GB9390-1988导航术语.pdf 49页

'中华人民共和国国家标准Gs9390一88导航术语Terminologyfornavigation本标准规定了导航专业的基本术语，作为导航专业制定标准，编制技术文件，编写和翻译专业手册、教材及书刊的依据。凡本标准中未作规定的导航术语，可在各类有关标准中规定。通用术语1.1导航、导航设备和导航数据1.1.1导航navigation引导运载体到达预定目的地的过程。1.1.2航空导航airnavigation航空器的导航。1.1.3地面导航landnavigation车辆的导航。1.1·4船舶导航marinenavigation船舶的导航。1.1.5极区导航polarnavigation在极区内采用专门技术和方法的导航。1.1.6进场导航approachnavigation进港导航approachnavigation把运载体引导到码头、跑道或其他终端期间的导航。1.1.7无线电导航radionavigation利用发射和接收无线电信号的导航。1.1.8卫星导航satellitenavigation利用人造地球卫星的导航。1.1.9惯性导航inertialnavigation利用惯性仪表保持的方向基准和测定运载体加速度，自动推算瞬时速度和位置数据的自主式导航。1.1.10天文导航celestialnavigation利用天体的导航。1.1.11网格导航gridnavigation格网导航gridnavigation利用网格（格网）坐标的导航。1.1.12区域导航areanavigation在某区域内，不受地面导航台位置限制，而能使航空器沿任一需要路径航行到目的地的无线电或其他方式的导航。中华人民共和国电子工业部1988-04-15批准1988一12一01实施 Gs9390一881.1.13导航设备navigationalaid用于对运载体进行导航的仪表、系统、装置。1.1.14自主导航设备self-containednavigationaid仅由运载体自身携带的装置独立实施导航的设备。1.1.15陆基导航设备ground-basednavigationaid需要有在陆地或海上配置相应的装置才能实施导航的设备。1.1.16动基导航设备moving-basenavigationaid需要有在被导航的运载体外的运动体上配置相应的装置才能实施导航的设备。1.1.17空中导出导航数据air-derivednavigationdata由机载设备测量获得的导航数据。1.1.18运载体导出导航数据vehicle-derivednavigationdata由运载体上设备测量获得的导航数据。1.1.19空间基准导航数据space-referencednavigationdata以惯性空间坐标系表示的导航数据。1.1.20地面导出导航数据ground-derivednavigationdata由运载体外的陆地或海上的设备测量获得的导航数据。1.1.21地面基准导航数据ground-referencednavigationdata以地球或指定的局部地面为基准的坐标系所表示的导航数据。1.1.22动基导出导航数据moving-base-derivednavigationdata由被导航的运载体外的运动体上的相应装置测量获得的导航数据。1.1.23动基基准导航数据moving-base-referencednavigationdata以被导航的运载体外的运动体为基准坐标系所表示的导航数据。1.2地理参数1.2.1地理纬度geographiclatitude(geodeticlatitude)地球子午圈上某点的法线与地球赤道平面的夹角。1.2.2地心纬度geocentriclatitude一点与地球几何中心的连线和地球赤道平面之间的锐角。1.2.3伪纬度pseudo-latitude从常规地球纬度系移动任意距离后的坐标系中的纬度。这样可使子午线收敛区（极区）离开导航系统预期的工作位置。1.2.4伪经度pseudo-longitude从常规地球经度系移动任意距离后的坐标系中的经度。这样可使子午线收敛区（极区）离开导航系统预期工作的位置。1.2.5铅垂线plumb-bobvertical由一个理想的、无摩擦的、相对地球无运动的铅垂所指示的方向。它表示在观测者所在的位置上，地球的引力加速度和离心加速度矢量之和的方向。1.2.6表观垂线apparentvertical引力加速度和所有其他加速度合成矢量的方向。1.2.7地心垂线geocentricvertical从地心通过观测者所在位置的径向矢量方向。1.2.8地理垂线geographicvertical大地水准面的法线方向。 GB9390一881.2.9大地水准面geoid由一假设连续穿过所有陆地地块的平均海平面所确定的理想面。1.2.10质量引力垂线mass-attractionvertical任一等势面的法线方向，用非旋转地球的铅垂方向来表示。1.2.11当地垂线localvertical观测者所在位置的垂线，可以是铅垂线、地理垂线或质量引力垂线。1.2.12表观水平线apparenthorizon可见水平线。1.2-13一子午线meridian南北基准线，指通过地球两极的大圆。1.2.14大圆greatcircle通过地球中心的平面与地球表面的交线。12.15本初子午线primemeridian经度为零度的子午线，指通过英国格林威治天文台旧址的子午线。1.2.16极区polarregions地球两极附近的区域，没有确定的界线。1.2.17当地水平面locallevel垂直当地垂线的平面。12.18恒向线rhumbline地球表面上，与所有的子午线相交成等角的线。12.19东西距departure地球上两点间恒向线的东西分量。1.2-20纬差differentlatitude(D0lat)地球上两点间恒向线的南北分量，即两点之间的纬度差。1.2.21收敛角convergency两地之间的大圆与两地的子午线相交的角度差。1.2.22半收敛角halfconvergency半收敛角conversionangle某点与另一点的大圆方位和恒向线方位之间在该点的角度差，亦称大圆改正量。1.3定位要素1.3.1导航参数navigationparameter导航过程中，表征可测量的运动或位置的参数。1.3.2指向sense表示某导航参数的矢量方向。1.3.3定边sensing寻求指向的过程。例如，在测向时对方位指示的1800双值性的判定过程。又如在仪表着陆系统和伏尔的比相或比幅中，航道位移信号与航空器控制中的适当响应之间的关系的确定过程。1.3.4导航坐标navigationcoordinate确定运载体位置的每个参数。1.3．5JL何因子geometricalfactor在导航坐标变化量为最大的方向上，导航坐标的变化量与距离变化量之比，即导航坐标梯度。1.3.6基准线referenceline用作角度测量的起始线。 GB9390一887等磁差线isogonal在特定的时间内，航图（海图）上具有相同磁差的所有点的连线。8网格grid格网grid用在航图（海图）上确定位置的线网。9网格磁差gridvariationgrivation格网磁差gridvariationgrivation网格北（格网北）和磁北之间的夹角。10等网格磁差线isogriv等格网磁差线isogriv绘在航图（海图）上的等网格磁差（等格网磁差）所有点的连线。11网格收敛角gridconvergence格网收敛角gridconvergence网格北（格网北）和真北之间的角度差，亦称网格（格网）偏置角。12测地线geodesic大地线geodesic在包含待测两点在内的地球面上，测得的两点之间的最短线。13等方位线curveofconstantbearing到某一点（例如无线电台）方位为定值时所有点的连线。14径向线radial由方位导航设备给出的许多位置线中的一条，径向线用它相对于该设备的基准方位的夹角来表示。15方向direction空间一点相对于另一点，不计两点间的距离时的位置。方向可以是三维或两维的，它虽不是角度，但经常用与基准方向之间的角度差表示。16基准方向referencedirection用以计算其他方向的起始方向。如真北，网格北（格网北）等。17北north测者子午面与当地真水平面的交线指向地理北极的方向。18真北truenorth地理北极的方向。19磁北magneticnorth地球磁场水平分量指向磁北极的方向。20网格北gridnorth格网北gridnorth迭加在航图（海图）上的直角坐标系中任意规定的基准方向。21罗北compassnorth磁罗经（磁罗盘）指示的北向。22方位azimuth方位bearing从地面上一点到天空一点或到地面上另一点的方向，用这两点的连线在水平面内的投影与基 GB9390一88准方向之间的夹角表示。23真方位truebearing以真北为基准计量的方位。24磁方位magneticbearing以磁北为基准计量的方位。25相对方位relativebearing舷角relativebearing以首向为基准计量的方位。26网络方位gridbearing格网方位gridbearing以网格北（格网北）为基准计量的方位。27罗方位compassbearing以罗北为基准计量的方位。28航向course预定的运载体的航行方向。在水平面内，用选定的基准线与航线间的夹角表示，由基准线顺时针方向计量。29真航向truecourse以真北为基准计量的航向。30磁航向magneticcourse以磁北为基准计量的航向。31网格航向gridcourse格网航向gridcourse以网格北（格网北）为基准计量的航向。32罗航向compasscourse以罗北为基准计量的航向。33航线courseline预定航行的路径在水平面内的投影线。34首向heading运载体纵轴轴向在水平面内的投影方向，用基准线和该方向之间的夹角表示。以基准线顺时针方向计量。35真首向trueheading以真北为基准计量的首向。36磁首向magneticheading以磁北为基准计量的首向。37网格首向gridheading格网首向gridheading以网格北（格网北）为基准计量的首向。38罗首向compassheading以罗北为基准计量的首向。39航迹tracka．运载体实际航程在水平面内投影的方向，并用方位来表示。b．在水平面内的运动分量已完成的历程。40航迹角trackangle GB9390一88以基准方向为零所计量的航迹。路径path空间内预期的或已经过的路程上一系列点的连线。偏流drift偏移drifta，与运载体首向垂直的地速分量。h．受海流或风作用运载体移动的距离。1.3.43偏流角driftangle流压差driftangle首向和航迹之间的角度差。1.3.44偏流修正角driftcorrectionangle偏移修正角driftcorrectionangle航向和首向的角度差。1.3.45风压差leewayangle由于受风的影响，在水平面内运载体运动方向与它的首向之间的角度差。1.3.46斜距slantdistance不在同一高度上的两点之间的距离。1.3.47海拔高度altitude从平均海平面到一个水平面、一个点或作为一个点的物体的垂直距离。1.3.48相对高度height从某一规定的基准点到一个水平面、一个点或作为一个点的物体的垂直距离。1.3.49地速groundspeed运载体沿航迹的速度，即运载体相对于地球表面的运动速度的水平分量。1.3.50空速airspeed航空器相对周围大气的运动速度。1.3-51真空速trueairspeed(TAS)航空器相对于周围大气的实际速度。1.3.52风速windspeed空气的运动速度。1.3.53马赫数Machnumber物体相对于周围媒质或物质流的速度与音速之比。1．4位里和误差1.4.1位置position一点处于特定坐标系中的地点。1.4.2位置线lineofposition(LOP)两位置面的交线，每条线表示导航参数为定值的点的轨迹。1.4.3位置面surfaceofposition某个导航参数为定值所确定的面。1.4.4交角angleofcut两条位置线相交的夹角。1.4.5假定位置assumedposition假定运载体所在的位置。1.4.6估算位置estimatedposition GB9390一88根据不完整的或不满足精度要求的数据所确定的运载体的最大概率位置。1.4.7最大概率位置mostprobableposition利用全部可采用的位置信息，并按照对各个估算误差进行加权统计处理得到的位置。1.4.8随机误差randomerrors由随机干扰因素引起的只能用统计方法估计的误差。1.4.9圆误差。ircleoferror误差圆。ircleoferror位置误差采用到规定点的径向距离所表示圆的半径。1.4.10圆概率误差circularprobableerror(CPE)在两维误差分布中，表示概率误差为50％时的圆误差（误差圆）的半径。1.4.11工作距离operatingrange导航设备能提供可靠工作的最大距离。1.4.12工作区servicearea导航设备能提供可靠工作的区域。1.5姿态1.5.1姿态attitude物体各轴相对于某参考系的倾斜角所确定的状态。1.5.2纵轴longitudinalaxis纵轴x-axis沿运载体主体所规定的运动方向为轴向，并通过设计重心的轴。1.5.3横轴transverseaxis横轴y-axis垂直于纵轴，通常与对称平面垂直并通过设计重心的轴。沿纵轴方向向右取为轴向。1.5.4垂直轴verticalaxis垂直轴z-axis垂直于纵轴，通常在对称平面上并通过设计重心的轴，从上往下取为轴向或由制造者规定。1.5.5横滚roll横摇roll运载体绕纵轴的转动，绕纵轴轴向顺时针转动为正。1.5.6横滚角rollangle横摇角rollangle运载体横轴与水平线之间的夹角。1.5.7偏航yaw运载体绕垂直轴的转动，绕垂直轴轴向顺时针转动为正。1.5.8偏航角yawangle运载体的纵轴相对预定航向在水平面内的偏转角。1.5.9侧滑角yawangle航空器真空速矢量与地速矢量间的夹角。1.5.10俯仰pitch纵摇pitch运载体绕横轴的转动，绕横轴轴向顺时针方向转动为正。1.5.11俯仰角pitchangle纵摇角pitchangle GB9390一88运载体的纵轴和水平面的夹角。1.6其他1.6.运载体vehicle运载体craft能载人或物的运动体。航图。hart海图chart主要供导航用的图。无线电导航2.1一般术语2.1.1无线电定位radiolocation利用无线电波近似定速和直线性等传播特性来测定物标位置的方法。2.1.2无线电测向radiodirectionfinding通过测量无线电信号到来方向或其他特性来确定方位的方法。2.1.3无线电测距radiorangefinding通过物标的无线电发射来确定其距离的方法。这种无线电发射可以是独立的、反射的、以相同频率或不同频率的自动再发射。2.1.4航道抖动courseroughness航道抖动roughness航空导航中，可视指示的航道出现的不规则性，即航道偏差指示器指针产生快速而错误的指示。注：航道抖动类似航道扇摆（(2-1.5条），区别在于前者具有随机的非周期特性。2.1.5航道扇摆coursescalloping航道扇摆scalloping航空导航中，由障碍物或地面的无用反射引起的可视指示的航道出现的不规则性，即航道偏差指示器指针呈周期性的变化。2.1.6航道弯曲bend航空导航中，航道以航空器可以跟随的速率，慢速偏移规定的方向。2.1.7航道弯曲幅度bendamplitude航空导航中，从无弯曲的航道上测得的由于航道弯曲产生的航道偏差的最大值。2.1.8航道弯曲频率bendfrequency航空导航中，当航空器航迹是直线，航道弯曲时，航道偏差指示器指针摆动的频率。该频率是航空器速度的函数。2.1.9航道弯曲递减因子bendreductionfactor航空导航中，引入弯曲递减特性前后的弯曲幅度之比。2.1.10航道位移灵敏度displacementsensitivity航空导航中，航道指示的变化与偏离航道线位移的变化之比。2.1.11航道角位移灵敏度angulardisplacementsensitivity航空导航中，航道指示的变化与偏离航道线角位移的变化之比。2.1.12航道曲率on-coursecurvature航空导航中，指示的航道相对于沿航线或路径的距离的变化率。2.1.13航道灵敏度coursesensitivity航空导航中，航道偏差指示器的指示对航空器相对实际的或模拟的航道偏移的响应。在伏尔、 GB9390一88塔康或相类似的全向信标中，航道灵敏度往往是指，接收机全方位输入信号保持定值时，航道偏差指示器指针从一边满刻度到另一边满刻度，全方位选择器转过的度数。航道灵敏度弱化coursesoftening航空导航中，为了使航道偏差指示器的指针偏转量与偏离航道线的线性偏移量之比保持固定值，人为减小导航设备的航道灵敏度。航道宽度。oursewidth航空导航中，航道偏差指示器上产生规定指示（通常为满刻度）时，偏离航道线的任一侧位移量的两倍，以度表示。航道线偏差。ourse-linedeviation航空导航中，航空器航迹偏离航道线的偏差量，用角度或线位移表示。静锥区。oneofsilence天线上方由于天线结构所造成的场强相当弱的圆锥形区域。静寂区zoneofsilence不能满意收到无线电信号的局部地区。天波干扰sky-wavecontamination由于同一发射信号的延迟天波分量的影响，使接收到的地波信号或所需的天波信号变劣。天波修正sky-wavecorrection对测得的位置数据的天波传播误差进行的修正，修正量根据假定的电离层高度来确定。闪烁blinking借助变换发射源的信号来提供信息的方法，以便使接收机显示器上的信号时隐时现。例如在罗兰中，闪烁被用来表示台对信号的同步超差。极化误差polarizationerror由发射和接收系统要求之外的电磁波极化所引起的误差。电离层误差ionosphericerror由接收电离层反射的导航信号所引起的系统误差和随机误差之和。误差原因是：传播路径的改变，电离层高度不均匀；电离层中的传播不均匀。传播误差propagationerror在无线电信号的传播中，由于它的波前的变形或偏转而产生的误差。多径传播multipath无线电波从一点到另一点多于一条路径的传播。多径传播误差multipatherror由多径传播引起的误差。折射误差refractionerror在传播介质中，由一个或多个电波传播路径弯曲所引起的误差。波束误差beamerror采用定向传播信号的导航系统中，实际指向的平均方向和要求指向的方向间的角度差或线位移。近场效应误差proximityeffecterror在天线系统近场区域内，测量不当所引起的系统性能的误差。2.1.30同步误差synchronizationerror由于系统两方工作不完全同步引起的误差，此误差可包括也可不包括信号传输时间。地形误差terrainerror由地形引起的电波传播失真而产生的误差。 GB9390一882.1.32场地误差siteerror由导航设备场地附近物标引起的电磁场失真而产生的误差。2.1.33夜间效应nighteffect在夜间天波最强时出现的一种特殊误差。2.1.34等相位区equiphasezone两个无线电信号的相位差无法区分出来的空间范围。2.2测向2.2.1全方位omnibearing根据全向信标发射的信号，导航接收设备指示的磁方位。2.2.2波瓣转换法lobeswitching一种测向方法。其定向天线方向性图周期性地改变所指方向，使接收点的信号强度发生变化，此变化就是接收点相对于天线方向性图的偏移大小和方向的信息。2.2.3方位误差bearingerror测量的方位与相应的真方位之间的角度差。注：方位误差一般是由系统误差（可以修正）和随机误差两项的合成。2.2.4环形天线装调误差loopalignmenterror由于环形天线未准确对准基准线所造成的误差。基准线通常是指航空器或船舶的纵轴。2.2.5四分圆误差quadrantalerror象限误差quadrantalerror由于运载体本身或无线电信号传播的不利因素引起的方位误差。误差值在3600范围内按正弦方式变化，有两个正的和两个负的最大值。2.2.6八分圆误差octantalerror在使用分集天线阵来提供方位信息的系统中，由于受天线元之间间隔有限所引起的方位误差。误差值在3600范围内按正弦方式变化，有四个正的和四个负的最大值。2.2.7方位误差曲线bearingerrorcurvea．在测向设备中，一组仪表方位误差对指示方位或校正方位的曲线。b．在测向设备装调中，一组仪表方位误差和位置误差对指示方位的合成曲线。2.2.8无线电测向仪radiodirectionfinder(RDF)测定无线电信号到来方向的设备。2.2.9自动测向仪automaticdirectionfinder(ADF)自动测定和指示无线电信号到来方向的无线电测向仪。2.2.10无线电罗盘radiocompass机载的自动测向仪。2.2.11手动测向仪manualdirectionfinder需要人工操作的无线电测向仪。2.2.12音响测向仪auraldirectionfinder通过测量最小声音强度或对两个声音强度进行比较方式来确定方位的无线电测向仪。2.2.13天线效应antennaeffect定向天线阵起无方向性天线作用，并使输出信号含有无方向性信息的效应。表现为测向指示器零点的漂移或零向区变宽。2.2.14测向灵敏度DFsensitivity线处当接收机输出信杂比为20dB时，在信号到来方向上，测向天线系统获得最大拾波时，测向天线所需的场强（单位：p.V/m)o GB9390一882.2.15测向方位灵敏度DFbearingsensitivity所测的方位能满足系统精度要求时，测向仪必须输入的最小场强。2.2.16模糊度blur零型测向系统中，最小响应方位上的输出（包含噪声）与最大响应方位上的输出之比的百分数。2.2.17零位null使输出最小时信号到来的方向，或测向天线系统方向性图转到使输出最小的方向。2.2.18全方位变换器omnibearingconverter把全方位信号和航空器首向信号组合起来，并转变成无线电磁指示器指针偏转所需的电信号的装置。2.2.19全方位选择器omnibearingselector与全方位接收机一起使用的一种控制器。用于选择任何需要的方位，以及在航道偏差指示器上显示与任一选定的方位偏离航道的偏差。2.2.20向背台指示器to-fromindicator与全方位选择器一起使用，以解决被测方位多值性的辅助装置。2.2.21全方位指示器omnibearingindicator(OBI)自动连续地指示出方位的仪表。2.2.22无线电磁指示器radiomagneticindicator(RMD指示全方位、首向和相对方位的复合指示器。2.2.23航道偏差指示器coursedeviationindicator对偏离预期航向的方向和偏差量提供视觉指示的装置。2.3测距、测距一测向2.3.1测距器distancemeasuringequipment(DME)测量询问器到应答器往返时间，以获得距离信息的无线电导航设备。2.3.2无线电高度表radioaltimeter利用雷达原理测量高度的高度表。通过测量从航空器发射的无线电信号经下方地面反射回航空器的传播时间来确定高度。2.3.3全方位测向一测距设备omnibearing-distancefacility全向信标和测距设备的组合装置，可以获得方位和距离信息。2.3.4塔康Tacan一种采用脉冲技术的超高频极坐标近程航空导航系统，其测距功能由测距器完成，其测向功能由地面应答器天线提供一个旋转的多瓣方向形图作为粗测和精测信息来完成。2.3.5伏塔克Vortac同时使用伏尔和塔康的导航设备，用塔康的测距功能和伏尔的测向功能来提供距离一方位信息。2.3.6肖兰Shoran提供圆位置线的一种近程无线电导航系统。2.3.7最小接收高度minimumreceptionaltitude(MRA)能收到要求的伏尔、伏塔克和塔康的可用信号的最低航路高度。2.3.8方位一距离一首向指示器bearingdistanceheadingindicator(BDHI)连续地指示到目的地的首向和距离信息的指示装置。2.4测距差2.4.1双曲线系统hyperbolicsystem由测量几对台的距离差来获得位置参数的导航系统。由一对台可测得一条双曲线位置线，由三个台或多个台可测得一个定位点。 GB9390一882.4.2台卡Decca具有发射频率在lookH：附近的几个相关信号的一种无线电导航系统。作为距离约为200nmile(370km)，用主、副台信号的连续波比相来得到定位用的双曲线位置线。主、副台组成星形配置，主台位于中心，作为台链的基准，几个副台在主台四周，离主台70nmile(130km）左右。2.4.3罗兰Loran一种远程的无线电导航系统。其双曲线位置线由测得两个脉冲到达接收点的时间差确定，这两个脉冲是由两固定基准发射台按一定时间关系发射的。罗兰A(LoranA),海上天波作用距离通常为500^-1500nmile(900-2800km)，其基准线长度为300nmile(550km)，工作频率大约2MHz,测量时间差通常借助于示波器观测主、副台脉冲前沿实现。罗兰C(LoranC)，海上作用距离通常为1000-1500nmile(1800^-2800km)。工作频率为100kHz，它以重合脉冲包络粗测时间差，并以比较载波相位精测时间差。罗兰D(LoranD)，比罗兰C基线短、功率低，适用于战术目的。2.4.4奥米加Omega工作频率在10kH：附近的一种超远程导航系统。它由测量相距5000^-6000nmile(9000^-11000km）的两个发射台的连续波信号相位差来确定双曲线，也可由计算运载体偏离已知位置的以巷数表示的载波波长数，测定至发射台距离的变化量。该巷数的计算是用运载体上稳定振荡器比相实现的。2.4.5康索尔Consol键控的低频或中频连续波短基线的无线电导航系统。工作距离约1500nmile(2800km)，三个辐射器产生多瓣重迭的点和划的方向性图，以形成等信号的双曲线位置线。这些位置线在方位角上可利用改变射频相位缓慢移动，从而通过简单的听和计数，或定时工作来确定任何一对等信号线所限制的扇形区域内的位置线。2.4.6康索兰Consolan两个辐射器代替三个辐射器的康索尔系统。2.4.7台链chain为了确定位置或提供导航信息的几个相关构成的台组。2.4.8三角形链triplet由三个发射台组成的定位台组。2.4.9星形链starchain由一个主台和围绕它匀称分布的两个以上副台组成的台组。2.4.10主台masterstation双曲线导航系统中，用于控制或同步其他台发射的那个台。2.4.11副台slavestation发射特性受主台控制或同步的那些台。2.4.12基线baseline在确定导航坐标时，作为测试比较无线电相位或时间的两个台的连线。对于两个地面台而言，一般是指连接两个台的大圆路径。2.4.13基线延迟baselinedelay罗兰系统中，信号从主台传输到副台所需的时间间隔。2.4.14中心线centerline与两个基准点或线等距离点的轨迹，如双曲线导航系统基线的垂直二等分线。 GB9390一882.4-15绝对延迟absolutedelay罗兰系统中，主台和副台信号的发射时间间隔。0月JC兮．乙．U．．编码延迟codingdelay在罗兰系统的各个台对中，对副台同步发射的脉冲信号进行的适当延迟，以防止工作中出现几个台信号的重迭。乃月曰l1l／马．﹄……．罗伦线Lorhumbline在诸如罗兰图那种具有重迭双曲线簇的导航系统图中，表示一条特定路径的线。在此路径上，一簇双曲线数值的变化相对于另一簇双曲线数值的变化保持恒定的关系。八月月Q／兮．．U一A迹线A-trace罗兰显示器上第一条（上方）时间基准线。八月月n／﹃．T﹄．甘B迹线B-trace罗兰显示器上第二条（下方）时间基准线。2.4-20差分位置differentialposition利用分离的接收机或天线确定出的位置差。由于减少了邻近的误差源，因此大大地提高了其参数的精度。2.4-21巷lane在航图（海图）上投影的一条通道，其左右边界所对应的导航坐标（幅度或相位值）相同，其中间各处的横向位置信息有相应的确定值（例如，一个台卡巷中相位变化3600)a2．4．2巷识别lane-identification无线电导航系统中对位置线所在的特定巷进行识别。2．4．23巷识别计lane-identificationmeter无线电导航系统中用来自动显示巷识别参数的相位计。2．4．