GBT12936.1-1991太阳能热利用术语第1部分.pdf 20页

'中华人民共和国国家标准太阳能热利用术语第一部分GB12936.1一91Solarenergy-ThermalapplicationsTerminologypart11生题内容与适用范围本标准规定J太阳能热利用中一部分关于天文与辐射的术语。本标准适用于太阳能热利用中对太阳牺射的研究与测量。2引用标准(ill3102.6光及有关电磁辐射的量和单位GB427。热I-图形符号与文字代号3天文3.1天球celestialsphere为研究天体的位粉和运动而辅设的一个半径为无限长的假想球体。其中心按需要可设在观测点、地心、日心或银心等。夭体的位`trt即指沿天球中心至该天体方向在球面上的投影3.2天轴celestialaxis天球的自转轴。‘自通过天球中心并平行于地球自转轴。3.3天极celestialpole天轴与天球相交的两个交点的统称3.4北天极celestialnorthpole北半天球上的天极。3.5南天极celestialsouthpole南半天球上的天极。3.6天顶zenith观测点铅垂线向上延长与天球相交的交点。3.7天底nadir观测点铅垂线向下延长与天球相交的交点3.8天赤道celestialequator通过天球中心并垂直于天轴的平面与天球相交的大圆。3.9天球子午圈celestialmeridian天球上通过天顶和天极的大圆同义词天球f"午线3.10时圈hourcircle天球上通过两天极的任一大圆同义词赤经圈rightascensioncircle国家技术监督局199!一05一22批准1992一03一01实施 GU12936.1一913.11地平面horizontalplane地球表面观测点以铅垂线为法线的切平面。3.12地平圈horizontalcircle通过天球中心并垂直于犬顶一天底连线的平面与天球相交的大圆同义词地平线horizon3.13地平经圈verticalcircle天球上通过天顶和天底的任一大圆。3.14角距离angulardistance天球大圆上任意两点所对应的圆心角。3.15天球坐标系。lestialcoordinatesystem为确定天体在天球上的投影位置和运动而引入的球面坐标系。根据所选择的基本圆和辅助圆以及原点的不同，可区分为不同的夭球坐标系。注夭文测量中提到的“夭体”或“太阳’，均指其在夭球上的投影.3.16地平坐标系horizontalcoordinatesystem以高度角和方位角为坐标所组成的天球坐标系3.17高度角altitude从地平圈沿某天体所在地平经圈量至该天体的角距离。以地平圈为零，向上为正，向下为负。单位为度(。)。同义词地平纬度3.18太阳高度角(h)solaraltitude日面中心的高度角，即从观测点地平线沿太阳所在地平经圈量至日面中心的角距离。3.19方位角azimuth从天球子午圈沿地平圈量至某天体所在地平经圈的角距离以南点为零点，向西为正，向东为负。单位为度(。)。同义词地平经度3.20太阳方位角(wt)solarazimuthF1面中心的方位角，即从观测点天球子午圈沿地平圈量至太阳所在地平经圈的角距离3.21天顶距zenithdistance从观测点天顶沿某天体所在地平经圈量至该天体的角距离。以观测点天顶为零点.单位为度(C0)0该角度与高度角互补。同义词天顶角二nithangle3.22赤道坐标系equatorialcoordinatesystem以赤纬和赤经(或时角)为坐标所组成的天球坐标系3.23赤纬declination赤道坐标系中，天赤道与某天体沿所在时圈量度的角距离。以天赤道为零，向北为正，向南为负。单位为度(0)3.24太阳赤纬(6)solardeclination日面中心的赤纬，即从天赤道沿太阳所在时圈量至日面中心的角距离。春(秋)分时为00，一年之内在士23027"之间变化3.25时角hourangle从天球子午圈沿天赤道量至某天体所在时圈的角距离。以天球子午圈为零，向西为正.`I东为负。单位既可为时(h).也可为度C0)。时问与角度的换算关系为:Ih=150 GB129361一91时间与角度的换算关系为梅小时相当于}50e3.26太阳时角(。)solarhourangle日面中心的时角，即从观测点犬球子午圈沿天赤道量至太阳所在时圈的角距离。3.27太阳行程图sun-pathdiagram以高度角和方位角为坐标表示某地点不同日期从日出至日没太阳运行轨迹的一种图示。3.28近日点perihelion地球在公转轨道上距太阳最近的一点，约为1.47X10"km。时值元月初。3.29远B点aphelion地球在公转轨道卜距太阳最远的一点，约为1.52X10"km。时值七月初。3.30日地平均距离meanEarth-Sundistance地球在公转轨道仁距太阳距离的周年平均值，约为1.496X10"km,同义词天文单位astronomicalunit3.319面solardisk;sun"sdisk在地表观测到的太阳光亮圆形外观，平均视角直径为31159.3"3.32日出sunrise太阳上升时，日面上边缘与地平圈相切的时刻。3.33日没sunset太阳下落时，日面上边缘与地平圈相切的时刻。3.34中天culmination天体经过观测点天球子午圈的统称。3.35上中天upperculmination天体距天顶较近的一次中天。3.36下中天lowerculmination天体距天底较近的一次中天3.37太阳正午solarnoon日面中心上中天的时刻。同义词视正午3.38真太阳日apparentsolarday日面中心连续两次卜中天所经历的时间同义词视太阳日3.39真太阳时apparentsolartime由日面中心的时角量度的计时系统同义词视〔太阳〕时3.40平太阳meansun以太阳周年运行的平均速度沿天赤道作等速运动的假想天体。3.41平正午meannoon平太阳上中天的时刻。3.42平太阳日meansolarday平太阳连续两次下中天所经历的时间。3.43平〔太阳〕时meansolartime由平太阳的时角髦度的计时系统以平正午减12h为零时。3.44时差equationoftime真太阳时与平太阳时之差。 GB12936.1一913.45时区timezone自本初子午线起，将地球上每隔150的24条经线作为其东西两侧各7.5。经度范围内的中央子午线所形成的24个区域东、西两半球各12个时区.每相邻时区时间相差lho注:时区划分中实际L还参考了行政区域的界限口3.46区时zonetime一时区内中央f-午线的平太阳时注我国通用的北京时系东八时区中央子午线(东经120")的平太阳时3.47世界时(UT)universaltime本初子午线的平太阳时即零时区的区时。注:世界时与_{匕京时相差8ho同义词格林尼治平时(GMT)Greenwichmeantime4辐射4.1辐射radiation能量以电磁波或粒子形式的发射或传播。注:在“辐射”一词之前冠以各种说明词时，除具有上述定义之外，在某些学科领域习皿上还具有辐射敏辐照度或辐照量)的含义4.2辐〔射〕能(Q)radiantenergy以辐射形式发射、传播或接收的能量。单位为焦〔耳)(J).4.3辐〔射能〕通量(Q5)radiantflux以辐射形式发射、传播或接收的功率。单位为瓦(特)(W),同义词辐〔射〕功率radiantpower4.4辐〔射〕强度(1)radiantintensity在给定方向上的立体角元内，离开点辐射源(或辐射源面元)的辐射功率除以该立体角元。单位为瓦〔特〕每球面度(W/sr)a4.5辐〔射〕亮度(L)radiance表面一点处的面元在给定方向上的辐射强度，除以该面元在垂直于给定方向的平面上的正投彭面积。单位为瓦〔特〕每球面度平方米〔W/(sr·m")Jo同义词辐射度4.6辐〔射〕出〔射〕度(M)radiantexitance离开表面一点处的面元的辐射能通量，除以该面元面积。单位为瓦〔特〕每平方米(W/m")4.7辐〔射〕照度(E)irradiance照射到表面一点处的面元上的辐射能通量除以该面元的面积单位为瓦〔特〕每平方米(W/m")们4.8平均辐照度(E)averageirradiance(1)给定时段内的辐照量与该时段持续时间之商;(2)给定时段内的若干次辐照度测定值与测定次数之商4.9光谱辐照度(F.)spectralirradiance在无穷小波长范围内的辐照度除以该波长范围单位为瓦〔特〕每立方米(W/m3)4.10辐照量(11)irradiation辐照度对时问的积分。单位为焦〔耳〕每平方米(J/m")o同义词曝辐量radiantexposure4.11等辐照量线isorad地图上连接给定时段(如日、月、年)内辐照量相同各点的曲线 GB12936.1一91同义词等拉德线4.12全辐射体fullradiator;fullemitter对所有入射辐射不论其波长、入射方向或偏振情况如何能全部吸收的热辐射体在给定温度下，这种辐射体对所有波长具有最大的辐出度。PI义词(黑体blackbody)4.13太阳sun太阳系的中心天体。可视其为5777K的全辐射体。它是地球上光和热的源泉。注:5777K系按太阳常数取1367W/m}推定.4.14太阳能solarenergy从太阳发射、传播或接收的辐射能。4.15太阳辐射solarradiation太阳能以电磁波或粒子形式的发射或传播其能量主要集中在短波辐射范围内。同义词日射4.16地外日射extraterrestrialsolarradiation地球大气层外的太阳辐射。同义词地外太阳辐射4.17地外〔8射〕辐照度。xtraterrestrialsolarirtadianee太阳辐射在大气层外给定平面_L形成的辐照度。4.18太阳常数(Ex)solarconstant地球位于「1地平均距离处，在大气层外垂直于太阳辐射束平面上形成的太阳辐照度。注:太阳常数井非辉格的物理常数，现代测量值为1367士7W/m},4.19太阳光谱solarspectrum太阳辐射分解为单色成分后，按波长或频率顺序作出的分布波长由短至长的顺序依次为:宇宙射线.Y射线、x射线、紫外辐射、可见辐射、红外辐射和射电辐射等。4.20紫外辐射ultravioletradiation波长长于]nm,短于可见辐射的电磁辐射。4.21可见辐射visibleradiation能引起人类视觉的电磁辐射。其波长范围的短波限介于。.38^-0.4pm，长波限介于。.76一0.78pro,同义词光【ight4.22红外辐射infraredradiation波长长于可见辐射、短于1mm的电磁辐射。4.23短波辐射shortwaveradiation波长短于3卜。的电磁辐射。4.24长波辐射longwaveradiation波长长于3Pro,的电磁辐射。4.25直接日射〔Iirectsolarradiation;beamsolarradiation从日而及其周困一小立体角内发出的太阳辐射。同义词直射日射;太阳直接辐射4.26直〔接8〕射辐照度(E,)directsolarirradiance;beamsolarirradiancela.接日射在给定平面上形成的辐照度。4.27法向直〔接日〕射辐照度(E=)normaldirectsolarirradiance直接日射在与射束相垂直的平面上形成的辐照度。 GB12936.1一914.28散射日射diffusesolarradiation;scatteringsolarradiation被大气分子及微粒散射和地面与大气之间反射的太阳辐射。同义词漫射日射;(天空辐射skyradiation)4.29散射〔日射〕辐照度(E,)diffusesolarirradiance;scatteringsolarirradiance2nSr立体角内的散射口射在水平面上形成的辐照度。注:当水平面还接受直接日射辐照时，应用遮阴板遮去直接日射后进行测量。4.30环日辐射circumsolarradiation与日面相邻的环形天空的散射日射4.31反射日射reflectedsolarradiation水平面从下方接收到的半球向日射，即被地表及近地表空气反射的太阳辐射。4.32反射〔日射〕辐照度(E,)reflectedsolarirradiance反射日射在水平面下表面形成的辐照度4.33半球向9射hemisphericalsolarradiation给定平面从2nSr立体角内所能接收到的(包括直射、散射和反射)太阳辐射。同义词半球向太阳辐射4.34半球向〔9射〕辐照度(En)hemisphericalsolarirradiance半球向日射在给定平面上形成的辐照度。4.35总日射globalsolarradiation水平面从上方接收到的半球向日射。同义词〔太阳〕总辐射4.36总〔日射〕辐照度(E,)globalsolarirradiance总日射在水平面上形成的辐照度。同义词〔太阳〕总辐照度4.37地球辐射terrestrialradiation地球(包括大气)发射的电磁辐射。其能量主要集中在长波辐射范围内。4.38地球〔辐射〕辐照度terrestrialirradiance给定平面上由2万Sr立体角内的地球辐射形成的辐照度。4.39大气辐射atmosphericradiation大气分子及微粒发射的电磁辐射。其能量主要集中在长波辐射范围内。4.40大气〔辐射〕辐照度atmosphericirradiance给定平面上由2二Sr立体角内的大气辐射形成的辐照度。4.41全辐射totalradiation全部波长的辐射，即太阳辐射与地球辐射。4.42全〔辐射〕辐照度totalirradiance(”给定平面卜由2二Sr立体角内的全辐射形成的辐照度;C2)光谱辐照度沿全部波长的积分。4.43净〔辐射〕辐照度(E")netirradiance水平面上下两表面的辐照度之差。4.44净短波辐照度netshortwaveirradiance水平面上下两表而的短波辐照度之差。即总辐照度与反射辐照度之差。4.45净长波辐照度netlongwaveirradiance水平面上下两表面的长波辐照度之差。即大气辐照度与地球辐照度之差。4.46净全〔辐射〕辐照度nettotalirradiance Gs12936.1一91水平面上下两表面的全辐射辐照度之差。同义词(辐射平衡radiationbalance);(辐射差额radiationbalance)4.47日照sunshine可使地物投射出清晰阴影的直接日射。以直射辐照度大于等于120士24W/m2为阑值。4.48日照时数sunshineduration地表给定地区每天实际接收日照的时间。以日照记录仪记录的结果累计计算。单位为小时(h),同义词(实照时数)4.49可照时数durationofpossiblesunshine(1)地表给定地区每天可能接收日照的时间。以日出至日没的全部时间计算。它完全由该地区的纬度和日期决定单位为小时(h),(2)地表给定地区每天实际可能接收日照的时间。以日出后至日没前直射辐照度达到或超过120士24W/m，的最长时间计算。单位为小时(h)o4.50日照百分率percentageofsunshine日照时数占可照时数的百分比。4.51等日照线isohel地图上连接给定时段(如日、月、年)内日照时数相同各点的曲线。4.52辐射表radiometer测量辐射辐照度的各类仪表。4.53变阻测辐射热表bolometer以传感器加热后电阻值的变化判定辐照度的辐射表。4.54绝对辐射表absoluteradiometer具有自校准功能的辐射表。4.55相对辐射表relativeradiometer需要定期同标准辐射表校准以确定其灵敏度的辐射表。4.56直接8射表pyrheliometer测量给定平面仁法向直射辐照度的辐射表。这类仪表具有限定其视场角的准直筒。同义词直接辐射表4.57〔直接8射表〕视场角(Z,)fieldofviewangle(ofapyrheliomter)直接日射表圆形孔径直径对接收器表面中心的张角。计算公式如下:Z,=2X(arctgR/d)································。····⋯⋯(!)式中R为圆形孔径半径;d为圆形孔径中心至接收器表面中心的距离。同义词开敞角。peningangle4.58腔体式绝对辐射表absolutecavityradiometer具有空腔式接收器的绝对直接日射表。它具有高稳定性高准确度的自校准功能，是实现太阳辐照度标尺的辐射表同义词〔自校准〕绝对直接日射表absolute(self-calibrating)pyrheliometer4.59补偿式直接日射表compensatedpyrheliometer以两个相同锰铜片被日射和电流(焦耳效应)分别加热相互补偿为依据进行测量的直接日射表。同义同埃斯屈朗直接11射表人ngstrompyrheliometer4.60总日射表pyranometer测量2。S:立体角内短波辐照度的辐射表。注:根据总日射表安放状态不同，可分别测量总日射、半球向日射、反射日射或借助遮阴板测量散射日射等的辐照度 Gs12936.1一91同义词总辐射表;〔天空辐射表)4.61分光总6射表spectralpyranometer借助不同牌号的有色光学(硒锅)玻璃半球罩，测量给定平面上该种玻璃透射的波长范围内辐照度的总日射表。