GBT12329-1990岩溶地质术语.pdf 19页

'中华人民共和国国家标准GB12329一90岩溶地质术语Karstgeologyterminology一I主题内容与适用范围本标准确定了岩溶地质学的各个领域中基本术语的定义。不包括地质学其它学科的一些术语，例如：矿物学、岩石学、构造地质学、水文地质及工程地质学。本标准共168条术语，分成六部分，即纂本概念、岩溶类型、岩溶形态、岩溶水文地质、岩溶堆积物以及岩溶物理地质现象。本标准适用于岩溶地质的理论和勘探工作。2基本概念2.1岩溶karst是水对可溶性岩石（碳酸盐岩、硫酸盐岩、卤素岩等）进行以化学溶蚀作用为特征，并包括水的机械侵蚀和崩塌作用，以及物质的携出，转移和再沉积的综合地质作用，以．及由此所产生的现象的统称。2.2喀斯特karst岩溶的同义语2.3假岩溶pseudokarst主要由非化学溶蚀作用产生的在形态上类似岩洛的现象，统称为假岩济2.4岩溶学karstology研究岩溶现象及其形成过程和岩溶的改造利用的学科。是地质学和地理学之间的边缘学科2.5岩溶作用karstprocess水对可溶性岩石进行以化学溶蚀作用为主要特征，包括水的机械侵蚀和崩塌作用，以及物质的携出，转移和再沉积的综合地质作用。2.6岩溶现象karstphenomena在岩溶作用下所产生的各种地表和地下的现象。2.7溶蚀corrosion水对可溶性岩石的化学侵蚀作用。2.8混合溶蚀mixturecorrosion两种以＿h碳酸钙浓度不同的或温度不同的饱和溶液混合时，破坏r原有的一动态平衡，因而产生或加强对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀。这种作用称混合溶蚀。2.9热水溶蚀geothermalwatercorrosion地下热水对可溶岩的溶蚀作用。2.10矿物饱和指数mineralsaturationindices表示溶液对某种矿物的溶解能力的热力学指标，以某种矿物在溶液中的离子的活度积与其平衡常数之比的对数值来表示。2.11岩溶化karstification一可溶岩地区造成各种地表及地下岩溶现象的发生及演化并产生地下排水网的综合作用过程。国家技术监督局1990一04一19批准1991-05一01实施 GB12329一902.12岩溶率rateofkarstification在一定范围内岩溶空间的规模和密度的定童指标，可分为：点岩溶率单位面积内岩溶空间形态的个数。b．线岩溶率单位长度上岩溶空间形态长度之百分比。而岩溶率单位面积上岩溶空间形态面积的百分比。d．体岩溶率孔洞体积占测量叮溶岩体积之百分比。钻孔岩溶能见率在一定深度或层位的条件下，揭露到孔洞的钻孔占勘探钻孔总数之百分比。2.13岩溶的不均匀性heterogeneityofkarst在岩溶化岩体中，各种岩溶形态在空间分布上的差异性。由于岩溶形态分布，规模和组合情况不同，岩溶的不均匀性存在程度差别。2.14岩溶充填率rateofkarstfilling充填物体积与岩溶空间形态体积之百分比，分为：全充填，半充填，少量充填。2.15岩溶地貌学karstgeomorphology研究岩溶地貌的特征及其发生，发展和分布规律以及有关的改造，利用，预测问题的学科。2.161同穴学spelcology研究人，叮进入的洞穴的科学。研究的内容主要有：洞穴地貌和地质，洞穴物理，化学和水文现象，洞穴生物，洞穴古生物和考古，洞穴文化艺术，洞穴的勘测技术，洞穴制图与摄影及洞穴生态环境与保护等。2.17岩溶旋回cycleofkarstdevelopment岩溶地貌的发育，有一定的顺序阶段，经幼年期、壮年期、到老年期，完成一个发展序列，为岩溶旋｝a(、．2.18岩溶基准面karstbaselevel岩溶作用向地下发展所能达到的下限。2.19岩溶景观karstlandscape岩溶地区各种地表，地下岩溶形态的综合景象。2.20岩溶的地带性karstzonality不同气候带内所表现的宏观及微观岩溶形态的不同组合，即岩溶的地带性。2.21植物岩溶phytokarst因植物的作用而产生的岩溶作用过程或形态的统称。2.22夕卜源水allogenicwater来源干非可溶岩地区而进入岩溶区的水源，常具有较低的碳酸盐饱和指数，对岩溶地貌和洞穴的发育有特殊意义。2.23岩溶水文学karsthydrology研究岩溶地区的水文系统，地表水和地下水径流和化学成分的形成，分布，运移，排泄规律，以及其观测，预测，水文分析和岩溶地区水资源评价的学科。2.24岩溶水文地质学karsthydrogeology从地质学角度研究岩溶地区地一「水的l和质的形成，赋存，分布和运动规律及其水资源评价和勘查，开发治理保护方法的学科。 GB12329一902.25岩溶工程地质学karstengineeringgeology研究有关的岩溶作用和岩溶现象与各种工程建设相互作用、影响及其勘察评价，预测和有害作用的防治方法的学科。2.26岩溶环境karstenvironment围绕着人类的，受到岩溶条件制约的环境系统。2.27岩溶矿床karstmineraldeposit通过岩溶作用而产生的各种金属与非金属矿床，以及利用各种岩溶空间贮集的固体或流体矿床。3岩溶类型3.1岩溶类型typeofkarst按气候条件，形态特征，出露条件，可溶岩岩性，水文地质条件等对岩溶作出的分类。3.2冰川岩溶glaciokarst在现代冰川分布区，由融冰水，融雪水，有时兼有霜冻作用影响产生的岩溶，或在最近历史时期经受过冰川作用影响地区的岩溶。3.3寒带岩溶frigidkarst在寒带气候条件下形成的岩溶。3.4温带岩溶temperatekarst在温带气候条件下形成的岩溶。3.5亚热带岩溶subtropicalkarst在亚热带气候条件下形成的岩溶。3.6热带岩溶tropicalkarst通常指湿润的热带条件下的岩溶。地表地下岩溶均强烈发育。3.7干旱区岩溶aridregionkarst在干旱气候条件下形成的岩溶。地表地下岩溶均较微弱。3.8高山岩溶highmountainkarst,alpinekarst在森林线以上发育的岩溶。3.9裸露型岩溶barekarst可溶岩裸露地表，缺少土层覆盖的岩溶。3.10覆盖型岩溶coveredkarst被松散堆积物覆盖的岩溶。3.11埋藏型岩溶buriedkarst被已成岩的非可溶性岩层覆盖的岩溶。3.12悬挂岩溶perchedkarst发育于包气带内，不透水层之上的岩溶。3.13石膏岩溶gypsumkarst发育在石膏，硬石膏及与石灰岩，白云岩，岩盐共生但以石膏为主的岩层中的岩溶。3.14岩盐岩溶rocksaltkarst发育在卤素岩中的岩溶。3.15盐湖岩溶saltlakekarst在现代盐湖沉积物中发育的岩溶。3.16红层岩溶redbedkarst在胶结物为钙质或其它可溶性物质，或含有碳酸盐岩砾石成分的红色陆相岩层中发育的岩溶。3.17礁坪岩溶：eefplatformkarst GB12329--90在潮间带新生代珊瑚礁的浪蚀礁坪上发育的岩溶。3.18深部岩溶deepkarst在深部缓流带内发育或存在于深部缓流带的岩溶。3.19Of岩溶paleokarst非现代营力环境下形成的岩溶。有的已被后期沉积物充填。3.20化石岩溶fossilkarst古岩溶的同义语。3.21流水岩溶fluviokarst以地表流水作用为主形成的岩溶。岩溶形态4.1地表岩溶形态4.1.1溶痕、溶沟karren,lapies地表水沿可溶性岩石表面进行溶蚀，形成微小的沟痕，称为溶痕，大的溶痕称溶沟。4.1.2溶蚀裂隙grike地表水和地下水沿可溶性岩石的节理裂隙溶蚀侵蚀产生的槽状形态。4.1．3溶而Glint溶蚀裂隙之间的平板状溶蚀面。4.1．4石牙stoneteeth溶蚀裂隙交错发育，其间残存的高度一般不超过3米的牙状岩体。4.1.5岩溶石柱karststonecolumn溶蚀裂隙之间残留的上卜直径大致一致的，高达10米至数十米的柱状岩体。4.1.6石林stoneforest由＿L壤水溶蚀产生的溶蚀裂隙，溶痕，溶沟，并经雨水改造而成的，由密集林立的高达20-50米的锥柱状、锥状、塔状岩体组合成的景观。4.1.7落水洞ponor,sinkhole沿裂隙溶蚀侵蚀及塌陷而成的消泄地表水的，近于直立或倾斜的洞穴。4.1，8竖井、haft,karstpit山落水洞进一步发育，或洞穴顶板塌陷而成的深数十米至数百米的垂向深井状通道。4.1.9天然井naturalwell底部有水的’rIx井。4.1．10漏斗doline漏斗形或碟形封闭状的底部平坦面积很小的负地形。4.1．11溶斗solutionaldoline地表水沿节理裂隙溶蚀而成的漏牛。4.1．12塌陷漏斗collapsedoline溶洞顶板塌陷而成的漏斗。4.1．13岩溶洼地karstdepression由岩溶作用形成的底部平坦，面积较大，利于耕种的封闭负地形。4.1.14含成注地uvala儿个岩溶注地进一步扩大合；｝而成的，保留底部不规则形态的封闭负地形。4.1．15岩溶盆地karstbasin,polje有松散沉积物覆盖的大型岩溶洼地。 