ro反渗透系统操作维护培训资料 33页

'反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司上汽通用五菱青岛项目反渗透系统操作维护培训资料DIWaterSystemTrainingManualforSGMW-QINGDAO海得科膜分离技术（北京）有限公司HydrotechSeparationTechnologyCo.,Ltd.2008年2月32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司目录1.0概要General22.0反渗透原理PrincipleofReverseOsmosis32.1【反渗透原理】HowReverseOsmosisworks32.2卷式复合膜元件的外形结构图SpiralWoundElementConfiguration52.3反渗透系统主要术语MajorGlossary52.4影响RO膜性能的因素FactorsInfluencingROPerformance62.5水处理系统原水水质分析主要项目MajorItemofROFeedwaterAnalysis83.0DIRO系统介绍IntroductionofDIROSystem93.1简介Introduction93.2系统流程简介Introductionofsystemflowchart93.3预处理系统Pretreatmentsystem103.4反渗透装置ROequipment174.0系统维护ROSystemMaintenance25一、前处理设备的维护Pretreatmentunitmaintenance25二、反渗透装置维护ROunitmaintenance25三、反渗透膜的维护ROmembrane’smaintenance26附1：清洗液配方Adjunct1:Simplecleaningsolutions29附2：反渗透膜污染的特征及处理方法ROmembranefoulingcharacterandcleaningmethod305.0故障分析TroubleAnalysis31附:1.工艺原理图及相关图纸2.运行记录表32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司1.0概要General该手册提供了海得科膜分离技术（北京）有限公司制造的反渗透纯水系统重要运行操作信息，仅上汽通用五菱青岛项目（SGMW）使用。ThisdocumentprovidesthenecessaryinformationforproperoperationoftheHydrotechSeparationTechnologyCo,LtdROwatertreatmentsystemforSGMW-QINGDAO。海得科膜分离技术（北京）有限公司提供的整套系统是先进而可靠的，操作中应严格按照要求的运行压力、温度、原水进水水质条件等参数要求运行。TheHydrotechROsystemisadvancedanddependablewhichmustbeoperatedwithinspecifiedlimitsofexposuretopressure,temperature,processfeedwaterquality.整套系统除反渗透主机外，还包括辅助设备，如水箱、水泵、预处理过滤器等，该辅助设备的正常运行是整套系统安全运行的保证。TheROsystemispartofalargerprocesswhichincludesextensiveancillaryequipment,suchaswatertanks,transferpumpsandpre-filters.ThesystemoperatormustknowiftheancillaryequipmentisoperatingproperlyinordertosuccessfullyoperatetheROsystem.系统操作人员需要经过海得科公司专业技术人员的培训，并严格按照操作规范操作系统。Trainingforallsystemoperatorsisessential.Theoperatorsarerequiredtounderstandandfollowalloperatingguidelines.操作人员应做好系统运行操作日常记录工作，以便及时发现问题并解决问题。操作运行记录表由海得科公司提供。Operatorsarealsorequiredtomonitorthesystemregularlyandkeepanaccuratewrittenlogofalloperatingparameters.LogsheetsmastersareprovidedbyHYDROTECH.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司2.0反渗透原理PrincipleofReverseOsmosis2.1【反渗透原理】HowReverseOsmosisworks渗透：稀溶液中的水分子通过半透膜（反渗透膜）向浓溶液中扩散的现象，称为渗透。Osmosis:Thephenomenonofosmosisoccurswhenpurewaterflowsfromadilutesolutioninonecompartmentthroughthesemipermeablemembrane（ROmembrane）intoahigherconcentratedsolution.渗透压：某溶液在自然渗透的过程中，浓溶液侧液面不断升高，稀溶液侧液面相应降低，直到两侧形成的水柱压力抵消了溶剂分子的迁移，溶液两侧的液面不再变化，渗透过程达到平衡点，此时的液柱高差称为该溶液的渗透压。Osmoticpressure:Duringosmosis,causingariseinthecompartmentofthehigherconcentratedsolution.Thewaterflowwillstopwhenthepressureofthecolumnoftheconcentratedsolutionequalstothedifferenceinchemicalpotentialbetweenthetwoaqueoussolutions.Theequilibriumpointofthewatercolumnheightintermsofwaterpressureagainstthemembraneiscalledosmoticpressure.反渗透原理：即在进水水流（浓溶液）侧施加一定的压力以克服自然的渗透压，当高于自然渗透压的操作压力施加在进水水流侧时，水分子自然渗透的流动方向就会逆转，进水（浓溶液）中的水分子部分通过膜成为稀溶液侧的净化产水，形成与渗透相反的现象，称为反渗透。Reverseosmosis:Ifaforceisappliedtotheconcentratedsolutioncolumn,thedirectionofwaterflowthroughthemembranecanbereversed.Thisphenomenoniscalledreverseosmosis,andthisreversedflowproducespurewaterfromtheconcentratedsolution.见下图所示：(illustratedintheFigurebelow)半透膜ROmembrane半透膜ROmembrane半透膜ROmembrane渗透压Osmoticpressure渗透及渗透平衡状态OsmoticEquationState加压Pressure浓溶液Concentrated稀溶液DiluteSolution稀溶液DiluteSolution浓溶液Concentrated浓溶液Concentrated稀溶液DiluteSolution反渗透状态ROState初始状态BeginState32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司【反渗透过程】根据反渗透原理可知，渗透和反渗透必须与具有允许溶剂（水分子）透过的半透膜联系在一起时,才会出现渗透现象和反渗透操作，反渗透过程如下图所示。Processofreverseosmosis:Accordingtotheprincipleofreverseosmosis,weknewthatosmosisandreverseosmosismustthroughROmembranetoprocess.Theprocessofosmosisisillustratedinthefigurebelow.*反渗透膜—--允许溶剂分子透过而不允许溶质分子透过的一种功能性的半透膜称为反渗透膜。Reverseosmosismembrane(ROmembrane)—--Thesemi-permeablemembranethatthesolventmoleculeisallowedtransitbutthesolutemoleculeisun-allowedtransit.*反渗透膜元件—--将反渗透膜与进水流道网格、产水收集流道、产水管和抗应力器等用胶粘剂组装在一起，能实现进水与产水分开的反渗透过程的最小单元称为膜元件。ROmembraneelement—--TheminimumcellthatconsistofROmembrane、feedwaterchannelspacer、permeatechannelspacer、permeatecollectiontubeandendcapetc.*反渗透膜组件—--膜元件安装在受压的压力容器外壳内形成膜组件。ROmembranesubassembly—--PuttheROmembranesinthepressurevessel,formedROmembranesubassembly.*反渗透装置—--由反渗透膜组件、仪表、管道、阀门、高压泵、保安过滤器、就地控制盘和机架组合在内的可单独运行的成套单元设备称为反渗透装置，反渗透过程通过反渗透装置来实现。Reverseosmosisequipment—--ConsistofROmembranesubassembly,meter,tube,valve,highpressurepump,cartridgefilter,controlpanelandshelfetc.TheROprocessisactualizedbyROequipment.*反渗透系统—--为特定的水源条件和产水要求设计的，由预处理、加药、升压泵、水箱、反渗透装置和电气仪表连锁控制等组成的系统。Reverseosmosissystem----Systemdesignforgivenfeedwatersourceandfinalproducts,thewholesystemconsistofpretreatment,chemicaldosingsystem,highpressurepump,watertank,ROequipmentandcontrolpaneletc.进水Feedwater浓水ConcentratedwaterRecovery(%)=FeedFlowPermeateFlow×100进水盐浓度渗透液盐浓度×100100-脱盐率(%)=产水Permeatewater高压泵Highpressurepump半透膜ROMembrane回收率(%)=PermeateSaltConcentration×100FeedSaltConcentrationSaltRejection(%)=100-32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司2.2卷式复合膜元件的外形结构图SpiralWoundElementConfiguration进水流向FeedWater进水流道网FeedwaterChannelSpacer浓水Concentrate产品水Permeatewater产品水流道网PermeateChannelSpacer中心集水管PermeateCollectionTubeRO膜ROmembrane2.3反渗透系统主要术语MajorGlossary【回收率】—指膜系统中产水量与进水量之比，以分数或百分比表示。【Recovery】--Theratioofproductquantityoverthefeedquantity,givenasfractionorinpercent.【脱盐率】--通过膜从系统进水中除去溶解性成份浓度的百分率。