24台卡计decameter用来显示台卡位置线信息的一种相位计。2．4．25交叉干扰信号ghostsignal罗兰显示器上出现的非所需罗兰链重复频率的多个迭合脉冲。2．4．26基本重复频率basicrepetitionfrequency罗兰使用的各组密集的重复频率中，最低的脉冲重复频率。2．4．27特殊重复频率specificrepetitionfrequency从罗兰基本重复频率导出的一组密集的脉冲重复频率中的一个，它对应特定的一个台组。2．4．28导出包络derivedenvelop罗兰C接收的射频脉冲包络和其微分波形以适当比例相减后的波形。这样合成的包络在特定位置（例如高脉冲起点25us处）有一个过零点，它用作包络时差测量的基准点，还作为抑制受天波干扰的接收脉冲后部的分界点。2．4．29导出脉冲derivedpulse罗兰C接收的射频脉冲和它的反射频脉冲延迟相加后得出的脉冲。其包络相当于原射频脉冲包络的微分，它在离脉冲起始点的特定位置（例如25lis）有一个零点，该射频脉冲在此处倒相。此特定点用作载波时差测量的精确基准点，并作为抑制受夭波干扰的接收脉冲后部的分界点。2．车30天波同步误差sky-wavestationerror在天波同步的罗兰中，由于电离层变化对台站同步信号传输时间影响而引起的台站同步误差。2．4．31差奥米加系统differentialomegasystem为提高精度，在已知地理位置上，比较接收奥米加台的实际信号和理论计算信号之间的相位差，提供经过传播误差校正的奥米加信号的系统。 GB9390一882.5信标2.5.1信标beacona．标志固定位置的助航设施。b．用于回答雷达询问的应答器。c．其他用于引导或告警的信号标志。2.5.2无线电信标radiobeacon通常为便于无线电测向，发射可识别信号的无方向性无线电发射机。2.5.3无方向信标nondirectionalbeacon(NDB)航空导航中，给无线电罗盘提供位置线的无线电发射机，亦称中波导航机。2.5.4全向信标。mnidirectionalrange全向信标omnirange能向工作区内的所有方位上提供方位信息，并能向任一方向上提供磁方位指示信息的无线电发射机。2.5.5雷达信标radarbeacon用于回答雷达询问的应答器。2.5.6雷康Racon用于海上回答编码信号，以便提供距离和方位识别的一种雷达信标。2.5.7伏尔VOR通过接收设备的方位选择，能在任何方位上提供辐射状位置线的甚高频全向信标。它发射的可变调制的相位相对基准调制的相位随接收机的方位不同而变化，亦称甚高频全向信标。2.5.8多普勒伏尔DopplerVOR改进的伏尔，产生方位信息的可变信号是通过依次向天线的多根振子馈以射频信号而得到的。天线的多根振子以基准信号源为中心排成环形天线阵，它与原来的伏尔相比，减少了场地误差，亦称多普勒甚高频全向信标。2.5.9基准调制referencemodulation指伏尔地面台发射信号的一种调制方式，它在机载接收机内产生的信号相位与机载接收机所在的方位无关。通过这种调制得到的基准信号，用于和可变信号进行相位比较。2.5.10可变调制variablemodulation指伏尔地面台的发射信号的一种调制方式，它在机载接收机内产生的信号相位对基准调制信号的相位关系相应于机载接收机所在的方位。2.6卫星导航2.6.1轨道orbit一天体围绕另一天体运动的轨迹。2.6.2远地点apogee当地球为引力中心时，离地球最远的轨道点。2.6.3近地点perigee当地球为引力中心时，离地球最近的轨道点。2.6.4导航卫星navigationalsatellite导航用的人造地球卫星。2.6.5同步卫星synchronoussatellite围绕地球自西向东运转，其高度约为35900km的赤道轨道卫星。在此高度上，卫星周期为24h，并与地球的自转同步。2.6.6全球定位系统globalpositioningsystem(GPS) GB9390一88一种利用多颗高轨道卫星，依据距离和距离变化率的测量来确定运载体位置和速度等参数的无线电导航系统。2.6.7子午仪Transit子午仪卫星定位系统Transit一种应用多颗低轨道卫星提供全球覆盖的无线电导航系统。用户接收运动卫星发射的甚高频和超高频连续波信号，测出其多普勒频移进行定位。2.7航空器着陆2.7.1着陆设备landingaids在进场和着陆过程中，为航空器提供帮助的照明灯、无线电信标、雷达、通信等设备。2.7.2仪表着陆系统instrumentlandingsystem(11.S)在进场和着陆过程中，为航空器提供必要的航向、下滑和距离信息的着陆系统。它由甚高频航向信标、超高频下滑信标和75MHz指点信标等地面设备和相应的机载接收设备组成。2.7.3微波着陆系统microwavelandingsystem(MLS)一种工作在微波波段的新型着陆系统，它由方位引导设备、仰角引导设备和精密测距器等地面设备和相应的机载接收设备组成。2.7.4航向信标localizer仪表着陆系统中，为航空器提供相对于跑道中心线方位引导信号的地面台。2.7.5等信号航向信标equisignallocalizer利用两个信号幅度相等来确定航道线的航向信标。2.7.6相位航向信标phaselocalizer利用边带天线系统辐射的反相信号和用作相位检测的基准载波信号相比相来确定航道线的航向信标。2.7.7反向航道backcourse仪表着陆系统中，处于跑道中心延长线上航向信标前向相反一边的航道。2.7.8航道线性度courselinearity仪表着陆系统中，在航道扇区内，描述相对于偏离航道线位置有关的两个调制信号的调制度差的变化关系。2.7.9航道扇区。oursesector仪表着陆系统中，包括航道线由航向信标向外展开的楔形空域。该区域边界位置对应航道偏差指示器上满刻度位置，其调制度差为0.155.2.7.10航道扇区宽度。oursesectorwidth仪表着陆系统中，航向扇区两边在指定距离上的以横向距离或以角度所表示的宽度。27.11前向航道扇区frontcoursesector仪表着陆系统中，位于航向信标与跑道同一方向的航道扇区。2.7-12反向航道扇区backcoursesector仪表着陆系统中，位于航向信标与跑道相反方向的航道扇区。27.13半航道扇区halfcoursesector仪表着陆系统中，在包含航道线的水平面内，并以最靠近航道线，其调制度差为0.0755的各点轨迹所限制的区域。2.7.14下滑信标glideslopefacility下滑信标glidepathbeacon仪表着陆系统中，提供下滑面的地面台。2.7.15下滑道扇区glideslopesector Gs9390一88T滑道扇区glidepathsector在包含下滑道的垂直面内，最靠近下滑道，其调制度差为。.175的各点轨迹所限制的扇区。半下滑道扇区halfglidepathsector在包含下滑道的垂直面内，最靠近下滑道其调制度差为0.08775的各点轨迹所限制的扇区。零基准下滑天线null-referenceglideslope采用二元夭线振子的下滑天线系统，它的下滑角由上天线的方向性图在水平面上方的第一个零点确定。边带基准下滑天线sidehand-referenceglideslope改进的零基准上滑天线系统。边带上天线用两副高度均较低的反相馈电夭线代替，在要求的下滑角上产生零值。注：本系统用于在下滑扇区内减少由于跑道着陆端前面场地高低不平引起无用能量反射，方法是在低仰角处抵消一部分能量。M阵列下滑天线M-arrayglideslope改进的零基准下滑天线系统。主要的改进是使用一附加天线，以便在低仰角时能极大地抵消无用信号。注：本系统用于在下滑扇区内减少由于跑道着陆端前面地势较高引起的无用能量反射。7.20进场路径approachpath航空器从进场着陆开始下降的点到接地点之间的一段飞行路径。下滑道glidepath在包含跑道中心延长线的垂直平面内，最靠近地面的调制度差为零的点的轨迹。2.7.22下滑面glideslope电磁波辐射所产生的倾斜面，它与仪表着陆系统的航向信标所产生的航向面相交形成下滑道。下滑角glide-slopeangle下滑角glidepathangle下滑面与水平面在垂直平面内的夹角。T滑位移glide-slopedeviation航空器相对于下滑面的垂直位置。以相对于下滑与跑道的交角的位移角来表示，或者以高于或低于下滑面的线位移表示。指点信标marker航空导航中，将信号约束在一定的地区内，以标志该地区的无线电发射机。外指点信标outermarker仪表着陆系统中，装在跑道中心延长线上离跑道着陆端大约5nmile(9km）处给中段和最后进场的航空器提供高度、距离和设备功能检查的指点信标。中指点信标middlemarker仪表着陆系统中，装在航向信标的航道线上，离跑道着陆大约1km处的指点信标。内指点信标innermarker仪表着陆系统中，装在航向信标的航道线上，靠近跑道着陆端的指点信标。仪表着陆系统基准点ILSreferencepoint位于跑道中心延长线和入口的交点处的垂直上方特定高度上的一点，下滑道向下延伸的直线部分通过这一点。跑道视距runwayvisualrange(RVR)在进场和着陆期间，驾驶员沿着跑道能见的前方距离。决断门decisiongate Gs9390一88仪表着陆系统中，在接近跑道着陆端上方的一个指定点。驾驶员在该点必须判决是完成着陆或执行失误进场程序。2．7．32调制度差differenceindepthofmodulation(DDM)较大信号的调制度减去较小信号的调制度再除以100的一个数。2．7．3余隙clearance仪表着陆系统的航道扇区外的飞行区域，在此区域要求调制度差能使航道偏差指示器产生满刻度偏转。当调制度差太低时，指示器便低于满刻度的偏转，即存在低余隙状态。2．7．34余隙扇区。learancesector沿航向信标任何一边，从航道扇区向反向航道扇区延伸的扇区。在该扇区内，航道偏差指示器提供所需的偏航指示。2．7．35低余隙点lowclearancepoint航道扇区外余隙扇区的一个位置。该位置上，航道偏差指示器的电流低于满刻度偏转值。2．7．36低余隙区lowclearancearea包含低余隙点的任一区域。Z7．37微波着陆系统基准点MLSdatumpoint跑道中心线上，最靠近仰角天线相位中心的点。2．7．38微波着陆系统进场基准点MLSapproachreferencedatum位于跑道着陆端上方规定高度上，并在最低下滑道上的一点。2．7．39微波着陆系统反方位基准点MLSbackazimuthreferencedatum位于跑道中心线上，跑道中点处规定高度上的一点。2．7．40最低下滑道minimumglidepath微波着陆系统中，根据进场程序和障碍放行规则而规定的沿零度方位下降的最小角。2．7．41覆盖扇区coveragesector微波着陆系统中，可提供特定功能的服务，且信号功率密度大于或等于最低规定值的空域。2．7．酌比例引导扇区proportionalguidancesector微波着陆系统中，某一功能所提供的角度引导信息与机载天线相对零角度基准的角位移成正比的空域。2．7．43余隙引导扇区clearanceguidancesector微波着陆系统中，覆盖区外所提供的方位引导信息与航空器的角位移不成正比，但可提供偏离相对比例引导扇区左或右的稳定指示的空域。2．7．4平均航道误差meancourseerror微波着陆系统中，沿跑道中心延长线的方位误差的平均值。2．7．45平均下滑道误差meanglidepatherror微波着陆系统中，沿下滑道的仰角误差的平均值。2．7．46航道跟随误差pathfollowingerror(PFE)微波着陆系统中，引导信号误差中的一种。它能引起航空器偏离预定航道线或下滑道。注：航道跟随误差包含航道跟随噪声（2.7.47)和平均航道误差（(2.7.44)(对方位功能）或平均下滑道误差(2.7.45)（对仰角功能）。2．7．47航道跟随噪声pathfollowingnoise(PFN)微波着陆系统中，引导信号误差中的一种。它引起航空器偏离平均航道线或平均下滑道。2．不48控制运动噪音。ontrolmotionnoise(CMN)微波着陆系统中，引导信号误差中的一种。当机载设备输出与自动驾驶仪交链时，它将引起航空器姿态改变，并使舵面、驾驶杆发生抖动，但不会使航空器偏离预定的航道或上滑道。 GB9390一882.7.49波束中心beamcenter微波着陆系统中，扫描波束主瓣前后沿上两个一3dB的点之间的中点。2.7.50波束宽度beamwidth微波着陆系统中，在一3dB点上测得的扫描波束主瓣宽度。以天线视轴线计量的角度表示。2.7.51精密测距器precisionDME精密测距器DME/P微波着陆系统中，完成测距功能的设备。它与普通测距器相比，能提供更高的精度和增加通道容量。2.8空中交通管制2.8.1场面探测雷达airportsurfacedetectionequipment(ASDE)为观测机场场面上航空器或车辆的位置和运动情况的一种地面雷达。2.8.2精密进场雷达precisionapproachradar(PAR)安装在机场，用于观测进场的航空器相对于进场路径的位置的地面雷达，也称着陆雷达。2.8.3监视雷达surveillanceradar用来在选定空域中（例如机场终端或航路区域），对所选定的空中交通航线进行连续监视的搜索雷达。2.8.4机场监视雷达airportsurveillanceradar(ASR)用来指挥机场附近航空器的中程（如60nmile）监视雷达。2.8.5航路监视雷达air-routesurveillanceradar(ARSR)用来指挥超出机场监视雷达作用区外的航路上的航空器的远程（如200nmile）监视雷达。2.8.6二次监视雷达secondarysurveillanceradar(SSR)能询问机载应答器，并将收到的编码回答信号显示在一次雷达显示器上的监视雷达。2.8.7地面指挥进场系统ground-controlledapproach(GCA)直接利用无线电通信方式为进场航空器提供信息的地面雷达系统。本系统由精密进场雷达(2-8.2条）和机场监视雷达（2.8.4条）组成。2.8.8空中交通管制airtrafficcontrol为保障空中交通安全，有秩序地和高效率地航行需要而进行的管理。2.9，达导航2.9.1航行雷达navigationalradar装在运载体上进行导航的雷达设备。2.9.2地形跟踪雷达terrainfollowingradar同航空器飞行控制系统一起工作，使航空器按某一给定的高度随地形起伏作等高低空飞行的雷达。2.9.3地形回避雷达terrainavoidanceradar能够显示与航空器在同一高度或更高的高度上的障碍物以帮助飞行员绕过障碍物航行的雷达。2.9.4多普勒雷达Dopplerradar利用多普勒效应确定相对雷达目标速度的径向分量或选择具有特定径向速度的目标的雷达。2.9.5脉冲多普勒雷达pulse-Dopplerradar发射脉冲波的多普勒雷达。2.9.6机载多普勒雷达airborneDopplerradar装在航空器上测量地速和偏流角的多普勒雷达。2.9-7多普勒导航仪Dopplernavigator一种自主式航位推算的导航设备。它从运载体上向下方发射两个以上电磁能或声能的波束，利 GB9390一88用反射能的多普勒效应、基准方向以及波束与运载体之间的关系来确定运载体对反射面的运动速度和方向。2.9.8雅露斯系统Janussystem在多普勒导航中利用前向和后向波束来计算地速分量的装置。2.9.9自动雷达标绘仪automaticradarplottingaids(ARPA)能同时自动连续地标绘几个目标位置的装置。2.9.10应答信号reply为响应询问而发射的射频信号或信号组合。2.9.11应答器transponder当收到适当的询问信号就能自动发出信号的收发设备。2.9.12跨波段应答器cross-bandtransponder响应信号的频率不同于询问信号频率的应答器。2.9.13应答效率transponderreplyefficiency应答器发出的响应次数与收到的有效询间次数之比。有效询问包括偶然组合的可认码，通常采用统计方法计算。2.9.14询问信号interrogation询间器发射使应答器工作的信号或信号组合。2.9.15询问一响应器interrogator-responsor为向应答器进行询问，以及得到与雷达回波显示无关的应答结果的收发设备。2.9.16询问器interrogator询问一响应器的发射机部分。2.9.17响应器responsor询问一响应器的接收机部分。2.9.18地图比较仪chart-comparisonunit能同时观测两个彼此重迭的航图（海图）的装置。2.9.19动图显示器moving-mapdisplay在航图（海图）的活动膜片上显示运载体位置的导航装置。它经常显示运载体到目的地的指示航向和距离（例如由罗兰、塔康、惯性和多普勒等各种导航系统得到的）。仪器仪表导航3.1一般术语3.1.1消磁degaussing减弱运载体磁场强度的一种技术。3.1.2显示display对输出数据的一种直观表示。3.1.3风向仪vane指示风向的装置。3.1.4云高计。eilometer测量云层高度的仪表。3.1.5磁强计magnetometer测量磁场的强度、方向或磁场在某一特定方向的分量的仪表。注：该术语更多地指测量磁场分量强度的仪表．3.1.6磁偏计declinometer GB9390一88测量磁偏角的仪表。3甲1.7水深温度计bathythermograph记录不同深度的海水温度的自记式仪表。3.1.8人T-水平仪artificialhorizon指示水平面的装置。如气泡水准仪、陀螺仪等。3.1.9磁罗经自差magneticdeviationcompassdeviation磁罗盘自差magneticdeviationcompassdeviation由于运载体内磁效应引起的罗北与磁北之间的角度差。3.1.10磁倾角magneticdip地球磁场磁力线与水平线间的夹角。3.1.11磁差magneticvariation磁北线与真北线间的夹角。3.1.12稳定部件stableelement不受运载体运动的影响，始终保持所要求姿态的仪表或装置。3.1.13倾斜仪clinometer指出运载体倾斜度、横滚角（横摇角）或俯仰角（纵摇角）的仪表。3.1.14两用倾斜计inclinometer测量运载体纵轴的水平倾斜和测量地磁场磁力线的两用仪表。3.1.15仪表误差instrumentalerror由于把航程差转换成导航坐标信息的机构的不精确而在系统任何部分引起的误差，包括标定误差和指示仪表灵敏度有限所引起的误差。3.1.16滞后lag仪表指示变化与状态变化间的延迟。3.1.17警旗flagalarm某些导航仪表中，当读数不可靠时用来告警的标志。3.1.18标度线reticle刻在光学仪表成象平面上作为观测基准的线系，也称分划线。3.2罗经（罗盘）3.2.1罗经compass罗盘compass指示运载体相对地球水平方位的仪表。3.2.2磁罗经magneticcompass磁罗盘magneticcompass指示地球磁场水平分量方向的仪表。3.2.3磁罗经自差曲线compassdeviationcurvedeviationcurve磁罗盘自差曲线compassdeviationcurvedeviationcurve磁罗经自差（磁罗盘自差）随首向变化的实测曲线。3.2.4陀螺罗经gyrocompass用陀螺为指向元件能指示真北的仪表。 GB9390一883.2.5摆式罗经pendulousgyrocompass利用重力产生修正力矩的一种陀螺罗经。3.2.6电磁控罗经electromagneticcontrolcompass利用电磁力矩作为修正力矩的一种陀螺罗经。3.2.7平台罗经stabilizedgyrocompass利用陀螺稳定平台原理制成的能提供水平基准的一种陀螺罗经。3.2.8主罗经mastercompass主示罗经mastercompass罗经指示系统中，确定方向并向各分罗经（复示罗经）传输方向信息的主体仪表。3.2.9分罗经compassrepeater复示罗经compassrepeater罗经指示系统中，用于复示主罗经（主示罗经）指示信息的仪表。3.2.10速度误差speederror由航速引起的陀螺自转轴偏离真北的误差。3.2.11加速度误差accelerationerrorballisticdeflectionerror冲击误差accelerationerrorballisticdeflectionerrora．由加速度引起的陀螺自转轴偏离真北的误差。b．由加速度所引起的磁罗经（磁罗盘）的误差。3.2.12纬度误差latitudeerror因陀螺罗经采用垂直轴阻尼法而附加产生的与纬度有关的指向误差。3.3计程仪3.3.1计程仪log测量运载体航速和累计航程的仪器。3.3.2电磁计程仪electromagneticlog利用电磁感应原理制成的计程仪。3.3.3水压计程仪pressurelog水压计程仪pitometerlog利用船舶相对于水流的动压力与航速平方成正比的原理制成的计程仪。3.3.4拖曳式计程仪towinglog利用拖在船尾或船侧的推进器叶轮转数计算并可通过电气传送航速信号的计程仪。3.3.5相对计程仪speedthroughthewaterlog测量船舶相对于水的航速的计程仪。3.3.6绝对计程仪speedoverthegroundlog测量船舶相对于地的航速的计程仪。3.3.7多普勒计程仪Dopplerlog利用电波、声波、超声波或光波在水中的多普勒效应制成的计程仪，统称多普勒计程仪。3.3.8声相关计程仪acousticcorrelationlog利用对水声信息的相关处理技术制成的计程仪。3.4自动操舵仪（自动驾驶仪）3.4.1自动操舵仪autopilot自动驾驶仪autopilot GB9390一88能自动控制运载体的姿态，并可用以响应手控或电子指令的设备。3.4.2自动操舵仪藕合器autopilotcoupler自动驾驶仪藕合器autopilotcoupler把导航系统接收器输出连接到自动操舵器（自动驾驶仪）的装置。3.5光学X11仪3.5.1光学跟踪器opticaltracker用可见光束、红外线或射频确定辐射物体相对一组基准轴的方位的装置。3.5.2合象式测距仪coincidencetyperangefinder两端物镜所产生的象，在目镜视场的两半视场中恰好合成一个目标的完整象的单眼测距仪。3.5.3光学方位仪opticalazimuthdevice用以精确测量目标方位和舷角的光学仪器。3.5.4光学测距仪opticalrangefinder以两观测孔中心距离为已知边，用解三角形的原理，以测量两端物镜所产生的象之间的视角的方法测定目标距离的光学仪器。3.5.5自动测角仪odolite精确测量目标水平角和高低角的光学自动跟踪仪表。3.6潜望镜3.6.1潜望镜periscope通过转折光路，使观测者位于安全方便的位置，对危险环境或难以达到的区域进行观测的光学仪器。3.6.2导航潜望镜navigationperiscope潜艇上通过观测天体确定船位进行导航的潜望镜。3.6.3天文导航潜望镜celestialnavigationperiscope专用于测定天体高度、方位、供天文航海用的潜望镜。3.7六分仪3.7.1六分仪sextant一种利用二次反射方式进行对天体测角（主要测天体高度）的仪器。3.7.2星体跟踪仪astrotracker星体跟踪仪startracker在白天和夜间通过瞄准跟踪选取的星体，提供首向和位置数据的自动六分仪。星体跟踪仪可以是光学式的，也可以是射电式的。3.7.3眼高差dip观测仪器目镜所在的水平面与表观水面线间的夹角。3.7.4陀螺六分仪gyrosextant由陀螺水平仪提供测量水平基准的六分仪。3.7.5航海六分仪marinesextant测量天体高度确定船位的专供航海用的六分仪。3.7.6摆式六分仪pendulumsextant装有液体摆式水平仪提供测量水平基准的六分仪。3.7.7潜望六分仪periscopicsextant安装在潜艇内，带有垂直向上伸出潜艇外壳的镜筒的六分仪。3.7.8射电六分仪radiometricsextant用跟踪和探测天体的不可见自然辐射（包括无线电、红外线、紫外线）波的方法测量天体方位的 GB9390一88仪表。3.8飞行仪表3.8.1飞行仪表flightinstrument一类用来指示航空器诸如首向、姿态、高度、速度等数据的仪表。3.8.2盲目飞行仪表blind-flyinginstrument一类能为飞行员提供各种驾驶导航信息并保证飞行员无需目视机舱外地物就能操纵航空器安全飞行的仪表。3.8.3飞行仪表系统flightinstrumentsystem一组为飞行员提供航空器相对已知基准的飞行路径、姿态、速度等数据的传感器和指示器。3.8.4陀螺地平仪gyrohorizon指示航空器相对基准水平线的俯仰和倾斜姿态的陀螺仪表。3.8.5平视显示器head-updisplay(HUD)安装在飞行员前方视野位置，并以特定的图象和字符显示各种飞行和攻击信息的显示器。3.8.6气压高度表barometricaltimeter以海平面为基准，按照标准大气压与高度的关系刻度的高度表。3.8.7空速表air-speedindicator(ASI)测量并指示空速的仪表。3.8.8真空速表trueair-speedindicator测量并指示真实空速的仪表。3.8.9马赫数表machmeter测量并指示马赫数的仪表。3.8.10大气数据系统airdatasystem由大气数据传感器、总传感器和计算机组成的组合装置。能提供诸如空速、静压力、大气温度和马赫数等数据。3.8.11半自动飞行检验semiautomaticflightinspection(SAFI)用于评定陆基导航设备的信息质量的专用系统。装有这种系统的航空器，当其沿着选定的航路自动飞行时，同时接收到航路上和其他附近的导航设备的数据之后，可立即估算出粗略误差并记录下来，便于其后在装有计算机的地面站中进行处理和详细分析。注：飞行检验指利用飞行中测量的方法来评定导航设备的性能。3.8.12自动飞行控制系统automaticflightcontrolsystem(AFCS)根据人工或电的指令控制航空器姿态、方向和速率，并引导航空器沿选定的航路运动的系统。4惯性导航4.1一般术语4.1.1惯性空间inertialspace相对恒星确定的参考系。4.1.2重力加速度单位m/s"gravitationalaccelerationunitg大小等于当地重力值的单位加速度，用m/s’表示。4.1.3施矩速率torquingrate在惯性空间陀螺仪的方位随控制信号而变化的角速率。4.1.4初始条件initialconditions在运载体开始运动前，在系统中所给出的位置、速度、水平、方位、惯性仪表的标定数据等。4.1.5对准alignment GB9390一88使惯性仪表测量轴取向于惯性导航设备采用的坐标系的过程。注：对准是指出发（起飞、发射）前把测量轴对准到惯性导航设备用的坐标系的过程。在实际使用时，初始对准可通过用非惯性传感器来改普。参见陀螺罗经法对准(4.1.8)和传递对准（(4-1-9).4.1.6初始对准initialalignment惯性导航系统开始导航之前的一种工作状态，在此期间，一般进行坐标系对准，初始参数的测量和装定。4.1.7平台调平platformerection在惯性导航系统对准过程中，使稳定平台系统的垂直轴与当地垂线一致的过程。4.1.8陀螺罗经法对准gyrocompassalignment依据对系统名义东一西轴不对准漂移的测量，而进行方位自动对准的过程。4.1.9传递对准transferalignment把基准坐标传递给惯性导航系统进行初始对准的方法。4.1.10轴线对准boresighting导航系统电气或机械坐标系相对运载体基准轴系对准或确定其角度的过程。通常采用光学方法。4.1.11舒勒调谐Schulertuning选用一组参数，使运载体有加速度时不引起平台系统偏离已经对准的某一垂线，这时如果将舒勒调谐系统固定于一个不转地球平均表面的话，它将显示出84.4min的固定振荡周期。4.1.12惯性导航系统重调resetoninertialnavigationsystems导航系统工作过程中，利用外部信息（如位置坐标）精确对准或校准惯性导航系统。4.1.13哥氏加速度Coriolisacceleration质量相对于旋转坐标系的速度产生的相对于A性空间的加速度增量，有时哥氏加速度也用来描述自由运动质点相对旋转坐标系的表观加速度。