4.62反射比表:eflectometcr测量水平面反射比的辐射表。由两台相背放置的总日射表构成。同义词反射系数表;反照率表albedometer4.63地球辐射表pyrgeometer测量2aSr}.体角内的长波辐照度的辐射表其光谱响应范围为3-50pro,注:根据地球辐射表安放状态不同，可分别测量地球辐照度或大气辐照度。同义词(大气辐射表)4.64全辐射表pyrradiometer测量2aSr立体角内的全辐射辐照度的辐射表。4.65净总日射表netpyranometer测量水平面两侧的净短波辐照度的辐射表。由两台水平相背放置的总日射表构成同义词净短波辐射表4.66净地球辐射表netpyrgeometer测量水平面两侧的净长波辐照度的辐射表。由两台水平相背放置的地球辐射表构成。同义词净长波辐射表4.67净全辐射表netpyrradiometer测量水平面两侧的净全辐射辐照度的辐射表同义词(辐射平衡表:adiationbalancemeter)4.68世界辐射测量荃准(WAR)WorldRadiometricReference国际单位制体系内太阳辐照度的测量基准。其不确定度小于士0.3"0,注:WRR已被世界气象组织采用，并于1980年7月1日起生效。原1956年国际直接日射测量标尺(IPS--1956)同时废止。WRR等于MS乘以l.022,4.69标准辐射表referenceradiometer在校准过程中作为标准的辐射表。这类仪表除包括基准或副基准辐射表外，还可从一级辐射表中精选出来4.70工作辐射表fieldradiometer具有防止天气条件影响的功能并适用于在室外长期工作的辐射表。这类仪表主要包括一级与二级辐射表。4.71荃准直接已射表primarystandardpyrheliometer一年内精密度变化不超过士0.1%的标准直接日射表。这类仪表是从各类腔体式绝对辐射表中精选出来的准确度最高的极少数辐射表。由它们构成的世界基准组用于保持和实现世界辐射测量基准4.72副签准直接8射表secondarystandardpyrheliometer一年内精密度变化不超过士。.5%的标准直接日射表。这类仪表需要定期同基准直接日射表校准。它们包括各类腔体式和补偿式直接日射表。4.73一级直接日射表firstclasspyrheliometer一年内精密度变化不超过士1%的直接日射表。4.74二级直接日射表secondclasspyrheliometer一年内精密度变化不超过士2%的直接日射表。 GB12936.1一914.75副墓准总日射表、condarystandardpyranometer一年内精密度变化不超过士2%的标准总日射表。这类仪表可从各种一级总日射表中精选出来。4.76一级总日射表firstclasspyranometer一年内精密度变化不超过士5%的总日射表。4.77二级总日射表secondclasspyranometer年内精密度变化不超过士10%的总日射表。4.78副墓准全辐射表，econdarystandardpyrradiometer一年内精密度变化不超过士3%的标准全辐射表。这类仪表可从各种一级全辐射表中精选出来。4.79一级全辐射表firstclasspyrradiometer一年内精密度变化不超过士7%的全辐射表4.80二级全辐射表secondclasspyrradiometer一年内精密度变化不超过士15%的全辐射表。4.819照记录仪，unshinerecorder自动记录直射辐照度大于等于120士24W/mz的时数的仪表。同义词日照计4.82太阳跟踪器solartracker使直接日射表或太阳能利用装置的接收面始终保持与太阳辐射束相垂直的手动或自动旋转装置。4.83赤道式装置equatorialmounting可调节赤纬并按周日运动方向和速度驱动极轴旋转的太阳跟踪器。4.84地平式装置azimuthmounting可同时驱动水平轴和垂直轴旋转的太阳跟踪器。4.85遮阴板sunshadingdisk;shadedisk利用按一定尺寸和比例制造的长杆及固定于其一端的圆片遮挡总日射表传感器上直接日射，以测量散射辐照度的附件。4.86遮阴环shadering利用按一定宽度和半径比例制造的环带在总日射表传感器上连续遮挡直接日射，以自动记录散射辐照量的装置。该环带随太阳赤纬的变化可沿与地轴平行的导轨移动。测量中，总日射表置于环带圆心附近。4.87太阳模拟器solar(irradiance)simulator一种模拟太阳光谱的人工辐射源。其辐照度可调，并可达太阳常数的一倍以上。4.88大气atmosphere环绕地球的气体及其他悬浮微粒的包层。4.89理想大气idealatmosphere不含固态、液态和气态杂质，成分与一般空气无异的大气。同义词干洁大气。leandryair4.90大气质量(。)airmass太阳在任何位置与在天顶时，日射通过大气到达观测点的路径之比。为比较不同海拔地点的m值.需引入绝对大气质量(AM)的概念。即:AM二m(P/Po)···································。····⋯⋯(2)式中尸为当地大气压;P。为标准大气压。同义词大气光学质址opticalairmass4.91大气浑浊度atmosphericturbidity GB12936.1一91表征太阳辐射受到大气中固态、液态和气态杂质(除云外)的吸收与散射后在大气中透射降低程度的指标。4.92林克浑浊因子Lmketurbidityfactor实际大气与理想大气的线性消光系数之比。它是大气浑浊度的定量指标之-4.93线性消光系数linearextinctioncoefficient垂直通过无限薄介质层的准直辐射束，其光谱辐照度的相对减弱除以介质层的厚度4.94天空(有效)温度(effective)skytemperature与大气辐射完全等效的全辐射体所具有的温度。4.95反射reflection辐射在无波长或频率变化的条件下被入射表面折回入射介质的过程。4.96反射比(p)reflectance反射的与入射的辐射能通量之比。同义词(反射系数reflectioncoefficient)4.97半球向反射比hemisphericalreflectance在2兀S:立体角内，反射的与入射的辐射能通量之比。4.98反射率(p,)reflectivity材料层厚度达到反射比不随厚度增加而改变时的反射比。注:反射率是材料的特性;反射比则是无厚度及表面形状限制的材料试样的特性4.99反照率albedo各类地表的反射比。4.100地球反照率albedooftheEarth地球(包括大气层)的反射比。4.101吸收absorption由于物质的相互作用使入射辐射能转换为其他能量形式的过程。4.102吸收比(。)absorptance吸收的与入射的辐射能通量之比。同义词(吸收系数absorptioncoefficient)4.103内吸收比internalabsorptance在材料层的人射面和出射面之间吸收的辐射能通量与离开入射面的通量之比。4.104吸收率absorptivity在材料界面不影响吸收的条件下，单位辐射程长厚度的材料层内吸收比。4.105透射transmission辐射在无波长或频率变化的条件下对介质的穿透。4.106透射比(:)transmittance透射的与入射的辐射能通量之比同义词(透射系数transmissioncoefficient)4.107内透射比internaltransmittance到达材料层出射面的与离开材料层入射面的辐射能通量之比。4.108透射率transmissivity在材料界面不?,IS响透射的条件下，单位辐射程长厚度的材料层内透射比同义词透过率4.109发射emission物质辐射能的释放 GB12936.1一914.110发射率(:)emiasivity;emittance热辐射体的辐射出射度与处于相同温度的全辐射体的辐射出射度之比。4.111人射角angleofincidence辐射束与被辐照平面法线之间所夹的锐角。以该平面法线为零，单位为度(0)0 GB12936.1一91附录A汉语拼音索引(补充件)地平纬度·，·········，·················4·····⋯⋯3.17A地平线··········································⋯⋯3.12埃斯屈朗直接日射表·················，······⋯⋯4.59地平坐标系····‘···················。