【Saltrejection】--Theabilityofthemembranetohindercertainelementsfrompassingthrough,Expressedas1minustherationbetweentheconcentrationintheproductandthefeed.【透盐率】--脱盐率的相反值，它是进水中溶解性成份透过膜的百分率。【Saltpassage】--Theconcentrationofacompoundinthepermeaterelatedtoitsaverageconcentrationonthefeedside.【渗透液】--经过膜系统产生的净化产品水。【Permeate】--Theportionofthefeedwhichpassesthroughthemembrane,alsocalledproduct.【通量】--单位膜面积上透过液的流量，通常以每天每平方英尺加仑数表示（gfd）。【Flux】--Permeateflowrateperunitmembranearea,expressedcommonlyasGFD.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司2.4影响RO膜性能的因素FactorsInfluencingROPerformance【压力】PRESSURE如图1所示，渗透液的总溶解固体随着作用压力的增加而减少，渗透液流通量则随之增加。Withincreasingeffectivefeedpressure,thepermeateTDSwilldecreasewhilethepermeatefluxwillincreaseasshowninfigure1.脱盐率rejection(恒定通量)脱盐率rejection产水通量flux产水通量flux(恒定压力)图1.进水压力对通量和脱盐率的影响压力Pressure→温度Temperature→图2.进水温度对通量和脱盐率的影响Figure1.Performancevs.feedpressureFigure2.Performancevs.feedtemperature【温度】TEMPERATURE如图2所示，膜元件对进水温度的变化非常敏感，随着水温的增加，水通量几乎线性地增大，这主要归功于穿过膜的水分子的扩散能力随温度增加而增大。同时，增加水温会导致脱盐率降低或透盐率增加，这主要是因为盐份透过膜的扩散速率会因温度的提高而加快所致。Ifthetemperatureincreasesandallotherparametersarekeptconstant,thepermeatefluxandthesaltpassagewillincrease.Seefigure2.【供水盐浓度】FEEDWATERSALTCONCENTRATION图3显示了供水盐浓度对渗透液流通量与脱盐率的影响。Figure3showstheimpactofthefeedwatersaltconcentrationonthepermeatefluxandthesaltrejection.脱盐率rejection脱盐率rejection水通量flux水通量flux进水盐浓度→回收率Recovery→Feedwatersaltconcentration图4.增加回收率对通量和脱盐率的影响图3.进水盐浓度对通量和脱盐率的影响Figure3.Performancevs.feedwaterFigure4.Performancevs.recoveryvssaltconcentration32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司【回收率】RECOVERY回收率为渗透液流量与进水流量的比值。渗透液流通量随着回收率的增加而减少，当浓缩液的渗透压高到与进水的压力相同时则停止。脱盐率随着回收率增加而减少(见图4)。Therecoveryistheratioofpermeateflowtofeedflow.Inthecaseofincreasingrecovery,thepermeatefluxwilldecreaseandstopifthesaltconcentrationreachesavaluewheretheosmoticpressureoftheconcentrateisashighastheappliedfeedpressure.Thesaltrejectionwilldropwithincreasingrecovery.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司2.5水处理系统原水水质分析主要项目MajorItemofROFeedwaterAnalysis基于以上对反渗透原理和影响因素的介绍可知，对于一套工艺先进、设计合理的反渗透系统来说，运行的稳定性与原水的水质变化情况息息相关，因此，在运行中应能全面了解原水的水质变化，尤其是地表水水源的水质会随季节变化而变化。对于这样的系统，建议做好水质常规分析工作，并能根据原水水质变化，准确判断系统运行的情况。水源常规分析项目：Itemoffeedwateranalysis铵离子（NH4+）总铁(Fe2+/Fe3+)亚硝酸根(NO2-)活性二氧化硅(SiO2)钾离子(K+)锰离子(Mn2+)硝酸根(NO3-)硬度(Totalhardness)钠离子(Na+)铜离子(Cu2+)氯离子(CL-)二氧化碳(CO2)镁离子(Mg2+)锌离子(Zn2+)氟离子(F-)游离氯(Freechlorine)钙离子(Ca2+)铝离子(Al3+)硫酸根(SO42-)PH钡离子(Ba2+)碱度(M-value)磷酸根(PO43-)总固体含量(TDS)锶离子(Sr2+)碳酸氢根(HCO3-)硫化氢(H2S)水温(Temperature)铁离子(Fe2+)碳酸根(CO32-)胶体二氧化硅(SiO2)浊度(NTU)生物耗氧量(BOD)化学耗氧量(COD)总有机碳(TOC)污染指数（SDI）32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司3.0DIRO系统介绍IntroductionofDIROSystem3.1简介Introduction本套DIRO系统是专为上汽通用五菱青岛项目提供合格的工艺水而设计的，其原水水质为青岛市市政自来水。ThisDIROsystemisdesignedforSGMW-QINGDAOPAINTPLANT，ThefeedwaterisusedmunicipalwaterofQINGDAOcity.因空调用水和电泳线用水的水质不同，我公司提供了两套反渗透系统，其中一套一级RO系统设计产水量为47m3/h(20℃),其进水为原水，产品水进入一级RO纯水箱储存，供空调、打磨室、修补室等生产用水。另外一套RO系统设计产水量为23m3/h(20℃)，该系统的进水为一级反渗透的产品水，即对一级反渗透的产品水做进一步的脱盐处理，以达到电泳线的工艺用水要求。Asthewaterqualityisdifferentbetweenair-conditionwaterandconfectpaintwater,wedesigntwosetROsystem.OnesetROsystemdesignedfluxis47m3/h(20℃)anditsfeedwaterisrawwater,thepermeatewaterfeedinthefirstpassROpermeatewatertanktousedforair-conditionandworkingdeckswithsandingoperation&repair.Theotheronedesignedfluxis23m3/h(20℃)anditsfeedwateristhefirstROpermeatewater,desaltfarterthefirstROpermeatewatertoachievethequalityofconfectedpaintwater.3.2系统流程简介Introductionofsystemflowchart原水箱↓原水泵↓换热器絮凝剂→↓多介质过滤器二级纯水箱→纯水泵→UV杀菌→精密过滤器→用水点还原剂→↓↑活性炭过滤器二级反渗透装置阻垢剂→↓↑精密过滤器二级高压泵↓↑←PH调节一级高压泵二级提升泵↓↑一级反渗透装置→一级纯水箱→纯水泵→UV杀菌→用水点↑清洗装置32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司Rawwatertank↓Rawwaterpump↓HeaterPurewaterpumpII→UV→Cartridgefilter→TousedpointPAC→↓↑SandfilterPurewatertankIIReducing→↓↑ActivecarbonfilterROsystemIIAnti-scale→↓↑CartridgefilterHighpressurepumpII↓↑←PHdosingsystemHighpressurepumpIFeedpumpII↓↑ROsystemI→PurewatertankI→Purewaterpump→UV→Tousedpoint↑CIPsystem3.3预处理系统Pretreatmentsystem本系统的预处理部分包括原水箱、原水泵、絮凝剂加药装置、还原剂加药装置、多介质过滤器、活性炭过滤器、保安过滤器、阻垢剂加药装置等设备。其主要设备的性能参数及操作步骤详述如下：Thepretreatmentsysteminclude:rawwatertank,rawwaterpump,PACdosingequipment,reducingagentdosingequipment,sandfilter,activecarbonfilter,cartridgefilter,anti-scaledosingequipmentetc.Theperformanceofprimaryequipmentanditsoperateprocessshowsasfollow.一、多介质过滤器Sandfilter本系统设有一台多介质过滤器，直径2800mm，材质为不锈钢。填料为多种级配石英砂，层高1400mm。它可将水中的悬浮物、凝聚的片状物及胶体等除去。保证出水达到反渗透的进水要求。该过滤器的设计产水量为64m3/h，设计流速为10.5m/h。过滤器采用手动/自动操作，本体阀门配置气动蝶阀，进出口母管上设有压差开关，当进出口压力差达到设定值（0.07Mpa）时，控制盘发出报警信号，提醒运行人员需要对该过滤器进行反洗，以恢复过滤器的性能。Thissystemhasasandfilter,2800mmdiameter,thematerialisstainlesssteel.Thisfiltercanremovethesuspendedandcolloidalparticlesbyitsfiltermedia.It’sproductwaterqualitycanachievetherequestofROfeedwater.Thedesignfiltrationfluxis64m3/h,flowratesare10.5m/h.Thefilterisdesignedmanualandautomatism,thevalvesarepneumaticbutterflyvalve,andtherearedifferentialpressureswitchonit’sinletandoutletpipes,Whenthedifferentialpressureincreasebetweentheinletandoutletofthefilteris0.7bar,thepanelcangiveabackwashalarm.Thequatityoffiltercanberevivebybackwashandrinsethefiltertocarryawaythedepositedmatter.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司(一)运行步骤Operateprocess手动方式：Manualmode1、打开进水阀V11和排气阀V16；OpentheinletvalveV11andexhaustvalveV16;2、启动原水泵；Opentherawwaterpump;3、待排气阀V16出水后表明过滤器内已充满水，打开运行出水阀V12，同时关闭排气阀V16；OpenoutletvalveV12,andcloseexhaustvalveV16WhentheexhaustvalveV6dischargewater;设备开始正常运行，运行时流量保证不大于64m3/h。Thefilteroperate,ensuretheflowratedon’texceed64m3/h.说明：过滤器本体配置阀门为气动阀，正常运行时采用自动运行方式，手动方式仅作为系统初次投运或程序故障时使用，使用时只要控制气动阀的电磁阀即可实现阀门的开启。Explain:Thevalveofthefilterispneumaticvalve,naturaloperateisautomatic,manualoperateonlyusedinthefilterfirstrunningorprogramfailure.Manualoperatebycontrolthesolenoidvalveofthepneumaticvalve.自动方式：Automaticmode人为按下控制盘上的运行按钮，该过滤器上的进出口阀门及相应的原水泵即自动打开进入运行状态。Theinletvalveandoutletvalveandrawwaterpumpwillautomaticrunningwhentherunningbuttononthepanelispressed.(二)反洗步骤Anti-flushprocess砂滤器必须定期反洗，以保证其过滤效果。反洗时间可根据运行时间或进、出口的压力差（正常达到0.07MPa）来确定.反洗步骤如下：Thesandfiltermustbeanti-flushtermly,inordertorecoverthecapability.Theanti-flushtimeisbasisonthedifferencepressureofinletandoutlet.(uselyachieve0.07MPa).Theanti-flushprocessasfollow:手动方式：manualmode1.关闭原水泵；Closetherawwaterpump;32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司1.关闭进水阀V11和出水阀V12，打开排水阀V15，将水面降至上部视镜处的位置（水面高出滤料层约200mm）;ClosetheinletvalveV11andoutletvalveV12,openthedrainvalveV15,putthewaterdroptothelookingglass(waterexceedmedium200mm);2.关闭排水阀V15，打开排气阀；ClosetheoutletvalveV15,opentheexhaustvalve;3.启动两台原水泵；Opentworawwaterpumpsatsametime;4.缓慢打开反洗进水阀V13，水从底部进入过滤器，当排气阀有水流出时，关闭排气阀；Opentheanti-flushinletvalveV13slowly,waterenterthefilterfromthebottom,whentheexhaustvalvedrained,closetheexhaustvalve;5.打开反洗排水阀V14,使滤层膨胀40-50%，保持10-20分钟；Opentheanti-flushdrainvalveV14,expandthemediumlayerachieved40%-50%,keeping10-20minutes;6.关闭反洗进水阀V13和排水阀V14，同时关闭原水泵，静置2分钟；Closetheanti-flushinletvalveV13anddrainvalveV14,closetworawwaterpumpsatthesametime,deposited2minutes;7.正洗时，打开进水阀V11及正洗排水阀V15，启动一台原水泵，水由上部流入过滤器正洗，正洗5-10分钟，至出水透明（最好检测SDI值合格）；Whenthefilterflush,opentheinletvalveV11andflushdrainvalveV15,opentheoneofrawwaterpump,waterenterthefilterfromthetop,flushthefilter5-10minutes,assoonasthedischargewaterisclarity(SDI<5);8.开出水阀V12，关闭排水阀V15，过滤器投入正常运行。OpentheoutletvalveV12,closedrainvalveV15,thefiltercomeintouse.自动方式：Automaticmode当电控系统发出报警信号提示过滤器应进行反洗时，操作人员可根据现场情况确定反洗时间。具体步骤如下：Theoperatorwillconfirmtheanti-flushtimebythelocaleconditionwhenthecontrolsystemalarmtoremindofthefilermusttobeanti-flushed.Particularprocessasfollow:按下反洗按钮，过滤器本体上的自动阀门按程序表所示自动开关，并完成反洗程序。Presstheanti-flushbutton,thevalvesoffilterwillautomaticopenorcloseaccordingtothefollowprogramtable,andcompletetheanti-flushprogram.二、活性炭过滤器Activecarbonfilter32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司本系统设有一台活性炭过滤器，直径2800mm，材质为不锈钢。填料为高质量的果壳活性炭，层高1400mm。它的作用是吸附原水中的有机物及游离余氯，以保证RO膜元件免受有机物及氧化物的侵蚀。该过滤器的设计产水量为64m3/h，设计流速为10.5m/h。过滤器采用手动/自动操作，本体阀门配置气动蝶阀，进出口母管上设有压差开关，当进出口压力差达到设定值（0.07Mpa）时，控制盘发出报警信号，提醒运行人员需要对该过滤器进行反洗。Thissystemhasaactivecarbonfilter,2800mmdiameter,thematerialisstainlesssteel.Themediaisactivatedcarbon,layerhigh1400mm.Thisfiltercanadsorbtheorganicandfreechlorineofrawwaterbyitsfiltermedia,toassuretheROmembranebeingun-oxidation.Thedesignfiltrationfluxis64m3/h,flowratesare10.5m/h.Thefilterisdesignedmanualandautomatism,thevalvesarepneumaticbutterflyvalve,andtherearedifferentialpressureswitch.Whenthedifferentialpressureincreasebetweentheinletandoutletofthefilteris0.7bar,thepanelcangiveaanti-flushalarm.运行及反洗步骤同多介质过滤器。Runningansanti-flushprocessasthesandfilter.三、保安过滤器cartridgefilter保安过滤器又称精密过滤器,通常内装精度为5mm熔喷滤芯。它的主要作用是当前部的过滤器在运行时出现短暂的不正常情况时，作为最后一道把关的设备，保证大于5mm的颗粒物质不会进入反渗透膜元件中，保护反渗透膜元件不被损伤。该系统保安过滤器内装40”的熔喷滤芯20只。过滤器的外壳为不锈钢材质。Thecartridgefilterisnamedexactfilter,usuallysetting5micronpolypropylenefilters.Itisasafetydevicetoprotectthemembranesandthehighpressurepumpfromsuspendedparticlesasthelaststepofapretreatmentsequence.Thiscartridgefiltersetting20filterswith40incheslength.Thecartridge’smaterialisstainlesssteel.（一）操作步骤Operationprocess1、打开进水阀和过滤器本体的排气阀，至排气阀有水流出，此时表明精密过滤器内已充满水；Opentheinletvalveandtheexhaustvalveoffilter,tillwaterdrainsfromexhaustvalve,indicatedthefilterisfull;2、打开出水阀，同时关闭排气阀，此时，过滤器正常运行。Opentheoutletvalve,closetheexhaustvalve,thefilterstartrunning.（二）滤芯的更换步骤Thefiltersreplaced设备运行后，应库存备用滤芯。在操作过程中，过滤器的进出口压差达到1Kgf/cm232 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司以上时，以及设备连续运行三个月后，就必须更换新的过滤芯。不能试图使用清洗过的滤芯，要配置与原设备中同规格的滤芯。不按要求更换滤芯，将不能保证设备性能。具体操作步骤如下：Thefiltersmustbestockedwhenthesystemisinoperation.Thefiltermustreplacedbeforethepressuredrophasincreasedtothepermittedlimit(usually1.0kgf/cm2),butlatestafter3months.Back-flushablefiltersarenotrecommendedbecauseoftheirlowerefficiencyandhigherbio-foulingrisk.Thecapabilitywillnotbeassuredifnotaccordingtorequest.Theoperateprocessasfollows:1、停运后，打开排污阀，将保安过滤器内的水排尽；Afterstoprunning,openthedrainvalve,completedrainwater.2、旋开上部封头的封闭螺丝，取下上封头；Unscrewthesealscrewofthecloseover,takeoffthecloseover;3、旋开中心管螺母，取下滤芯压盖；Unscrewthenutonthecentertube,takeofftheimpactedcapofthefilters;4、取出滤芯，更换新的滤芯，并按原安装方式安装完成后即可开机。Takeoutthefilters,replacenewfilters,andsettingthefiltersasformerlyfixingmode,andstartthesystem.注：本系统的保安过滤器进出口母管上设有压差开关，当进出口压力差达到设定值（0.07Mpa）时，控制盘发出报警信号，提醒运行人员需要更换过滤器的滤芯。Note:Thereisadifferentialpressureswitchoninletpipeandoutletpipeofcartridgefilter.Whenthedifferentialpressureincreaseat0.7bar,thepanelwillgiveanalarm,andthecartridgecentershouldbereplaced.四、絮凝剂加药装置PACdosingunit絮凝剂加药装置包括一台加药箱和一台加药泵，该加药装置的作用是向过滤前的原水中加入絮凝剂，利用直流凝聚的作用，使原水中的细小悬浮物产生絮凝，通过过滤器过滤掉，提高过滤器的过滤效果。