4.1.14哥氏修正Corioliscorrection当一个坐标系相对惯性空间有加速度运动时，对测量加速度的设备应加的修正值。4.1.15地球速率修正earth"sratecorrection为了补偿地球转动引起的陀螺自转轴的表观进动而施加到陀螺上的指令角速度。4.2设备4.2.1惯性导航系统inertialnavigationsystem(INS)利用惯性仪表（陀螺仪和加速度计）、参考方向和初始位置来测定方向、距离、速度的自主式推算导航系统。4.2.2几何式惯性导航系统geometricinertialnavigationsystem由加速度计的输出信息通过计算获得地理导航量的惯性导航系统，其平台的垂直轴始终平行于当地垂线而其方位始终对准预定的地理方向（例如北向）。4.2.3半解析式惯性导航系统semi-analyticinertialnavigationsystem半解析式惯性导航系统与几何式惯性导航系统相同，只是它的水平测量轴并不始终对准某个地理方向。注：在这种导航系统中，方位角是自动计算的。4.2.4解析式惯性导航系统analyticinertial.navigationsystem根据一组相对惯性空间保持稳定加速度计的输出，自动计算出地理导航量的一种惯性导航系统。4.2.5捷联式惯性导航系统strapped-downinertialnavigationsystem捷联式惯性导航系统是一种惯性仪表（陀螺仪和加速度计）直接安装在运载体上，不再需要稳定 GB9390一88平台和常平架的惯性导航系统。4.2.6惯性测量装置inertialmeasurementunit(IMU)由陀螺仪、加速度计和有关的电子设备组成的子系统，当与外部计算机结合时，具有惯性导航的功能。4.2.7稳定平台stableplatform具有常平架的平台，通常装陀螺仪和加速度计，其功用是不受运载体运动的影响，在惯性空间始终保持要求的姿态。4.2.8常平架gimbal支承任何物体（如仪表）的装置，它能在支承座倾斜时仍保持水平状态。注：平台中一般称为常平架，惯性仪表中也称框架。4.3陀螺仪4.3.1陀螺仪gyroscope陀螺仪gyro利用高速回转体的动量矩敏感壳体相对惯性空间绕正交于自转轴的一个或二个轴的角运动的检测装置。注：①该定义不包括更复杂的系统如用陀螺仪为元件的稳定平台。②某些装置如激光陀螺仪具有相同的功能，并不利用动量矩，但也定义为陀螺仪。4.3.2自由陀螺仪freegyro自转轴可取向于任意规定的姿态的二自由度陀螺仪，其输出信号是由壳体绕除自转轴以外的轴的角位移产生的。4.3.3自由转子陀螺仪free-rotorgyro其转子以非直接接触的支承方式代替框架结构的二自由度陀螺仪。4.3.4单自由度陀螺仪singledegreefreedomgyro转子只能绕垂直于自转轴的轴相对于壳体自由进动，只有一个进动自由度的陀螺仪。4.3.5二自由度陀螺仪twodegreefreedomgyro自转轴在任何方向都能自由进动，有两个进动自由度的陀螺仪。4.3.6液浮陀螺仪floatedgyro敏感元件主要由液体的浮力支承的陀螺仪。4.3.7激光陀螺仪lasergyro利用正反向旋转的光束的频率差或光学外差作用，测量角旋转的装置。4.3.8静电陀螺仪electricallysuspendedgyro(ESG)主旋转部件用静电或电磁场支承在真空腔内的自由陀螺仪。4.3.9动力调谐陀螺仪dynamicallytunedgyro(DTG)利用动力调谐的挠性支承和框架机构来支承转子并提供绕垂直于自转轴的角自由度的二自由度陀螺仪。4.3.10速率陀螺仪rategyro自转轴绕输出轴主要受弹性约束的单自由度陀螺仪。其输出信号是由框架进动产生的，进动角度与壳体绕输入轴的角速率成比例。4.3.11速率积分陀螺仪rate-integratinggyro自转轴绕输出轴主要受粘性约束力矩的单自由度陀螺仪。其输出信号是由框架进动产生的，进动角度与壳体绕输入轴的角度速率积分成比例。4.3-12重积分陀螺仪double-integratinggyro输出轴上既没有人为弹性约束，也没有粘性阻尼，主要由框架的惯性来建立其动态特性的单自 GB9390一88由度陀螺仪。这种陀螺仪的输出信号由框架相对于壳体的角位移产生，并且与壳体绕输入轴的角速率的重积分成比例。4.4加速度计4.4.1加速度计accelerometer敏感检测质量的反作用力，以测量线加速度或角加速度的仪表。注：最简单的加速度计，是由装在壳体内的弹黄和检测质量组成的。检测质量相对于壳体偏离其平衡位置的位移正比于沿敏感作用的全部非引力加速度。4.4.2线加速度计linearaccelerometer测量沿输入轴的线加速度的加速度计，其输出信号是由检测质量对线加速度输入的反作用产生的。通常输出为与外加的线加速度成比例的电信号。4.4.3角加速度计angularaccelerometer敏感绕输入轴的角加速度的装置，其输出信号是由检测质量的惯性矩对角加速度输入的反作用力产生的。通常输出为与外加角速度成比例的电信号。4.4.4力平衡加速度计forcebalanceaccelerometer通过锁位形成主约束回路来测量加速度的加速度计。4.4.5积分加速度计integratingaccelerometer输出与输入加速度的时间积分成比例的加速度计。4.4.6振弦加速度计vibratingstringaccelerometer采用一个或多个振弦，其固有频率与作用在一个或多个检测质量上加速度有关的加速度计。4.4.7摆式加速度计pendulousaccelerometer检测质量采用悬挂方式，使其能绕垂直于输入轴的另一轴旋转的加速度计。4.4.8摆式积分陀螺加速度计pendulousintegratinggyroaccelerometer采用一个沿自转轴具有规定摆性的单自由度陀螺的装置，它绕输入轴以一定速率被伺服转动，以便平衡沿输入轴的加速度产生的力矩。伺服轴转过的角度与外加加速度的积分成比例。4.4.9重积分加速度计doubleintegratingaccelerometer输出与输入加速度对时间的重积分成正比例的加速度计。4.4.10液浮摆式加速度计liquidsuspensionpendulousaccelerometer检测质量主要由液体浮力支承的摆式加速度计。4.4.11挠性加速度计flexureaccelerometer检测质量用挠性支承的加速度计。4.4.12气浮加速度计gas-bearingaccelerometer检测质量由气体轴承支承的加速度计。4.4.13静电加速度计electrostaticsupportaccelerometer在超高真空中利用静电场支承检测质量的加速度计。4.4.14磁悬浮加速度计magneticsuspensionaccelerometer利用电磁力支承检测质量的加速度计。4.4.15压电加速度计piezoelectricaccelerometer利用压电材料作为主约束和传感器的加速度计。常用作振动敏感元件。4.4.16单轴加速度计singleaxisaccelerometer仅能测量一个轴向加速度的加速度计。4.4.17双轴加速度计twoaxisaccelerometer能同时测量两个正交轴的轴向加速度的加速度计。4.4.18三轴加速度计threeaxisaccelerometer GB9390一88能同时测量三个正交轴的轴向加速度的加速度计。4.4.19振梁加速度计vibratingbeamaccelerometer检测质量是用力敏感梁式谐振器约束的线性加速度计，其产生的谐振频率是输入加速度的函数。5天文导航5.1一般术语5.1.1导航天文学navigationalastronomy供领航员直接使用的天文学，包括天体坐标、时间和天体的表观运动。5.1.2天文年历almanac供领航员使用的定期出版的天文数据刊物。5-1-3天文罗经astrocompass当取向于水平线和天球时可指示地球水平面内方向的仪表。它用于获得相对天体坐标的真首向。5.1.4天罗经skycompass为在极圈内长周期曙暮光（晨昏朦影）期间使用而设计的一种天文罗经。5.1.5天文经纬仪celestialtheodolite用于测量天体的高度和方位的精密仪器。5.1.6天球赤道celestialequator天球赤道equinoctial地球赤道平面与天球相交构成的大圆。5.1.7赤纬declination天体到天球赤道的弧距。5.1.8天顶：enith测者垂线与天球的交点。5.1.9春分点vernalequinox春分点FirstpointofAries太阳沿黄道由南向北转动与天球赤道的交点。5.1.10测者子午圈observer"smeridiancircle通过南北两天极天顶和天底的圆圈。5.1.11时角hourangle在天球赤道上从某一天球子午线到一天体子午线向西测得的角度。5.1.12格林威治时角Greenwichhourangle(GHA)以格林威治天文子午线为基准的时角。5.1.13地方时角localhourangle(LHA)以观测者的天球子午线为基准的时角。5.1.14恒星时角siderealhourangle(SHA)以春分点为基准的时角。5.1.15曙暮光twilight晨昏朦影twilight日出前或日落后天文观测者可以足够清晰地观测星体和水平线的那段时间。5.1.16高度视差parallaxinaltitude从天体到观测者的直线与天体到地心的直线之间的角度。 GB9390一885.1.17北极星高度补偿角Q-correction为了求出纬度，观测北极星高度时加的修正量。5.1.18截距intercept天体的观测高度和按假定地理位置算出的计算高度之差。6水声、浮标和灯光导航6．1水声6.1.1声呐sonar利用声波或超声波在水下的传播特性，通过电声转换和信号处理，完成水下目标探测和通信任务的设备。6.1.2声发sonar利用深海声道进行定位和测距的导航系统。6.1.3水听器bydrophone接收水下声音的收听装置。6.1.4回声测深echosounding(ES)通过测量声波或超声波信号的发射与其回声从水底返回的时间间隔以确定水深的方法。6.1.5回声测深仪echosounder回声测深仪acousticaldepthfinder利用回声测深原理制成的测量水深的仪器。6.1.6声波测深仪sonicdepthfinder测量声波信号的发射与其回波从水底返回的时间间隔以确定水深的直读式仪器。6.1.7超声波测深仪ultrasonledepthfinder测量超声波信号的发射与其回波从水底返回的时间间隔以确定水深的直读式仪器。6.1.8无线电一声测距radio-acousticranging利用无线电波和声波组合方式来测定距离的方法。6．2浮标6.2.1浮标buoy系泊或锚泊于海底的漂浮物体但不是灯船（灯塔）的助航设备。6.2.2组合浮标combinationbuoy具有多于一个传递信息方法的浮标。6.2.3危险浮标dangerbuoy危险浮标hazardbuoy标志危险的浮标。6.2.4灯浮标lightedbuoy具有探测和识别特性的一种发光浮标。6.2.5无线电信标浮标radio-beaconbuoy装备有无线电信标（指点标）的浮标。6.2.6声触发浮标sonobuoy声触发浮标sono-radiobuoy当受到水下声音信号的触发时能自动发射无线电信号的浮标。6.2.7音响浮标soundbuoy装备具有声音信号特性的浮标。6.2.8气象转发浮标transobuoy Gs9390一88转发公海气象报告的自由漂浮或锚泊的自动气象站。它发布大气压力、空气温度、海水温度、风速、风向、流速、流向等情报。6.3灯光6.3.1航行灯navigationlights运载体上用于显示其出现、方位和占有时间的灯。6.3.2航空灯aeronauticallight航空助航用的灯。6.3.3进场灯approachlights帮助驾驶员将航空器与跑道对准，按直线路径下降以便进行着陆的灯光系统。6.3.4边界灯boundarylights确定航空器着陆区域边界的灯。6.3.5跑道灯runwaylights沿跑道排列用于指示起飞和着陆路径的灯。6.3.6障碍灯obstructionlight指示障碍物存在的灯。6.3.7灯信标lightedbeacon灯信标lightbeacon利用光波来发射信号的信标。6.3.8机场位置灯信标aerodromelocationbeacon标志机场位置的灯信标。6.3.9危险灯信标hazardbeacon指出特别危险障碍物的灯信标。7综合导航7.1一般术语7.1.1综合导航integratednavigation将运载体上两个或多个导航设备的信息进行综合处理，以提高精度和可靠性，并使之具有综合多种功能的一种导航方法。 GB9390一88附录A中文索引（参考件）侧滑角·······································⋯⋯1.519差奥米加系统························。·····⋯⋯2.4.31A迹线2.4.18差分位置···············”·····················一2.4.20奥米加2.4.4常平架·······································⋯⋯4.2.8场地误差····································⋯⋯2.1.32场面探测雷达···”···········。··。··········⋯⋯2.8.1B迹线·······································⋯⋯2.4.19超声波测深仪···············‘··············⋯⋯6.1.7八分圆误差·································⋯⋯2.2.6晨昏朦影····································⋯⋯5.1.15摆式积分陀螺加速度计··········“······⋯⋯4.4.8赤纬··········································⋯⋯5.1.7摆式加速度计···························⋯⋯”’4:4.7冲击误差····································⋯⋯3.2.11摆式六分仪·········⋯⋯‘·················⋯⋯3.76重积分加速度计···························⋯⋯4.4.9摆式罗经····································⋯⋯3.2.5重积分陀螺仪······························⋯⋯4.3.12半航道扇区·······························”⋯⋯27.13初始对准·············“·····················⋯⋯41.6半解析式惯性导航系统··················⋯⋯4.2.3初始条件····································⋯⋯4.1.4半收敛角···········。··········‘···········”⋯⋯1·2.22传播误差······。·······························一2.l·24半下滑道扇区······························⋯⋯2.7.16传递对准·········，··························⋯⋯4.1.9半自动飞行检验·························“⋯⋯3.8.11船舶导航····································⋯⋯1.1.4北·····，·············”······················“⋯⋯1.3.17垂直轴·······································⋯⋯1.5.4北极星高度补偿角·························一5.1.17春分点·······································⋯⋯5.1.9本初子午线·······”························⋯⋯1.2-15磁北·······，··································⋯⋯1.3.19比例引导扇区······························⋯⋯2.7.42磁差················”························⋯⋯3.1．11编码延迟·············”··········”·······“⋯⋯2.4.16磁方位·········································一l.3.24边带基准下滑夭线·············”·········⋯⋯2.7.18磁航向·······································⋯⋯1.3.30边界灯··························。。···········⋯⋯6.3.4磁罗经·······································⋯⋯3.2.2标度线·············“························⋯⋯3.1.18磁罗经自差·································⋯⋯3.1,9表观垂线····“············“········“······⋯⋯1.2.6磁罗经自差曲线···························⋯⋯3.2.3表观水平线·································⋯⋯1.2.12磁罗盘·······································⋯⋯3.2,2波瓣转换法······························”·⋯⋯2.2.2磁罗盘自差·································⋯⋯3.1.9波束宽度····································⋯⋯2.7,50磁罗盘自差曲线···························⋯⋯3.2.3波束误差·。········”························⋯⋯2.1.28磁偏计·······································⋯⋯3.1.6波束中心·，·············”···················⋯⋯2.7,49磁强计·······································⋯⋯3.1.5磁倾角·····································，·⋯⋯3.1.10磁首向·······································⋯⋯1．3.36测地线·······································⋯⋯1.3.12磁悬浮加速度计···························⋯⋯4.4.14测距器·····················“················⋯⋯2.3.1测向方位灵敏度··，························⋯⋯2.2.15测向灵敏度·································⋯⋯2.214大气数据系统······························⋯⋯3.8.10测者子午圈·······，·························⋯⋯5.1·10大地水准面········。························⋯⋯1.2.9 GB9390一88月．0…1乙定边··········································⋯⋯1.3.3大地线1.3大卧，连11.2几东西距·······································⋯⋯1.2.191内单轴加速度计·······。······················⋯⋯4.41匕动基导出导航数据························⋯⋯1.1.22单自由度陀螺仪·................................4.3.4动基导航设备···············。··········。····。·⋯1.1.16当地垂线····································⋯⋯1.2.11动基基准导航数据························⋯⋯1.1.23当地水平面·································⋯⋯1.2.17动力调谐陀螺仪···························⋯⋯4.3.9导出包络·······．’···························⋯⋯2.4.28动图显示器·································⋯⋯2.9.19导出脉冲····································⋯⋯2.4．29对准·············。····························⋯⋯4.1.5多径传播········。···························⋯⋯2.1.25导航···，······································⋯⋯1.1.1多径传播误差······························⋯⋯2.1.26导航参数··。·································⋯⋯1.3.1导航潜望镜·································⋯⋯3.6,2多普勒导航仪······························⋯⋯2.9.7多普勒伏尔····。····················。·······⋯⋯2.5.8导航设备····································⋯⋯1.1.13多普勒计程仪······························⋯⋯3.3.7导航天文学·································⋯⋯5.1.1多普勒雷达·································⋯⋯2.9.4导航卫星····································⋯⋯2.6.4导航坐标··。·································⋯⋯1.3.4E灯浮标·······································⋯⋯6.2.4二次监视雷达······························⋯⋯2.8.6灯信标·······································⋯⋯6.37二自由度陀螺仪·................................4.3.5等磁差线····································⋯⋯1.37等方位线····································⋯⋯1.3.13F等格网磁差线······························⋯⋯1.3.10反向航道····································⋯⋯2.7.7等网格磁差线······························⋯⋯1.3.10反向航道扇区······························⋯⋯2.7.12等相位区····································⋯⋯2.1.34方位··········································⋯⋯1.3.22等信号航向信标···························⋯⋯2.7.5方位一距离一首向指示器··················⋯⋯2.3.8低余隙点····································⋯⋯2.7.35方位误差····································⋯⋯2.2．3低余隙区····································⋯⋯2.7.36方位误差曲线·········，····················⋯⋯2,2.7地方时角····································⋯⋯5.1.13方向··········································⋯⋯1.3.15地理垂线····································⋯⋯1．2.8飞行仪表···························。··········一3.8.1地理纬度····································⋯⋯1·2.1飞行仪表系统······························⋯⋯3,8.3地面导航····································⋯⋯1.1.3分罗经·······································⋯⋯3.2.90n地面导出导航数据························⋯⋯1.1.白︶风速··········································⋯⋯1.3.5291地面基准导航数据························⋯⋯1.1.曰上风向仪·········。········。····················⋯⋯3.1.3地面指挥进场系统·····················。··⋯⋯2.8.7风压差···········。···························⋯⋯1.3.45地球速率修正······························⋯⋯4.1.15浮标··········································⋯⋯6.2,1地速··········································⋯⋯1.3.49伏尔·······················。··················⋯⋯2.5.7地图比较仪·································⋯⋯2.9.18伏塔克·······································⋯⋯2.3.5地心垂线···································⋯⋯．1.2,7俯仰··········································⋯⋯1．5.10地心纬度····································⋯⋯1.2,2俯仰角·······································⋯⋯1．5.11地形跟踪雷达········。·····················⋯⋯2.9.2副台·············。。。····。·····················⋯⋯2．4.11地形回避雷达······························⋯⋯2.9.3复示罗经····································⋯⋯3.2．9地形误差····································⋯⋯2.1.31覆盖扇区····································⋯⋯2.7.41电磁计程仪·································⋯⋯3.3,2G电磁控罗经···························。·····⋯⋯3.2．6电离层误差·································⋯⋯2.1.23高度视差······································一5.1.16 GB9390一88哥氏加速度·········”·······”···············一4.1．13航道位移灵敏度············“············。