··········⋯⋯3.16地球反照率·......................................4.100B地球辐射·········、·········。·················。·⋯⋯4.37半球向反射比···，，··‘····，·，，，···············一4.97地球辐射表·，.·············，······‘·····，..⋯⋯4.63半球向日射······································一4.33地球〔辐射〕辐照度···························⋯⋯4.38半球向旧射〕辐照度···，。·········‘·········⋯⋯4.34地外日射·····································。·⋯⋯4.16半球向太阳辐射，···············4··········⋯⋯4.33地外〔日射〕辐照度，·························⋯⋯4.17曝辐量···············，··························⋯⋯4.10地外太阳辐射···························.·..··⋯⋯4.16北天极········，····。······，，，···················⋯⋯3.4短波辐射·········，····························⋯⋯4.23变阻测辐射热表······························⋯⋯4.53E标准辐射表········。·····。···········。·········⋯⋯4.69翩补偿式直接日射表·······，，‘··，·······一4.59二级全辐射表‘二4.7二级直接日射表C42二级总日射表⋯4.77长波辐射·················4········...····⋯⋯，483F赤道式装置··············⋯⋯，·..............⋯⋯3.2赤道坐标系······，··············⋯⋯，，..⋯‘⋯⋯3.10发射··················。·················，，，···一4.109赤经圈·...............................................32发射率·............................................9.110赤纬·············································。·‘⋯法向直〔接日〕射辐照度·····················⋯⋯4.27反射·‘··，·，，，··“·············，，·············⋯⋯4.95D反射比···。·····································⋯⋯4.96大气··········。·············，，·······‘···········⋯⋯4.88反射比表·································。······一4.62大气辐射························4一，..⋯⋯4.39反射率·························，，···············⋯⋯4.98大气辐射表···············.......⋯⋯，......⋯⋯4.63反射日射·······································⋯⋯4.31大气〔辐射〕辐照度········，，····‘··············一4.40反射〔日射〕辐照度······‘·‘··，·········，···⋯⋯4.32大气光学质量············.·..·.⋯⋯，....⋯⋯，二4.90反射系数··········，··········，···················一4.96大气浑浊度················..·.............⋯⋯4.91反射系数表···································⋯⋯4.62大气质量··4··4·······················.....⋯⋯‘⋯4.90反照率···········....................................4.99等辐照量线···············⋯⋯。·..·.........⋯⋯4.11反照率表·····，································⋯⋯4.62等拉德线······，·，·········，·，··········，..·..·.⋯⋯4.11方位角·，···················“··，，···············⋯⋯3.19等日照线.............................................4.51分光总日射表·......................................4.61地平经度····································.·.⋯⋯3.19副基准全辐射表······························一4.78地平经圈·······，·····，，·······价，..·⋯⋯3.13副基准直接日射表·................................4.72地平面·...............................................3.11副基准总日射表······························⋯⋯4.75地平圈·································，········⋯⋯3.12辐射························‘，··················⋯⋯4.1地平式装置·······。·⋯⋯，·，，··.··........⋯⋯4.94辐射表·........................................·，··⋯4.52 GB12936.1一91辐射差额······················⋯⋯，’········⋯⋯4.46可见辐射⋯⋯辐〔射〕出〔射〕度······························⋯⋯4，6可照时数··一:.:;辐射度··········································⋯⋯4.5辐〔射〕功率·································.·⋯⋯4.3辐〔射〕亮度·································.·.⋯⋯45理想大气⋯⋯辐〔射〕能··································，···⋯⋯4.2林克浑浊因子⋯:‘::辐〔射能〕通量·························..·..·⋯⋯，4.3辐射平衡·····································⋯⋯4.46辐射平衡表····································⋯⋯4.67漫射日射··⋯⋯4.28辐〔射〕强度··································.·⋯⋯4.4辐〔射〕照度····································⋯⋯4.7辐照量··········································⋯⋯4.10南天极⋯⋯3.5内透射比4.107内吸收比4.103干洁大气·······································⋯⋯4.89高度角··········································⋯⋯3.17格林尼治平时····。·····················。。·····⋯⋯3.47平均辐照度4.8工作辐射表····································⋯⋯4.70平太阳⋯⋯3.40光················································⋯⋯4.21平太阳日⋯3.42光谱辐照度··································..⋯⋯4.9平太阳时············⋯⋯:二平正午·····..