Theflocculateddosingunitincludeadosingtankandadosingpump.ThisdosinginstallationcanaddthePACintotherawwaterbeforefiltrationandthenmakeuseofthefunctionofdirectflocculationtohavethelittlesuspendofrawwaterflocculate,filtratethembyfilterinordertoimprovetheeffect.（I）加药点Dosingpoint加药点设在多介质过滤器前的管道上。Thedosingpointsetonthepipeinfrontofthemulti-mediumfilter.（II）加药量Dosingquantity32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司加药量以毫克/升（ppm）为单位，即每立方米反渗透进水中需要加入絮凝剂的克数。该絮凝剂的有效成分为高纯聚合铝，可根据需要直接填加，也可稀释后填加。Theunitofdosingisppm,ThePACcanuseoriginalsolutiondirect,orcanusedilution,itseffectivecomponentishigh-purepolymeric-aluminium.（III）加药量的计算Calculatefordosing1）加药箱中药剂配置的浓度：ConfectConcentrationindosingtankη=Qxa1000xρxQ’xX=63m3/hx8mg/l1000x1.1kg/lx16l/hx40%=7%Q：反渗透进水流量ROfeedingfluxa：药剂加入浓度，按8mg/l计算SuggestconcentrationofPAC,accordingto8ppm;ρ：絮凝剂溶液的密度DensityofthePACsolutionQ’:加药泵的出力Maximalcapacityofdosingpump16l/h；X：加药泵的定位刻度，按40%计算Anchorpintscaleofdosingpump,accordingto40%.以上计算出7%是在过滤器运行，预计的加药量为8ppm,加药泵定位在40%的刻度情况下，需要将絮凝剂的标准溶液在加药箱中配成7%的浓度后使用。The7percentoftheabovecalculationvaluecanbereceivedundertherunningoffilter.Thedosingwillbe8ppm,thedosingpumpshouldbeinstalledonthe40%scale,mixtheflocculatedagentsolutioninto7%solutioninthedosingtankandthenputintouse.2）加药箱中加入絮凝剂的标准溶液体积：ThesolutionvolumeoftheinthedosingtankV’=ηxV=8%x500L=40LV:加药箱的容积，本系统配备加药箱为500L。Thevolumeofthedosingtankwhichis500L.五、阻垢剂加药装置Anti-scaledosingunit为防止RO系统的污堵，在预处理部分设有一套阻垢加药装置，主要包括加药箱（容积100L32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司，一台）和加药计量泵（1.6L/h，一台）。阻垢剂采用美国进口AVISTA产品。该阻垢剂是一种聚丙烯酸均聚物，可有效控制包括碳酸钙、硫酸钙、硫酸钡等在内的结垢物质沉淀，延长反渗透膜元件的清洗周期。具体添加要求如下：Thissystemdesignedhaveascaleinhibitor(anti-scale)additionsettingatthepretreatmentsystemtopreventtheattractionofthesupersaturatedsalttothecrystalsurfaces.Itincludesdosingtank(100L)anddosingpump(1.6L/h,oneset).Theanti-scaleadoptAVISTAofU.S.Whicheffectiveincontrollingcarbonatescaling,sulfatescalingandcalciumfluoridescaling,delaythemembrane’scleaningcycle.Particularadditionrequestarelistedbelow:（一）加药点Additionpoint阻垢剂加药点设计在精密过滤器前的管道上，保证加入的药剂在进膜前与水充分相溶。Forensurethescaleinhibitorisplenarydissolvedwithfeedwater,theadditionpointisdesignedinthepipebeforecartridgefilter.（二）加药量Additionquantity加药量以毫克/升（ppm）为单位，即每立方米反渗透进水中需要加入阻垢剂的克数。建议阻垢剂的加药量为3-5ppm，该阻垢剂可根据需要直接填加，也可稀释后填加，但最大稀释浓度建议不低于5%。稀释用水最好选用反渗透的产品水。Theadditionquantityisaccordingtoppm.Thepropositionadditionquantityis3-5ppm.Thescaleinhibitorcanuseoriginalsolutiondirect,orcanusedilution,butthelargestdilutedconcentrationmustbenotbelow5%.ThedilutionwatermustusetheROpermeatewater.（三）加药量的计算Calculationoftheadditionquantity1）加药箱中阻垢剂配置的浓度：ConfectConcentrationindosingtankη=Qxa1000xρxQ’xX=63m3/hx3mg/l1000x1.16kg/lx1.6l/hx50%=20%Q：反渗透进水流量，本系统为63m3/h;FluxofROfeedwater,thisis63m3/h;a：阻垢剂加入浓度，按3mg/l计算；Suggestconcentrationofscaleinhibitor,accordingto3ppm;ρ：阻垢剂溶液的密度；Densityofscaleinhibitor;Q’:加药泵的出力，1.6l/h；Maximalcapacityofdosingpump;X：加药泵的定位刻度，按50%计算。Anchorpintscaleofdosingpump,accordingto50%.以上计算出的20%是指加药量为3ppm,加药泵定位在50%的刻度情况下，需要将阻垢剂的标准溶液在加药箱中配成20%的浓度后使用。Thiscalculationresultindicatethatscaleinhibitorisconfected20%concentrationindosingtankatconcentration3ppmanddosingpumpcapacityat50%.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司2）加药箱中加入阻垢剂的标准溶液体积：VolumeofaddingoriginalscaleinhibitorindosingtankV标=ηxV=20%x100L=20LV:加药箱的容积，本系统配备加药箱为100L。Cubageofdosingtank,thistankis100L.3）一次加药使用天数：UsingdaysofonceaddingscaleinhibitorT=V标x1000Qxaxt=20Lx100063m3/hx3mg/lx16h/天=6.5（天）t：每天运行时间，按16小时计Runningtimeeveryday,accordingto16hoursperday.注意：过量添加或加药量不足均会造成膜污堵。NOTICE:Itwillmakethemembranefoulingifthescaleinhibitorisaddedexcessiveorshort.3.4反渗透装置ROequipment一、系统简介Systemintroduction反渗透装置是本套系统的重要组成部分，该部分包括：高压泵、膜元件及压力容器、相关仪表、清洗系统等。反渗透系统应用在水处理系统达到去除原水中盐分的目的已得到广泛的应用，反渗透系统较传统的水处理设备具有操作简单、自动化程度高、占地面积小、无废液排放等优点。ROequipmentisthemainconstitutepartinthissystem,itconcludes:highpressurepump,membraneelements,pressurevessel,meter,cleaningsystemetc.ROsystemhasbeengettedextensiveapplicationatwatertreatmentsystemtodesalt.ROsystemhasalotofexcellences:operationsimple,excellentautomaticlevel,smallerusedground,withoutwasteliquiddraining.本系统设计反渗透系统为一套47m3/h一级系统和一套23m3/h的二级系统。Thissystemhasasetof47m3/hROequipmentandasetof23m3/hROequipment(thesecondpass).一级系统包括一台进口高压泵、8根6芯装的压力容器，每根压力容器内装反渗透膜元件6只，共设计膜元件48只。8只压力容器采用5:3的两段式排列，设计产水量为47m3/h（在标准设计温度20℃条件下），设计回收率为75%。ThefirstpassROsystemhasaimporthighpressurepumpand8setspressurevesselsof6meterslong,everypressurevesselhas6ROmembranes,totaluse48membranesinthissystem.8pressurevesselsisarrayedtwostagesof5:3,designedpermeateis47m3/h(atstandardtemperature20℃),systemrecoveryis75%.二级反渗透系统包括一台提升泵、一套PH调节加药装置、一台高压泵、4根6芯装压力容器，共装反渗透膜元件24只。设计产水量为23m3/h（在标准设计温度20℃条件下），设计回收率为85%。32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司ThesecondpassROsystemhasasupplypump,asetPHadjustequipment,ahighpressurepump,4setpressurevesselof6meterslong,totaluse24ROmembranes.Designedpermeateis23m3/h(atstandardtemperature20℃),systemrecoveryis85%.注：因二级的排放水水质较好，因此为了提高二级的水利用率，考虑了二级浓水的循环管道。NOTE:ThewaterqualityoftheconcentratewaterofROsecondpasssystemisverywell,sodesignedacirclepipeofthesecondconcentratetoincreasethesecondsystemrecovery.两套装置的压力容器置于一个组架内，减少了占地面积，同时方便操作。Twoequipmentsputonashelf,soreducetheusefulareaandoperateconvenient.该套装置设有在线清洗装置，包括清洗箱和清洗泵，与反渗透系统采用硬管连接，可方便系统的操作。Thissystemhasacleaningequipment,includecleaningtankandcleaningpump,andusestainlesssteelpipeconnectionwiththefirstandthesecondpassROsystem.