污水处理方法与技术 9页

SewagetreatmentAbstract：Sewagetreatment,ordomesticwastewatertreatment,istheprocessofremovingcontaminantsfromwastewaterandhouseholdsewage,bothrunoff(effluents)anddomestic.Itincludesphysical,chemical,andbiologicalprocessestoremovephysical,chemicalandbiologicalcontaminants.Itsobjectiveistoproduceawastestream(ortreatedeffluent)andasolidwasteorsludgesuitablefordischargeorreusebackintotheenvironment.Thismaterialisofteninadvertentlycontaminatedwithmanytoxicorganicandinorganiccompounds.Keywords:Sewagetreatment,fixed-filmandsuspended-growth,ActivatedsludgeOriginsofsewageSewageiscreatedbyresidences,institutions,andcommercialandindustrialestablishments.Rawinfluent(sewage)includeshouseholdwasteliquidfromtoilets,baths,showers,kitchens,sinks,andsoforththatisdisposedofviasewers.Inmanyareas,sewagealsoincludesliquidwastefromindustryandcommerce.Theseparationanddrainingofhouseholdwasteintogreywaterandblackwaterisbecomingmorecommoninthedevelopedworld,withgreywaterbeingpermittedtobeusedforwateringplantsorrecycledforflushingtoilets.Alotofsewagealsoincludessomesurfacewaterfromroofsorhard-standingareas.Municipalwastewaterthereforeincludesresidential,commercial,andindustrialliquidwastedischarges,andmayincludestormwaterrunoff.Sewagesystemscapableofhandlingstormwaterareknownascombinedsystemsorcombinedsewers.Suchsystemsareusuallyavoidedsincetheycomplicateandtherebyreducetheefficiencyofsewagetreatmentplantsowingtotheirseasonality.Thevariabilityinflowalsoleadstooftenlargerthannecessary,andsubsequentlymoreexpensive,treatmentfacilities.Inaddition,heavystormsthatcontributemoreflowsthanthetreatmentplantcanhandlemayoverwhelmthesewagetreatmentsystem,causingaspilloroverflow.Itispreferabletohaveaseparatestormdrainsystemforstormwaterinareasthataredevelopedwithsewersystems.Asrainfallrunsoverthesurfaceofroofsandtheground,itmaypickupvariouscontaminantsincludingsoilparticlesandothersediment,heavymetals,organic\ncompounds,animalwaste,andoilandgrease.Somejurisdictionsrequirestormwatertoreceivesomeleveloftreatmentbeforebeingdischargeddirectlyintowaterways.Examplesoftreatmentprocessesusedforstormwaterincludesedimentationbasins,wetlands,buriedconcretevaultswithvariouskindsoffilters,andvortexseparators(toremovecoarsesolids).ProcessoverviewSewagecanbetreatedclosetowhereitiscreated(inseptictanks,biofiltersoraerobictreatmentsystems),orcollectedandtransportedviaanetworkofpipesandpumpstationstoamunicipaltreatmentplant(seesewerageandpipesandinfrastructure).Sewagecollectionandtreatmentistypicallysubjecttolocal,stateandfederalregulationsandstandards.Industrialsourcesofwastewateroftenrequirespecializedtreatmentprocesses(seeIndustrialwastewatertreatment).Conventionalsewagetreatmentmayinvolvethreestages,calledprimary,secondaryandtertiarytreatment.Primarytreatmentconsistsoftemporarilyholdingthesewageinaquiescentbasinwhereheavysolidscansettletothebottomwhileoil,greaseandlightersolidsfloattothesurface.Thesettledandfloatingmaterialsareremovedandtheremainingliquidmaybedischargedorsubjectedtosecondarytreatment.Secondarytreatmentremovesdissolvedandsuspendedbiologicalmatter.Secondarytreatmentistypicallyperformedbyindigenous,water-bornemicro-organismsinamanagedhabitat.Secondarytreatmentmayrequireaseparationprocesstoremovethemicro-organismsfromthetreatedwaterpriortodischargeortertiarytreatment.Tertiarytreatmentissometimesdefinedasanythingmorethanprimaryandsecondarytreatment.Treatedwaterissometimesdisinfectedchemicallyorphysically(forexamplebylagoonsandmicrofiltration)priortodischargeintoastream,river,bay,lagoonorwetland,oritcanbeusedfortheirrigationofagolfcourse,greenwayorpark.Ifitissufficientlyclean,itcanalsobeusedforgroundwaterrechargeoragriculturalpurposes.Pre-treatmentPre-treatmentremovesmaterialsthatcanbeeasilycollectedfromtherawwastewaterbeforetheydamageorclogthepumpsandskimmersofprimarytreatment\nclarifiers(trash,treelimbs,leaves,etc).ScreeningTheinfluentsewagewaterisstrainedtoremovealllargeobjectscarriedinthesewagestream.Thisismostcommonlydonewithanautomatedmechanicallyrakedbarscreeninmodernplantsservinglargepopulations,whilstinsmallerorlessmodernplantsamanuallycleanedscreenmaybeused.Therakingactionofamechanicalbarscreenistypicallypacedaccordingtotheaccumulationonthebarscreensand/orflowrate.Thesolidsarecollectedandlaterdisposedinalandfillorincinerated.GritremovalPre-treatmentmayincludeasandorgritchannelorchamberwherethevelocityoftheincomingwastewateriscarefullycontrolledtoallowsand,gritandstonestosettle.PrimarytreatmentIntheprimarysedimentationstage,sewageflowsthroughlargetanks,commonlycalled"primaryclarifiers"or"primarysedimentationtanks".Thetanksarelargeenoughthatsludgecansettleandfloatingmaterialsuchasgreaseandoilscanrisetothesurfaceandbeskimmedoff.Themainpurposeoftheprimarysedimentationstageistoproducebothagenerallyhomogeneousliquidcapableofbeingtreatedbiologicallyandasludgethatcanbeseparatelytreatedorprocessed.Primarysettlingtanksareusuallyequippedwithmechanicallydrivenscrapersthatcontinuallydrivethecollectedsludgetowardsahopperinthebaseofthetankfromwhereitcanbepumpedtofurthersludgetreatmentstages.Greaseandoilfromthefloatingmaterialcansometimesberecoveredforsaponification.SecondarytreatmentSecondarytreatmentisdesignedtosubstantiallydegradethebiologicalcontentofthesewagewhicharederivedfromhumanwaste,foodwaste,soapsanddetergent.Themajorityofmunicipalplantstreatthesettledsewageliquorusingaerobicbiologicalprocesses.Forthistobeeffective,thebiotarequirebothoxygenandasubstrateonwhichtolive.Thereareanumberofwaysinwhichthisisdone.Inall\nthesemethods,thebacteriaandprotozoaconsumebiodegradablesolubleorganiccontaminants(e.g.sugars,fats,organicshort-chaincarbonmolecules,etc.)andbindmuchofthelesssolublefractionsintofloc.Secondarytreatmentsystemsareclassifiedasfixed-filmandsuspended-growth.Fixed-filmORattachedgrowthsystemtreatmentprocessincludingtricklingfilterandrotatingbiologicalcontactorswherethebiomassgrowsonmediaandthesewagepassesoveritssurface.Insuspended-growthsystems,suchasactivatedsludge,thebiomassiswellmixedwiththesewageandcanbeoperatedinasmallerspacethanfixed-filmsystemsthattreatthesameamountofwater.However,fixed-filmsystemsaremoreabletocopewithdrasticchangesintheamountofbiologicalmaterialandcanprovidehigherremovalratesfororganicmaterialandsuspendedsolidsthansuspendedgrowthsystems.Roughingfiltersareintendedtotreatparticularlystrongorvariableorganicloads,typicallyindustrial,toallowthemtothenbetreatedbyconventionalsecondarytreatmentprocesses.Characteristicsincludetypicallytall,circularfiltersfilledwithopensyntheticfiltermediatowhichwastewaterisappliedatarelativelyhighrate.Theyaredesignedtoallowhighhydraulicloadingandahighflow-throughofair.Onlargerinstallations,airisforcedthroughthemediausingblowers.Theresultantwastewaterisusuallywithinthenormalrangeforconventionaltreatmentprocesses.ActivatedsludgeMainarticle:ActivatedsludgeIngeneral,activatedsludgeplantsencompassavarietyofmechanismsandprocessesthatusedissolvedoxygentopromotethegrowthofbiologicalflocthatsubstantiallyremovesorganicmaterial.Theprocesstrapsparticulatematerialandcan,underidealconditions,convertammoniatonitriteandnitrateandultimatelytonitrogengas,(seealsodenitrification).\nSurface-aeratedbasinsMostbiologicaloxidationprocessesfortreatingindustrialwastewatershaveincommontheuseofoxygen(orair)andmicrobialaction.Surface-aeratedbasinsachieve80to90%removalofBiochemicalOxygenDemandwithretentiontimesof1to10days.Thebasinsmayrangeindepthfrom1.5to5.0metresandusemotor-drivenaeratorsfloatingonthesurfaceofthewastewater.Inanaeratedbasinsystem,theaeratorsprovidetwofunctions:theytransferairintothebasinsrequiredbythebiologicaloxidationreactions,andtheyprovidethemixingrequiredfordispersingtheairandforcontactingthereactants(thatis,oxygen,wastewaterandmicrobes).Typically,thefloatingsurfaceaeratorsareratedtodelivertheamountofairequivalentto1.8to2.7 kgO2/kW·h.However,theydonotprovideasgoodmixingasisnormallyachievedinactivatedsludgesystemsandthereforeaeratedbasinsdonotachievethesameperformancelevelasactivatedsludgeunits.Biologicaloxidationprocessesaresensitivetotemperatureand,between0°Cand40°C,therateofbiologicalreactionsincreasewithtemperature.Mostsurfaceaeratedvesselsoperateatbetween4°Cand32°C.ConsiderationsforthechoiceofMBRtechnologySincemembranefiltrationallowsraisedsludgeconcentrations,theactivatedsludgetankvolumecanbesignificantlyreduced.Incombinationwiththeoptiontoconvertthesecondaryclarifier,thatisnolongerrequiredasasedimentationtank,asanadditionalactivatedsludgetank,thetreatmentcapacityoftheexistingplantcanbelargelyextended.ThatwayitispossibletoupgradeexistingwwtpsfromsimplecarbonremovaltoBNRsystemsjustusingthealreadyexistingvolume.ThereforefavourableconditionsforthechoiceofMBRtechnologyaregiven,whereretrofittingoftheexistingplantbytheconventionalactivatedsludge(CAS)processwoulddemandforsubstantialextensionoftheactivatedsludgevolume.Aswell,wherelimitationsduetoinsufficientefficiencyofthesecondaryclarificationbasinexist,particularlyhowever,wherebothproblemshavetobesolved.MBRtechnologyshouldalsobeconsideredifhigheffluentcriteriasuchasremovalofsuspendedsolidsorabsenceofpathogenshavetobemet.Examplesaredischargeintosmallcreaksaswellasintobathingwateror\nothersensitiveareas.DuetothesmallspacerequirementtheMBRoffersspecialadvantagesifthegivenlocationholdsnooronlyalimitedamountofareainreserve.Moreover,thesmallfootprintallowsacompleteindoorinstallationinabuildingdesignedtoblendinwithitssurroundingenvironmentandsuchtoaddressissuesofvisualamenity,odourornoise.AnotherdistinctadvantageofMBRtechnologyisdirectutilisationoftheeffluentforreusepurposes.Thewaterreusepotentialincludesirrigationofagriculturalland,rechargeofaquifersorriverflowreplenishment.OnseveraloccasionsthiswasthemajordecisioncriteriatooptforMBRtechnology.WiththechoiceoftheMBRspecialattentionshouldbepaidtothefactthattheinvestmentcostsarelargelycorrelatedwiththehydraulicpeakflow.Thisparameterdeterminesthetotalmembranesurfaceareawhichneedstobeinstalled.Therefore,accompanyingmeasurestominimizewetweatherflowortoharmoniseresultantwastewaterlargelycontributetocosteffectivenessoftheMBRapproach.Oneoptionfordealingwithhighwetweatherpeaksistousetheformersecondaryclarifierasstoragevolume.Anotheroptionishybridsystemswheretheconventionalsystemisusedasabackuptotreattheinflowvolumethatexceedsthehydraulicmembranecapacity.AnalreadyrealisedhybridconceptdesignstheMBRlinetotreatthedryweatherflowatthemaximum.Theinflowvolumebeyonddryweatherconditionsistreatedconventionally.WithupgradingofwwtpasapureMBRprocessthequestionistobeclearedwhetherexistingsedimentationtankscanbeincludedsensiblyinthefutureconceptofutilisation.Accordingtothestructuralstateitcanbepossibletousethesetanksasanadditionalbiologicalvolume.Alsothesuitableinstallationandoperationofthemembranemoduleseitherinactivatedsludgetanksorinseparatedfiltrationchambersdependsonthequalityoftherespectivestructuralsituation.Atthispointwideengineeringspaceisgiven.Fig.Itshowssomepossiblevariations.BesidethecombinationwiththeCASprocessalsocombinationswithotherwastewatertreatmentproceduresarepossible,e.g.withSBRtechnologyorwithpondtechnology.TodaySBRtechnologyintegratingmembranetechnologyasseparationprocessisusedatindustrialapplicationsoratpackageplants.ApplicationscombiningpondtechnologyandMBRtechnologyareoperatedatwwtpSt.PeterJudenburg,Austriaandatwwtp\nIhn,Germany.Filterbeds(oxidizingbeds)Mainarticle:TricklingfilterInolderplantsandplantsreceivingmorevariableloads,tricklingfilterbedsareusedwherethesettledsewageliquorisspreadontothesurfaceofadeepbedmadeupofcoke(carbonizedcoal),limestonechipsorspeciallyfabricatedplasticmedia.Suchmediamusthavehighsurfaceareastosupportthebiofilmsthatform.Theliquorisdistributedthroughperforatedrotatingarmsradiatingfromacentralpivot.Thedistributedliquortricklesthroughthisbedandiscollectedindrainsatthebase.Thesedrainsalsoprovideasourceofairwhichpercolatesupthroughthebed,keepingitaerobic.Biologicalfilmsofbacteria,protozoaandfungiformonthemedia’ssurfacesandeatorotherwisereducetheorganiccontent.Thisbiofilmisgrazedbyinsectlarvaeandwormswhichhelpmaintainanoptimalthickness.Overloadingofbedsincreasesthethicknessofthefilmleadingtocloggingofthefiltermediaandpondingonthesurface.BiologicalaeratedfiltersBiologicalAerated(orAnoxic)Filter(BAF)orBiofilterscombinefiltrationwithbiologicalcarbonreduction,nitrificationordenitrification.BAFusuallyincludesareactorfilledwithafiltermedia.Themediaiseitherinsuspensionorsupportedbyagravellayeratthefootofthefilter.Thedualpurposeofthismediaistosupporthighlyactivebiomassthatisattachedtoitandtofiltersuspendedsolids.Carbonreductionandammoniaconversionoccursinaerobicmodeandsometimeachievedinasinglereactorwhilenitrateconversionoccursinanoxicmode.BAFisoperatedeitherinupflowordownflowconfigurationdependingondesignspecifiedbymanufacturer.MembranebioreactorsMembranebioreactors(MBR)combineactivatedsludgetreatmentwithamembraneliquid-solidseparationprocess.Themembranecomponentuseslowpressure\nmicrofiltrationorultrafiltrationmembranesandeliminatestheneedforclarificationandtertiaryfiltration.Themembranesaretypicallyimmersedintheaerationtank;however,someapplicationsutilizeaseparatemembranetank.OneofthekeybenefitsofanMBRsystemisthatiteffectivelyovercomesthelimitationsassociatedwithpoorsettlingofsludgeinconventionalactivatedsludge(CAS)processes.Thetechnologypermitsbioreactoroperationwithconsiderablyhighermixedliquorsuspendedsolids(MLSS)concentrationthanCASsystems,whicharelimitedbysludgesettling.TheprocessistypicallyoperatedatMLSSintherangeof8,000–12,000 