GB12329一904.1.16岩溶槽谷karstvalley有流水作用参与形成的长条状的岩溶洼地。4.1.17干谷dryvalley岩溶地区由于地下排水系统的存在而出现的干涸的或间歇性有水的河谷。4.1.18盲谷blindvalley岩溶地区没有出口的地表河谷，其水流消失在河谷末端陡壁下的落水洞中而转为地下河。4.1．19岩溶嶂谷collapsekarstgorge由于大型水平溶洞或地下河顶板崩塌或由断头河溯源侵蚀，形成两壁直立的长条状深峡谷。4.1.20断头河reculee以陡壁下流出的岩溶泉或地一「河为源头的河流。4.1.21溶帽山solutionalcaprock由山顶溶蚀残留的碳盐酸岩体及其下的非可溶性岩层构成的帽顶状山体。4.1.22岩溶丘陵karsthills由岩溶作用形成的丘陵。4.1.23岩溶垄岗karstridge呈线状分布的岩溶丘陵。4.1.24峰林peakforest,fenglin,towerkarst热带岩溶地形，分散或成群出现在平地上并被平地分割的高耸林立的碳酸盐岩山峰。4.1.25峰丛peakcluster,fengeong,cockpitkarst热带岩溶地形，联座的高耸林立的碳酸盐岩山峰。4.1.26孤峰isolatedpeak兀立在岩溶平原或盆地上的孤立石峰。峰林地形的单体形态。4.1.27岩溶平原karstplain岩溶地区大面积的近于水平的地面。4.1.28岩溶准平原karstpeneplain发育到岩溶平原阶段的岩溶地形。4.1.29岩溶夷平面karstplanationsurface经过抬升的岩溶准平原。4.1.30岩溶高原karstplateau岩溶化的高原。4.1.31岩溶湖karstlake大型封闭岩溶洼地中的较大常年积水体。4.1.32天生桥naturalbridge地下河或溶洞顶板崩塌后，横跨谷地的残留顶板，其两端与地面连接，中间悬空而呈桥状。4.1.33穿洞lightthroughcave抬升脱离地下水位的或大部分已脱离地一F水位的地下河，地下廊道，伏流或洞穴，其两端开口并透光者。4.1.34消溢水洞，雷公洞estavelle具有既可消水也可溢水的动态特征的溶洞。4.2地表组合形态4.2.1溶隙原野grikefield在岩溶平原或岩溶盆地中分布有大面积的石牙，与溶蚀裂隙纵横交织，基岩裸露或半裸露的岩溶景观。 Gs12329一904.2.2岩溶丘陵－一注地karat.hills-depression岩溶丘陵和岩溶洼地及干谷的地貌组合形态。4.2.3峰丛一洼地peakcluster---depression峰丛与注地的地貌组合形态。4.2.4峰林一平原peakforest--plain峰林气平原的地貌组合形态。4.2,5孤峰－一平原isolatedpeak-plain石峰稀散，孤立在岩溶平原上的地貌组合形态。4.2.6岩溶断陷盆地karattectonicbasin与新生代断裂活动有关的．岩溶盆地。4.2.7岩溶断块山地karatfaultblockmountain发育在新生代断裂活动土升区的岩溶地形。4.3地下形态4.3.1溶孔dissolutionpore可溶岩中直径小于几厘米的溶蚀小孔。4.3.2晶孔geode被次生矿物晶簇所充填或半充填的溶孔。4.3.3溶穴solutionalcavity直径一般小于50厘米的穴孔。4.3.4岩崖rockshelter81岩或陡坎！：的浅溶洞，由地表水冲蚀、溶蚀或风蚀的结果，或由山区生物化学、融冻作用、差异风化！6形成。4.3.5脚洞footcave在峰林平原，岩溶盆地，谷地中的石峰下，由经常泛滥的洪水侵蚀、溶蚀而沿地下水面附近发育的水任人洛洞。4.3.6边槽notch溶洞壁上或地表岩壁上近于水平的溶沟。4.3.7蚀宠niche由曲流作用形成的类似边槽而延伸短、中部深入侧壁，两端沿岩壁尖灭的孤形槽。4.3.8流痕fiowmark由紊流水的溶蚀和侵蚀作用，在洞壁或洞外岩壁上形成的成群波状凹入的形态，其迎水面缓而长，背水面陡而短。4.3.9贝窝scallop发育比较好的流痕。4.3.10悬吊岩rockpendant溶洞中位于洞顶或洞壁的母岩突出物。4.3.11洞穴cave,cavern岩溶作用所形成的空洞的通称，指人一可进入者。4.3.12溶蚀侵蚀痕spelcogen洞壁洞顶各种小型溶蚀侵蚀形态的通称。4.3.13洞穴网karsticnetwork,conduitnetwork在岩溶化岩体中，人可进入和不能进人的互相连通的洞穴管道系统。4.3.14迷宫式溶洞labyrinthcave,mazecave GB12329一90由各种方向、规模，并互相连通的溶洞所组成的，常常是近于水平的洞穴系统‘．15地下廊道gallery洞穴中近于水平的，人可进入的窄长地下通道。．16岩溶倒虹吸管U-shapedkarstsiphon,trap充水的、U型的，在一定距离后又露出水面，进出口有水位差的地下岩溶通道。岩溶水文地质5.1岩溶水karstwater赋存于岩溶化岩体中的地下水的总称。5.2岩溶含水层karstaquifer含地下水的岩溶化岩层。5.3岩溶地下水面（岩溶潜水面）karstwatertable在岩溶含水层的饱水带顶部，具有连续性的较规则的地下水面。5.4岩溶地下水浸流面immersionsurfaceofkarstwater在岩溶含水层中受不均匀的岩溶空间控制的具有水力联系但是不规则分布的饱水带顶界面。5.5岩溶水动力单元karsthydrodynamicunit具有共同补给边界，统一地下还流场的某一岩溶地下水系的流域范围。又称岩溶含水系统，或岩溶水文地质单元。5.6岩溶水文系统karsthydrologicsystem岩溶水动力单元及其水文输入输出的总称。5.7岩溶泉域catchmentareaofkarstspring某个岩溶泉的具有共同补给边界，统一地下透流场的流域范围。5.8岩溶强迁流带concentratedflowzoneofkarst岩溶泉域中具有较强导水性和富水性的地带，＿义称岩溶水集中迁流带。5.9岩溶排水基准面karstdrainagebaselevel岩溶水的最低排泄位置，一般指当地排泄岩溶地下水的最低河湖水面或海平面。5.10扩散流diffuseflow岩溶含水层中在裂隙或孔隙中呈扩展状运动的水流。5.11管道流conduitflow岩溶化岩层中与扩散流不同的，在各种地下管道中赋存运动的水流。5.12渗流带vadosezone岩溶水文学中包气带的同义语。5.13季节变动带seasonalfluctuationzone由干季节变化而引起地下水位升降波动的地带，是位于包气带与饱水带之间的过渡地带。5.14潜流带phreaticzone岩溶水文学中饱水带的同义语。5.15浅饱水带shallowsaturationzone饱水带的浅部段。5}16深饱水带deepsaturationzone饱水带的深部段。5.17深部缓流带deepslowflowzone在饱水带之一下，受当地排水基准面影响很弱，仅在一定水头压力作用下向远方缓慢运动的深部岩溶水带。 Gs12329一905.18谷底循环带valleybottomcirculationzone在河床以下，由于河水流动减压，而造成地下水向上运动，排向河中，具倒虹吸管循环作用的地带。5.19岩溶泉karstspring,karstemergence岩溶水向地表流出的天然露头。5.20溶潭bluehole在岩溶地区成坛状或井状，水深较大的天然地下水露头。5.21岩溶天窗karstwindow,regard地下河或溶洞顶板上通向地表的透光部分。5.22地下河subterraneanstream具有河流主要特征的岩溶水地下通道。5.23地下河系subterraneanstreamsystem由地下河的干流及支流组成的地下岩溶通道系统。5.24伏流swalletstream地表河流在岩溶地区的管道状潜伏段。5.25地下湖subterraneanlake在天然洞穴中，具有开扩自由水面的比较平静的较大地下水体。5.26海磨坊coastmill岩溶海岛的岸边，由于现今海水淹没早期复杂的地下通道，及咸淡水比重不同产生内吸作用，从而出现的海水向岛内大量消落的现象。5.27．岩溶充水矿床mineraldepositbearingkarstwater矿床充水受岩溶含水层直接或间接影响的岩溶矿床或非岩溶矿床。5.28岩溶突水karstdeclogging储集和运动于岩溶含水层中的地下水流，当被人工揭露或受自然因素影响而骤然产生的大量涌水，并常伴随涌沙涌泥的现象。6岩溶堆积物6.1洞穴化学沉积物speleothem洞内由化学作用产生的以碳酸钙为主的各种沉积物的通称，有滴石，流石，水下沉积，毛细管水沉积等不同类型。6.1.1滴石dripstone由洞内滴水产生的化学沉积物。6.1.1.1钟乳石stalactite由洞顶向一F生长的滴石。6.1.1‘2鹅管sodastraw仁一直径变化不大的细长条状钟乳石。6.1.1.3石笋stalagmite由落到洞底的滴水形成的由下向仁增长的滴石。6.1.1.4石柱stalacto-stalagmite,column上一下对应的钟乳石和石笋相联结后形成的柱状体。