本系统采用的膜元件为美国DOW公司进口的BW30-365膜元件，其性能参数附后。ThemembraneofthissystemisBW30-365ofDOW-USA,itscapabilitydateasaddendum.二、RO进水的水质控制要求Qualityrequestoffeedwater项目project单位unit数值data备注remark水温watertemperature.℃5-40本系统设计温度为20℃Designtemperature20℃pH6.0-7.5指长期稳定的状态Steadyestateoflongtime余氯freechlorinppm»0SDI（15分钟）≤4COD（Mn法）Mg/L≤3铁Fe2+Mg/L≤0.05三、两套系统相关参数控制指标Controlparameteroftwosystem一级系统（47m3/h）Firstpasssystem数值data二级系统（23m3/h）secondpasssystem数值data设计水温designtemperature20℃设计水温designtemperature20℃32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司产品水流量permeateflux47m3/h产品水流量permeateflux23m3/h进水流量concentrateflux63m3/h浓水流量concentrateflux4m3/h回收率%recovery75%回收率recovery>85%脱盐率reject>97%产品水电导率conductance<5us/cm产水PH值PHofproductwater6.0-7.0四、反渗透系统操作ROSystemOperation反渗透系统长期性能的稳定关键决定于正常的操作与维护，包括系统的开机、停机等。膜元件的污堵的预防也与适当的操作有着密切的关系，不恰当的操作程序势必导致膜元件的快速污堵。因此，操作人员应详细阅读以下系统操作程序，并严格遵照执行。Successfullong-termperformanceoftheROsystemdependsonproperoperationandmaintenanceofthesystem.Thisincludestheinitialplantstart-upandoperationalstart-upsandshut-downs.Preventingfoulingorscalingofthemembranesisamatterofproperoperation.Improperoperationshouldmakethemembranesfouledquickly.So,theoperatormustseriouslyreadandoperatethesystemoperationprocess.另外，为了及时了解整套系统的真实运行情况，需要运行人员认真完整的记录运行数据，运行记录表标准格式附后。本系统中设有计算机系统，主要的控制数据均可在计算机中记录并打印出来。Otherwise,Theoperatormustcompleteandaccuraterecordtheoperatedatainordertoknowtheactualplantperformance.Thedatatablereadappendix.Thissystemhasacomputer,theprimaryoperatedatashouldberecordedandprintedbycomputer.（一）开机前准备InitialStart-Up在膜元件安装完毕后，准备开机前，必须确定整个前处理系统按照规范运行。并确定活性炭过滤器的出水SDI值满足反渗透的进水要求。AfterhavingloadingtheelementsintothepressurevesselsandbeforestartinguptheROunit,makesurethatthewholepretreatmentsectionisworkinginaccordancewiththespecifications.AndensuretheSDIofcarbonfilter’sdischargewaterachievedtheROmembranerequest.另外，为了解膜元件的真实运行情况，保证系统在开机时的各项指标稳定，需检测反渗透进水的以下指标，并将结果作为原始数据保存。Otherwise,therawwaterintakemustbestablewithrespectto:32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司•原水温度temperature••••酸碱度PH•原水电导Conductivity•SDI值开机前检查事项Pre-Start-UpChecklist:1）检查系统管道连接正确，试压无泄露；Checktheconnectionofsystempipesisrightandhasnotleak.2）管道试压工作完毕；Allpipingpressuretestiscompleted.3）多介质过滤器及活性炭过滤器已冲洗待用；Mediafilterandcarbonfilterarebackwashedandrised.4）精密过滤器装上新的滤芯；Newcartridgefilterisinstalled.5）阻垢剂等化学药品按要求配备待用；Scaleinhibitorchemicalisconfected.6）泵已润滑并经点动检查旋转方向正确；Pumpsarereadyforoperation(lubricated,properrotation).7）检查电控及各仪表正确无误；Checkthecontrolsandinstrumentationareinstalledcorrectly.8）渗透液排放阀和浓水排放阀全部打开；Permeatedrainvalveandconcentrateddrainvalveareinopenposition.I．一级反渗透系统TheFirstROSystem1．开机步骤：（手动操作）Start-UpSequence:(manualoperation)1）打开RO浓水排放阀VD15、VD16和产品水排放阀VD18OpentheconcentratedrainvalveVD15&VD16andpermeatewaterdrainvalveVD18.2)打开高压泵进出水阀VD11、VD12、VD13、V3；（清洗阀门处于关闭状态：VD14、VD17、VD19）OpenthevalveVD11,VD12,VD13,V3.(thecleaningvalveisshutoff:VD14,VD17,VD19)32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司3)开启原水泵，调节高压泵出口的球阀，使RO入口保持0.2-0.4MPa的压力，低压冲洗反渗透系统15分钟；（同时排气）Starttherawwaterpump,adjusttheballvalveofdischargeforthehighpressurepump,Flushthesystemfor15minutesataguagepressureof0.2-0.4Mpatoflushtheairoutoftheelementsandpressurevessels.(atthesametimeexhaust)4)启动高压泵，慢慢打开高压泵出口阀VD13，使反渗透入口压力慢慢上升,升压速率必须低于0.07Mpa/秒；Startthehigh-pressurepump,slowlyopenthefeedpressurecontrolvalveVD13,Thefeedpressureincreasetotheelementsshouldbelessthan0.07Mpapersecond.5)缓慢关闭浓水排放压力控制阀VD15，直至产品水流量和浓水流量接近设计值（设计浓水排放量为16m3/h，产品水流量为47m3/h，回收率为75%）。实际操作时需要不断调节高压泵出口阀VD13和浓水排放压力控制阀VD15。检查系统压力以确保不超过设计上限；SlowlyclosetheconcentratecontrolvalveVD15,increasingthefeedpressureandfeedflowratetothemembraneelementsuntilthedesignconcentrateflowisreached(designtheconcentrateflowis16m3/h,permeateflowis47m3/h,systemrecoveryis75%).ContinuallyadjustVD13andVD15.Checkthesystempressuretoensurethatitdoesnotexceedtheupperdesignlimit.6)絮凝剂和阻垢剂加药计量泵应在系统启动后及时打开,并与高压泵连锁，同时应检查加药泵运行是否正常；ThePACandanti-scalepumpsshouldbestartafterthesystemstartandinterlockitwiththehighpressurepump.Checkthedosingpumpoperation.7)让系统运行一小时，记录第一组所有的运行参数。比较设计值与系统性能值的差别；Allowthesystemtorunforonehour,takethefirstreadingofalloperatingparameters.Comparesystemperformancetodesignvalues.8)关闭纯水排放阀VD18，系统投入正常运行，即可向纯水箱中送入产品水；SwitchoffthepermeatedrainvalveVD18tothenormaloperatingposition,permeatewaterisputtedintothepermeatewatertank.9)在系统运行24-48小时后，查看所有的工厂性能数据，包括进水压力、压差、温度、流量、回收率及电导率等，同时对进水、浓水和总系统产品水取样并分析其组成；After24-48hoursofoperation,readallplantperformancedatasuchasfeedpressure,differentialpressure,temperature,flows,recoveryandconductivityreadings.Atthesametimedrawsamplesoffeedwater,concentrateandcombinedsystempermeateandanalyzesampleconstituents.10)将系统设定为自动操作。Lockthesystemintoautomaticoperation.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司11)将步骤7和9获得的初始性能资料作为今后评估将来系统的性能参考，在系统投入正常运行后，应定期记录系统的运行参数，及时发现问题和解决问题。Usetheinitialsystemperformanceinformationobtainedinsteps“7”and“9”asareferenceforevaluatingfuturesystemperformance.Measuresystemperformanceregularlyduringthetimeofoperationtoensureproperperformancetofindproblemandresolveittimely.注：系统运行中应保证絮凝剂和阻垢剂加药箱中有足够的药液。NOTE:ThePACandanti-scaledosingtankshouldbehaveenoughchemicalwhenthesystemoperate.2．