建筑给排水专业毕业设计外文翻译--医院建筑给水排水 11页

华北水利水电学院建筑给排水毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：专业：给排水工程班级：2005085姓名：李玉学号：200508506外文出处：WanFangforeignlanguages（用外文写）literaturedatebase附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。指导教师评语：签字：年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。11\n华北水利水电学院1、外文原文（复印件）SupplyinganddrainingwaterinhospitalconstructionWiththefactthatmodernmedicinesciencepromptnessdevelops,newtechnique,thenewarmamentariumarecontinuingwithoutend,modernizedmedicaltreatmenttherebyconsonantwiththatisbuildingahospital,arealsoareconfrontedwithnewdesignideaandnewtechnologyapplying.Disregardingsecondaryhospitalbuildingfunction,whatwhosegetsalongenvironment,still,finclausethehospitalbuildsequipmentandisequippedwithsystem,therequestiswithoutexceptionhigherandhigher.Becauseofitistoensuredailyworklivingnotonlyneedtherapidandintenseliferelevancerecoveringfromtheillness,avoidingcrippling,rescuing,andpromotewithgivingtreatmenttoapatient.Notonlythedesignaccomplishingtothespecialfielddrainingawaywaterneedtosatisfytherequestbeingunlikeafunctioninhospitalbuildingonequipment,butalsosafetyisbeobligedtoreliable.Followingisbuiltaccordingtothehospital.一HOSPITALGIVESASEWERAGE1)Modernizedhospitalequipmentandequipmentsystemcontentisnumerous,thefunctionispeculiar,therequestisveryhigh.Exceptdemandingtosweartocontinuesupplyingwiththeusewateraccordingwithqualitylevelsufficiently,needmoreaccordingtodemandofdifferentmedicaltreatmentinstrumentanddifferentadministrativeortehcnicalofficetowaterquality,waterpressure,thewatertemperature,classifysettingupwatertreatmentsystemandbeinprogresstosystemtoincreasepressurereduction.2)Thehospitaloperatingrooms,thedeliveryroomoperationthewaterhygiene,salivawashinghandsbyshowerbathwater,thedentistrydentistrychairoughttoadoptthewaterpurifyingdegassing.Inthehomelandfewarelarge-scale,thehighrankhospitalcentresuppliesaroom,thecentredisinfectinghasalsoadoptedtopurifythewaterdisinfecting,nowthatsweartotherebenodust,thesterility,toremovethepathopoiesiasource,toavoidtheblockageinfecting,cuttingdownequipmentmicrotubule.3)Hospitalpreparationroomspreparationuseswatertoadoptdistilledwater,andsetsupinmakingdistilledwatersystemtohavepartpressureboostfacilities.Thehandicraftrespondstoaccordingtodifferenthospitalpreparationhandicraftbutfixesconcretesystemdistilledwater,shouldsatisfydemandofwhosehandicrafttowaterquality,wateryield,waterpressureactinclosecoordinationthatthepreparationhandicraftreservescorrespondingtodrain-pipeand11\n华北水利水电学院allocationchilledwatercirculatorysystembythespecialfielddrainingawaywater.4)Hospitaloperatingrooms,deliveryrooms,babyrooms,supplyrooms,medicaltreatmentofthedermatologicaldepartmentwards,