6.1.2流石flowstone在洞底或洞壁流动着的水体产生的化学沉积物。6.1.2.1边石rimstone水流过积水塘时，在其边缘形成的化学沉积。 GB12329一906.1.2.2边石坝rimstonedam拦截水流，呈堤坝状的边石。6.1．2.3石慢curtain,drapery,bacon由洞顶或洞壁的流水产生的波状或褶状的流石。6.1.2.4石旗caveflag由洞顶或洞壁上的连续性水流产生的一种薄而透亮的旗帜状流石。6.1．2.5钙板calcareousplate由洞底片状薄层水流产生的板状流石。6.1.2.6石扇stonefan由线状水流突变为片状水流处形成的扇状流石。6.1.3水下化学沉积6.1.3.1云盆lilypad圆形或浑圆形盘状水下次生碳酸钙沉积物。6.1.3.2穴珠cavepearl在动荡的水下沉积的，具同心圆结构的球状次生碳酸钙沉积。6.1.3.3石荷叶stonelotus水池缓慢升高时，沉积的下有似圆锥形“根”的水面钙膜片。6.1.4其它洞穴化学沉积6.1.4.1石花caveflower散布在洞壁或其它洞穴沉积物表面，将其装饰成丛花状的由雾滴水或凝结水所产生的次生化学沉积物。6.1.4.2石珊瑚cavecoral由钟乳石和石笋表面渗出的毛细管水产生的较小的拳状次生化学沉积物，状似珊瑚。6.1.4.3卷曲石helictite（由上往下生长的），heligmite（由下往上生长的）由洞壁或钟乳石表面的毛细管状孔渗出的水沉积的螺旋状次生化学沉积物。6.1.4.4石盾caveshield,palattes一种由上、下两块平行的板组成的外形似盾状的洞穴次生碳酸钙沉积。6.1.4.5月奶石moonmilk一种乳白色的，可塑的，含水量较高的乳酪状的，以碳酸盐为主的洞穴堆积。6.2洞穴其它成因的堆积物6.2.1洞穴崩塌堆积cavecollapsedeposit在洞内伴随岩溶作用过程而崩坍产生的块石，碎石，角砾堆积物的通称。6.2.2洞穴生物堆积cavebioticdeposit洞内主要由动物粪便及骨骼所形成的土状堆积物。6．3洞外岩溶堆积物6.3.1次生碳酸钙travertine由岩溶水沉积的胶结较好的结晶质的碳酸钙沉积物。6.3.2石灰华（钙华）calcareoustufa,calcareoussinter由岩溶水沉积的大孔隙性次生碳酸钙，往往受植物作用的影响。6.3.3瀑水钙华waterfallcalcareoustufa在碳酸盐岩岩溶区地表河或地下河的瀑布壁上沉积的钙华层。6.3.4盐华salttufa由盐泉沉积的，由方解石、石膏、岩盐、芒硝等组成的疏松状沉积物。 GB12329一906.3.5臼云石粉dolomitepowder亮晶白云岩经过风化溶蚀后所残留的松散状白云石粉砂及砂粒。6.3.6蚀余红土terrarossa碳酸盐岩溶化后残留富含氧化铝和氧化铁的粘性土类。6.3.7膏溶角砾岩gypsumkarstbreccia夹有蒸发岩的碳酸盐岩，经岩溶作用而产生的混杂角砾岩。6.3.8岩溶角砾岩karstbreccia与岩溶作用有关，由单一或多种岩石成分胶结的角砾岩的通称。了岩溶物理地质现象7.1土洞soilcave发育在可溶岩上覆土层中的空洞。7.2岩溶塌陷karstcollapse在岩溶地区，由于下部岩体中的洞穴扩大而导致顶板岩体的塌落；或上覆土层中的土洞顶板因自然或人为因素失去平衡产生下沉或塌落的通称。7.3岩溶陷落柱karstcollapsebrecciapipe埋藏型岩溶的地下溶洞的顶部岩层及覆盖层失去支撑，发生坍塌和剥落产生上小下大的锥状陷落体。7.4岩溶气爆karstgasexplosion岩溶管道中的气水压力作用破坏周围岩土的突发现象。 GB12329一90附录A汉语索引（参考件）白云石粉6.3.5钙板·······································⋯⋯6.1,2.5贝窝·⋯4.3.9千谷·······························，··········⋯⋯4.1.17边槽·⋯4.3.6干旱区岩溶··········，·························⋯⋯3.7边石·⋯膏溶角砾岩·································⋯⋯6.3.7边石坝·2.2高山岩溶·······································⋯⋯3.8冰川岩溶3.2管道流··········································⋯⋯5.11谷底循环带····································⋯⋯5.18孤峰······································．··⋯⋯4.1.26穿洞···⋯⋯33孤峰－一平原······························⋯⋯42.5次生碳酸钙6.3古岩溶··········································⋯⋯3.19地下河···············，······，···················⋯⋯5.22海磨坊⋯5.26地下河系·······································⋯⋯5.23寒带岩溶3.3地下湖··········································⋯⋯5.25合成洼地1.14地下廊道····································⋯⋯4.3.15红层岩溶3.16滴石··········································⋯⋯6.1.1化石岩溶3.20洞穴··········································⋯⋯4.3.11混合溶蚀2.9洞穴崩塌堆积······························⋯⋯6.2.1洞穴化学沉积物······························⋯⋯6.1洞穴生物堆积······························⋯⋯6.2.2脚洞·⋯⋯4.3.5洞穴网·······································⋯⋯4.3.13礁坪岩溶⋯3.17洞穴学··························，···············⋯⋯2.16假岩溶一2.3断头河·······································⋯⋯4.l.20季节变动带5.13晶孔·⋯⋯4.3.2卷曲石·⋯4.3鹅管··“···································⋯⋯6.1.1.2F喀斯特·⋯⋯2.2峰丛··········································，··⋯4.l.25矿物饱和指数2.10峰丛－一洼地······························⋯⋯42.3扩散流···⋯⋯5.10峰林······································，···⋯⋯4.1．24峰林—平原··············，，··············⋯⋯4.2.4覆盖型岩溶····································⋯⋯3."10雷公洞⋯34伏流·············································⋯⋯5.24流石·⋯6.1.2流水岩溶3.21 GB12329一90流痕····一4.3.8石灰华（钙华）6.3.2漏斗···⋯⋯10蚀完····，·⋯4.3.7裸露型岩溶3.9石林⋯⋯’‘”4.I．6落水洞··⋯石慢····⋯⋯1.2.3石旗····，，，⋯I．2.4从石扇····⋯⋯1.2.6，J．1埋藏型岩溶玉石珊瑚·⋯⋯l.4．2，n．6盲谷···⋯⋯4。1.．石笋···。··一I．I。31月1任迷宫式溶洞嗽3．石牙····⋯⋯4.l.4蚀余红土一6.3.6石柱二””““6.1瀑水钙华t‘东乞竖井。·“’‘””Q浅饱水带5．15塌‘陷漏斗12潜流带⋯5.1"4矢然井‘天生桥⋯32土洞·⋯热带岩溶····。··································⋯⋯3.6W热水溶蚀····················。·。。···············⋯⋯2.9溶洞·············．’···········，···············⋯⋯4.3.11外源水⋯2.22溶沟··········································⋯⋯4.1.1温带岩溶3.4溶痕····························。·············。··⋯4.1.1溶孔············································一4.3.1q月溶帽山·····，·································⋯⋯4.1.21消溢水洞j性ln溶面····················。