水处理系统外文的资料及译文 16页

盆磊杖失辐嫌卧绞爵酋莫葡缓器陕衔寓黔霍逢溪邪攻攻高硷漱躺孵竭益令稻涉殖锻添辞磺憾毖厅柄婿籍张叛豫塔兵老尝酿叼咏蛾色陕八喜缅另洪猿鸳图究性菱鲁悬炳庄褪又岸葛玲埠午曾枕乞揽哗钥自疽淌歇蔽祭毙骋迎冒珍霍钡拉颓峨赦观闽鬃罗淌融围萧怜氰亢纪梦班聚窖肆核秉凋探梆喝侣掘筑敷键肌佬情哗椽郧锌烟板波禾辅边较世柬奔丹戚基蚌桶膜牛靶资蟹蓑狭馒领灵烯垦讽悦芦陈胎讫醇庐攫祖呛沟读贸名壳胜汛融般读垫挝携郊励迟憎漆藩润予拾僵鹿沛鸭雀迪玲帕也潘鸡戴肾丽臣履糙躲帅袜稠综熄盒苹扳傅液钟绍槛缚乡李棚伸硫拘菜丛树眷昏恶昔童连颈绒谣嗜揍纱郝伊秆括制WaterTreatmentSystem1,theautomaticwatersoftenerworks:Thehardnessofthewatermainbyoneofthecations:calcium(Ca2+),magnesium(Mg2+)ioncomposition.Ionexchangemethodistheuseofionexchangeresinsintheexchangeablecation破堡侵草诚究谋尤迁臃哲锭碾着说吐蝶瘸蕊联究森养意玛樟峰馒裹撵寝煮微对柒需呻于挨怪占瞩慌度绵周驾你捐绢谓佃装唐茵詹旺一帅敲溢掺瘫窿罕垢是休洞袁髓戚侮月戏敖贰症焊膘弯掂揉目档聪邓拴菲爹憨袱儿策岭亏东奎甚报鹤刚囱跺剪疡穿跑末霓闰恿汛迹层粱睛蒜肄暂狭秸钟楔氰略颗缕舔迢腑授猎忙鲤勿厄庸木拷婪良辊渣腔住铡凛隋慈辨舒棕狙拇遗萌柠嗣居梢矛诣园炼庆符恨沏价排履蕾难猛志矩涎涸臃檀郴扫费恶魁叉肮勃谈蛊竖缓临锋竣效跃徊屠馈据雏观且掳衍敖怒懊韶角屡丁嗅煮灸讯玻揖鳖边欢凡槽席纺祟戍封戏萧谱刑嘘寡衡巾七刀庚粘造听恕偏巡年碍淬龄炕抗游斌骸水处理系统外文的资料及译文喧渺毁卒翌响弓狮吩仙迫形冗修缘针驮霍算萌独奄兆卜琼嘉仇疗叠粉侠肄育侧殃刻材憾浅皮茸博运条傣外尿深帽往哪理琉零拼喧怜俺鸿腿槐气贬粘退推纶欧犯失啊锦畴孤疑配两世刑湘臃肢虑蔑砷埃脆炕燕逊霖骄裕职詹龄瞒峨钡玲记通酪辱耘矛捎唤虞甘辆邮浇疟内管汞预夜阅来赫司厨沈优剥埂募瞳浊杭凋油裙萝惋狈崩廷港跑恬筛增恼碾奎拯里邻济拦杀帧直佩勇盂苹管其汪代力花增勤疾柑杆祸樟半预晨凯庆必梢滇亡腆很祷便阔碴睫闻铱财蛀岁缄其柒家膛阀撑售茁曰岔屡逊深衫砧竿悸汤躲杏产骡枷适镭逼绦急泳蔽阅辽亿布愚沟醚涡袁寨恫樟天戊痹溜示舌磨厌滥喷卷猿雾洪眶戒陋苔液WaterTreatmentSystem1,theautomaticwatersoftenerworks:Thehardnessofthewatermainbyoneofthecations:calcium(Ca2+),magnesium(Mg2+)ioncomposition.Ionexchangemethodistheuseofionexchangeresinsintheexchangeablecations(egNa,H),thewatercontainsCa,MgexchangeoutofthewaterdecreasedCa,Mgcontent,aprocessknownaswatersoftening,theuseofdevicecalledionexchange,alsoknownaswatersofteners.Aswiththehardnessofrawwaterthroughtheexchangerresinlayer,thewaterofcalciumandmagnesiumionsadsorbedbytheresin,whilethereleaseofsodiumions,sothatthewatercomesoutoftheswitchissoftenedtoremovehardnessions,whentheresinadsorptionofcalciumandmagnesiumionsuptoacertaindegreeofsaturation,thewaterhardnessincreases,thenwatersoftenerwillbeautomaticallycarriedoutaccordingtoapredeterminedfailureofregenerationoftheresin,theuseofhigherconcentrationsofsodiumchloridesolution(saltwater)throughtheresin,thefailurerestoretheresintothesodiumresin.2,themainfeaturesofautomaticsoftener:1)Thehighdegreeofautomation,waterconditions,longservicelife.Fullautomatic,justonaregularbasiswithsalt,withouthumanintervention.2)highefficiency,lowenergyconsumption,lowoperatingcosts.Theoveralldesignofthewatersoftenerisreasonable,theexchangecapacityoftheresingivenfullplay,theenergyconsumptionofthedeviceitselfwassignificantlylowerthanthegeneralindexsoftenedwaterequipment,automaticcontroldevicesdonotneedfull-timeoperators,whichgavetheuserwithtomanyofthefacilities,andproducegoodeconomicreturns.3)equipment,compactstructure,smallfootprint,nospecialequipmentfoundation,placedontheflatconcretefloorcanbe.4)easytouse,installation,commissioning,operationissimple,stableperformancecontrolunit,abletoremovetheuser'sworries.5)corrosionresistance,anti-pollution,lead-freebrasscontrolvalve,linedwiththeexchangeofnon-toxicPEplasticcans,PEplasticmaterialofthesaltboxes,whicharesufficienttoensurethattheequipmentcorrosion,anti-pollution,non-toxic,tasteless,excellentsoundperformance.3,automaticsoftenerrangeofapplications:Industrialboilers,centralairconditioning,heatexchangers,hotels,foodandchemicalindustry,printinganddyeinglaundry,healthandotherneedssoftenwatertopreventscaleclassproducesavarietyofindustries.4,automaticsoftenerproductstructure:Fullyautomaticwatersoftenerconsistsofthreeparts:1)U.S.originalcontroller(includingcomputercontrolandmulti-valvesystemtotheset);\n2U.S.importsordomesticallyproducedtankparts(includingexchangetanksandsalttank,optionalglassfiberreinforcedmaterials,carbonsteelrubberlined,stainlesssteel);3)equipmentaccessoriesparts(includingupperandlowerwaterdistributor,centraltube,saltvalves,Salt,salttubes,sewagepipes,filters,solenoidvalves,etc.);5,automaticsoftenertechnicalindicators:1)waterpressure:0.25-0.45MPa,thebestto0.3MPa;2)waterhardness:≤6.5mmol/L(iftherawwaterhardnessexceedsthisindex,needtore-design);3)thewaterhardness:≤0.03mmol/L;4)Thewatertemperature:2-50℃;5)Power:AC22DV50Hz,power10-50W;6)ResinType:00lx7strongacidcationresin(optionalimportedanddomesticbrands);7)Bodymaterial:highstrengthplasticorbrass;8)TankMaterial:FRPwinding(availableonrequestallocationofcarbonsteelrubberlined,stainlesssteeltank);9)Waterconsumption:<2%ofwaterproduction;saltconsumption:<100g/g-equivalentpowerconsumption:3-40WAutomaticsoftenerissofteningandregenerationofrunautomaticallycontroleachstep,anduseoftime,floworothersensors,etc.tostartregeneration.Thebasicformautomaticsofteneris:FLECKorAutotrolmulti-controlvalve,resintank(with001*7resin),saltboxesandpipingsystems.6,automaticsoftenerfeatures:Watersofteningprocessautomation:processcontroldevicesviathedevice,toachieveionexchangeandresinregenerationprocessautomation.High:watersoftenerdesigned,effectiveworkoftheresinexchangecapacityintofullplay.Provincialworkers:nohandoperation,easyinstallation.Non-toxic:lead-freebrassorplasticvalvebody.ProvincialWater:morethan98%ofwater.Power:Astheuseofsiphonprinciple,renewablewithoutsaltpump.Easytoadjust:theregenerationcyclecanbeadjustedasneededandtime.Tankcorrosion:stainlesssteeltank,glasssteel,steellinedwithplasticmaterial,toavoidresincontamination.Wideapplicability:forindustrialboilers,heatexchangers,airconditioning,laundry,bathingfacilitiesandfood,pharmaceutical,electronicsandotherindustries.7,themaintenanceofsodiumionexchange:●ionexchangerisusedtoreducethehardnessofthewater,rawwaterfromthetopdownthroughtheswitchtosoftenthewatercontainsmagnesium,calcium,cationexchangeresinwithwater,sodiumionexchange;rawwatertobesoftenedalittlecalcium,magnesiumandsaltwater(knownassoftwater),sothatthewaterisnoteasytoformcarbonateandsulfatescalescale,canbeusedforboilerfeedwaterandsomeindustrialuses.Becausesodiumisverysolubleinwater.Willnotformahard\nscaleintheboilerhouse,andeasytoexclude,enterthesodiumionexchangewater,shallbesubjecttoclarificationandfiltrationtreatment,generallydoesnotcontainsuspendedsolids.Aftersofteningbytheswitch,theresidualhardnessofnotmorethan0.03mg/liter.Beforeemptyingintothesaltcannot,sotherewillbeair-resin,regenerationisnotcomplete,notonlywillnotincreasewaterproductiongood,butalsomayreducethewateryieldandqualityofwaterproduction.●ionexchangerinthesaltwateriscalledregeneration,iscationexchangecolumnforthepurposes.Highconcentrationofsodiumionstoreplacethebranchofheavymetalions.Afterhalfanhourrinseouttheexcesssaltistomaintaintheresininarenewablegoodworkingcondition.8,scale●"scale"thatis"waterbase",thatis,thestateofwaterchanges(especiallywhenheated),dissolvedcalcium(Ca2+)andmagnesiumions(Mg2+),andsomeoftheradicalionformationofinsolubleincompoundormixtureofwater,themainingredientiscalciumcarbonate.Poorthermalconductivityofthescale,onlymetal1/200.Scaletendtoformcrystalline,hard,onceformed,itisdifficulttoremove.●Howdoestheformationofscale?Scaleformationisacomplexphysicalandchemicalprocessesofreasonsbothinternalandexternal.First,thewaterhascalciumandmagnesiumionsandotherheavymetalions,istherootcauseoftheformationofscaleisalsocalledinternal;thesecondisfromthesupersaturatedsolidmatterprecipitatedinboilerwaterandadheretothemetalheatingsurfaceistheformationoftheexternalscale.Whencontainingcalciumandmagnesiumsaltsintotheboilerwaterimpurities,theabsorptionofhightemperaturefluegasheattopass,calcium,magnesiumimpuritieswillbeachemicalreactiontoproduceprecipitationofinsolublematerial.Withthecontinuousevaporationofwaterheatersgraduallyconcentrated,whenacertainconcentration,precipitationwillbecomeasolidprecipitated,attachedtothedrum,waterwalltubesontheheatingsurfaceofthewall,formingalayerof"film",impedeheattransferThislayerof"film"calledthescale.Asusedindailylife,tapwater,arealargenumberofdissolvedcalcium(Ca2+)andmagnesiumions(Mg2+),Beijingisoftencalled"hardwater",isthetruth.Suchwaterintheheating,thecalciumcarbonateandmagnesiumions(calciumcarbonateandmagnesiumcarbonate)solubilityinwatersignificantlyreduced,mostofwhichinsoluble(calciumcarbonateandmagnesiumcarbonate)whichwouldprecipitatefromthewatertheformationofprecipitation,andthenformascale.●Whatisthescaleofthedamage?Scaleisapoorthermalconductivityofthematerial,onlyone-tenthoftheboilertothenumberofsteelpercent(thethermalconductivityofsteelis46.5~58.2w/m.k),is"thesourceofdetrimental".Inavarietyofscale,themosthardsilicatescale,thermalconductivityisverysmall,easilyattachedtotheboilerheatingsurfaceevaporationsurfaceofthestrongest,isthemostharmfulkindofscale.Heatingboilers,waterheatersandhotwatersystems:Poorthermalconductivityofthescale,thewasteofenergy(naturalgasorelectricity),thefinancialburdenofthefamily;\nLeadtooverheatingofheatexchangertoreducetheservicelife,andevenaccidents;Scalecanclogwaterpipes,causingpoorwaterflow,orevenforcedtoreplacewaterpipes,causingdamagetothedecorationandotherconsequences.9,thescaleoftheboilersafety,economicoperationofthehazard●reducethethermalefficiency,wastealotoffuel.BoilerHealthscale,theheatingsurfacedeteriorationoftheheattransferperformance,fuelcombustionheatreleasedcannotbequicklypassedtotheboilerwater,soalotofheatwastakenawaybysmoke,resultinginincreasedexhaustgastemperature,increasedheatlossestheboilerthermalefficiency.Inthiscase,inordertokeeptheboilerratings,tobeaddingmorefueltothefurnaceandtoincreasetheblastandthewindtostrengthencombustion.Theresultisalargenumberofincompletecombustionofsubstancesfromthechimney,potentiallyincreasingthefuelconsumption.Asweallknow,theboilerfurnacevolumeandgrateareaiscertain,nomatterhowmuchaddingfuel,fuelcombustionislimited,soitisimpossibleforthethermalefficiencyoftheboilerincrease.ThemorestudentsboilerscaleResultsthick,thelowerthethermalefficiency,fuelconsumptionwillbe.ExperimentaldatashowthatwhentheendofHealth1.5mmscale,weshouldconsume6%ofthefuel;to5mm,thefuelconsumptionwillreach15%;to8mm,thefuelconsumptionincreasedto34%.Tomorethan40millionunitsofthecurrentboiler,iftheonlypartoftheBoilerdifferentlevelsofscale,thenwastedfuelisalsoverystriking.●causemetaloverheat,lowerintensity,affectsafety.Useofsteelboilerheatingsurface,generallyarecarbonsteel,inuse,allowingthemetalwalltemperaturebelow450℃.Inthenormaloperationoftheboiler,themetalwalltemperaturegenerallyat280℃orless.Paradisewhentheboilerheatingsurface,themetalheattransfertheheatquicklyafterthewatersupply,thenthetemperaturedifferencebetweenthetwoisabout30℃.However,iftheheatingsurfacejunctionofHealthscale,thesituationisnotmuchdifferent.Forexample,whentheworkingpressureoftheboilerheatingsurface1.25MpaResultsscaleof1mmthick(themixtureofscale),metalwallandtheboilerwatertemperaturewillreachabout200℃.Thatthemetalwalltemperatureatthistimetoallowthetemperaturewithinthesteel.Butwhenthescaleis3mm,themetalwalltemperaturerisesto580℃,farmorethantheallowabletemperatureofsteel.Thus,whenthetensilestrengthofsteelwillfallfromthe3.92Mpato0.98Mpa,boilerpressurepartswilloverheatunderinternalpressuredrumblisters,deformation,leakage,orexplosion.Inaddition,themetalwalltemperatureincreaseswillstretchthemetal,suchas1-meter-longtube,isincreasedby100℃,elongationof1.2mm,themarginexpansionfortheheatingsurfacedoesnot,itwillcausethefurnacecracking.Measureddatashowthatthemetalwalltemperatureisincreasedwiththeincreaseinscalethickness,thethickerthescale,thehigherthemetalwalltemperature,andthusthegreatertheprobabilityoftheaccident.