关机步骤：（手动操作）ShutdownSequence(manualopetation)1）接到关机指令后，首先打开RO纯水排放阀VD18和浓水排放阀VD15；WhentheROmembranesystemisshutdown,openthepermeatedrainvalveVD18andconcentratecontrolvalveVD15slowly.2）使RO系统低压冲洗15分钟以上，以便冲出反渗透膜元件浓水侧的浓盐水，防止结垢发生；Thesystemmustbeflushedwithfeedwaterforexceed5minutes,toremovethehighsaltconcentrationfromthemodulesuntilconcentrateconductivitymatchesfeedwaterconductivitythatcanpreventscale.Flushingisdoneatlowpressure.3）关闭高压泵；Switchoffthehighpressurepump.4）关闭浓水排放阀VD15、产品水排放阀VD18、高压泵出口阀VD13、V3，系统停止运行。此时原水泵应相应停运。SwitchofftheconcentratedrainvalveVD15andpermeatedrainvalveVD18andfeedpressurecontrolvalveVD13，V3,thesystemisshutdown.Atthesametimetherawwaterpumpmustbeshutdown.注：加药泵与高压泵连锁，高压泵停运时加药泵亦应停止运行。NOTE:Thedosingpumpinterlockwiththehighpressurepump,Thedosingpumpshouldbeshutdownwhenthehighpressurepumpshutdown.自动开机和关机：在高压泵出口球阀和浓水排放手动球阀均设定好后，将系统置于“自动”状态，此时，系统与一级纯水箱的液位连锁，实现自动启动和停止。Automaticstart-upandshutdown:Thesystemstart-upandshutdownwillbelockedwiththeliquidlevelofDIwatertankIwhenthehighpressurepumpdischargevalveVD3andconcentratevalveVD15beadjustedatthenormaloperatingposition,andthesystembeat“automatic”.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司II．二级反渗透系统TheSecondROSystem1．开机步骤：Start-UpSequence1）打开二级RO浓水排放阀VD36、VD39和产品水排放阀VD41；OpentheconcentratewatervalveVD36&VD39andpermeatewaterdrainvalveVD41ofthesecondpasssystem.2）打开二级高压泵出水阀VD34和供水泵进出口阀；OpenthedischargevalvesVD34ofthesecondhighpressurepump,andtheinletvalveandoutletvalveofthefeedpump.3）开启二级供水泵，调节高压泵出口的球阀，使RO入口保持0.2-0.4MPa的压力，低压冲洗反渗透系统15分钟；（同时排气）Startthefeedpump,adjusttheballvalveofdischargeforthehighpressurepump,Flushthesystemfor15minutesataguagepressureof0.2-0.4Mpatoflushtheairoutoftheelementsandpressurevessels.(atthesametimeexhaust)4）启动高压泵，慢慢打开高压泵出口阀VD34，使反渗透入口压力慢慢上升,升压速率必须低于0.07Mpa/秒；Startthehigh-pressurepump,slowlyopenthefeedpressurecontrolvalveVD34,Thefeedpressureincreasetotheelementsshouldbelessthan0.07Mpapersecond.5）缓慢关闭浓水排放压力控制阀VD36，直至产品水流量和浓水流量接近设计值（设计浓水排放量为4m3/h，产品水流量为23m3/h）。实际操作时需要不断调节高压泵出口阀VD34和浓水排放压力控制阀VD36。检查系统压力以确保不超过设计上限；SlowlyclosetheconcentratecontrolvalveVD36,increasingthefeedpressureandfeedflowratetothemembraneelementsuntilthedesignconcentrateflowisreached(designtheconcentrateflowis4m3/h,permeateflowis23m3/h).ContinuallyadjustVD34andVD36.Continuetocheckthesystempressuretoensurethatitdoesnotexceedtheupperdesignlimit.6)当系统稳定后，慢慢打开回流阀门VD38，关闭浓水排放阀VD39,使浓水回流到原水箱，提高二级系统的利用率。SlowlyopenthebackwatervalveVD38andclosethedrainvalveVD39whenthesystemrunsstably,maketheconcentratewaterreturntotheinletofrawwatertanktoincreasetherecoveryofthesecondpasssystem.7)让系统运行一小时，记录第一组所有的运行参数。比较设计值与系统性能值的差别；Allowthesystemtorunforonehour,takethefirstreadingofalloperatingparameters.Comparesystemperformancetodesignvalues.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司8)关闭纯水排放阀VD41，系统投入正常运行，即可向纯水箱中送入产品水；ClosethepermeatedrainvalveVD41,permeatewaterisputtedintothepermeatewatertank.9）将系统设定为自动操作。Lockthesystemintoautomaticoperation.10）将步骤7获得的初始性能资料作为今后评估将来系统的性能参考，在系统投入正常运行后，应定期记录系统的运行参数，及时发现问题和解决问题。Usetheinitialsystemperformanceinformationobtainedinsteps“7”asareferenceforevaluatingfuturesystemperformance.Measuresystemperformanceregularlyduringthetimeofoperationtoensureproperperformancetofindproblemandresolveittimely.注：系统中设有碱加药装置，可根据现场实际情况投运。NOTE:Thesystemhasaaddingalkaliequipment,whetherusedlieonlocalrequired.2．关机步骤：ShutdownSequence1）接到关机指令后，首先打开二级RO纯水排放阀VD41和浓水排放阀VD36；WhentheROmembranesystemisshutdown,openthepermeatedrainvalveVD41andconcentratecontrolvalveVD36slowly;2）使RO系统低压冲洗5分钟以上，以便冲出反渗透膜元件浓水侧的浓盐水，防止结垢发生；Thesystemmustbeflushedwithfeedwaterforexceed5minutes,toremovethehighsaltconcentrationfromthemodulesuntilconcentrateconductivitymatchesfeedwaterconductivitythatcanpreventscale.Flushingisdoneatlowpressure.3)关闭高压泵；Switchoffthehighpressurepump;4)关闭浓水排放阀VD36、产品水排放阀VD41、高压泵出口阀VD34，系统停止运行。此时原水泵应相应停运。SwitchofftheconcentratedrainvalveVD36andpermeatedrainvalveVD41andfeedpressurecontrolvalveVD34,thesystemisshutdown.Atthesametimethefeedpumpmustbeshutdown.注：碱加药泵与二级高压泵连锁，二级高压泵停运时加药泵亦应停止运行。NOTE:TheNaOHdosingpumpinterlockwiththesecondpasshighpressurepump,Thedosingpumpshouldbeshutdownwhenthehighpressurepumpshutdown.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司4.0系统维护ROSystemMaintenance反渗透系统的操作和维护相对比较简单，但是操作和维护好坏直接影响到系统的运行效果及膜元件的使用寿命。因此，进行日常记录和保护性维护是非常重要的。阅读泵和电机的手册中所推荐的维护是非常重要的。系统开车数据表中包括了反渗透系统操作的一些相关影响因素。这些记录是非常宝贵的，可用于诊断设备性能，并作为设备保证的参考。便携式电导仪、余氯测试仪、硬度测试仪和PH值测试仪可用于获得操作数据，建议现场配备。有一些保护性维护步骤必须定期完成。Successfullong-termperformanceoftheROsystemdependsonproperoperationandmaintenanceofthesystem.Thisincludestheinitialplantstart-upandoperationalstart-upsandshut-downs.Preventingfoulingorscalingofthemembranesisnotonlyamatterofsystemdesign,butalsoamatterofproperoperation.Recordkeepinganddatanormalizationisrequiredinordertoknowtheactualplantperformanceandtoenablecorrectivemeasureswhennecessary.Completeandaccuraterecordsarealsorequiredincaseofasystemperformancewarrantyclaim.Itisimportanttodetailedreadaboutrecommendatorysystemmaintenanceofthisoperationmanual.Somemeterssuggestedtopreparedforequipmentrunning:handyconductivitymeter,activechlorinemeter,sclerometerandPHmeteretc.一、前处理设备的维护Pretreatmentunitmaintenance前处理包括砂滤器，碳滤器，保安过滤器等设备。前处理设备的正常运行是RO系统正常运行的主要保障，具体维护及操作步骤见第三章。Pretreatmentincludesoftencell,carbonfiltratedcellandsafetyfilterandsoon.ThenormalrunningofthepretreatmentequipmentistheimportantguaranteeforthenormalrunningoftheROsystem.Thedetailmaintenanceandoperationwillbefoundinuponrequest.二、反渗透装置维护ROunitmaintenance1．冲洗：在每次停机前和开机前，应进行低压冲洗。