dooremergencycall,curesskilleveryadministrativeortehcnicalofficeandtherequestdifferencethatthestaffandworkerlogisticsbranchsuppliestohotwaterneedtosetuphotwaterrespectivelysupplyingsystemmore.Ordinarycircumstancesdooremergencycall,curesskilladministrativeortehcnicaloffice,centresupplyaroom,thestaffandworkerlogisticsbranchsupplieshotwatertowatersupplytheregulartime,thecomparisonsupplyingtimeisconsistent.Thehospitalisbasedonmajorpartatpresentfinancialresources,wardbuildinghotwatersuppliesbasictotheregulartime,oughttobethat24hssupplyhotwaterjudgingfromlong-termanglebut.Operatingroom,thedeliveryroomoperationwashhands,thehygienehbythefactthattheshowerbathoughttobe24supplieshotwater,moreovertheblockofwood5)Considersbeautificationtotheenvironment,isinadvisabletoadoptthesteamboiledwaterstove,completelyeradicatesoccurrencearousedthewardbuildingpantryinnerfloormoistness,avoidedinteriorwallmustinessphenomenonbyleakorsparsesteamwaterimplementaerofluxusthereby.Thehospitaldisregardssize,boiledwatersuppliestoshouldadoptautomationvolumeortheelectricityboiledwaterstove,ageneraldiseaseareaconsidersone,volumeascertainsthataccordingtousingcondition.Thefirsteasytoprotectlaborismanaged,twoissupplyingensuringthattothepatient,improvestheinternalenvironmentofwardatthesametime.6)Especiallyinfectingthesectionwardeverydooremergencycalladministrativeortehcnicaloffice,everyconsultingroom,thehandmovementwatercuringaroom,washingabasinshouldsetupmistakechew,mayadoptelbowstyle,kneestyleordyadicswitchofpedal.Ifusingthedyadicswitchofpedaltomustusetheproductguardingagainstleakage,theflooristoavoidusingaplaceoftendamp,makesthepatient,themedicalpersonnelslipdown,anaccidenthappened.Operationwaitsfortheoperatingroom,thedeliveryroomtowashhandsshouldadopttheconstanttemperaturemuddywatervalve,theconstanttemperaturetoproducewater,takingasanexampleinfraredrayinducedelectromagneticvalvecontrolmodeforfine.Cureskillpartcontrollaboratory,laboratoryofadministrativeortehcnicalofficehavethepeculiarrequest,waterchewstheformshouldascertainwhosewateraccordingtoeveryadministrativeortehcnicalofficecomingfunctionalrequestchewing.7)Manyadministrativeortehcnicaloffice,especiallydownstreampipelinessuchaspickling11\n华北水利水电学院bath,thepooldisinfecting,developpoolinadministrativeortehcnicalofficesuchascheckingtheroom,thecontrollaboratory,emittingsectionrespondstoofhospitalsareadopttobeabletobeartherottenPVC2Udrainingoffsilentstocktube.8)Pairoffilth,wastewaterofallkindsmustclassifystrictlyaccordingtothecountryinconnectionwiththeeffluentstandard,thefieldcarryingoutapertinencywithdifferenttreatmenthandicraftdealswithandhandles.9)Usesafunctiontoneedsincethemodernhospitalneedstobesatisfiedwithnotonly,wantstothinkthattheinterioroutsideenvironmentisbeautifultooatthesametime.Thebuildingneedsespeciallydooremergencycall,curesskillsometimesbecauseofmedicaltreatmentfunction,givethehorizontalstrokedrainingawaywater,erectatubearrangetoliescatteredcomparatively,morebrightdewisininterior,warmthepipelineexchangingspecialfieldupinadditionsometimes,makethepipelinethattheroominnerclearlyshowsmorethanthecorrectorrequirednumber,bothinelegant,andaffecthygiene.Thisdemandsrightawayintheprocessofengineeringdesign,therationalarrangementthestructureformshouldfullyutilizenotbeingthesameasiscarriedout,needstomakethevariouspipelineconcealarrangementtothefullaccordingtothefunction,paysattentiontobeautifulbefittingone'spositionorsuitedtotheoccasionundernotaffectingthepremisebeingputintouse.Certainly,theserequirethatbuildingstructurespecialfieldisdense.Tieroffurredceilingsandthebasementtopsometimesareeveryspecialfieldpipelineaggregationfield,everyspecialfieldnormandrequesthavingeveryspecialfield,eachsometimesarrangesifthebuildingdesignsmiddleintheward,whoseresulteitherincreasebuildingstoreyheight,orcannotattendtoonethingwithoutneglectinganother.Forovercomingthisoneabuse,shouldthinkingeneralthatbiggerfluepipearrangementbeinthemostsuperjacent,it'sonthedownpartisthatseveralspecialfieldarrangementpropsupthepublicspacebeinginchargeof,downpartistoarrangetogivedrainingoff,drivingforce,strong,weakelectricityeverysystemtodoatubeagain.Suchisarrangedthanformarrangementisothercomparativelyeconomical,pragmatic.10)Exchangersformschoice.Inthesystemthetraditionhospitalhotwaterissupplied,peopleadoptvolumemainlydyadicexchanger.Havebeentothinkthatwhatbeprovidedsteamamountsandhotwatersuppliestheadjustmentamountsdispatchingvaluebetweenmaximumvaluemainly,havediminishedasteamboilerdesigningamounts,havedecreasedbyboilerroomZhanfieldarea,havesavedonetimeinvestment.Peopledemandsbutmorehighly,andmore11\n华北水利水电学院highly,especiallytheexamplediscoveringarmygroupbacteriumpathopoiesiainlifehotwatertowaterqualitynow,thealtitudearousingpeopletakesseriously.Beabacteriummainlybecauseofinthewater55~Cistheeasiesttobreedanarmygroupin30~C~,WHO(WHO)isrecommendedbyforthispurpose:"Hotwaterrespondstoin60~CuseAndcycleatleastabove50~C.Comeifsomeusers,needtofallto40~Cor50~Corsowiththefaucetwatertemperature,tocometruebeingabletouseathermoregulationtoblendavalveatthistime.ThegrowthbeingatemperatureBuLiYupneumoniadiplococcussweartostorewater,isaregulatingvalve'sturntoshouldsetuptheplaceclosingdownandsuspendingoperationofpointindrawingnear".Thisbeespeciallyimportanttothehospital.Becauseofbeinginhospitaltheweakhavingdisease,ifbacteriumofarmygrouphappenedwithinthehospitalistobeharmfulforpatienttotreatandrecoverfromtheillness,thehospitalhasagraveresponsibility.Atpresentsmallhospitalwithinthehospitalespeciallyalittleconditionisrelativelypoor,includethepartarealevelhospital,24unablehssupplyhotwater,andvolumethedyadicconverterinnerwatertemperatureistouseechelonininsideofexchanger,thewatertemperatureverydifficulttomakekeepsin60~Corso.Thereby,leadtovolumeproducethebacteriumofarmygroupinthepipelinesupplyinghotwatersystemwithindyadicexchanger,changeahospitalusingtheexchangerformtorespondtobeataskoftoppriority.Adopthalftobetoheatupstyleorbeadyadichotexchanger,makewhosehotwatersupplythesystemwatertemperaturekeepingthewatersupplybeinginprogressinallabove60~Careaallthetime,occurrencepropagating,completelyeradicatingthebacteriumofarmygroupinordertoavoidingthebacteriumofarmygroup.二MULTILAYERWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMAtpresent,greatmajoritycitiesmunicipaladministrationpipenetworkpressurecanmaintainabove2kilogramsinthehomeland,takeplaceindividualsmalltownwaterpressurecanreach4kilogramseven.Thepressuretherefore,buildingthemunicipaladministrationpipenetwork'stothesamemultilayerhasbeenalreadysufficient,hasbeeninasmalltownespeciallysincebutmunicipaladministrationpipenetworkwateryieldsupplyingwater,waterpressurefluctuationarebigger.Haveseveralkindsthefollowingtypesmainlyforovercometheseshortcomings,multilayerwatersupplysystemdesign.1)Directwatersupplytypeisthatpressure,directwatersupply,sortmakinguseofmunicipaladministrationpipenetworkdirectlyapplytoslightlyhighareaofmunicipaladministrationpipenetworkpressureorhigherrangeofwaterworksvicinitypressureinner.The11\n华北水利水电学院shortcomingitiswateryield,waterpressuretobeabletonotensurethat.Thiswatersupplyschemeeconomyfunctionisverygoodbut,tolesspipenetworkofscale,doesnotneedanyotherequipmentormeasure.2)Waterboxwatersupplytypeshaveledmunicipaladministrationpipenetworkwatertoroofwaterbox,discrepancyinelevation,gravitydependingonawaterboxandusingthewaterappliancehavesuppliedwater,haveovercomewaterpressurewateryieldblockofwoodstabilityandthen.Sincebut,secondarypollution,moreover,waterboxvolumethatthewaterboxthereexistsinpossibilityisbigger,thiswaydoesnotencouragetherefore.3)Waterboxes,pipenetworksallyselfwithatypewhentheordinarytimewateryieldwaterpressureissufficient,unnecessarywaterenterstheroofwaterboxwhencoveringwatersupply,overpressureaswithanetdirectlyfrommunicipaladministration,thinkthatthewaterboxsupplieswatertotheconsumerbygravityautomationwhenpressureorthewateryieldisinsufficient.Themainforcewhoisthatregulardirectnesssupplieswateronphysicsstructurestretchesthetopcut-overwaterbox,setsupandoneexhalentsiphonfromthewaterbox.Oweaschemethevolumehavingdiminishedawaterbox,andmakewaternotneedtoenterawaterboxstayingthisonestep,hygienereliabilityincreaseby.Theproblemis(thatthemunicipaladministrationnowpipenetworkcanaccomplish)butiflongtimestabilivoltsupplieswater,thewatersojourntimeinwaterboxisonthecontrarygreatlyincreaseby,easiertobecontaminated.And,thewaterboxallmustreadjustoneselftoacertainextentinthebuildinginallusagewaterboxessystemmosthigherplace,attractivelooksbeingabletoaffectabuildinginsomeoccasion,thephysicaldesignbuildingeven.4)Pressurejarssupplywatersinceinsecurewaterboxfactor,reasonwhyusethejarsealingoffreliablepressuretoreplace,andthepressurejardoesnotneed,highpositionlaydown,attractivelooksandstructurenotaffectingabuildingbearing,godownwellverymuchoverthepastfewyears.Pressurejarsystemrequiresthatthewaterpumpandautocontrolsystemhavetofitbut,feasiblecostincreasesbytosomeextent.However,inthelateyearswhosemarketpricealreadyletsmanyconsumersbeabletochoose.Systematicpressurejarprincipleistomakeuseofawaterpumpwatercompressiontobesenttoreceivethepipenetworkbuildingtheinside,thinksthatwaterentersthepressurejar,reachescertainpressuretime,waterpumpmotorstoppageorreducesthespeedwhenpressureistoobig,Whilepressureissmallerthanregulationvalue,thepressurejarconveyswatertotheoutsideandstartsthewaterpumporaccelerationatthesame11\n华北水利水电学院time(frequencyconversionwaterpump).5)Twotimeofcompressiontypescanmakedofortosmall-scaleconsumer,ifthebuilding,thepressurejarareonlysystematic.Thedirectionthatthedwellinghousespendsatpresenttohousingestatedevelopsbut,showsfortheclusterarrangementthatmultilayerbuilds,concentratesstabilivoltmainly.Theabilitycannotsatisfyarequestwithpressurejarvolume,thewaterpumpconcentratescompressionthereforehavingappearedgivefirstplaceto,pressurejarstabilivolt(removethesystemwaterhammer)issubsidiaryway.Economycostrisesonly,alsoneedsthespecially-assignedpersonupkeep.Besides,pipenetworksystembelongstolowpressuresincetierofnumbersarenotmany,pipeline,thedirectcut-overwithoutexceptionwithlayersconsumerisbeOK,comparativelysimple.ThesteeltubepreparespipelinematerialwithlowpressurelowpressurePPRsilentstocktubegivefirstplaceto.11\n华北水利水电学院2、外文资料翻译译文医院建筑给水排水随着现代医学科学的迅速发展,新技术、新医疗设备层出不穷,从而与之相符的现代化医疗建筑———医院,也面临着新的设计理念和新技术的运用。无论从医院建筑物功能、其所处的环境,还是医院建筑设备及装备系统,要求均愈来愈高。因为它不仅是保障日常工作生活的需要,而且与救治病人、促进康复、避免致残、挽救生命紧密相关。作为给排水专业的设计不仅需要满足医院建筑中设备上不同功能的要求,而且必须安全可靠。下面根据医院建筑中有关给水、排水各系统设计,从社会不断发展和超前的理念方面谈几点体会一医院给排水系统1)现代化医院的设备及装备系统内容繁多,功能特殊,要求很高。除了要求保证持续供给充分符合质量标准的用水外,更需要根据不同的医疗仪器以及不同科室对水质、水压、水温的要求,分门别类设置水处理系统和对系统进行增减压。2)医院的手术室、产房的手术洗手水、卫生通过淋浴水、牙科的牙科椅的口水宜采用净化消毒水。国内一些大型的、级别高的医院中心供应室,消毒中心也采用了净化消毒水,既保证无尘、无菌,消除致病源,避免感染,又减少设备微细管道的阻塞。　　3)医院制剂室的制剂用水采用蒸馏水,并在制蒸馏水系统中设有局部增压设施。具体制蒸馏水工艺应根据不同医院制剂工艺而定,给排水专业应密切配合制剂工艺预留给排水管和配置相应的冷却水循环系统,满足其工艺对水质、水量、水压的要求。　　4)医院手术室、产房、婴儿室、供应室、皮肤科的医疗病房,门急诊、医技各科室和职工后勤部门对热水供应的要求差异较大,需要分别设置热水供应系统。