············。··········一4.1.3悬吊岩⋯4.3。︼l门悬挂岩溶l乙溶蚀···，·····。········，············，····。······，···一2.7溶蚀裂隙················，·····················。⋯4.1.2穴珠·⋯6.1．3.2溶斗··········································⋯⋯4.1.11溶蚀侵蚀痕······················。···········一4.3.12溶潭··。······································，···⋯⋯5.20盐湖岩溶·········，·，·············，···············，⋯3.15溶隙原野··························。·········⋯⋯4.2.！盐华·······，·················‘················⋯⋯6.3.4溶穴········································。·⋯⋯4.3.3岩溶·‘···········································⋯⋯2.1岩溶槽谷·································。···，·⋯4.1.16岩溶充水矿床·······，··，·········，··，·········⋯⋯5.27深饱水带⋯5.16岩溶充填率······································一2.14深部缓流带5.17岩溶倒虹吸管······························⋯⋯4.3.16深部岩溶⋯3.18岩溶的不均匀性··。·····，···，·················⋯⋯2.13渗流带⋯⋯5.12岩溶的地带性·································⋯⋯2.20石盾····一．4.4岩溶地下水浸流面···························⋯⋯5.4石膏岩溶⋯3.13岩溶地下水面（岩溶潜水面）·············，·⋯⋯5·3石荷叶一．3.3岩溶地貌学····································⋯⋯2.15石花·⋯⋯．4.1岩溶断块山地······························⋯⋯4.2.7 GB12329一90岩溶断陷盆地······························⋯⋯4.2.6岩溶水文地质学······························⋯⋯2.24岩溶工程地质学······························⋯⋯2.25岩溶水文系统·································⋯⋯5.6岩溶高原····································⋯⋯4.1.30岩溶水文学···························，········⋯⋯2.23岩溶含水层····································⋯⋯5·2岩溶塌陷·······································⋯⋯7.2岩溶湖·······································⋯⋯4."1.31岩溶天窗······················－················⋯⋯5.21岩溶化·····································，····⋯⋯2.11岩溶突水······················，················⋯⋯5.28岩溶环境·······································⋯⋯2.26岩溶洼地····································⋯⋯4.1.13岩溶角砾岩·································⋯⋯6.3.8兴溶陷落柱··································⋯⋯“7.3岩溶景观·························，···，········⋯⋯．2.19岩溶现象···⋯⋯，·····························⋯⋯2,6岩溶基准面····································⋯⋯2.18岩溶旋间·······································⋯⋯2·斤岩溶矿床·······································⋯⋯2.27岩溶学··········································⋯⋯2.4岩溶类型·······································，··⋯3.1岩溶夷平面·································⋯⋯4.1.29岩溶垄岗······································，⋯4.1.23岩溶嶂谷····································⋯⋯4.1．19岩溶率··········································⋯⋯2.12岩溶准平原·································⋯⋯4.1.28岩溶排水基准面······························⋯⋯5.9岩溶作用·······································⋯⋯2.5岩溶丘陵····································⋯⋯4.1.22岩盐岩溶·······································⋯⋯3.1」岩溶气爆·······································⋯⋯74亚热带岩溶····································⋯⋯3.‘岩溶丘陵—一洼地························⋯⋯4.2.2月奶石····································⋯⋯6.1.4．5岩溶泉······················，···················⋯⋯5.19云盆····················，··················⋯⋯6.1．3.1岩溶强透流带·································⋯⋯5.8岩溶泉域·······································⋯⋯5.7岩溶石柱····································⋯⋯4.1.5植物岩溶·······································⋯⋯2.21岩溶水··········································⋯⋯5.I钟乳石····，·······························⋯⋯6.1.1.1岩溶水动力单元······························⋯⋯5·5附录B英文索引（参考件）allogenicwater·······························································。·····································。‘二2.22alpinekarst·········································································································⋯⋯3.8aridregionkarst···························································。···································，··⋯⋯3.7bacon。···········。。。。········。··································，。············································。。·⋯6.1．2.3barekarstblindvalleybluehole 90GB12329buriedkarst3，11Ccalcareousplate6．2，5calcareoussinter63。2c时careoustufa·····。，····。···．·，。