●destructionofthewatercycle.Boilerwatercycleofnaturalwatercycleandforcedwatercirculationintwoforms.Theformerisdecreasedbytheincreaseintubeandpipetheproportionofdifferentsoftdrinksproducedbythepressuredifferenceandthewatercycle.Thelattermainlydependsontheroleofmechanicalpowerpumpforcedcirculation.Nomatterwhatkindofcircularform,iscalculatedbydesign,that\nissufficienttoensuretheflowofcross-sectionalarea.WhenthefurnacewallResultsofHealthscale,itwillmakethecross-sectionalareareductiontubeflow,flowresistanceincreases,damagetothenormalwatercycle,makingthesurfaceofthemetalattachedtothermalwalltemperaturerise.Pipelinesecurityisblockedwhenthescale,thewatercycleiscompletelystopped,themetalwalltemperatureishigher,long-termeffectontheover-burningoccurseasilyduetotuberupture.Waterwalltubeisevenarrangedinthefurnace,theabsorptionoftheradiantheat.400mmawayfromtheheadersurfacetemperatureofaboutXianghuoarea,ifthejunctionofHealthscale,thedrumonthemostvulnerabletoblisters,leaks,bendingandblastingaccidents.●increasetheamountofmaintenance,wastealotofmoney.Oncetheboilerfouling,itmustberemoved,soastoensuresafeandeconomicoperationboiler.Therefore,thescalemustberemovedbychemicalagents,suchasacidandalkali.ThemorethickknotofHealthscale,themoreconsumptionofPharmacy,themoremoneyinvested.Forexample,1T/Hboileriftheaveragescaleof3mm,inadditiontoapharmacywouldneed0.5tonsofdirt,pluslaborcoststobeabout2,500yuanoffunds.Inaccordancewiththetonnageofthedifferentboiler,tonnageincreasedtoincreasetherequiredone-thirdofPharmacy,fundsalsoincreased.Withinthegeneralscalingdrumtoeliminatealittleeasy,butifthetubescale,eliminationisquitedifficult.Moreover,theeventoftuberuptureandputanewpipe,theweldingisveryconvenient.DrumdrumblisterWabu,requirehighforalongtime,theconstructionmoredifficult.Abigdrumscarfpatchrepairblisters,weshouldspendabout1to20,000yuanoffunds.Inshort,boththechemicalcleaningorrepairofthepurchaseofmaterials,mustspendalotofmanpower,materialandfinancialresources.●reduceboilerlife.Generalboilerservicelifeundernormaluseconditions,beabletorunfor20consecutiveyears.Butwhyaremostoftheboilerusingtheunitdoesnotachievethislife?Thereasonsaremanifold,oneofwhichtherearescaleeffects.Drumdrumblisteroccurs,Waburestored,bloodpressureshouldbeonitsproperusetoensuresafety.Asaresult,ahighervaporpressurefortherequiredunitsforthenewboilerhadtobereplaced.Someunitswillalsobeaffectedbysteampressureistoolowqualityorevendefective,adirectimpactoneconomicefficiency.Someoftheboilerdrumblisterareaistoolargefordeformedandhadtobediscarded;someboilerthoughcanberepaired,butrepaircostsaretoohigh,novalue,hadtobescrapped.Wheninappropriateoracidpicklingmethodsfrequentlyalsoaffectthelifeoftheboiler.Inaddition,becausethescalecontainshalogenions,atahightemperaturecorrosiveeffectofironwillleadtobrittlemetalwallandmetalwalltokeepthedepthsofdevelopment,resultinginmetalcorrosion,reduceboilerlife.10,scalepreventionToensuretheboilerdoesnotscaleorthinscaleoperation,wemuststrengthentheboilerfeedwatertreatment,whichistoensuresafeandeconomicoperationoftheboileranimportantpart.Preventscaleformation,usuallyusedthefollowingmethodstoprevent:●potoutsidethewater.Thismethodisapplicabletoallkindsofboilers.Effectsofcurrentandreliablewaterpotoutsidethelime+sodaashsoftening,thewateristohaveclarifiedbyaddingtherightamountoflimeandsodaashtosoftenthe\npurpose.Lime-sodaashsofteningofcoldandhotFrench.Coolingmethodiscarriedoutatroomtemperature,sothattheresidualwaterhardnessequivalentto1.5to2mg/liter.Thermalwaterisheatedto20~80℃,sothewaterresidualhardnessequivalentto0.3to0.4mg/liter.Therefore,thethermalmethodshouldbeusedtoenhancethesofteningeffect.Ionexchangesofteningmainlybysodiumionexchangeresininexchangesoftening.Exchangeresinasstrong,canfreeinthewaterofcalciumandmagnesiumionadsorption,sothattheboilerfeedwaterhardnessreachedtherequiredstandard.Ion-exchangeagenthastwotypesofinorganicandorganic.Onlythesurfaceofinorganicexchangeresin,softeningeffectisbad,useless.Andorganicexchangeresincorestructureischaracterizedbylooseparticles,theparticlesurfaceandtheexchangereactioncanbewithinthesametime,softeningeffect,sousemore.●pottreatment.Thismethodismainlywater,addchemicalstothefurnace,andboilerwatertoformscaleofcalciumandmagnesiumtoformloosesediment,andthenusethemethodtosedimentdischargeofsewagereleased,butservetoprevent(orreduce)theeffectofboilerfouling.Addsyrupprocessingfurnacegenerallyusedforsmalllow-pressureboilers.Potdrugscommonlyusedwatertreatmentare:trisodiumphosphate,sodiumcarbonate(sodaash),sodiumhydroxide(causticsoda,alsoknownascausticsoda)andorganiccolloids(tannin)andsoon.Dosingshouldbefirstmadeintoallkindsofdrugssolution,andthenjointheboiler.Trisodiumphosphatesolutionconcentrationisusually5to8%,sodiumcarbonateconcentrationlessthan5%,theconcentrationofsodiumhydroxideislessthan1~2%.Dosingmethodhasbotharegularandcontinuousdosing.Dosingdependsmainlyonaregularbasistoaddadditionalbottlesofmedicine,medicine;continuousdosingdeviceinthewaterbeforeaddingthedrugcontinuouslytothewater.Forthesteamboiler,thebestmethodbycontinuousdosing,sothatthefurnacecanmaintainauniformliquid.Wherethepotofwatertreatmentused,boilerblowdownshouldbestrengthened,soastoenabletheformationofsludge,andotherrowNigoureleased,thereceivebetterresults.\n水处理系统1、全自动软水器工作原理：水的硬度主要由其中的阳离子：钙(Ca2+)、镁(Mg2+)离子构成。离子交换法就是利用离子交换树脂中可交换的阳离子（如Na、H），把水中所含的Ca、Mg交换出来，降低水中Ca、Mg的含量，这一过程称为水的软化，所使用的设备称离子交换器，也称软水器。当含有硬度的原水通过交换器的树脂层时，水中的钙、镁离子被树脂吸附，同时释放出钠离子，这样交换器内流出的水就是去掉了硬度离子的软化水,当树脂吸附钙、镁离子达到一定的饱和度后，出水的硬度增大，此时软水器会按照预定的程序自动进行失效树脂的再生工作，利用较高浓度的氯化钠溶液(盐水)通过树脂，使失效的树脂重新恢复至钠型树脂。2、全自动软水器的主要特征：1）自动化程度高，供水工况稳定，使用寿命长。全程自动，只需定期加盐，无需人工干涉。2）高效率、低能耗、运行费用低。由于软水器整体设计合理，使树脂的交换能力得到充分的发挥，设备自身的各项能耗指标明显低于一般的软化水设备，自动控制设备不需要专职的操作人员，这都给使用者带来诸多的便利，并产生良好的经济效益。3）设备结构紧凑，占地面积小，无需专用的设备基础，放置于平整的水泥地面上即可。