·..⋯⋯，⋯二:.:一黑体·········...⋯⋯.一一一一一一一一一4.12Q红外辐射······⋯⋯4.22腔体式绝对辐射表···························⋯⋯4.58环日辐射······⋯⋯4.30区时·····························。··············⋯⋯3.46全辐射··················。······················⋯⋯4.41全辐射表·······································⋯⋯4.64基准直接日射表···⋯⋯角距离⋯⋯‘·”’‘’‘.’‘’“’全〔辐射〕辐照度··············..·····。··.·..·.⋯⋯4.42，六近日点···············⋯⋯︺乃全辐射体······································⋯⋯4.12亡人净长波辐射表······⋯⋯nnRJ︻净长波辐照度4····⋯⋯一:.件勺口亡净地球辐射表······⋯⋯nn日出·..................................................3.32凡U净短波辐射表······⋯⋯:.hJ日地平均距离······························⋯⋯。二3.30净短波辐照度······⋯⋯4.44日面·····························。··············⋯⋯3.31汤n净〔辐射〕辐照度···⋯⋯件n日没··········································。·⋯⋯3.33亡l净全辐射表·········⋯⋯一:‘Ol日射············································。⋯⋯4.15j户净全〔辐射〕辐照度⋯⋯任n日照············································⋯⋯4.47465净总日射表·········⋯⋯4.日照百分率····································⋯⋯4.50仄)绝对辐射表···········一4。曰件日照计········································⋯⋯4.81日照记录仪························...·······.⋯⋯4.81日照时数·············。·························⋯⋯4.48开敞角·········.·..·.⋯⋯4.57入射角·······.··················。··········⋯⋯4.111 GB12936.1一915天球··，·········································⋯⋯3.飞天球子午圈····································⋯⋯3.9卜4.28天球子午线···································⋯⋯3.9散射日射······⋯⋯429二天球坐标系....................................·一3.15散射〔日射〕辐照度35上中天·⋯’·“‘”‘”’3.4天文单位，··············，·················，···⋯⋯3.30时差···⋯⋯‘·“‘””539天轴··········································⋯⋯3.2时间常数········。⋯325透过率·······································⋯⋯4.108时角··，·····⋯⋯’“姗透射·..............................................4.105世界辐射测量基准⋯347透射比·······································⋯⋯4.106世界时··⋯””””‘’“’3.45透射率······································⋯⋯4.108时区·....................310透射系数·.........................··········⋯⋯4.106时圈·············一’·‘38X视太阳日······甲·⋯⋯3.9视太阳时·········⋯⋯48吸收········································⋯⋯4.101实照时数3.7吸收比4.102视正午⋯⋯“‘””‘’‘’‘.-⋯，，。⋯“...⋯⋯‘..⋯甲，吸收率4.104吸收系数4.102T下中天⋯3.36太阳·.............................................·一4.13线性消光系数4.93.二太阳常数·······································⋯⋯4.18相对辐射表⋯4.55太阳赤纬··········，······，·······】··，·····一3.24Y太阳方位角·····。··，···························⋯⋯3.20479.二太阳辐射······································⋯⋯4.15一级全辐射表······⋯⋯473….太阳高度角4··················，···············⋯⋯3.18一级直接日射表···⋯⋯川二太阳跟踪器····································⋯⋯4.82一级总日射表······⋯⋯329，.太阳光谱········································、⋯4.19远日点·····..⋯⋯，⋯⋯太阳模拟器··································⋯⋯4.872太阳能··········································⋯⋯4.14太阳时角，··············，··············⋯⋯3.26遮阴板···········，··，，·‘············，，，·，·‘一J，85太阳行程图····································⋯⋯327遮阴环·...............................太阳正午················‘······················⋯⋯3.37真太阳日·............................................3.38太阳直接辐射·········............................4.25真太阳时················..........................3.39〔太阳〕总辐射·································⋯⋯4.35直接辐射表····································⋯⋯4.56〔太阳〕总辐照度·····。·························，⋯4.36直接日射·····················，········。··，····⋯⋯4.25天赤道···········································，·⋯38直接日射表·······，··························⋯⋯4.56天底············································⋯⋯3.7〔直接日射表〕视场角···················。·····一4.57天顶，·····‘·4··············，，········，甲二3.6直〔接日〕射辐照度·，·······，······‘········甲··‘·⋯426天顶角··········································⋯⋯3.21直射日射····································。