·······，····。··。·····。····。·······。·，·····。········．··。。··。·。。·······。····。···‘一6．3.2catcbmentareaofkarstspring····················，，。·····4········，···，······························，·······，L·⋯5.7cave·。·········，·····，，·······。，·····。············，················。·，·········，·············，。···········，，······一4．3.11cavern·····。··········．···。·。。··。················．··。·⋯⋯。·······。．····。····。···。。·。。·。·······。。·······。··⋯⋯4.3.11cavebioticdeposit···········，······························。·····················，·························，··⋯⋯6.2.2cavecobapsedeposit·····。·····，········，··················，·······································，··········⋯⋯6.2.1cavecoral··‘·。···，·。。···。·，·。。·，··，··。···、·，·····‘············。·····。。·····‘··。。····“············、········，·，二6.1。4．2Caveflag。·······················，················，·············································，···············，二C.1．24caveiiolser···，····‘···········，····‘········。····，·，‘············。，，·。···‘···，····‘·‘······‘··。···，·······，t·⋯6.1.4．1ca-epearl························································································4···········，一6.］．3.2caveshield··，·················。·，。······。········母。······。·心···。·············。····。···！····。······。··4····。···，一6.1.44dint······。··。····，··，·“··。，，··‘。···，·，·······。·····，·，·················．······‘·，．··，·····．．··········二·······‘⋯⋯4.1.3coatmill5.26cockpitkarst4．1．25co!;apsedoline4.1．12ccilapsekarst只orge4.1.1900里ismn6．1．卜4conrentratedflowzoneofkarst5.8eC,ncu,flow．·······．，。⋯、，，·。。··⋯⋯，········。·、····，····。··，·······。··，··。···。，··，·····，·····‘··。，··。，·······。二5.11rr}ltc7Ugtnetwork‘··，··。。·······‘。······。··············。··········‘。‘···，·····‘······‘····，，····‘··‘、···。·、·4.3.13CV"rT()S7C)?i···。··，··。····，··，。⋯⋯‘··。·····．·。·，··。···，·，··。。·。··。，····。···。·，·。，“········。··，······‘·，。······。····⋯⋯2，7ovcr,dkarst·····················⋯⋯，’··········，···························，········，·，·······，，········，。······一3.｝0CUrtaln···。。。。，····、··通·····‘··“·。。·，···，·············，······。。·········。·····，。·，···‘·‘·。·⋯⋯。·······⋯⋯6！．2;5cycleofkarstdevelopment···············‘··································‘·································份二9！7Ddeepkarst·····················1······································································。··，·，····。··。⋯3.18deepsaturationzone·········、，－····································，················，······················，···⋯⋯5.16deepslowflowzone·‘·······‘···················································································⋯⋯5.17d汀fusePlow····，·····。···。。······。，···」···．··。····。。·······‘·········。···，····，‘。，。···‘···。········。·‘·····‘···⋯⋯5.10disolut:nnpore··，·，·，········，，·························，，······，，，··，······，····················，···········⋯⋯4.3.1ddthe··⋯。···················。··。。····。。········‘···························。·。······。····。······。·、·····‘·，·⋯⋯4.1．10dolomitepowder····································。···················。。··············。······················⋯⋯6.3.5drapery·········································‘·4··，···················，········。·，·······，·······‘···‘······，⋯6！．2.3d川pstone－······。，·。···。·。·。·，········。············，····。·······。·················‘···。·····甲······。‘·········‘。·，一6i.1dryva11Cy································，··，···············，··························。···············、·······⋯⋯4．工．｝7 GB12329一90estavellefengcongfenglinflowmarknowstone·fluviokarst3.21footcave4.3．5fossilkarst3.20frigidkarstgallery················，··，···············，···········，·····。··········································。········⋯⋯4.3巧geode·····································，······································································⋯⋯4.3.2geothermalwatercorrosion············。·。·························································。