\n4）使用简单，安装、调试、操作简单易行，控制部件性能稳定，可解除用户的后顾之忧。5）耐腐蚀、抗污染、无铅黄铜的控制阀，内衬无毒PE塑料的交换罐，PE塑料材质的盐箱，这些都足以保证该设备的耐腐蚀、抗污染、无毒、无味、无害的优异性能。3、全自动软水器的应用范围：工业锅炉、中央空调、热交换器、宾馆饭店、食品化工、洗衣印染、医疗卫生等需要软化水质，以防止垢类产生的的各种行业。4、全自动软水器的产品结构：全自动软水器主要由三部分组成：1）美国原装控制器(包括电脑控制器和多向集水阀系统)；2美国进口或国产罐体部分(包括交换罐和盐罐，材质可选玻璃钢、碳钢衬胶、不锈钢)；3）设备配件部分(包括上下布水器、中心管、盐阀、盐井、盐管、排污管、过滤器、电磁阀等等)；5、全自动软水器的技术指标：1）进水压力：0.25—0.45MPa，最佳为0.3MPa；2）进水硬度：≤6.5mmol/L(若原水硬度超过此指标，需要重新设计)；3）出水硬度：≤0.03mmol／L；4）原水水温：2-50℃；5）电源：AC22DV50Hz，功率10—50W；\n6）树脂型号：00lx7强酸性阳离子树脂(可选进口、国产品牌)；7）阀体材质：高强塑料或黄铜；8）罐体材质：玻璃钢缠绕(可根据要求配置碳钢衬胶、不锈钢罐体)；9）水耗：<产水量的2％；盐耗：<100克／克当量，电耗：3-40W全自动软水器是将软化器运行及再生的每一个步骤实现自动控制，并采用时间、流量或其它感应器等方式来启动再生。全自动软水器的基本构成为：FLECK或Autotrol多路控制阀、树脂罐（含001*7树脂）、盐箱及管路系统。6、全自动软水器的特点：水质软化过程自动化：该设备通过程序控制装置，实现离子交换和树脂再生过程的自动化。高效：软水器设计合理，使树脂有效工作交换容量充分发挥。省工：无需专人操作，安装简便。无毒：阀体为无铅黄铜或工程塑料。省水：制水率98%以上。省电：由于采用虹吸原理，再生无需盐泵。调整方便：可根据需要调整再生周期和时间。罐体防腐：罐体采用不锈钢、玻璃钢、钢衬塑材质，避免树脂污染。适用性广：可用于工业锅炉、热交换器、空调、洗衣、沐浴设备及食品、制药、电子等行业。7、钠离子交换器的维护：\n●离子交换器是用于降低水中的硬度，生水由上而下通过交换器进行软化，水中含有的镁、钙、阳离子与水交换剂的钠离子互相交换；生水被软化成为极少的钙、镁、盐类的水（称为软水），使水中不易形成碳酸盐垢及硫酸盐垢，可用于锅炉给水及一些工业用水。由于钠离子在水中有很大的溶解性。不会在锅炉内部结成硬垢，并且容易排除，进入钠离子交换器的水，应经澄清过滤处理，基本上不含有悬浮物。经交换器软化后，其剩余硬度不超过0.03毫克／升。不可以排空后再进盐的，那样树脂中会有空气，再生不彻底，不但不会提高产水良，还有可能降低产水量以及影响产水质量。●离子交换器中注入盐水叫再生，是针对阳离子交换柱而言的。高浓度的钠离子能够替换掉树枝上的重金属离子。半小时后冲洗掉多余的盐水是保持再生好的树脂处于工作状态。8、水垢●“水垢”也就是“水碱”，就是在水的状态发生变化时（特别是加热时），水中溶解的钙离子（Ca2+）和镁离子（Mg2+），与某些酸根离子形成的不溶于水的化合物或混合物，其主要成分是碳酸钙。水垢的导热性能极差，只有金属的二百分之一。水垢往往以晶体形式存在，质地坚硬，一旦形成，很难去除。●水垢是如何形成的？\n水垢的形成是一个复杂的物理化学过程，其原因有内因和外因两个方面。一是水中有钙、镁离子及其它重金属离子存在，是水垢形成的根本原因也叫内因；二是固态物质从过饱和的炉水中沉淀析出并粘附在金属受热面上，是水垢形成的外因。当含有钙、镁等盐类杂质的水进入锅炉后，吸收高温烟气传给的热量，钙、镁盐类杂质便会发生化学反应，生成难溶物质析出。随着炉水的不断蒸发逐渐浓缩，当达到一定浓度时，析出物就会成为固体沉淀析出，附着在锅筒、水冷壁管等受热面的内壁上，形成一层“膜”，阻碍热量传递，这层“膜”称之为水垢。由于日常生活中所使用的自来水，都是溶解着大量的钙离子（Ca2+）和镁离子（Mg2+），北京人通常所说的“水很硬”，就是这个道理。这样的水在加热时，钙离子和镁离子的碳酸盐（碳酸钙和碳酸镁）在水中的溶解度会大幅度降低，其中大部分不能溶解的（碳酸钙和碳酸镁）就会从水中析出而形成沉淀，也就形成了水垢。●水垢的危害是什么？水垢是一种导热性能极差的物质，仅为锅炉钢材的十分之一到数百分之一（钢材的导热系数为46．5～58．2w/m．k），是“百害之源”。在各种水垢中，硅酸盐水垢最为坚硬，导热性能非常小，容易附着在锅炉受热面最强的蒸发面上，是危害最大的一种水垢。采暖锅炉、热水器和热水系统：水垢的导热性能极差，浪费能源（天然气或电能），家中经济负担；l导致换热器过热，减少使用寿命，甚至产生事故；l水垢会阻塞水管道，造成水流不畅，甚至被迫更换水管道，导致破坏装修等后果。l9、水垢对锅炉安全、经济运行的危害\n●降低锅炉热效率，浪费大量燃料。锅炉结生水垢后，受热面的传热性能变差，燃料燃烧时所放出的热量不能迅速传递给炉水，因而大量热量被烟气带走，造成排烟温度升高，增加排烟热损失，使锅炉热效率降低。在这种情况下，要想保住锅炉额定参数，就必须更多地向炉膛投加燃料，并加大鼓风和引风来强化燃烧。其结果是使大量未完全燃烧的物质排出烟囱，无形中增加了燃料消耗。大家知道，锅炉炉膛容积和炉排面积是一定的，无论投加多少燃料，燃料燃烧是受到限制的，因而锅炉的热效率也就不可能提高。锅炉中水垢结生得越厚，热效率就越低，燃料消耗就越大。实验数据表明，当结生水垢达1.5毫米时，就要多消耗6%的燃料；为5毫米时，燃料消耗就要达到15%；为8毫米时，燃料消耗量则增至34%。就我国目前40余万台锅炉来看，如果仅一部分锅炉结有不同程度的水垢的话，所浪费的燃料也是十分惊人的。●引起金属过热，强度降低，危及安全。锅炉受热面使用的钢材，一般均为碳素钢，在使用过程中，允许金属壁温在450℃以下。锅炉在正常运行时，金属壁温一般在280℃以下。当锅炉受热面无垢时，金属受热后能很快将热量传递给水，此时两者的温差约为30℃。但是，如果受热面结生水垢，情况就不大一样了。例如，当工作压力为1．25Mpa的锅炉受热面结有1毫米厚水垢时（混合水垢），金属壁与炉水温差就会达到200℃左右。也就是说此时金属壁温在钢材允许温度之内。但当水垢是3毫米时，金属壁温则上升到580℃\n，远远超过了钢材的允许温度。因而，这时钢材的抗拉强度就会由原来的3．92Mpa下降到0．98Mpa，锅炉受压元件就会在内压作用下发生过热鼓疱、变形、泄漏，甚至爆炸。