··⋯⋯4.25天顶距·······························，··········一3.21中天················，·················，··········⋯⋯3.34天极···········································4⋯3.3〔自校准〕绝对直接日射表···············⋯⋯4.58夭空辐射·······································⋯⋯4.28紫外辐射·································.··.··⋯⋯4.20天空辐射表···············。。，···········，·····一4.60总辐射表············，··················、······⋯⋯4.60天空〔有效〕温度······························⋯⋯4.94总日射·········································⋯⋯4.35 GB12936.1一91总日射表······································⋯⋯4.60总〔日射〕辐照度······························⋯⋯4.36附录B英文字母索引(补充件)Aabsolutecavityradiometer·····················································································。·⋯⋯4.58absoluteradiometer·····················。。·······························。·。。·····································。二4.54absolute(selfcalibrating)pyrheliometer····················。············································⋯⋯，⋯4.58absorptance·········································。·········。····························。·····················⋯⋯4.102absorption·····························································。··。。···········。·······················⋯⋯4.101absorotioncoefficient·································。············。··。······················。····。。·.·..·..·.⋯⋯4.102absorptivity。·····。·····························。······························。·····。。······························一4.104airmass····。。··。·············。········。·。·····································。。···············，··············。··。··。·⋯4.90albedo·············。·········。························。··，·······。···。·······················。·····。·。······.···⋯⋯4.99albedooftheEarth·。····················。··。。····················。··············。·······。····················⋯⋯4.100albedometer..................................................................................................···⋯⋯4.62altitude············。·。···················。·············································。···········。。········。···。·。一3.17angleofincidence··············，··，············。··。····················。·。··································。··。。⋯4.111angulardistance··········。······················。····。······。·。·。········，············。················。·········。⋯3.14入ngstrompyrheliometer···，··················································································⋯⋯4.59aphelion..................................................................................................................3.29apparentsolarday·······················································。。······················。··。。···········⋯⋯3.38apparentsolartime................................................................................................。二3.39astronomicalunit......................................................................................................3.30atmosphere·············。····。··················。··········。·····················································。·。。·⋯4.88atmosphericirradiance······················。·························。·。。········，·········。····，..⋯，·..·..·.⋯⋯4.40atmosphericradiation.......................................................·。···················。··。⋯，...·..··⋯⋯4.39atmos曲ericturbidity·············································。··································。·······。··⋯⋯4.91averageirradiance···········。·····················································。···············。·············⋯⋯4.8azimuth····························。········。·········。······················。....···········。··。。·······.···.·····⋯⋯3.19azimuthmounting······································。。·····，·································。·。。···。·········⋯⋯4.84Bbeamsolarirradiance····························，。···························。