··············⋯⋯2.9glacjokarst······················⋯⋯·············································································⋯⋯3.2grike·················································，·················。，·····，····························，······一4.1.2grikefield··································································································。·····。⋯4.2.1gypsumkarst·······，······················································、·········································一3.13gypsumkarstbreccia····，。·····，····························，············，·························⋯⋯“···⋯⋯6.3,7helictite6.1．4.3heligmite·，······，·⋯6.1，4.3heterogeneityofkarst2.13highmountainkarst3.8immersionsurfaceofkarstwater5。4isolatedpeak················⋯⋯isolatedpeak-plainkarren GB12329一90karst·······························。··························································。············‘·⋯⋯2.1；2.2karstaquifer···，··················，········································，·········，·········，··，·······，·······⋯⋯5.2.karstbaselevel。。···。。······．····。······。··。·⋯。·······一。。··。·。。······。·。。。．．····。·。··。···········月·············。·一2.18karstbasin...······。二。····。·一。。··⋯⋯，．。·······．·⋯⋯。·····‘·．·················。·······．···。··。······⋯⋯。，二4.1．15karstbreccia．······．。····。···。⋯。········．．，⋯⋯。．．，······。，·····。···．．。，·⋯⋯。．，·⋯⋯。．，·······．．，·⋯‘··．一6．3．8karstcollapse······························································，························、··，‘·········⋯⋯7.2karstcollapsebrecciapipe·······································，············································。··⋯⋯7.3karstdeclogging···············，··········，·········，··················································，···········⋯⋯5.28karstdepression······························，·······，，·，········。··········，······，··，·······，···，·······，·，，·⋯⋯4.1.13karstdrainagebaselevel·······························································，··························⋯⋯5.9karstemergence········。···。⋯⋯“·····，，···。·····，········，，·········，·····。···················‘·····，··········⋯⋯石．19karstengineeringgeology············，····································，···················，，·········，········，，二2.25karstenvironment。····⋯⋯。·。·······，。··。，··。····．。·⋯。··········⋯⋯。···············。········。·。·。。····。···。。。⋯2,26karstfaultblockmountain·。··············，·。。······································，········，·····。。············一4.2.7karstgasexplosion··················，·········，········································，·········，········，，······⋯⋯7.4karstgeomorphology····················，······························，·················，·，·····················⋯⋯2.15karsthills⋯⋯甲········．。···⋯⋯。··。··⋯。，，···········．···一。··⋯⋯。。·⋯⋯。。··。··一。．，·····一。·。···一。⋯4.l.22karsthills-depression·····························，·················，···‘····································，。⋯⋯4.2.2karsthydrodynamicunit······，···········，········，··········，，········，··················，，，···，·················，·⋯5.5karsthydrogeology····················································。··························，·············⋯⋯2.24karsthydrology····································································，··············。····，。·········⋯⋯2.23karsthydrologicsystem······，·········，···············。···，，·······················，········，，········，，········⋯⋯5.6karstification·······。⋯⋯。··。····。·。·····。。。。．，····。··．．·，···。。．。·。。····。。．··。······．··。。。······。···。···。··．．·。····。⋯2.11karstlake·····。二。·。···一。。．····一，。．······。二，·⋯⋯。。．···⋯⋯。⋯。····⋯⋯。······．．······‘。．。·⋯⋯。····一4.1．31katstlandscape·，··················，···················，·，······，，································，···············⋯⋯2.］9karstmineraldeposA·····，····················，·············，·。··················································，··⋯2.27karstienetwork一。．．······。．·．······‘。·。···。二。。·．··．··。···。··．．，······．．·。··。。··．．······················．．·。···‘。二4.3.13karstology·····，·······················‘································。