandgratefultoallthecourseteachersintheschoolofForeignLanguages,ProfessorPengNinghong,andotherteachers’wonderfullecturesandintellectualdiscussion.Iamalsoextremelygratefultoallmyfriendsandclassmateswhogavemeassistance,companionshipandopinionswhenIwasconfusedduringtheperiodofpreparingthispaper.Finally,Iamgratefultoallthosewhodevotemuchtimetoreadingthisthesisandgivememuchadvice,whichwillbenefitmeinmylaterstudy. 致谢时间飞逝，大学的学习生活很快就要过去，在这四年的学习生活中，收获了很多，而这些成绩的取得是和一直关心帮助我的人分不开的。首先非常感谢学校开设这个课题，为本人日后从事计算机方面的工作提供了经验，奠定了基础。本次毕业设计大概持续了半年，现在终于到结尾了。本次毕业设计是对我大学四年学习下来最好的检验。经过这次毕业设计，我的能力有了很大的提高，比如操作能力、分析问题的能力、合作精神、严谨的工作作风等方方面面都有很大的进步。这期间凝聚了很多人的心血，在此我表示由衷的感谢。没有他们的帮助，我将无法顺利完成这次设计。首先，我要特别感谢我的知道郭谦功老师对我的悉心指导，在我的论文书写及设计过程中给了我大量的帮助和指导，为我理清了设计思路和操作方法，并对我所做的课题提出了有效的改进方案。郭谦功老师渊博的知识、严谨的作风和诲人不倦的态度给我留下了深刻的印象。从他身上，我学到了许多能受益终生的东西。再次对周巍老师表示衷心的感谢。其次，我要感谢大学四年中所有的任课老师和辅导员在学习期间对我的严格要求，感谢他们对我学习上和生活上的帮助，使我了解了许多专业知识和为人的道理，能够在今后的生活道路上有继续奋斗的力量。另外，我还要感谢大学四年和我一起走过的同学朋友对我的关心与支持，与他们一起学习、生活，让我在大学期间生活的很充实，给我留下了很多难忘的回忆。最后，我要感谢我的父母对我的关系和理解，如果没有他们在我的学习生涯中的无私奉献和默默支持，我将无法顺利完成今天的学业。致谢四年的大学生活就快走入尾声，我们的校园生活就要划上句号，心中是无尽的难舍与眷恋。从这里走出，对我的人生来说，将是踏上一个新的征程，要把所学的知识应用到实际工作中去。回首四年，取得了些许成绩，生活中有快乐也有艰辛。感谢老师四年来对我孜孜不倦的教诲，对我成长的关心和爱护。学友情深，情同兄妹。四年的风风雨雨，我们一同走过，充满着关爱，给我留下了值得珍藏的最美好的记忆。在我的十几年求学历程里，离不开父母的鼓励和支持，是他们辛勤的劳作，无私的付出，为我创造良好的学习条件，我才能顺利完成完成学业，感激他们一直以来对我的抚养与培育。最后，我要特别感谢我的导师刘望蜀老师、和研究生助教吴子仪老师。是他们在我毕业的最后关头给了我们巨大的帮助与鼓励，给了我很多解决问题的思路，在此表示衷心的感激。老师们认真负责的工作态度，严谨的治学精神和深厚的理论水平都使我收益匪浅。他无论在理论上还是在实践中，都给与我很大的帮助，使我得到不少的提高这对于我以后的工作和学习都有一种巨大的帮助，感谢他耐心的辅导。在论文的撰写过程中老师们给予我很大的帮助，帮助解决了不少的难点，使得论文能够及时完成，这里一并表示真诚的感谢。 '