······················..·..········⋯⋯4.26beamsolarradration··················，··。···············。··。···。··。····················。···········。。··。·····。·。⋯⋯4.25blackbody························。·。··。。·······················。···············。·····················。···。······⋯⋯4.12bolometer··········⋯⋯。.。··⋯⋯。二。。·。。。···⋯⋯。。。。。。。。。。.⋯⋯。·。。。。。。。。。。..··⋯⋯。。。。。。。。.。。.·⋯⋯4.53(二celestialaxis3.2{6g GB12936.1一91celestialcoordinatesystem·····。··························..........................................................3.15celestialequator3.8celestialmeridian，···，⋯。⋯。·。。。·。。。，······⋯⋯。。。。。。，.。.·⋯‘。。。，。。‘。。。。。。。。，。。。。。。甲，。。‘。_3.9celestialnorthpole3.4celestialpole3.3celestialsouthpole3.5celestialsphere。··································。···。·····························································⋯⋯3.1circumsolarr-N-Lion4.30cleandryair4.89︸compensatedpyrheliometer4.59.culmination3.34D23declination，.··⋯⋯‘”“.329diffusesolarirradiance4洲diffusesolarradiation426directsolarirradiance425directsolarradiation4t19durationofpossiblesunshine4E(effective)skytemperature4.94emission4.109emissivity4.)10emitta幻ce。。。。。。‘，。。。。。·。·⋯。。。。。。。·⋯。。。.。。·⋯。。.。，·⋯。。。。。。。。。·。、。。。.。··‘⋯。。。。。⋯。。.o.·⋯。二。。。··⋯。4.]10equationoftime3.44equatorialcoordinatesystem3.22equatorialmounting4.83extraterrestrialsolarirradiance4.t7extraterrestrialsolarr-d+-tion4.16F57fieldofviewangle(ofapyrheliometer)470fieldradiometer476firstclasspyranometer4洲firstclasspyrheliometer⋯⋯’二‘二’··⋯‘·““’‘·’二479firstclasspyrradiometer4.12fullemitter4︸枪fullradiator4G︸洲globalsolarirradiance4肠globalsolarradiation一4 GB129361一91Grcenwjchmeantime3.47H东97henlisPhericalreflectance毛34hemjsPherica]solarirradiance4.3hemlsPhericajsolarradiation312horizon312hor论ontalcirde。。。。。。············⋯⋯。·。。。。。。。。。。。。。.。。。.。。。。二‘。.。。。。。。。。。。.。。。。。。。。。.段16horlzonta]cordinatesystem3.1horiz。爪alPlane·······································································.⋯⋯3.25hourangle3.10hourcircle。。。。。。。二。。。.。.。.⋯⋯。。.。。。。。。。。。。。.。。.。。。。。。。。。。。。.。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。二。.。189idealatmosPhere42jnfraredr洲iation4。internalabeorptan韶·。。··。·········，···············。·。·······················。·.······················..·..·..··⋯⋯4internaltransmittance·························································································⋯⋯4irradianceirradlation514::黑]14Lljght4。2193linearextinctionc‘把fflCient492Linketurbjdilyfactor4longwaveradiation10WCrCllmination::;M.’mean且泊tth一SUndistanCe3.30」11eannl洲In.⋯，’......⋯⋯3.4]nl创通n3.42】11ean器藻3.43门lean凡ln......⋯⋯‘一口.........................-................................................................⋯⋯3。40NnaditnetirradjanCe‘345心;netlongwaveirradiance·········。··················。·。···············。··。·····..·⋯⋯。.·..·..·..·.............⋯⋯4.65netPyranonleter姗netpyrgeometer二‘.·····⋯⋯“......·⋯⋯。。。。。。，。.。。。。。··⋯。。。。。。.。二。。。。。。。。。。。.。。·。。。。。。。⋯。.。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。171 GB12936.1一91netpyrradiometer4.674netshortwaveirradiance4找nettotalirradiance。。。.·⋯⋯。.。。。。。。。。..⋯。。。。。。。。。..⋯4normaldirectsolarirradiance4.21O574openingangle90optical.airmass4P450percentageofsunshine328perihelion门primarystandardpyrheliometer⋯⋯46Cpyranometer63pyrgeometer4溺pyrheliometer··。···...............⋯⋯4.pyrradiometer4.64Rradiance··。。··························。··。································。··。··················。···············。·⋯⋯4.5radiantenergy···············。··························。······················································⋯⋯4.2radiantexitance··················。。········。····················。。··········································。。···⋯⋯4.6radiantexposure··········。····························。