⋯⋯2.1.10哥氏修正······································一4.1.14航道线偏差··················”············”··⋯2.1.16格林威治时间·”············”·············”·⋯5.1.12航道线性度·······”························⋯⋯2,7.8格网················“···“·······“··········⋯⋯1.3.8航海六分仪·······“··········“···········，⋯⋯3,7.5格网北·········”·············“·············⋯⋯1.3.20航迹···“········”·······”·············“···”·⋯1.3.39格网磁差·”·······························“⋯⋯1.3.9航迹角···············⋯⋯，········，·······⋯⋯1.3.40格网导航············“···．·················⋯⋯1.1.11航空导航···⋯⋯”·············“·····，······一1.1.2格网方位····················”·············⋯⋯1.3．26航空灯···························”··········。··⋯6.3.2格网航向·······”···“·······”·············⋯⋯1.3．31航路监视雷达······························⋯⋯2.8.5格网收敛角····“············”·············⋯⋯1.3．11航图······“·············“·······“··········⋯⋯1.6.2格网首向············“·······”········“···⋯⋯1.3．37航线·············“·····························一1.3.33工作距离·······“···”······················⋯⋯1.4．11航向·····································“···⋯⋯1.3.28工作区·······································⋯⋯1.4,12航向信标·································．’·⋯⋯2.7.4估算位置···································，·一1.4.6航行灯，V....·································⋯⋯6.3.1惯性测量装置······························⋯⋯4.2.6航行雷达····································⋯⋯2.9.1惯性导航····································⋯⋯1.1.9合象式测距仪····”························⋯⋯3.5.2惯性导航系统······························⋯⋯4.2.1恒向线“································．··⋯⋯1.2.18惯性导航系统重调···················“···⋯⋯4.1.12恒星时角·······“···························⋯⋯5.1.14惯性空间···············“···················⋯⋯4.1.1横滚·········‘·········。··。···················⋯⋯1.5.5光学测距仪······················““·······⋯⋯3.5.4横滚角·············“························⋯⋯1.5.6光学方位仪············”·············”····⋯⋯3．5．3横摇········································”⋯⋯1.5.5光学跟踪器···”·······“········”···“····⋯⋯3.5.1横摇角·············“························⋯⋯1.5.6轨道···，············”·············”···········一2.6.1横轴··········································⋯⋯1,5.3环形天线装调误差··························一2.2.4回声测深··．’·······················。········⋯⋯6.1·4海拔高度············”······················⋯⋯1.3.47回声测深仪·································⋯⋯6·1.5海图··········································⋯⋯1.6.2航道抖动······································。⋯2.1.4航道跟随误差·”···”·················”二，’··⋯2.7.46激光陀螺仪·································⋯⋯4.3.7航道跟随噪声·“············“·············⋯⋯2.7.47积分加速度计······························⋯⋯4.4.5航道角位移灵敏度························⋯⋯2.1.11基本重复频率·························”···⋯⋯2.4.26航道宽度·······”···············⋯⋯‘·····“·⋯2.1.15基线··············，···························⋯⋯2.4.12航道灵敏度································⋯⋯2.1.13基线延迟······。························“···⋯⋯2．4.13航道灵敏度弱化···············。···········⋯⋯2.1.14基准方向·······························“···⋯⋯1.3.16航道偏差指示器···························⋯⋯2.2.23基准调制·························“········。⋯⋯2.5.9航道曲率·····················“····。‘·······⋯⋯2.1.12基准线·········································一1.3,6航道扇摆·”·······”．············”·········⋯⋯2.1.5机场监视雷达······························⋯⋯2.8,4航道扇区······。·····························⋯⋯2.7.9机场位置灯信标···············“··········⋯⋯6.3.8航道扇区宽度······························⋯⋯2.7.10机载多普勒雷达···，·······················⋯⋯2.9.6航道弯曲······。·····························⋯⋯2.1.6极化误差·······“···························⋯⋯2.1.22航道弯曲幅度······························⋯⋯2.1.7极区⋯。········”···························⋯⋯1.2.16航道弯曲频率······························⋯⋯2.1.8极区导航··········”··················，·····⋯⋯1.1.5航道弯曲递减因子二”····················⋯⋯2．1.9几何式惯性导航系统·····················。··⋯4.2.2 GB9390一88几何因子····································⋯⋯1.3.5雷康··········································⋯⋯2.5.6计程仪·······································⋯⋯3.3.1力平衡加速度计··························．·一4.4.4加速度计····································⋯⋯4.4.1两用倾斜计·································⋯⋯3.1．14加速度误差·································⋯⋯3.2.11零基准下滑天线···························⋯⋯2.7.17假定位置····································⋯⋯1.4.5零位··········································⋯⋯2.2.17监视雷达····································⋯⋯2.8.3流压差·······································⋯⋯1,3.43交叉干扰信号·········。····················⋯⋯2.4-25六分仪·······································⋯⋯3.7.1交角··········································⋯⋯1.4.4路径·······。··································⋯⋯1.3.41角加速度计·································⋯⋯4.4,3陆基导航设备······························⋯⋯1.1.15截距··············。····。······················⋯⋯5.1-18罗北································。·········⋯⋯1.3.21捷联式惯性导航系统·····················⋯⋯4.2.5罗方位·······································⋯⋯1.3.27解析式惯性导航系统·····················⋯⋯4.2.4罗航向·．······。·····························⋯⋯1.3.32进场导航····································⋯⋯1.1.6罗经··········································⋯⋯3.2.1进场灯·。·。····。···。··························⋯⋯6.3.3罗伦线·······································⋯⋯2.4.17进场路径····································⋯⋯2.7.20罗盘··········································⋯⋯3.2.1进港导航··················”················⋯⋯1.1.6罗兰··········································⋯⋯2.4.3近场效应误差······························⋯⋯2.1.29罗首向·······································⋯⋯1.3．38近地点·······································⋯⋯2.6．3精密测距器·································⋯⋯2．7.51精密进场雷达·····。························⋯⋯2.8.2M阵列下滑天线2.7.19警旗··········································⋯⋯3．1.17马赫数······⋯⋯1.3.53静电加速度计······。·······················⋯⋯4.4.13马赫数表··⋯⋯3.8.9静电陀螺仪·································⋯⋯4.3.8脉冲多普勒雷达2.9.5静寂区·······································⋯⋯2.1.18盲目飞行仪表二3.8.2静锥区·······································⋯⋯2.1.17模糊度······⋯⋯2.2.16径向线····。··································⋯⋯1.3.14决断门·······································⋯⋯2.7.31绝对计程仪·································⋯⋯3,3.6挠性加速度计4.4.11绝对延迟····································⋯⋯2.4.15内指点信标⋯2.7.28康索尔·······································⋯⋯2.4.5康索兰·······································⋯⋯2.4.6跑道灯·······································⋯⋯6.3.5可变调制。。··································⋯⋯2.5.10跑道视距····································⋯⋯2.7.30空间基准导航数据····。·····················一1.1.19偏航··········································⋯⋯1.5.7空速··········································⋯⋯1.3.50偏航角·······································⋯⋯1.5.8空速表···。···································⋯⋯3.8.7偏流··········································⋯⋯1.3.42空中导出导航数据························⋯⋯1.1.17偏流角·······································⋯⋯1.3．43空中交通管制······························⋯⋯2.8.8偏流修正角···················。·············⋯⋯1.3.44控制运动噪音······························⋯⋯2.7.48偏移··········································⋯⋯1.3.42跨波段应答器······························⋯⋯2.9.12偏移修正角·································⋯⋯1.3.44平均航道误差······························⋯⋯2.7.44平均下滑道误差···························⋯⋯2.7.45雷达信标2.5.5平视显示器·································⋯⋯3.8.5 GB9390一88平台调平4.1.7水深温度计·································⋯⋯3.1.7平台罗经3.2.7水听器·······································⋯⋯6.1,3水压计程仪·························。·······⋯⋯3.3.3四分圆误差·································⋯⋯2-2,5气浮加速度计······························⋯⋯4.4.12速度误差······，，························。···⋯⋯3.2.10气象转发浮标······························⋯⋯6.2.8速率积分陀螺仪···························⋯⋯4.3.11气压高度表·································⋯⋯38.6速率陀螺仪·································⋯⋯4.3.10铅垂线·······································⋯⋯1．2.5随机误差····························。·······⋯⋯1.4.8前向航道扇区······························⋯⋯2.7.11潜望镜·······································⋯⋯3，6.1潜望六分仪······························⋯⋯‘二37.7塔康···········································一2.3.4倾斜仪·······································⋯⋯3.1.13台卡············································一2.4.2全方位·······································⋯⋯2．2.1台卡计·······································⋯⋯2.4.24全方位变换器················。·············⋯⋯2.2.18台链···················⋯⋯“················⋯⋯2.4.7全方位测向一测距设备·····················⋯⋯2.3.3特殊重复频率······························⋯⋯2.4.27全方位选择器······························⋯⋯2.2.19天波干扰····································⋯⋯2,1.19全方位指示器······························⋯⋯2.2.21天波同步误差······························⋯⋯2.4．30全球定位系统·························⋯⋯’“二26.6天波修正····································⋯⋯2.1.20全向信标····································⋯⋯25.4天顶··············。···························⋯⋯5.1.8区域导航····································⋯⋯1.1,12天罗经·······································⋯⋯5.1．4天球赤道····································⋯⋯5.1,6天文导航····································⋯⋯1.1.10人工水平仪3.1.8天文导航潜望镜·····················，·····⋯⋯3.6.3天文经纬仪·································⋯⋯5.1.5天文罗经····································⋯⋯5.1.3三角形链····································⋯⋯24.8天文年历····································⋯⋯5.1.2三轴加速度计······························⋯⋯4.4.18天线效应····································⋯⋯2.2.13闪烁··········································⋯⋯2.1.21调制度差····································⋯⋯2.7.32射电六分仪··································一37.8同步卫星·································。··⋯⋯2.6.5声波测深仪·································⋯⋯61.6同步误差····································⋯⋯2.1.30声触发浮标·································⋯⋯62.6拖曳式计程仪······························⋯⋯3.3.4声呐··········································⋯⋯6．1.1陀螺地平仪·································⋯⋯3.8.4声发··········································⋯⋯6．1.2陀螺六分仪·································⋯⋯3.7.4声相关计程仪······························⋯⋯33.8陀螺罗经···············。····················⋯⋯3.2.4施矩速率····································⋯⋯4.1.3陀螺罗经法对准·····························。。二4.1.8时角····························“············⋯⋯5.1.11陀螺仪·································。·····⋯⋯4.3.1收敛角·······································⋯⋯1.2.21首向··········································⋯⋯1.3.34手动测向仪·································⋯⋯2.2.11外指点信标··································一2,7．26舒勒调谐····································⋯⋯4.1-11网格·········································⋯⋯1.3.8曙暮光·······································⋯⋯5.1.15网格北·······································⋯⋯1.3．20双曲线系统·································⋯⋯24.1网格磁差····································⋯⋯1.3.9双轴加速度计······························⋯⋯4.4.17网格导航····································⋯⋯1.1.11 GB9390一88n‘网格方位····································⋯⋯1．3.26线加速度计·································⋯⋯4.4。Q户O网格航向··············。·····················⋯⋯1.3.31相对方位·················。··················⋯⋯1.3.自4C网格收敛角·································⋯⋯1.3.11相对高度·，··································⋯⋯1.3.O户0网格首向····································⋯⋯1.3.37相对计程仪·································⋯⋯3.3．微波着陆系统······························⋯⋯2.7．3相位航向信标·····························⋯⋯’2.7.6微波着陆系统反方位基准点············⋯⋯2.7.39响应器·······································⋯⋯2.9.17微波着陆系统基准点·····················⋯⋯2.7.37巷·············································⋯⋯2.4.21微波着陆系统进场基准点···············⋯⋯2.7.38巷识别·······································⋯⋯2.4.22危险浮标····································⋯⋯6.2.3巷识别计································．···⋯⋯2.4.23危险灯信标······。··························⋯⋯6.3.9向背台指示器······························⋯⋯2.2.20伪经度·······································⋯⋯1.2.4象限误差····································⋯⋯22．5伪纬度·······································⋯⋯l,2.3肖兰···········。······························⋯⋯2．3．6纬差····················。·····················⋯⋯1.2.20消磁··········································⋯⋯3．1．1纬度误差⋯⋯‘·····························⋯⋯3.2.12斜距··········································⋯⋯1.3.46位置··········································⋯⋯1,4.1信标··········································⋯⋯2．5．1位置面·······································⋯⋯1.4.3星体跟踪仪·········。·······················⋯⋯37．2位置线·······································⋯⋯1.4.2星形链·······································⋯⋯2．4．9卫星导航····································⋯⋯1.1.8询问器····················。··················⋯⋯2.9.16稳定部件··，·································⋯⋯3.1.12询问一响应器······························⋯⋯2.9.15稳定平台············。