一般情况门急诊、医技科室、中心供应室、职工后勤部门供应热水为定时供水,供应时间比较一致。大部分医院根据目前的财力,病房楼的热水供应基本为定时,而从长远角度来看,应该是24h供应热水。手术室、产房的手术洗手,卫生通过的淋浴器应该为24h供应热水,而且不能有任何间断,热水供应安全可靠,水温基本控制在人的正常体温37℃左右,故一般热水供应宜单独成为一个系统,以确保供应热水系统万无一失。11\n华北水利水电学院　　5)考虑到环境的美化,不宜采用蒸汽开水炉,从而杜绝蒸汽泄漏或疏水器排气所引起病房楼的备餐间内地面的潮湿,避免内墙发霉现象的发生。医院不管大小,开水供应都应采用自动容积或电开水炉,一般一个病区考虑一台,容积根据使用情况确定。一是便于护工管理;二是保证对病员的供应,同时改善病房内部的环境。　　6)各门急诊科室,尤其是传染科病房各诊室、治疗室、洗涤盆应设非手动水咀,可采用肘式、膝式或脚踏式开关。如使用脚踏式开关一定要使用防渗漏的产品,以免使用处地面经常潮湿,使病员、医务人员滑倒,发生事故。手术室、产房手术等洗手应采用恒温混水阀,恒温出水,以红外线感应电磁阀控制方式为好。医技科室的部分化验室、实验室有特殊要求,水咀应根据各科室功能的要求来确定其水咀的形式。　　7)医院的许多科室,尤其是检验室、化验室、放射科等科室中的酸洗池、消毒池、洗片池等下水管道应采用耐腐的PVC2U排水塑料管。　　8)对各类污、废水必须严格按国家有关排放标准分门别类,用不同的处理工艺进行针对性地处置和处理。　　9)由于现代医院不仅要满足使用功能需要,同时还要考虑室内外环境美观。尤其是门急诊、医技楼往往由于医疗功能需要,给排水横、立管布置较为散乱,较多的明露在室内,有时加之暖通专业的管道,使房间内明露的管道过多,既不雅观,又影响卫生。这就要求在工程设计过程中,应充分利用不同的结构形式进行合理布置,根据功能需要尽量使各种管道隐蔽布置,在不影响使用的前提下,注意美观得体。当然,这些需要建筑结构专业密切配合和结构形式的合理。另外,随着医院建筑中设备及装备系统增多,管道的数量大大增加,合理、综合布置各系统在平面吊顶内的管道则能降低建筑层高,减少投资。如在病房楼设计中,往往首层吊顶和地下室顶部为各专业管道的集合地,各专业有各专业的规范和要求,往往各自布置,其结果要么增加建筑层高,要么顾此失彼。为了克服这一弊端,一般应考虑将较大的风管布置在最上方,其下方为几个专业布置支管的公用空间,再下方是布置给排水、动力、强、弱电各系统干管。这样布置比其他形式布置较为经济、实用。　　10)热交换器形式的选择。传统的医院热水供应系统中,人们基本上采用容积式热交换器。主要是考虑所提供蒸汽量与热水供应最大值之间差值的调节量,减小了蒸汽锅炉设计量,减少了锅炉房占地面积,节约了一次性投资。然而现在人们对水质要求愈来愈高,尤其是生活热水中发现军团菌致病的实例,引起人们的高度重视。主要是因为在30℃～55℃11\n华北水利水电学院水中最容易繁殖军团菌,为此世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐:“热水应在60℃以上储存,并至少在50℃以上循环。如某些使用者,需要将水龙头水温降至40℃或50℃左右,这时可以使用调温混合阀来实现。为保证蓄水温度不利于肺炎双球菌的生长,该调节阀应设定在靠近关停点的地方”。这点对医院尤为重要。因为住院的是有病的弱者,如在医院内发生军团菌则不利于病员治疗与康复,医院责任重大。目前医院内尤其是一些条件较差的小医院,包括部分区级医院,不能24h供应热水,并且容积式交换器内水温是以梯形状态分布,在热交换器内部很难使水温保持在60℃左右。从而导致容积式热交换器内供应热水系统管道中产生军团菌,改变医院使用热交换器形式应是当务之急。采用半即热式或即热式热交换器,使其热水供应系统水温始终保持在60℃以上区域进行供水,以避免军团菌滋生,杜绝军团菌的发生。二多层给水系统　　目前，国内大多数城市的市政管网压力可以维持在2公斤以上，个别小城镇的出水压力甚至可以达到4公斤。因此，对于一般的多层建筑市政管网的压力已经足够了，但是由于市政管网的供水水量、水压波动较大，尤其在小城镇。为了克服这些缺点，多层给水系统的设计主要有以下几种类型。　　1）直接供水型就是直接利用市政管网的压力，直接供水，一般适用于市政管网压　　力稍高的地区或水厂附近压力较高的范围内。缺点就是水量、水压不能保证。但是，对于规模较小的管网这种供水方案的经济性能很好，不需要任何其他设备或措施。　　2）水箱供水型将市政管网的水引至屋顶水箱，然后靠水箱与用水器具的高差，重力供水，克服了水压水量的不稳定性。但是，由于水箱可能存在的二次污染，而且，水箱体积较大，因此这种方式不提倡。　　3）水箱、管网联合型平时水量水压足够时，直接由市政网供水，超压时，多余水进入屋顶水箱，当压力或水量不足时，水箱靠重力自动向用户供水。物理结构上就是正常的直接供水的主干管伸顶接入水箱，并由水箱设一出水管。该方案减小了水箱的体积，并使水不需要都进入水箱停留这一步骤，卫生可靠性增加。但是问题就是如果长时间的稳压供水（现在的市政管网可以办到的），水箱中的水的停留时间反而大大增加，更容易受污染。而且，所有使用水箱的系统中水箱都必须放在建筑的最高处，在某些场合会影响建筑的美观，甚至建筑的结构设计。11\n华北水利水电学院　　4）气压罐供水由于水箱的不安全因素，所以用密封可靠的气压罐代替，而且，气压罐不需要高位摆放，不影响建筑美观与结构承重，近几年很受欢迎。但是气压罐系统需要水泵和自动控制系统得配合，使得成本有所增加。不过，近年其市场价格已经让很多用户能够选择。气压罐系统的原理就是利用水泵将水加压送进建筑内部管网，当压力过大时，水进入气压罐，达到一定压力时，水泵停车或减速；当压力小于规定值时，气压罐向外输水并同时启动水泵或加速（变频水泵）。　　5）二次加压型对于，小规模的用户，如单幢建筑，气压罐系统可以应付。但是，目前住宅向小区化的方向发展，主要表现为多层建筑的集群布置，集中稳压。以气压罐的容积能力不能满足要求，所以出现了水泵集中加压为主，气压罐稳压(消除系统水锤)为辅的方式。只是经济成本上升，也需要专人维护。另外，管网系统由于层数不多，属于低压管道，均分层直接接入用户即可，较为简单。　管道材料以低压钢管和低压PPR塑料管为主。11