·······················································⋯⋯4.10radiantflux·。························。。····。····················。······························。·········。······。·。一4.3radiantintensity·······························································································⋯⋯4.4radiantpower........................................................············⋯⋯，’...........................4.3radiation·····························。。···············································.······。············。···⋯⋯4.lradiationbalance···············。············。··········。·····。。·。······················，，·········.·。····。···。一4.46radiationbalancemeter················，··················。···························，··。·····。··。。···。。。·······⋯⋯4.67radiometer。·。。·······················。······························。·。·。······。····。···············。··············⋯⋯4.52referenceradiometer·。······。········。·······························。·。····。··。。·。·········。····················⋯⋯4.69reflectance·····。··。·。。··································...........................................................。一4.96reflectedsolarirradiance··················。·································.···。·.。。。··。。···················⋯⋯4.32reflected-iprradiation................................................................................................4.31reflection···········。···。············。························。·······························.··.······。···。·。·一4.95reflectioncoefficient·········。·················.··。·····。······。。·····························⋯⋯。········.···⋯⋯4.96reflectivity·····。·。·························································，········。·················。········⋯⋯4.98reflectometer............................................................................................................4.62relativeradiometer··。···························。·。·····。······················································⋯⋯4.55rightascensioncircle··········。·················。·························.···················。·。···。·········。⋯⋯3.10Sscatteringsolarirradiance4.2917少 GB12936.1一91scatteringsolarradiation4.28secondclasspyranometer4.77secondclasspyrheliomcter4.74secondclasspyrradiometer4.80secondarystandardpyranometer4.75secondarystandardpyrheliometer4.72secondarystandardpyrradiometer4.78shadedisk4.85shadering4.86shortwaveradiation4.23skyradiation4.28solaraltitude3.18rsolarazimuth3.20solarconstant4.18solardeclination3.24solardisk3.31solarenergy4.14solarhouran目e3.26solarOrradiance)simulator4.87solarnoon3.37solarradiation4.15solarspectrum4.19solartracker4.82spectralirradiance4.9spectralpyranometer4.61sun4.13sun-pathdiagram3.27sunrise3.32sun"sdisk3.31sunset3.33sunshadingdisk4.85sunshine4.47sunshineduration4.48sunshinerecorder4.81TJnjnterrestrialirradiance幼n.J勺7terrestrialradiation任…曰.qJstimezone口口月Jqtotalirradiance马q乙totalradiation4.41transmission4transmissioncoefficient4:::I7凡 GB12936.1一91transmissivity一:.:::transmittanceultravioletradiation4.20universaltime3.47upperculmination3.35verticalcirclevisibleradiation··，。·⋯“·‘””:;一WorldRadiometricReference4.68zenith·········。·········。························，·····。······，··。。。·········。·······，········。·，·······。·········⋯⋯3.6zenithangle·············‘············，·····························，···‘·······································⋯⋯3.21zenithdistance。·，·····.................................···············。·············。····。············。‘···⋯⋯3.2工zonetime...。二。....···一。。。。。。。·⋯。。。。。。·⋯。。。.⋯。⋯。。。。。。。。。。·⋯。。。。。。。⋯⋯。。。。。。.。·，⋯。。。。。。。。。二。......3.46附加说明:本标准由全国能源基础与管理标准化技术委员会提出。本标准由全国能源基础与管理标准化技术委员会名词术语分委员会归口。本标准由中国标准化与信息分类编码研究所和国家气象局气象科学研究院负责起草本标准主要起草人王炳忠、王黛'