·······················⋯⋯4.2.7询问信号····································⋯⋯2.9.14无方向信标·································⋯⋯2.5.3无线电测距·································⋯⋯2.1.3无线电测向······，··························⋯⋯2.1.2压电加速度计·····························⋯⋯4.4.15无线电测向仪···········。··················⋯⋯2.2.8雅露斯系统·································⋯⋯2．9.8无线电磁指示器···························⋯⋯2.2.22眼高差·······································⋯⋯3.7.3无线电导航·································⋯⋯1．1.7夜间效应····································⋯⋯2.L33无线电定位·································⋯⋯2.1.1液浮摆式加速度计························⋯⋯4.4.10无线电高度表······························⋯⋯2.3.2液浮陀螺仪·································⋯⋯4.3.6无线电罗盘·································⋯⋯2.2.10仪表误差····································⋯⋯3.1.15无线电一声测距······························⋯⋯6．1.8仪表着陆系统······························⋯⋯2.7.2无线电信标··················。··············⋯⋯2.5.2仪表着陆系统基准点·····················⋯⋯2.7.29无线电信标浮标···························⋯⋯6.2.5音响浮标····································⋯⋯6.2.7误差圆·······································⋯⋯1.4.9音响测向仪·································⋯⋯2.2.12应答器·······································⋯⋯2.9.11应答效率····································⋯⋯2.9.13下滑道·····························。········。⋯⋯2.7.21应答信号····································⋯⋯2.9.10下滑道扇区································⋯⋯2.7.15余隙··········································⋯⋯2.7.33QO下滑角·······························。·····。·⋯⋯2.7.自d余隙扇区····································⋯⋯2.7.340g下滑面·······································⋯⋯2.7.自曰余隙引导扇区···············，，·············⋯⋯2.7.430‘下滑位移·····················。··。·······⋯⋯’“·2.7.‘住圆误差·······································⋯⋯1.4.91‘往下滑信标····································⋯⋯2.7.上‘圆概率误差·························。·······⋯⋯1.4.100叹舷角··········································⋯⋯1.3.自口远地点···。···································⋯⋯2,6.20显示··········································⋯⋯3.1－自云高计········．·····························⋯⋯3.1.4 Gs9390一88运载体···“··································⋯⋯1.6.1主台··········································⋯⋯2.4.10运载体导出导航数据·····················⋯⋯1.1-18姿态············································一1.5.1子午线·······································⋯⋯1.2.13子午仪·······································⋯⋯2.6.7障碍灯···························“··········⋯⋯6.3.6子午仪卫星定位系统·······················一2.6.7着陆设备····································⋯⋯2.7.1自动操舵仪·································⋯⋯3.4.1折射误差·······”···························⋯⋯2.1.27自动操舵仪祸合器························⋯⋯3.4.2真北··········································⋯⋯1.3.18自动测角仪······························⋯⋯‘二3.515真方位·······································⋯⋯1.3.23自动测向仪·································⋯⋯2.2.9真航向··································‘····⋯⋯1.3.29自动飞行控制系统························⋯⋯3.8.12真空速··································。····。··⋯1.3.51自动驾驶仪·································⋯⋯3.4,1真空速表·。··································⋯⋯3,8.8自动驾驶仪藕合器························⋯⋯3.4.2真首向·······································⋯⋯1.3.35自动雷达标绘仪···························⋯⋯2.9.9振梁加速度计······························⋯⋯4.4.19自由陀螺仪·......................................4.3,2振弦加速度计··。···························⋯⋯4.4.6自由转子陀螺仪·................................4.3.3指点信标····································⋯⋯2.7.25自主导航设备······························⋯⋯1.1.14指向······································。···⋯⋯1.3.2综合导航····································⋯⋯7.1.1滞后···························”·············⋯⋯3.1.16纵摇··········································⋯⋯1.5.10质量引力垂线······························⋯⋯1.2.10纵摇角·······································⋯⋯l,5.11中心线·································“····⋯⋯2.4.14纵轴··········································⋯⋯l.5.2中指点信标··························⋯⋯，⋯⋯2.7.27组合浮标·····，······························⋯⋯6.2.2重力加速度单位m/s"··················⋯⋯4.1.2最大概率位置··············，·········⋯⋯“·‘·‘l.4.7轴线对准····································，··⋯4.1.10最小接收高度······························⋯⋯2.3.7主罗经·······································⋯⋯3.2.8最低下滑道·································⋯⋯2.7.40主示罗经····································⋯⋯3.2.8附录B英文索引（参考件）absolutedelay·········⋯⋯2.4.15accelerationerror3.2.11accelerometer4.4.1acousticaldepthfinder·⋯6.1.5acousticcorrelationlog3.3.8aerodromelocationbeacon6.3.8aeronauticallight····⋯⋯6.3.2airborneDopplerrardar2.9.6airdatasystem3.8.10air-derivednavigationdata1.1.17airnavigation1.1.2 GB9390一88airportsurfacedetectionequipment(ASDE)...······················································⋯⋯2.8.1airportsurveillanceradar(ASR)..........................................······························⋯⋯2.8.4air-routesurveillanceradar(ARSR)··································································⋯⋯2.8.5airspeed················································．·············································。·······⋯⋯1.3.50airspeedindicator(ASI)·················································································⋯⋯3.8.7airtrafficcontrol·········································································“··················⋯⋯2.8.8alignment······································································································⋯⋯4.1.5almanac························⋯⋯。·⋯⋯。．。。。．⋯。。。．。·。。二。⋯⋯。⋯⋯。⋯。。．⋯。⋯。。．⋯。．。⋯⋯。．···⋯⋯5.1.2altitude·．⋯⋯。。。⋯。。二。．⋯。二。．。。．。。。。二。。．．⋯。。。．。·。·。···．⋯⋯。·．·．·······························............1.3.47anal州cinertialnavigationsystem····“··································································⋯⋯4.2.4angleofcut························。··········································································⋯⋯1.4.4angularaccelerometer·······················································································⋯⋯4.4,3angulardisplacementsensitivity········································································⋯⋯2.1-11antennaeffect································································································⋯⋯2.2.13apogee······················································································。··················⋯⋯2.62apparenthorizon···········．···········．·····································································⋯⋯1．2.12apparentvertical·····························································································⋯⋯1.2.6approachlights································································································⋯⋯6.3.3approachnavigation·····································。····················································⋯⋯1.1．6approachpath·······································”···················································。···⋯⋯2．7.20areanavigation··············································································。··············⋯⋯1．1.12artificialhorizon·····························································································⋯⋯3,1.8assumedposition·····························································································⋯⋯1.4.5astrocompass．．．．．．．．·．．⋯⋯‘．·．·······．．···．．⋯⋯，，．，·．·⋯⋯‘···················．························⋯⋯5,1.3astrotracker···································································································⋯⋯3,7.2A-trace············⋯⋯。⋯。·，。。。·。·。⋯。．⋯。．。。。二。“。。二。二。⋯。。二。二。二。．········⋯⋯。．⋯。。······⋯⋯。。⋯2.4.18attitude⋯。．．⋯。⋯。⋯。。二。。。二。。·。二。。．⋯。。。．”⋯。。。二。..................................．．．．··············⋯⋯1.5.1auraldirectionfinder·······················································································⋯⋯2.2.12automaticdirectionfinder(ADF)·····································································⋯⋯2.2.9automaticflightcontrolsystem(AFCS)····························································⋯⋯3.8.12automaticradarplottingaids(ARPA)·······························································⋯⋯2.9.9autopilot································一，·········．·．·····．···················。···························⋯⋯3．4.1autopilotcoupler·····························································································⋯⋯3．4.2azimuth····⋯⋯。。···⋯⋯。··.......................。二。．o．⋯。。．o．．⋯⋯。．．⋯。二。。··⋯⋯。。．···．·······⋯⋯1.3.22Bbackcourse2.7.7，口backcoursesector··⋯⋯土‘2.7.月1．ballisticdeflectionerror3.2.土工barometricaltimeter3.8.6baseline2.4.12baselinedelay········⋯⋯2.4.13basicrepetitionfrequency2.4.26 GB9390一88bathythermograph3.1.7beacon2.5.19行连0了bearncenter。。．.................................⋯。⋯。·⋯。。．．·⋯⋯。．⋯⋯。．。二。。．。·．··⋯⋯。．。．。。。二。。．⋯。．。．︺．．‘口Q1口︵只beamerror自…1…︺U口1只八U了beamwidth。·⋯。⋯⋯。。·⋯⋯。二。。。。。。．。。。．·⋯。二。........................。二。..................................曰J‘．八今C﹂乙bearing·········································································································⋯⋯孟口，八卜j吕bearingdistanceheadingindicator(BDHI)曰。．0oO自。白，dbearingerror···································································································⋯⋯0勺t‘。‘：lbearingerrorcurveQ，八1bbend自．01月1bendamplitude·····························。··································································⋯⋯白。上‘Q1一洲bendfrequency···························································································。····⋯⋯︺．1…︸010．bendreductionfactor‘。二口八00blind-flyinginstrument0．0白91，，blinking月…1…曰孟991内bblur自曰上连，，o．boresighting几五土力八连00．．boundarylights································································································⋯⋯﹄0连10B-trace。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。，。。。。。。。。。。。。。。自．几．上口产00︸．buoy．心…一C八，月01任ceilometer，1﹄1．比bcelestialequator·····················”··”·············”···················································⋯⋯J。1，，1o．celestialnavigation················································”······················⋯⋯’····⋯⋯”二’二土－二：1njb八Jcelestialnavigationperiscope··········”···“········”···“·················“······⋯⋯‘············⋯⋯‘·：：Ll亡celestialtheodoliteald0注1Acenterline自．‘．1人夕月月了chain︼：任，1只9chart几U．︺001︵片chart-comparisonunit心．以．1︸1月八circleoferror1。任．沙，连，n土工circularprobableerror(CPE)，‘…甘夕丹n八了oOclearance翻．Q行月n了任jclearanceguidancesector月．9～丫OAclearancesector曰……J‘O，工．qclinometerd土1口Q连1丹1bcodingdelay自占coincidencetyperangefinder3.5.2combinationbuoy·····························································································⋯⋯6.2.2compass’．，．，，’二幸二““．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯”，”．．．．．⋯⋯，，．”’．．．．．．．⋯⋯’．⋯，’．⋯⋯，．⋯’⋯。．．⋯““⋯”．”’⋯3.2.1compassbearing··································································”·························⋯⋯1.3.27compasscourse1.3.32 Gs9390一88compassdeviation3.1.9compassdeviationcurve3.2.3compassheading·····························································································⋯⋯1.3.38compassnorth································································································⋯⋯1.3.21compassrepeater3.2.9coneofsilence2.1.17Consol2.4.5Consolan2.4.6controlmotionnoise(CMN)·········．．．．．．．．·．．．．·．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯。．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯2.7.48convergency“．⋯’⋯’二’．．．⋯⋯“．⋯⋯“．⋯“⋯“．．．．．．⋯⋯’．．．．⋯⋯““．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯’⋯⋯。“二“⋯。．1.2.21conversionangle·····························································································⋯⋯1.2.22Coriolisacceleration4.1.13Corioliscorrection4.1.14course1.3.28coursedeviationindicator．⋯⋯。············．．⋯⋯。。．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯。⋯⋯。．⋯。．．．．．．⋯⋯。．⋯。。⋯。．。⋯2.2.23courseline1.3.33courselinearity································································································⋯⋯2.7.8courselinedeviation2.1.16courseroughness2.1.4coursescalloping2.1.5coursesector“．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯”二’．，⋯，．．．⋯⋯’二””’．．．⋯⋯“．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯’．．．⋯⋯’二，．2.7.9coursesectorwidth2.7.10coursesensitivity2.1.13coursesoftening··································································。···························。·⋯2.1.14coursewidth2.1.15coveragesector2.7.41craft1.6.1cross-bandtransponder···················。·························································。····。