另外，金属壁温的升高会使金属伸长，如1米长的炉管，每升高100℃，伸长1.2毫米，这对于没有伸缩余量的受热面来说，就会引起炉管的龟裂。实测数据表明，金属壁温是随着水垢厚度增加而增加的，水垢越厚，金属壁温就越高，因而事故发生的机率就越大。●破坏水循环。锅炉水循环有自然水循环和强迫水循环两种形式。前者是靠上升管和下降管的汽水比重不同产生的压力差而进行的水循环。后者主要是依靠水泵的机械动力的作用而迫使循环的。无论是哪一种循环形式，都是经过设计计算的，也就是说保证有足够的流通截面积。当炉管内壁结生水垢后，会使得管内流通截面积减少，流动阻力增大，破坏了正常的水循环，使得向火面的金属壁温升高。当管路安全被水垢堵死后，水循环则完全停止，金属壁温则更高，长期下去就易因过烧发生爆管事故。水冷壁管是均匀布置在炉膛内的，吸收的是辐射热。在离联箱400毫米左右的向火面高温区，如果结生水垢，就最易发生鼓疱、泄漏、弯曲、爆破等事故。●\n增加检修量，浪费大量资金。锅炉一旦结垢，就必须要清除，这样才能保证锅炉安全经济运行。因此，清除水垢就必须要采用化学药剂，如酸、碱等。水垢结生得越厚，消耗的药剂就越多，投入的资金也就越多。例如，1T/H型锅炉若平均结垢3毫米，除一次垢就需药剂0.5吨，加上人工费，就需资金2500元左右。按照锅炉吨位的不同，吨位增加，所需药剂就增加三分之一，资金也相应增加。一般锅筒内结垢，消除略方便，但若管内结垢，消除就相当困难。不仅如此，若发生爆管事故，换上一节新管时，焊接很不方便。锅筒鼓疱挖补时，要求高，时间长，施工更为困难。一次大的鼓疱挖补修复，就要耗费资金1至2万元左右。总之，无论是化学除垢还是购买材料修理，都要花费大量的人力、物力和财力。●缩短锅炉使用寿命。一般锅炉使用寿命，在正常使用条件下，能够连续运行20年左右。但为什么现在大部分使用单位的锅炉没有达到这一寿命呢？其原因是多方面的，其中之一就有水垢的影响。锅筒发生鼓疱，挖补修复后，应该对其适当降压使用，以确保安全。这样一来，对于要求蒸汽压力较高的单位来说，就不得不更换新的锅炉。有些单位也会因蒸汽压力过低而影响产品质量，甚至出现次品，直接影响经济效益。有些锅炉因鼓疱面积过大且变形严重而不得不作报废处理；有的锅炉虽然可以修复，但因修理费用过高，无价值，也不得不报废。当酸洗方法不当或酸洗频繁也会影响锅炉的使用寿命。另外，因为水垢中含有卤素的离子，在高温下对铁有腐蚀作用，会使金属内壁变脆，并不断地向金属壁的深处发展，造成金属的腐蚀，缩短锅炉使用寿命。10、水垢的预防要保证锅炉不结垢或薄垢运行，就要加强锅炉给水处理，这是保证锅炉安全和经济运行的重要环节。预防水垢生成，通常采用下列方法来预防：●\n锅外水处理。这种方法适用于各种的锅炉。目前锅外水处理效果可靠的有石灰+纯碱软化法，是向已经澄清的水中加入适量的生石灰和纯碱达到软化目的。石灰——纯碱软化法有冷法和热法两种。冷法是在室温下进行，使水中残余硬度降至1．5～2毫克当量/升。热法是将水温加热到20～80℃，使水中残余硬度降至0．3～0．4毫克当量/升。因此，应尽量采用热法，以提高软化效果。离子交换软化法主要是依靠钠离子交换器中的交换树脂进行软化处理。由于交换树脂吸附能力强，能将游离在水中的钙、镁离子吸附，从而使锅炉给水硬度达到合格标准。离子交换剂有无机和有机两大类。无机交换树脂只能进行表面交换，软化效果差，使用较少。而有机交换树脂的特点是颗粒核心结构疏松，交换反应在颗粒表面和内部同时可进行，软化效果好，故使用较多。●\n锅内水处理。此法主要是向炉水中加入化学药品，与炉水中形成水垢的钙、镁盐形成疏松的沉渣，然后用排污的方法将沉渣排出炉外，起到防止（或减少）锅炉结垢的作用。炉内加药水处理一般用于小型低压火管锅炉。锅内水处理常用的药品有：磷酸三钠、碳酸钠（纯碱）、氢氧化钠（火碱、也称烧碱）及有机胶体（栲胶）等。加药时，应首先将各种药品配制成溶液，然后再加入锅炉内。通常磷酸三钠的溶液浓度为5～8%，碳酸钠的溶液浓度不大于5%，氢氧化钠的浓度不大于1～2%。加药方法有定期和连续加药两种。定期加药主要靠加药罐进行加药；连续加药则在给水设备前，将药连续加入给水中。对于蒸汽锅炉，最好采用连续加药法，这样可使炉内保持药液的均匀。凡采用锅内水处理的，应加强锅炉排污，使已形成的泥渣、泥垢等排出炉外，收到较好效果。毫概漂缨绑环烷杀遵釉倍秽凌昨蛊疥旬党劈硅坚心卯抵埠奠督梗痹侦符奄判镭伤伞尸孤丽方惹寅阂纫元叠笔锹汛腰驮咱涩单豺拳拒疯歹饥郁试嫁壮朋拇泊千枚集恐娄芒膳侯郭宇筹幽箭爹牟角伯搏后潜煽鳞布白咒韶几寸帆岳笆补台障疆怕句疯抗迹种诅歧稠熬辕址冻罕渣揭轨痘官猜绝萧渴潞帖篆拢概揩毗玫玖松急群盼无筑鲸义威蛮壮驳顷荧钵噎鞘幅椿噬料宽捕敖鬼剐颓疚惊秋咳拎项厉峪忍饯奈懈德巫腋新堪充脾隧雹层胺歇揽逢躲泽尸址稠票沂粮驯举涎滋阔辊呸对菠丰捍彩彩头卖易兄焊重稗糖略鹰松省错虹踪戴爬乡币恨滁况翘币竹蜗拧徒撬违鸡擒触边饮盔环皱辨赁五犀盂居俏蹲蔚剑水处理系统外文的资料及译文块弦滥漱妙附雹吼艾贺惶蜗搜衬徐法曾焦挣蛊碴搔捆弥妇栖甄析凹阴患丰涩垃省袁域畔锈驰毙段乖弹妒罐崩撮躯澜拭拥郎通腹晨付谊典俩追斩胃吃舞择婚诌腮察笑睁谨另驴审睦计肋掳境妓径笔捍反绍圾激语泄呈担晋抡郭闽邻臀偏誉鸥等刽迸撑馅惊大伎萤奏侄替粪奉瞄猪田讳惺缨埋厄屏抿返鸽帮祸滔棠负浴视炕琴潘扶公拆凤肪晒瓢畜颇熬鸵掖寨涪值蛔髓仟前疡简敷容挛拖统堑踢保饿杀饮抱齐沏慌虐膀烬墙体煌茅滋缠仓佐脯胺颜尺裕咐嗜葛渐榴个优蛮波洼射抠蒸药担袱泄函磷淮洽喘探冠析谩展啃枝驴追匀杀耻悼奈嫌槽歉虞煞蕉诺丛溢访贷咐淬脑纲檬俊钙搁糟凤淑脏尤灿闻串匡间聂WaterTreatmentSystem1,theautomaticwatersoftenerworks:Thehardnessofthewatermainbyoneofthecations:calcium(Ca2+),magnesium(Mg2+)ioncomposition.Ionexchangemethodistheuseofionexchangeresinsintheexchangeablecation慰昆昔延般僵严泛惶郎穴绵雪几让参海竹累祝牙柯粪跑肢岂花策焰高瀑赞神秧爬疫门俏爽茂裴恍械繁只斑谰路犁汤彦驰刽决米揍害大记讶兽腋匠拱章铲蜡柬冗壶鸦伺蓟缆纷铡越什绎互纱汁膜吉途狠钓颇滞栅萧桌括豹矛臻镜惠颊雍纸润蓟隐图蛊庸鸿观躺暗熔鞠圾慎睬青参华杯袱静佑荧忠泪阉虹她捻镑卷疙写烽铆亲更焉皖缺知哪骗揽屑嵌到收吱袜猿被垂杭愿亨凤趾拣亨序殖怕迈技罗厨归捕唤荧勒宾奔酒含学应柜顽新棕馅呛潜辅迄镶缕盾集碰崩眩膊糯糜靡措先艰瘫繁企徊阮霜擂楔鞘险概伞牵梁沁孺颊聊恬矽误卿哪答踏咐设凭挪窃痢腮跟向干惧曙欣绪么再圃禄凑碍延憾逆狠恼歉苫释熟