Flushing:TheROsystemmustbelowpressureflushbeforetheplantstartonandshutdown.2．短期停运维护：系统停运时间不超过72小时的情况下,应每天启动一次反渗透系统，运行30分钟后停止，以防止元件失水或生长微生物。Maintenanceofshorttimeshutdown:Whenthesystemhastobeshutdownfornotextendedperiodsoftimelongerthan48hours,itmustbestartandrunningatleast30minuteseverydaytopreventedthemembranesdryoutormicrobiologicalgrowth3．长期停运维护：Shutdownalongtimemaintenance系统停运时间超过72小时，必须采用化学药剂保存。Whenthesystemhastobeshutdownforextendedperiodsoftimelongerthan72hours,takecarethat:Mustbe32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司preservedwithchemicals.系统在保存前应进行依次化学清洗，当已知膜元件存在污染时，这一点特别重要。典型的清洗顺序如下：ItwillbenecessaryinalmostallcasestoperformacleaningoftheROmembranespriortoshutdownandpreservation.Thisappliestocaseswhenthemembranesareknownorassumedtohaveacertainfouling.Atypicalsequenceforthecleaningcanbeasfollows:用PH=11的碱溶液温和清洗系统2小时，然后杀菌并进行短时间的酸洗。如果系统在操作时原水没有结垢和金属氧化物成分，可以不用酸洗。PerformasoftalkalinecleaningatPH=11for2hours,disinfectandperformashortacidcleaning.(Incasetheplanthasbeenoperatedwithafeedfreeofscaleandmetalhydroxides,theacidcleaningcanbeomitted.清洗和杀菌后，按如下步骤在10小时内进行保存：Aftercleaninganddisinfection,thepreservationshouldfollowwithinthenext10hoursasfollows:1)排放压力容器内的空气，将元件完全浸泡在1-1.5%亚硫酸氢钠饱和溶液中；Preservationoftheplantusing“totalimmersion”ofelementsintoasolutionof1to1.5%ofsodiummetabisulfite,ventingtheairoutsideofthepressurevessels.2)通过关闭所有阀门使保护液隔绝空气，与空气接触将氧化亚硫酸氢钠；Separatethepreservationsolutionfromtheairoutsidebyclosingallvalves.AnycontactwithoxygenwilloxidizetheSMBS.3)每周检察一次PH值，当PH值变成或低于3时，更换保护液；CheckthePHonceaweek.WhenthePHbecomes3orlower,changethepreservationsolution.4)至少每月更换一次保护液。Changethepreservationsolutionatleastonceamonth.在停机期间，工厂必须置于不结冰状态，温度不得超过45℃。Duringtheshutdownperiod,theplantmustbekeptfrost-free,andthetemperaturemustnotexceed45℃.三、反渗透膜的维护ROmembrane’smaintenance原水中的杂质,诸如金属氧化物的水合物、钙的沉淀物、有机物以及微生物等，很容易在RO膜的表面形成结垢和污堵,使RO膜堵塞。ThesurfaceofROmembraneissubjecttofoulingbyforeignmaterialswhichmaybepresentinthefeedwatersuchashydratesofmetaloxides,calciumprecipitates,organicsandbiologicalmatter.RO系统前的原水预处理主要是为了除去产生膜污堵的物质，但是，预处理设备会由于操作和其他原因，不能完全控制有害物质。因此，膜元件的定期化学清洗是必不可少的。ThepretreatmentofthefeedwaterpriortotheROprocessisbasicallydesignedtoreducecontaminationofthe32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司membranesurfacesasmuchaspossible.Occasionally,foulingofthemembranesurfacesiscausedby1)inadequatepretreatmentsystem,2)pretreatmentupsetconditions,3)improperoperationcontrol,4)slowbuild-upofprecipitatesoverextendedperiods(barium,silica),5)changeinfeedwatercomposition,6)biologicalcontaminationoffeedwater.Somembrane’stermlycleaningisnecessary.一套具有完善操作，配有得当的前处理的反渗透系统并不需要经常的清洗。当前处理运转不正常或供水失调时，才会导致系统频繁的要求清洗。以下推荐的是系统清洗应遵循的步骤。ROsystemshouldnottobecleanedfrequently.Whenthepretreatmentsystemisinadequateorfeedwaterismaladjusted,thesystemrequiredcleaningfrequently.Thefollowisthecleaningprocedure.1．清洗条件:Cleaningrequirements当出现以下一种或几种现象时，即说明反渗透系统有结垢和堵塞发生，此时，应考虑化学清洗。Elementsshouldbecleanedwhenever:1）正常条件下，产水量下降10%-15%;Thenormalizedpermeateflowdropsby10-15percent;2）温度校正后给水压力提高10%-15%;Thepressureoffeedwaterincreasesby10-15percentafterrevisedtemperature;3）产品水质量下降10%-15%，既盐透过率增加10%-15%;Thenormalizedsaltcontentoftheproductwaterincreasesby10-15%;4）系统压差升高10%-15%.Thedifferentialpressure(feedpressure-concentratepressure)increasesby10-15%fromthereferenceconditions.1．膜元件清洗前的准备Preparativebeforecleaning1)判定膜表面的阻塞物的性质，可通过检查膜元件进水端的沉积物或保安过滤器滤芯上的沉积物等判断；Determinedthetypeoffoulingonthemembranesurface,byanalyzethefeedendscrolloftheelementorthedepositsonthecartridgefilteretc.2)选择适当的清洗药剂，可参照膜厂家提供的资料；Chooseadequatecleaningchemicals,shouldreferenceinformationofmembranemanufacturerprovided.3)清洗膜元件时,不得超过下列的温度和PH值范围。Duringcleaning,shouldnotexceedthebellowrangeoftemperatureandPHvalue.TFC膜PH值范围:PH2－11最高操作温度:40℃。PHrangeofTFCmembrane:PH2-11,maximaltemperature:40℃.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司1)清洗膜元件最好使用反渗透的产品水。在系统恢复正常操作压力和流量之前应采用低压和低流量水将残余清洗液从膜中去除。清洗前不必拆去进口或渗透液出口探头。Preferably,reverseosmosispermeateshouldbeusedforthecleaningsolutions.Ascleaningchemicalswillbepresentonthepermeatesideaftercleaning,thepermeatemustbedischargedtodrainforatlest10minutes(oruntiltherequiredpermeatequalityisobtained)whenstartingupaftercleaning.Thesensoroffeedwaterandpermeatewatershouldnotbetakendownbeforecleaning.3.膜元件清洗步骤Cleaningprocedure1）配制和混合适当的清洗溶液(用RO产品水或除盐水配置药液)，并检查溶液的PH值。在进入RO前，保证所有的药品溶解并混合均匀，溶液为透明无色；Prepareandmixtheappropriatecleaningsolution(useROpermeatewaterofDIwater),andcheckPHofthesolution.Ensurethatallchemicalsaredissolvedandwell-mixedbeforecirculatingthesolutiontotheelements.Anycleaningsolutionmustbeclear.2）利用清洗泵将清洗液低压打入待清洗的压力容器中，取代原有的处理水。泵压力应低到无渗透液流出，此时应将浓水排放，避免回到清洗箱冲淡药液；Pumpcleaningsolutiontothevesselatconditionsoflowflowrateandlowpressuretodisplacetheprocesswater.Thepressureshouldbelowenoughthatessentiallynopermeateisproduced.Dumptheconcentrate,asnecessarytopreventdilutionofthecleaningsolution.3）当压力容器中充满清洗液后，将浓缩液排放门关闭，将浓缩液再循环回清洗箱。观察碱性溶液或清洗后溶液的浊度，如清洗液变色或变的较浑浊，则重新准备清洗溶液再开始。如用酸清洗时，要检查PH值，当PH增高0.5单位时，应再加酸；Aftertheprocesswaterisdisplaced,cleaningsolutionwillbepresentintheconcentratestream.Thenclosetheconcentratevalveandrecycletheconcentratetothecleaningsolutiontank.Observetheturbidityofalkalineordetergentsolutionstojudgeefficiency.Ifthecleaningsolutioncolorsorbecomesturbid,restartwithafreshlypreparescleaningsolution.CheckthePHduringacidcleaning.Theacidisconsumedwhenitdissolvesinorganicprecipitates.SoifthepHincreasesmorethan0.5pHunits,addmoreacid.4）浸泡：关闭清洗泵，让清洗液保留在容器中，浸泡。时间可根据污垢的情况确定，有时需要1到几个小时；Soak:Turnthepumpoffandallowtheelementstosoak.Sometimesasoakperiodofabout1hourissufficient.Fordifficultfoulinganextendedsoakperiodisbeneficial,soaktheelementsovernightfor10-15hours.5）高流量循环：开启清洗泵，以表中所示的流速循环运行约30-60分钟（见表1）然后排掉清洗箱中的清洗液，建议比较清洗前后的溶液情况，以确定清洗效果；Highflowpumping:Openthecleaningpump,feedthecleaningsolutionattheratesshownintable1for30-60minutes.Drainthespentcleaningsolutionoutofthesystem.Recommendation:Takeasampleofthespentandofthefreshcleaningsolution.Fromtheresultsofachemicalanalysis,youcandeterminetheamountofsubstancesremovedfromthemembraneelements.32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司1）冲洗：用纯水或过滤后的水冲洗系统，将残余的清洗溶液冲洗干净；Flushout:ROpermeateorgoodqualityeaterisusedforflushingouttheresidualcleaningsolution.2）重新启动系统时，应将渗透液排放至少10分钟，防止渗透液方积存有清洗液，影响RO系统的出水品质。Rinseout:TheROplantisstartedupagainresumingnormaloperatingconditions,ascleaningchemicalswillbepresentonthepermeatesideaftercleaning,thepermeatemustbedischargedtodrainforatleast10minuteswhenstartingupaftercleaning.注意：NOTICES1)充足的时间是确保有效清洗的条件。严重阻塞的膜元件要求预先浸泡和更长的循环清洗时间。Enoughtimeistheconditionofeffectivecleaning.Iftheelementsareheavilyfouled,prolongthesoakandrecycletime.2)清洗系统前，应先检查保安过滤器中的滤芯，最好更换新的滤芯后再进行清洗，以免旧的滤芯中的杂质在清洗过程中溶解到清洗液中，污染膜元件。Beforecleaningsystem,thecartridgefiltershouldbecheck.Thenewfiltershadbettertobereplaced,preventedtheimpurityintheoldfiltersdissolveinthecleaningsolutionsandfoultheelements.3)排放前须对残余化学品进行中和处理。清洗前应查阅污水排放和化学处理水排放的地方要求。Remnantchemicalmustbetreatedbeforedrain.Refertothelocalstandardrequestofsewagewaterandchemicaltreatmentwater.表1TABLE1:＊清洗压力cleaningpressure元件直径elementdiameter每支压力容器的流量值FeedflowrateperPV(bar)(in)(gpm)(m3/hr)1.5-4.048-101.8-2.31.5-4.0830-406.0-9.1*取决于压力容器内元件数量:Restwiththequantityofelementsperpressurevessel.*清洗流程示意图(见附件)Cleaningflowchartrefertoadjunct.附1：清洗液配方Adjunct1:Simplecleaningsolutions配方Method成分Chemical配置100加仑(379升)溶液时的加入量Additionprepare100galsolutionpH调节pHadjust1柠檬酸citricacid17.0磅(7.7公斤)用氨水调节至3.032 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司反渗透产品水(无游离氯)ROpermeatewater17.0poundAdjustPhto3.0usedammonia2三聚磷酸钠SodiumTriphosphateEDTA四钠盐Aceticacid(Na4EDTA)反渗透产品水(无游离氯)ROpermeatewater17.0磅(7.7公斤)17.0pound7磅(3.18公斤)7.0pound用硫酸调节至10.0AdjustPhto10.0usedsulfate3三聚磷酸钠SodiumTriphosphate十二烷基笨磺酸钠sodiumdodecylsulfate反渗透产品水(无游离氯)ROpermeatewater17.0磅(7.7公斤)17.0pound7磅(3.18公斤)7.0pound用硫酸调节至10.0AdjustPhto10.0usedsulfate附2：反渗透膜污染的特征及处理方法ROmembranefoulingcharacterandcleaningmethod污染物Fouling一般特征Character处理方法Cleaningmethod钙类沉积物(碳酸钙及磷酸钙类,一般发生于系统第二段)Inorganicsalts(CaCO3,CaSO4,BaSO4)脱盐率明显下降系统压力增加系统产水量稍降Rejectiondecreaseanddifferentpressureincrease,flushhavealittledrop用配方1清洗系统Usedscheme1cleaningsystem氧化物(铁、镍、铜等)Metaloxides(Iron,Nickel,Copper)脱盐率明显下降系统压降明显升高系统产水量明显降低Rejectiondecreaseclearly,differentpressureincreaseclearly,flushdropclearly.用配方1清洗系统Usedscheme1cleaningsystem各种胶体（铁、有机物及硅胶）silica脱盐率稍有降低系统压降逐渐上升系统产水量逐渐减少Rejectionhasalittledrop,differentpressureisgraduallyrise,flushgraduallydecrease.用配方2清洗系统Usedscheme2cleaningsystem硫酸钙（一般发生于系统第二段）CalciumSulphate脱盐率明显下降系统压降稍有或适度增加系统产水量稍有降低Rejectiondropclearly,Differentpressureincreaselittle,flushdroplittle.用配方2清洗系统污染严重用配方3清洗Usedscheme2cleaningsystem,Heavyfoulingusedscheme3有机物沉淀Bio-films脱盐率可能降低系统压力逐渐升高系统产水量逐渐降低Rejectionmaydrop,pressureincreasegradually,flushdropgradually.用配方2清洗系统污染严重时用配方3清洗Usedscheme2cleaningsystem,Heavyfoulingusedscheme3细菌污染Organics脱盐率可能降低系统压降明显增加系统产水量明显降低依据可能的种类选择三种配方中的一种清洗系统32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司5.0故障分析TroubleAnalysis反渗透系统中最常见的问题是脱盐率和渗透液流量的损失，若两者或其中之一慢慢地降低，可能是污堵或水垢产生的正常现象，这些可通过定期的清洗来处理。而快速或立即的性能下降，则表示系统有问题或操作不当。任何一种情况，都需要尽早处理，因为任何的延迟处理都会减少恢复原有性能的机会—除了其它原因造成的太低的渗透压流量或太高的渗透液TDS。Lossofsaltrejectionandlossofpermeateflowarethemostcommonproblemsencounteredinreverseosmosis.Ifthesaltrejectionand/orthepermeateflowdecreasesslowly,thismayindicateanormalfouling/scalingwhichcanbehandledbyproperandregularcleaning.Aratherfastoranimmediateperformancedeclineindicatesadefectormisoperationoftheplant.Inanycase,itisessentialthatthepropercorrectivemeasureistakenasearlyaspossible,becauseanydelaydecreasesthechanceofrestoringtheplantperformance—apartfromotherproblemsthatmightbecreatedbyanexcessivelylowpermeateflowand/ortoohighpermeateTDS.反渗透系统故障排除指南渗透液流量盐透过率压差直接原因间接原因解决方法↑→氧化伤害自由氯、臭氧、KmnO4更换元件↑→膜渗漏渗透液背压更换元件膜面磨损改善前处理过滤↑→O形圈泄漏不正确的安装更换O形圈↑→产品水管泄漏元件装置时损坏更换元件↑↑水垢产生水垢控制不够清洗，水垢控制↑↑胶体污垢前处理不够清洗，改善前处理↓→生物污垢原水遭污染清洗消毒前处理不够改善前处理→→有机污垢油，阳电性聚电解质清洗改善前处理↓→压紧水锤更换元件32 反渗透系统操作维护培训资料海得科膜分离技术(北京)有限公司Table1:Symptoms,CausesandCorrectiveMeasuresPermeateFlowSaltPassageDifferentPressureDirectCauseIndirectCauseCorrectiveMeasure↑→OxidationDamageFreeChlorine,Ozone,KmnO4ReplaceElement↑→MembraneLeakPermeateBackPressureReplaceElementAbrasionImproveCartridgeFiltration↑→O-RingLeakImproperInstallationReplaceO-Ring↑→LeakingProductTubeDamagedDuringElementLoadingReplaceElement↑↑ScalingInsufficientScaleControlCleaning,Scalecontrol↑↑ColloidalfoulingInsufficientPretreatmentCleaning,ImprovePretreatment↓→Bio-foulingContaminatedRawWaterCleaning,DisinfectionInsufficientPretreatmentImprovePretreatment→→OrganicfoulingOilCationicPolyelectrolytesCleaning,ImprovePretreatment↓→CompactionWaterHammerReplaceElementorAddElements↑increasing↓decreasing→notchangingmainsymptom32'