·⋯⋯2.9.12curveofconstantbearing1.3.13Ddangerbuoy6.2.3Decca·······································⋯⋯。。·。········································．·。················⋯⋯2.4.2decisiongate2.7.31declination··········································⋯⋯。．．····．···．．⋯⋯。．⋯。．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯5.1.7declinometer·······。······························．⋯⋯。．···．O．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯。．⋯⋯。．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯。．．．．．⋯⋯3.1.6decometer2.4.24degaussing·················。·····。··············································································⋯⋯3.1.1departure······································································································⋯⋯1.2.19deriredenvelop2.4.28deriredpulse2.4.29deviationcurve·················．．．·．·．·．·．·．．．．．．·····。··．．．···。····．．．⋯⋯。．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯。．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯3.2.3DFbearingsensitivity2.2.15 GB9390一88DFsensitivity··························．⋯⋯‘⋯，．．．．．·．··．················································⋯⋯2.2.14differenceindepthofmodulation(DDM)···············”········································⋯⋯2.7.32differentialomegasystem··············”··”······“··“·············································“·⋯⋯2.4.31differentialposition············“··············“···。·········””·····“···“·“·························⋯⋯2.4.20differentlatitude(D0lat)⋯⋯“·。············”······“··············”·······”··．．．．·．．．．··“·········⋯⋯1.2.20dip⋯⋯，二，“．“⋯“．．．．．．········“······“·．·．．．．．⋯⋯“．“．。，“⋯，．⋯⋯”·⋯，··················．···⋯⋯，“3．7.3direction．。。。。。。。．。。。。“．””。。二。．。。”。。。。”。。。。。。“。。。。。。。。。。。。。·⋯⋯。。。。。．。。。。。。。。。。。。．。。。。.....................1.3.15displacementsensitivity“·····“”·····““·····””·····“···”·”··············“························⋯⋯2.1.10display····“········································”·············”·······························“·········⋯⋯31.2distancemeasuringequipment(DME)“·“··············“······“······················”··········⋯⋯23.1D0lat·⋯。。·。．。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。“。。·。。。。“。。“。。。“。。。。。。。。。。。。二。”。。。。。。。。。。“。。。．。。。”。。。。。。。。。。。。⋯。。。。··⋯⋯。．。，1.2.20DME/P·．．．．················⋯⋯”··．·．．．⋯⋯“。．。·⋯“．······“··············．······”····．·．．．．．．．．·．⋯⋯2.7.51Dopplerlog..................·················································································⋯⋯3.3.7Dopplernavigator·····························································································⋯⋯2.9.7Dopplerradar································································································⋯⋯2.9.4DopplerVOR··································································································一2.5.8doubleintegratingaccelerometer··········································································一4.4.9double-integratinggyro··························。·····································。。··················⋯⋯4.3,12drift．。。。。。。。．。。。。。。。·。。。。。。·。。。·。。。。。。。。·。·。⋯。。。．。二。。．。。。。二。。。。。。。．。。。。。。．。。。。。。。．。。。。。。。。。。。。．⋯。。．··⋯⋯。。。。·1.3．42driftangle··································································································⋯⋯1.3.43driftcorrectionangle·······················································································⋯⋯1.3.44dynamicallytunedgyro(DTG)········································································⋯⋯4.3.9earth"sratecorrection········。·”····””··············“·····································，··········⋯⋯4.1．15echosounder．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯”．·⋯“···············⋯⋯。二。．．．．．．．．⋯⋯“．．⋯“·．·························⋯⋯6.1.5echosounding(ES)·············，·········································································⋯⋯6.1.4electricallysuspendedgyro(ESG)·····································································⋯⋯4.3.8electromagneticcontrolcompass··························································。··········．··⋯⋯3.2.6electromagneticlog···························································⋯⋯。·····。··················⋯⋯3.3.2electrostaticsupportaccelerometer······································································一4.4.13equinoctial···············。···································································。··················⋯⋯5.1,6equiphasezone·····························。·······························································⋯⋯2.1.34equisignallocalizer··························································································⋯⋯2.7,5estimatedposition··························································································⋯⋯1.4.6FirstpointofAries·············································”·······”··································⋯⋯5.L9flagalarm·······“·······”······“··············”······························”························⋯⋯，3.1.17flexureaccelerometer....................。二。.................................···．⋯⋯。·。⋯。。。．。。⋯⋯。·。．．⋯4.4.11flightinstrument·········································································“··················⋯⋯3.8.1flightinstrumentsystem·······“······”··············”···················································⋯⋯3.8,3floatedgyro···································································································⋯⋯4.3.6 GB9390一88forcebalanceaccelerometerfreegyrofree-rotorgyro·⋯”””·”’frontcoursesector．．．．⋯⋯Ggas-bearingaccelerometer·················································································⋯⋯geocentriclatitudegeocentricverticalgeodesicgeodeticlatitudegeographiclatitudegeographicverticalgeoid······································································································。····。⋯⋯geometricinertialnavigationsystem································⋯⋯”二”’二”’·‘．”“”““‘”“”””·geometricalfactor································································。····························。··⋯ghostsignal......·····························································································⋯⋯gimbal八，乙．glidepath2.7.︷0八‘Jglidepathangle·····························································································⋯⋯2.7.，A1glidepathbeacon2.7.几，哎．1口glidepathsector····························································································。⋯⋯2.7.00‘乙glideslope2.7.0八‘0glide-slopeangle····················································。······································。·。·一2.7.n月乙任glide-slopedeviation·············································。········⋯⋯””””””“·”·””””’“”‘．2.7.﹃．j任glideslopefacility······························································⋯⋯”’·”””””·‘’．“．’“·‘．’2.7.山，叹1曰glideslopesector2.7.globalpositioningsystem(GPS)···········································⋯⋯””·””·”’·““’‘’‘·“‘”’2.6.6gravitationalaccelerationunitg···········································⋯⋯’‘”’‘二””””’‘．‘”“‘”””’4.1.2greatcircle·································。·······················。······················。··················⋯⋯1.2.14Greenwichhourangle(GHA)5.1.12grid·······································································································。·。·····⋯⋯1.3.8gridbearing·················································································。·················⋯⋯1·3.26gridconvergence·····························································································⋯⋯1·3.11gr记course···································································································⋯⋯1.3.31gridheading·········。······················································································⋯⋯1.3.37gridnavigation················。············································································⋯⋯1.1.11gridnorth··············································。···。··························。·。···················⋯⋯1.3.20gridvariation····················································································⋯⋯’‘·‘·⋯⋯’1.3.9privation···························································。··········································⋯⋯1.3.9ground-basednavigationaid··············································································⋯⋯1.1.15ground-controlledapproach(GCA).........··············。·············································⋯⋯2.8.7groundderivednavigationdata·································。······································⋯⋯1.1.20 GB9390一88groundreferencednavigationdata·····································································⋯⋯1.1-21groundspeed·····································································。··························⋯⋯1.3.49gyro··········。···························⋯⋯‘·······························································⋯⋯4.3.1gyrocompass····················································································。··············⋯⋯3.2．4gyrocompassalignment···“···············································································⋯⋯4．1.8gyrohorizon···································································································。··⋯3．8.4gyrosextant⋯”’．··．···⋯⋯’·’二’二”⋯”’。””⋯”’二’二”⋯‘’．⋯”二”·”．“二‘．’二”二”’·⋯““···⋯⋯37.4gyroscope············．。·········⋯⋯，··········⋯⋯，·······················································⋯⋯4．3.1Hhalfconvergency······”·······················································································一1.2.22halfcoursesector·········································⋯⋯‘··········································⋯⋯2.7.13halfglidepathsector········································································。··············⋯⋯2.7.16hazardbeacon································································································⋯⋯6.3.9hazardbuoy···································································································⋯⋯6.2.3heading······································································································⋯⋯1.3,34head-updisplay(HUD)·····························································。·······．．．···．．．．．．⋯⋯3，8.5height·········································································································⋯⋯1.3,48hourangle·····⋯⋯‘·······················································································⋯⋯5.1.11hydrophone···································································································⋯⋯6.1.3hyperbolicsystem····································。························································⋯⋯2.4.1ILSreferencepoint·············································，··········································。·⋯2.7.29inclinometer············．．·································。·················，······························⋯⋯3.1.14inertialmeasurementunit(IMU)······································································一4.2.6inertialnavigation·”·····················，·····································，··················，·，······⋯⋯1.1.9inertialnavigationsystem(INS)································································．．．．．．．．⋯⋯4.2.1inertialspace······························。····································································⋯⋯4.1.1initialalignment···············································⋯⋯，·······································⋯⋯4.1.6initialconditions·····，················，········································································一4.1.4innermarker···．·。·············”··．··························································。·············⋯⋯2.7．28instrumentlandingsystem(ILS)········································································⋯⋯2.7.2instrumentalerror···········································································。··············⋯⋯3.1.15integratednavigation·······················································································⋯⋯7.1.1integratingaccelerometer·················································································⋯⋯4.4.5intercept································································。·······························。。······一5.1-18interrogation···························⋯⋯，．···。·········⋯⋯‘。