mg/L,whileCASareoperatedintherangeof2,000–3,000 mg/L.TheelevatedbiomassconcentrationintheMBRprocessallowsforveryeffectiveremovalofbothsolubleandparticulatebiodegradablematerialsathigherloadingrates.ThusincreasedSludgeRetentionTimes(SRTs)—usuallyexceeding15days—ensurecompletenitrificationeveninextremelycoldweather.ThecostofbuildingandoperatinganMBRisusuallyhigherthanconventionalwastewatertreatment.Membranefilterscanbeblindedwithgreaseorabradedbysuspendedgritandlackaclarifier'sflexibilitytopasspeakflows.Thetechnologyhasbecomeincreasinglypopularforreliablypretreatedwastestreamsandhasgainedwideracceptancewhereinfiltrationandinflowhavebeencontrolled,however,andthelife-cyclecostshavebeensteadilydecreasing.ThesmallfootprintofMBRsystems,andthehighqualityeffluentproduced,makethemparticularlyusefulforwaterreuseapplications.ThereareMBRplantsbeingbuiltthroughouttheworld,includingNorthLibrty,Iowa,Georgia,andCanada.ThecombinationoftheCASprocessandtheMBRprocessisunderstoodasthehybridprocedure.Fig.2showstwobasicoperationconceptsofhybridprocesses(amongotherhybridsystems).Besides,afullnessofmixingvariationsispossible.Theflowconceptofthesludgestreamsbetweenbothbiologicalunitsatparalleloperationmodeorserialoperationmodecanbeoperatedseparatelyorcombinedaccordingtothelocalcircumstances(greyarrowsinFig.2).Inthelattercasepossibledifferencesaretobetakenintoconsiderationconcerningthesludgequalities,inparticular,thequalityofsedimentationandtheMLSSconcentrations.\nSecondarysedimentationThefinalstepinthesecondarytreatmentstageistosettleoutthebiologicalflocorfiltermaterialandproducesewagewatercontainingverylowlevelsoforganicmaterialandsuspendedmatter.RotatingbiologicalcontactorsMainarticle:RotatingbiologicalcontactorRotatingbiologicalcontactors(RBCs)aremechanicalsecondarytreatmentsystems,whicharerobustandcapableofwithstandingsurgesinorganicload.RBCswerefirstinstalledinGermanyin1960andhavesincebeendevelopedandrefinedintoareliableoperatingunit.Therotatingdiskssupportthegrowthofbacteriaandmicro-organismspresentinthesewage,whichbreakdownandstabiliseorganicpollutants.Tobesuccessful,micro-organismsneedbothoxygentoliveandfoodtogrow.Oxygenisobtainedfromtheatmosphereasthedisksrotate.Asthemicro-organismsgrow,theybuilduponthemediauntiltheyaresloughedoffduetoshearforcesprovidedbytherotatingdiscsinthesewage.EffluentfromtheRBCisthenpassedthroughfinalclarifierswherethemicro-organismsinsuspensionsettleasasludge.Thesludgeiswithdrawnfromtheclarifierforfurthertreatment.Afunctionallysimilarbiologicalfilteringsystemhasbecomepopularaspartofhomeaquariumfiltrationandpurification.Theaquariumwaterisdrawnupoutofthetankandthencascadedoverafreelyspinningcorrugatedfiber-meshwheelbeforepassingthroughamediafilterandbackintotheaquarium.Thespinningmeshwheeldevelopsabiofilmcoatingofmicroorganismsthatfeedonthesuspendedwastesintheaquariumwaterandarealsoexposedtotheatmosphereasthewheelrotates.Thisisespeciallygoodatremovingwasteureaandammoniaurinatedintotheaquariumwaterbythefishandotheranimals.