··········································⋯⋯2.4karstpeneplain···。·····，················，·········，·······，·········，·································，·········一4.l。28karstphenomena。···················‘···············。·。·。···················。·······．·····························⋯⋯2.6karstpit·········，········。··········，··············。。···················································，·······，，·⋯4.1.8karstplain··························。·····，，······，·，········，·································，。··················一4.1.27karstplanationsurface··········，···········································································⋯⋯4.1.29karstplateau···························。·。·························，····。。···················。·················⋯⋯4.1．30karstprocess·····························。·······，···················，，····。·······。···。····，·····················。··⋯2.5karstridge···，···········································。····································。··········。······⋯⋯4.1．23karstspring········‘··················。··。······⋯⋯，·······。·。··········。·························，···········⋯⋯5.19karststonecolumn·．·········。··，·······，···。·。···，·······················。··············。·····················⋯⋯4.1.5karsttectonicbasin····，，，·······，··················。·············，·········，····。····，，。·················，·····⋯⋯4.2.6karstvalley······································。···。···········⋯⋯‘····。·······························‘···一4.｝．16karstwater。·······．．，。··。一。．。。··。·⋯。·。···一。。·····。··．．·······。．．······。··⋯。·····一。·．·······．．···············一5.Ikarstwatertable····························································。··············‘·······················⋯⋯5.3karstwindow···。················，······································，········。············。·········。··。·····。····一5.21 GB12329一90karstzonality2.20labyrinthcave4.3.14lapies4.1.1lightthroughcave4.1.33lilypad6.1.3.1Mmazecave。·。。一。。·，。·。··。·。。。。·。···。·。··。·。。·。·。····。···。。。···。··。·。。··。·。·。·········。······。····。·····。····。·⋯⋯4.3.14mineraldepositbearingkarstwater························。·················································⋯⋯5.27mineralsaturationindices．．．．．．．．．．·············································································⋯⋯2.10mixturecorrosion···················。···········。············。·································。·······。·。·······，··一2.8moonmilk·····。。·········。···············。，···。··．O．···。····，···一。。·。，··⋯。⋯，。···。····。·。··。一。·。二。。·⋯⋯6.1．4.5naturalbridge4.1.32naturalwell。。。。。，。．。。，·。。，。。。。。。。．。。二。。。。。。。。。。．o．。。。。。。。。。。。。．。。。。，。。。。·。。。。·。·。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。4.1．9niche4.3.7notch4.3.6palattes···，·。···········，··········································。································。········⋯⋯6.1.4.4paleokarst·······························。············，·、·····，···············································⋯⋯3,19peakcluster·····。·····························································································⋯⋯4.1.25peakcluster--depression·······································，···············································⋯⋯4.2.3peakforest······································································································⋯⋯4.1.24peakforest--plain····，···········································，············································⋯⋯4.2.4perchedkarst····························································································，·········⋯⋯3,12phreaticzone·········································································。·，·······。。····。············⋯⋯5.14phytokarst·······························‘···································。······························。··。···。··⋯2,2ipole············································································，·······························⋯⋯4.1.15ponor················································，·············。···。·····························，···········，·，，二4.1.7pseudokarst·········································································································⋯⋯2.3rateofkarstfilling2.14rateofkarstification2.12 GB12329一90reculee。。·⋯。，。．。··。⋯⋯。···。··········⋯⋯。．··。·····。．．⋯⋯。．o．．．···。·····。···，，一。。。·····。··············．·一4.1.20redbedkarst............·⋯⋯，．··⋯⋯。．。。·。·。····⋯⋯。二。。．。。··..................．·⋯⋯。·。·⋯。·。。。．······⋯⋯3.16reefplatformkarst···········。···········。···························，，·····················。···········。········一3.17regard。·。···················································。·····，················。·，·，···。···············。，···，。⋯⋯5.21rimstone⋯。．。。．。。·。。．。·⋯。·。二。．o．。。。二。·。·······⋯⋯。。。·⋯。。．。。。。。。。······⋯⋯。．。。．．·····。······一。．。⋯⋯6.1.2.1rimstonedam...···⋯⋯。。。。二。··。··⋯。·⋯。。二。............................................··，··⋯⋯。···⋯⋯6.1,2．2rockpendant。·。···············。······························，·，。·。················，···············。·····。·····⋯⋯4‘3.10rocksaltkarst．．·..................．⋯⋯‘·‘．‘。···。⋯。·。。二。⋯。．。。。。。············．．．．．··。。。·‘······。⋯。。。。。··⋯⋯3.14rockshelter．·．⋯⋯，····一。。。·。。······。·⋯。。。．。。。，。⋯。．．．·．．．········⋯⋯。⋯。．。一。··········，二。二。··。。。·⋯⋯4.3．4saltlakekarst3.15saltto扭6.3.4scallop。一‘········⋯⋯‘．“二“．‘····。··⋯‘’二‘二‘．“““‘．‘．“二’⋯⋯’．‘二’．．⋯‘二’⋯”’．⋯“．““““‘’‘’．”4.3.9seasonalfluctuationzone5.13shaft4.1．8shallowsaturationzone。。．。。。。。。。。。。。。。．。。。。。‘⋯⋯‘·。⋯。。二。．“⋯⋯‘．．⋯‘．．·．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．一，．，．．⋯⋯，．5.15sinkhole4.l．7solutionaldoline4.1.11solutionalcaprock4.1.21solutionalcavity4.3.3sodastraw6.1.1.2soilcave7.1speleogen4.3.12speleology2.16speleothem6.1stalactite6.1.1.1stalacto-stalagmite6.1．1.4stalagmite6.1.1.3stonefan。。。。。。。．。。。。。。。。．。。．。。。。。。。。，。。。。。，。。·⋯。。。。。。。。。。。。。。····⋯⋯。。。。。。。。。。。。。．⋯⋯。·。。。。。。。。。。．。。·．⋯⋯6.1。2.6stoneforest4.1。6stonelotus6.1.3.3stoneteeth···。······．·······⋯⋯。二。。。····，··，，，，⋯。．．⋯。····。····一，．。。。···⋯⋯。···一。，，。．。。．．············一4.1。4subterraneanlake·····‘。·。···················。··············⋯⋯”·······。·····················。。·。···············一5.25subterraneanstream⋯⋯。．．．．．············⋯⋯，··⋯。．。。。·。·。。·。。···．。二。二。．．⋯。·····一。⋯。．o．。·。········⋯⋯5,22subterraneanstreamsystem·······，，····················，·······················，······························⋯⋯5.23subtropicalkarst····，·····················································，··················‘··················。··⋯⋯3.5swalletstream.........．··⋯⋯。··⋯⋯。．．．·⋯⋯。二。‘二。·····，一。．。。．。···。⋯。····⋯⋯。．o．·⋯。·⋯。。······⋯⋯5.24temperatekarst3.4 GB12329一90terrarossa·····································。··⋯。···．········································⋯⋯、··。·⋯。··⋯6.3.6towerkarst·············．···⋯⋯。·。·。．。。。·⋯。，·。二。．····．·⋯⋯。二。.......................................⋯⋯4.1.24trap············································································································⋯⋯4.3.16travertine⋯⋯。··············································⋯⋯。二。二。..................。二。。。。。。。二。··⋯。⋯，·6.3,1tropicalkarst······································································································⋯⋯3,6typeofkarst································。··，，··········。···。····················。···················，···，·····⋯⋯3.1U-shapedkarstsiphon·································‘·····················································⋯⋯4.3.16uvala·。························。···。二。·。．···············································⋯⋯。···········⋯⋯。．。。二4.1.14vadosezone···············。．．··································································⋯⋯。．。。“。．。·。··。·⋯5.12valleybottomcirculationzone·················································································⋯⋯5.18waterfallcalcareoustufa6.3.3附加说明：本标准由地质矿产部提出。本标准由全国地质矿产标准技术委员会水文地质工程地质分技术委员会归口。本标准由地质矿产部岩溶地质研究所起草。本标准主要起草人袁道先。'