··········································一2,914interrogator·····································································································，⋯2.9．16interrogator-responsor·······································⋯⋯，······································⋯⋯2.9．15ionosphericerror··························································································⋯⋯2,1．23isogonal·········································································································⋯⋯1.3.7isogriv·····································································································。·。·⋯⋯1.3.10 GB9390一88JJanussystem2.9.8Llag············································································································⋯⋯3.1.16landnavigation································································································⋯⋯1.1.3landingaids······························································。····································⋯⋯2.71lane············································································································⋯⋯2.4.21lane-identification·················⋯⋯。．·．⋯⋯。·．．．．．·．···．·．··．·．．··．·．·．．····。·············．···⋯⋯。·⋯。2.4.22lane-identificationmeter．⋯。．⋯。．一。．．⋯。．．．．·．·，．··············。····························。·······⋯⋯2.4.23lasergyro·························································。··········。·。··········。······。·············⋯⋯4.3．7latitudeerror··················⋯⋯。．··．·．···········⋯⋯。．··．·．．．．··．．·．．．．．．．．．．············．····．．·．．．⋯⋯3．2.12leewayangle······································································。。························⋯⋯1．3.45lightbeacon·························································。·········································⋯⋯6.3.7lightedbeacon······································。·······················。·································⋯⋯6.3.7lightedbuoy·······················································································。···········⋯⋯6.2.4lineofposition(LOP)····················································································⋯⋯1.4.2linearaccelerometer········．·················································································⋯⋯4.4.2liquidsuspensionpendulousaccelerometer····························································⋯⋯4.4.10lobeswitching································································································⋯⋯2,2.2localhourangle(LHA)·················································································⋯⋯5.1.13localizer······························．··············．·················．·····⋯⋯。·⋯。．．·．····················⋯⋯2.7.4locallevel．．·。．·⋯⋯‘·⋯。．⋯。二。．．．．．·。．··············。·················································⋯⋯。1.2.17localvertical·．·．·．··⋯⋯。·．·······⋯⋯。·································································⋯⋯1.2.11log···。·····。············································································。························⋯⋯3.3.1longitudinalaxis·····························································································⋯⋯1.5.2loopalignmenterror·······················································································⋯⋯2.2.4Loran。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。·。。。。。。二。。。。。。。。·。⋯。·。。。。。。二。．⋯。二。。。。。。·。。。。2.4.3Lorhumbline······。····一。·．····．···············································．··························⋯⋯2.4.17lowdearancearea·········．····⋯⋯。。··．····．···························。·，······························⋯⋯2.7,36lowclearancepoint······················································。。··········。···········。········⋯⋯2.7,35Mmachmeter···············································································．··········．····．···．··⋯⋯3.8.9Machnumber····．．··．··．···。·······。······。························．．·．．．·。···························．．．．··⋯⋯1.3.53magneticbearing1.3.24magneticcompass．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．··⋯⋯，⋯，．，．．⋯，··⋯⋯‘．‘．···························。·····．．·············一3.2.2magneticcourse1.3.30magneticdeviation3.1.9magneticdip································································································⋯⋯3.1.10magneticheading1.3-36magneticnorth1.3.19 GB9390一88magneticsuspensionaccelerometer·····································································⋯⋯4.4.14magneticvariation3.1.11magnetometer3.1.5manualdirectionfinder。。。．．．⋯⋯。。。。。。·。。。。。。。。．。二。二。．。·········⋯⋯，·．·．······．．．．·············．．．·⋯⋯2.2.11marinenavigation．“”’⋯⋯，．，．．⋯‘．．⋯⋯”．”．”’．J”．’⋯。．．．．．．⋯⋯”二’．”⋯”二，．．．．．．．⋯⋯“⋯⋯”‘1.1.4marinesextant3.7.5marker"""．····⋯⋯。。。．。⋯。·⋯.................................··．⋯⋯。。··．⋯⋯。⋯。⋯⋯。。。⋯。。。。⋯。。。⋯。2.7.25M-arrayglideslope2.7.19mass-attractionvertical。。。．。⋯⋯。。·⋯。。⋯。．。二。。二。。。。．·····⋯⋯。。。。．．．....................................1.2.10mastercompass3.2.8masterstation，．，⋯“．⋯⋯，．，，，，．，，，，．，⋯。．．．．．．．⋯⋯，，，．．．⋯⋯，二”，⋯⋯“二2.4.10meancourseerror2.7.44meanglidepatherror2.7.45meridian1.2.13middlemarker··⋯。。．．··⋯⋯。。·⋯。。。⋯。。．⋯。。⋯。······⋯⋯。．⋯。。．。·。二。。．．．·⋯⋯，。。．··．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯2.7.27microwavelandingsystem(MLS)2.7.3minimumglidepath2.7.40minimumreceptionaltitude(MRA)2.3.7MLSapproachreferencedatum2.7.3"8MLSbackazimuthreferencedatum2.7.39MLSdatumpoint2.7.37mostprobableposition1.4.7moving-base-derivednavigationdata1.1.22moving-basenavigationaid1.1.16moving-base-referencednavigationdata·······························································⋯⋯1.1.23moving-mapdisplay2.9.19multipath·········································································，··⋯⋯，·················。···一2.1.25multipatherror2.1.26Nnavigation························⋯⋯‘·······，·······························，，······························⋯⋯1．1.1navigationalaid····“·······················································································⋯⋯1.1.13navigationalastronomy····················································································⋯⋯51.1navigationalradar.........·······························································”···················⋯⋯29.1navigationalsatellite·······················································································⋯⋯2.6.4navigationcoordinate·······················································································⋯⋯L3.4navigationlights··················。·······································································．··⋯⋯63.1navigationparameter·······················································································⋯⋯1.3.1navigationperiscope··························。·······························································⋯⋯3.6.2nighteffect·······················································。···········································⋯⋯2.1.33nondirectionalbeacon(NDB)···········································································⋯⋯2.5.3north．⋯。。。二。。······⋯⋯。．⋯。····⋯..................⋯。。二。.................................................1.3.17null．····⋯⋯。。。·⋯。．．········⋯⋯。。⋯。····⋯⋯。。二。二。。。．·⋯。二。．．．．·⋯⋯。二。。。。。二。·。······．·⋯⋯。二。..2.2.17 GB9390一88null-referenceglideslope·······················································“························⋯⋯2.7.17Oobserver"smeridiancircle····”························································。··················⋯⋯5.1.10obstructionlight·······································”·················，··································⋯⋯6．3.6octantalerror···“·········．．·．····“···．·······．····························································⋯⋯2．2.6odolite···············．·········⋯⋯”···························⋯⋯。······································⋯⋯3．5.5Omega······························································································。··········⋯⋯2．4.4omnibearing···································································································⋯⋯2.2.1omnibearingconverter····················································································⋯⋯2.Z18omnibearing-distancefacility············································································。·⋯⋯2.3.3omnibearingindicator(OBI)···········································································⋯⋯2.2}21omnibearingselector·······················································································⋯⋯2.2.19omnidirectionalrange···············⋯⋯。·································································⋯⋯2.5.4omnirange······································································································⋯⋯2.5.4on-coursecurvature"""．⋯。⋯。。二“．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯。。．⋯⋯。．．．．．⋯⋯，二，．．⋯‘．⋯。。‘．．⋯‘⋯。。。。。。。。。。。。2.1.12operatingrange·····················”··”··································································⋯⋯1.4.11opticalazimuthdevice·············“········································································⋯⋯3.5.3opticalrangefinder··························································································⋯⋯3.5.4opticaltracker································································································⋯⋯3.5.1orbit·．⋯⋯。·”．。。。。二。。．。。。。。。。·。·。。。。。。。。。。·。。．，。。。··⋯⋯。。。。。二。·。．。··⋯⋯。．。⋯⋯。。．·················⋯⋯2.6.1outermarker⋯。．。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。．。。。。。。。“。。。。·。．。二。。．。⋯。。⋯。·⋯⋯。⋯。。·．········．·····．．．······⋯⋯2.7．26parallaxinaltitude··········································”··············································⋯⋯5.1．16path····························································”·······”····································。⋯⋯1.3.41pathfollowingerror(PFE)···········································································⋯⋯2,7.46pathfollowingnoise(PFN)··········································································⋯⋯2.7.47pendulousaccelerometer···································································。···············⋯⋯4.47pendulousgyrocompass···············································································．．．．．⋯⋯3.2．5pendulousintegratinggyroaccelerometer····························································⋯⋯4.48pendulumsextant·····························································。··········。····················⋯⋯3.7.6perigee·········································································································⋯⋯2·6.3periscope·············“·····．················“·······························································⋯⋯3.6.1periscopicsextant⋯，··············“··········································。······························⋯⋯3.7.7phaselocalizer·······································································。··························一2.7.6piezoelectricaccelerometer·”············“········“··························。························⋯⋯4.4.15pitch········································”···“·····························································⋯⋯1.5.10pitchangle···································································································⋯⋯1.5.11pitometerlog··········”·······················································································⋯⋯3.3.3platformerection···········。·················································································⋯⋯4.1.7plumb-bobvertical··························································································⋯⋯1.2.5polarizationerror·········．···································································，············⋯⋯2.1．22 Gs9390一88polarnavigation···································································”·············”·········⋯⋯1·1.5polarregions·····················，············································································一1.2.16position·······················································。·················································⋯⋯1，4.1precisionapproachradar(PAR)·······”·······························································⋯⋯28.2precisionDME··········”··········一‘·····························································“···⋯⋯2.7.51pressurelog···································································································⋯⋯3.3.3primemeridian·····························································································⋯⋯1.2,15propagationerror·······“····································”···········································⋯⋯2.1,24proportionalguidancesector················································“····························⋯⋯2.7.42proximityeffecterror··。···················································································一2.1,29pseudo-latitude············“··················································································⋯⋯1.2.3pseudo-longitude·········”··································································。···············⋯⋯1.2.4pulse-Dopplerradar··························································································⋯⋯2.9.5QQ-correction····”·······．．···················································⋯⋯。·······················⋯⋯5.1.17quadrantalerror······································，··················”·················”···”··········⋯⋯2．2.5Racon........................................。二“····⋯⋯。．。。．⋯。·。·。二。........................................。二2.5.6radarbeacon·⋯。。．⋯”。⋯⋯。二。。。。．．．·⋯....................................................。二。·⋯⋯。。·⋯⋯2.5.5radial．．．．···············．．．．················．．．·····。·································．．．·····················。··⋯1.3,14radio-acousticranging································。···················，··································⋯⋯6.1.8radioaltimeter。二。。．····⋯⋯。。二。．o．··⋯⋯。．⋯。．．⋯⋯。．⋯。．．．．·····。·．．．．⋯⋯。·。⋯。。．．·····．．．·····⋯⋯2.3.2radiobeacon二。．。。。。。。。二。⋯⋯。。。．。”。．。。···．···．．．．⋯⋯。。．·⋯⋯。··⋯。。。。。。二。二。⋯⋯。··⋯，·⋯。．。。．⋯⋯2.5.2radio-beaconbuoy······························。·································⋯⋯‘··。················⋯⋯6.2.5radiocompass································································································⋯⋯2.2.10radiodirectionfinder(RDF)··························⋯⋯，······························。···········⋯⋯2.2.8radiodirectionfinding·································，···········”·········，······················，·······⋯⋯2.1.2radiolocation。。．．．⋯⋯。⋯。．。。。．⋯⋯。．。。。。二。。二。·⋯⋯。··⋯⋯。．⋯。。．。。⋯。。⋯。。。⋯。．。二。。．o．·⋯。．⋯。二2.1.1radiomagneticindicator(RMI)········································································⋯⋯2.2.22radiometricsextant.........................................................⋯。。。。·．⋯。。。。。。．．．．·⋯⋯。。。·⋯⋯3.7.8radionavigation········································”·······································⋯⋯‘．····⋯⋯1.1.7radiorangefinding···························································································。·⋯2.1.3randomerrors.........···⋯⋯。二。。。·⋯⋯。。。。。·····⋯⋯。．。。······．．．····．．．·⋯⋯。．。·。．。。。··⋯。。·．·⋯⋯。一1.4.8rategyro’·‘··⋯。‘··．．·．“．······⋯⋯，，“‘··································································⋯⋯4.3.10rate-integratinggyro·······················································································⋯⋯4.3.11referencedirection。·⋯⋯。·⋯。。。．。。·⋯。。。．。。。。．。。。·．⋯。。．．··．··⋯⋯。。。二。．⋯。。。⋯。·。。。．。。。。二。。⋯⋯。⋯。1.3-16referenceline二。。。。⋯。。。。。··⋯。。。。。．。。。··．·····．．．．··⋯⋯。。．⋯。．。·⋯⋯。。。。。。·⋯。⋯。。。⋯⋯。。二。····⋯⋯1.3.6referencemodulation··⋯。。。。。。。。。．···⋯⋯。⋯。．．··⋯⋯。二。..................................................2.5.9refractionerror··⋯。。．⋯。。·······⋯⋯。。。。。·⋯。．。。。。······⋯⋯。。。。。。··⋯。·。二。·。。。··⋯。。．。。。·。······⋯⋯2.1.27relativebearing·····························································································⋯⋯1.3.25reply···········。·····················································。·⋯⋯‘····································一2.9.10 GB9390一88resetoninertialnavigationsystems··································································“·⋯4.1.12responsor···。···································································。······························⋯⋯2.9.17retide······························································································⋯⋯。。．o．o．。。二3.1.18rhumbline·．⋯⋯。·．．··⋯⋯。二。·。·。⋯。。。⋯。⋯。。·⋯。·。···．⋯⋯。。⋯⋯。⋯。。．。·····················⋯⋯。·1.2.18roll····································．·····················⋯⋯。．．··．·········································⋯⋯1.5.5rollangle·······························································。······································⋯⋯1.5,6roughness·········································································。····························⋯⋯2.1．4runwaylights································································································⋯⋯6.3,5runwayvisualrange(RVR)···········································································⋯⋯27.30Ssatellitenavigation···········。·······················································。······················⋯⋯1.1.8scalloping······································································································⋯⋯2.1.5Schulertuning···································································。···················。·····⋯⋯4.1．11secondarysurveillanceradar(SSR).........···········，················································⋯⋯2.8.6self-containednavigationaid···········································································⋯⋯1.1．14semi-analyticinertialnavigationsystem·······························································⋯⋯4.2.3semiautomaticflightinspection(SAFI)····························································⋯⋯3.8.11sense。。。。。。。。．。。。．。··．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯‘．．⋯⋯，．⋯⋯，，⋯⋯，，．，．⋯。。。。。。。。。。．。。。。．·．．⋯⋯“．⋯⋯‘二。·‘·。。。。。1.3.2sensing·········································································································⋯⋯1.3.3servicearea···········．·⋯⋯。···。·······································．···································⋯⋯1.4-12sextant二。。。。。。。．。。。．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。二。．。。。。．。。．。。。。。。。·。。。。。。。。。。，。。。。。。。。。3.7.1Shoran····························································．．．··········································⋯⋯2.3．6sideband-referenceglideslope···································。·······································⋯⋯2.7.18siderealhourangle(SHA)··············································································⋯⋯5.1-14singleaxisaccelerometer·················································································⋯⋯4.4.16singledegreefreedomgyro·····································。···········································⋯⋯4.34siteerror··········．．·⋯⋯。⋯。。。⋯。。．．．·······．··············．·····．·．．．．⋯⋯。．．⋯⋯。·⋯。。．．．．．·．·⋯⋯。二。2．1.32skycompass···································································································⋯⋯5.1.4sky-wavecontamination·················································································⋯⋯2．1.19sky-wavecorrection·······················································································⋯⋯2．1.20sky-wavestationerror·····························································。················。·····⋯⋯2.4.30slantdistance································································································⋯⋯1.3.46slavestation···········································。·································。···············。··⋯⋯2.4.11sofar·．·．····················．··．····⋯⋯。··．·····················．．······．····································⋯⋯6.1.2sonar。。．。。。·．·．．．．·．．⋯⋯“二“．⋯。。。。。。。。。。⋯‘二“．，，．．⋯“．⋯⋯，⋯⋯。。。。。。。．⋯“．．⋯‘二““．‘．·⋯““⋯“．⋯。。。。。6.1.1sonicdepthfinder·····························································································⋯⋯6.1.6sonobuoy······································································································⋯⋯6.2.6soundbuoy···································································································⋯⋯6.2.7sono-radiobuoy·····························································································⋯⋯6.2.6space-referencednavigationdata·，······································································⋯⋯1.1.19specificrepetitionfrequency·······························。··。···········································⋯⋯2.4.27speederror·····································································································一3.2.10 Gs9390一88speedoverthegroundlog3.3.6speedthroughthewaterlog3.3.5stabilizedgyrocompass3.2.7stableelement．。。。。。．。。··⋯。。。。。。．。。。．。。。。。。。二。........................。二。。。。。。·。·。。。。。．。。。。．。。二。。。二。。。。。⋯”3.1.12stableplatform······。························“············“·······················”························⋯⋯4.2.7starchain2.4.9startracker3.7.2strapped-downinertialnavigationsystem·······”··········”···································。···⋯⋯4.2.5surfaceofposition1.4.3surveillanceradar二。·····⋯⋯。。。。二。．。。·⋯。．·⋯。⋯。。。．。。．.........................。二。。。．。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。二。。。。。2.8.3synchronizationerror·····，·⋯，·······················································⋯⋯‘··············⋯⋯2.1.30synchronoussatellite2.6.5TTacan··⋯。．。二。..................。二。..................。二。。·⋯。。。。。。。。。．。。．。。。。·。。·。。。。．。⋯。“。。。．。。。。。．。。。。·......2.3.4terrainavoidanceradar．。。。。二。．。···⋯⋯。⋯。．。。．。。。。．·⋯。。⋯。。．。二。。。。。。。。。．。。．。。．。。二。。。。二。...............2.9.3terrainerror。⋯。。。。．。。。。．。二。.................................................................。二。。。二。。。。⋯。二2.1．31terrainfollowingradar”·········································。·······················“···“········”⋯⋯2.9.2threeaxisaccelerometer。。。”。。．。。二。”。。。。。二”。。．。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。．。。。”。。。·。。。·。。。。。”。。。。。。。。。·。。”。。。．。。。。。．4.4.18to-fromindicator。。二。。。。。．。。”二。。。．。二。。·。。。．。”。。．。。。。。。。。。。·⋯。”。。”。。。“。。。。。。。二。。。。“。。“。。。“。。。二。。。。。2。2.20torquingrate·········································································“·······”···············⋯⋯4.1,3towinglog·····················································································“···············⋯⋯3.3,4track二。．·····⋯⋯。·。．。⋯。．。。。·。⋯.................................⋯⋯。。。。。。．。。。。。。。。。”。。·。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。．。。。二1.3.39trackangle················································⋯⋯，⋯⋯‘··················⋯⋯，···········⋯⋯1.3.40transferalignment················。·······················。···································。·············⋯⋯4.1.9Transit······⋯⋯。。．o．。。。。。二。··⋯。·⋯。．。。。。。二。·⋯。。。。⋯。。。。。。。。．。。。。．。。．。。。。。。二。。。．o．。”。。。．。。。。。。。。。二。。。。。·2.6.7transobuoy·················································⋯⋯‘············。．．．．．·⋯⋯，．．．·．·········．．．⋯⋯6.2.8transponder·····················································一‘·，·······································⋯⋯2.9.11transponderreplyefficiency···········································。···一，··························⋯⋯2.9.13transverseaxis...........。二。。。。·。。．o．⋯。·。。。。。。。二。......................................................。二。。。．。。1.5.3triplet············································⋯⋯‘···········。。········································，···⋯⋯2.4.8trueairspeed(TAS)······················································“··············“············⋯⋯1.3.51trueair-speedindicator·······。··⋯⋯，···············．·⋯⋯，．··········⋯⋯”二‘，⋯”················一，3.8.8truebearing·················。··································································⋯⋯‘···‘····⋯⋯1.3．23truecourse·····．·．．．．．⋯⋯，，，，·，·，···．．．⋯⋯，，，，，二，，，．，．．．．．···．．．．．．⋯⋯，·。。。．。。。二“·⋯。。。。。。。．·⋯。二。...1,3．29trueheading·································。······························································⋯⋯1.3．35truenorth···························。·····················．··················．···．··························⋯⋯1,3．18twilight······································································································⋯⋯5.1.15twoaxisaccelerometer二。。⋯。。。．⋯。。⋯。。。．。。·。。。·。⋯。。。。．。。。··⋯。二。...............................。二。。⋯4.4.17twodegreefreedomgyro···················“·······························································⋯⋯4.15 GB9390一88Uultrasonicdepthfinder6.1.7Vvanevariablemodulationvehiclevehicle-derivednavigationdatavernalequinoxverticalaxisvibratingbeamaccelerometervibratingstringaccelerometerVORVortacWwindspeedXx-axisYyawyawangle1.5.8；1.5.9y-axis“⋯1.5.3Zz-axis1.5.45.1.8zenith··．．⋯⋯zoneofsilence2.1.18附加说明：本标准由中国船舶工业总公司提出。本标准由电子工业部第二十研究所和船舶工业总公司第七0七研究所负责起草。本标准采用美国标准IEEESTD-172-1983《导航设备名词术语》。'