GBT15663.6-2008煤矿科技术语矿山测量.pdf 29页

'ICS01．040．73D04囝亘中华人民共和国国家标准GB／T15663．6—2008代替GB／T15663．6—1995煤矿科技术语第6部分：矿山测量Termsrelatingtocoalmining--Part6：Minesurveying2008-08-07发布2009-03-01实施丰瞀鹳紫黼警糌瞥鐾发布中国国家标准化管理委员会仅111 前言GB／T15663．6—2008GB／T15663<<煤矿科技术语》分为如下几部分：——第1部分：煤炭地质与勘查；——第2部分：井巷工程；——第3部分：地下开采；——第4部分：露天开采；——第5部分：提升运输；——第6部分：矿山测量；——第7部分：开采沉陷与特殊采煤；——第8部分：煤矿安全；——第10部分：采掘机械；——第11部分：煤矿电气。本部分为GB／T15663的第6部分。本部分代替GB／T15663．61995《煤矿科技术语矿山测量》。与GB／T15663．61995相比，本部分主要作了如下补充和修改：——删除了原标准中的“坐标增量”一词。——新标准中，对基本术语、矿区地面测量、矿井测量、基本测量仪器和工具及矿图等部分进行了补充；新增开采沉陷监测与防治和矿山空间信息两部分。——对部分术语的定义进行了修改。本部分由中国煤炭工业协会提出。本部分由全国煤炭标准化技术委员会归口。本部分起草单位：中国矿业大学(北京)，中国矿业大学，山东科技大学，河南理工大学，淮北矿业(集团)公司。本部分主要起草人：陈宜金，郭达志，卢秀山，郭增长，李伟。本部分所代替标准的历次版本发布情况为：——GB／T15663．61995。 煤矿科技术语第6部分：矿山测量GB／T15663．6—20081范围GB／T15663的本部分规定了矿山测量科学技术领域的主要术语，涉及矿区地面测量、矿井测量、开采沉陷与防治、基本测量仪器与工具、矿图和矿山空间信息等方面。本部分适用于与矿山测量有关的所有文件、标准、规程、规范、书刊、教材和手册等。2基本术语2．1矿山测量[学]minesurvey；minesurveying建立矿区测量控制系统，测绘各种矿图，用以指导矿山工程的正确实施，监督矿产资源的合理开发和处理开采沉陷等问题的科学；为地质勘探、矿山规划设计、矿山建设、生产、运营、矿山生态环境保护以及矿山报废等各阶段所进行的各种测量、数据处理和绘图工作的总称。2．2高程基准面heightdatum大地水准面(被取代)水准零点(被取代)国家的高程起算面注：我国规定采用青岛验期站确定的黄海平均海水面作为全国统一的高程基准面。2．3高程height；elevation海拔(被取代)标高(被取代)绝对高程(被取代)某空间点沿铅垂线方向到高程基准面的距离。2．4高差altitudedifference；heightdifference^两点间高程之差。2．5假定高程assumedelevation相对高度(被取代)由任意高程基准面起算的高程。2．6水准原点levelingorigin国家规定的高程起算点。注：我国水准原点设在青岛。2．7水准基点benchmarkB．M在水准测量的路线上，每隔一定距离且在稳固处布设的高程控制点。 GB／T15663．6—20082．8高斯一克吕格平面直角坐标系Gauss-Krugerplancoordinatesystem在高斯一克吕格投影平面上，以投影带的中央子午线为纵坐标轴(X轴)，赤道投影为横坐标轴(，轴)所构成的平面坐标系。2．9矿区平面直角坐标系plancoordinatesysteminminingarea以矿区任意子午线(通常选择通过矿区中心的子午线)作为中央子午线，以国家统一的椭球面或以其他适当的高程面为投影面的平面直角坐标系。2．10三维地心坐标系3Dgeocentriccoordinatesystem坐标原点为地球质心，其地心空间直角坐标系的z轴指向国际时间局(BIH)1984．0定义的协议地极(cTP)方向，x轴指向BIHl984．0的协议子午面和CTP赤道的交点，Y轴与z轴、x轴垂直构成右手坐标系，称为1984年世界大地坐标系。注：这是一个国际协议地球参考系统(ITRS)，是目前国际上统一采用的大地坐标系。2．11坐标方位角gridbearing；coordinateazimuth从纵坐标轴北端顺时针至某方向线的水平角度。2．12磁方位角magneticazimuth从磁子午线北端顺时针至某方向线的水平角度。2．13象限角bearing；quadrantangle某直线方向与纵坐标轴或子午线所夹的锐角。2．14测站station为进行观测而架设测量仪器的观测点。2．15地理信息系统geographicinformationsystemGISGIS是解决空间问题的工具、方法和技术；GIS是在地理学、地图学、测量学和计算机科学等学科基础上发展起来的一门学科，具有独立的学科体系；GIS具有空间数据的获取、存储、显示、编辑、处理、分析、输出和应用等功能；G1S具有一定结构和功能，是一个完整的系统。2．16资源与环境遥感remotesensingfornaturalresourcesandenvironment是以地球资源的探测、开发、利用、规划、管理和保护为主要内容的遥感技术及其应用过程。2．17全球定位系统globalpositioningsystemGPS由覆盖全球的多颗卫星组成的卫星系统。这个系统可以保证在任意时刻，地球上任意一点都可以同时观测蓟至少4颗以上卫星，以保证地面接收机可以采集到卫星发出的定位数据，计算出该观测点的经纬度和高度，实现导航、定位、授时等功能。2．18空间统计学spatialstatistics是以研究生态学和地质学中的物质现象为主流，研究空间中“点”的分布规律，有集聚性、集聚强度、方向性等数据的一种数据分析的数学方法。2 GB／T15663．6—20082．19实体entity人类活动空间客观存在的对象，概括为点、线、面等要素，并且它们具有空间几何特性和属性特性。2．20矢量数据vectordata直角坐标系中，用x、y坐标(或坐标串)表示地图图形或地理实体的位置和形状的数据。2．21数字地形模型digitalterrainmodelDTM是用一系列地面点空间坐标值(X，y，z)描述地表形态的一种方式。2．22数字高程模型digitalelevationmodelDEM由高程数据组成的地形特征矩阵，是数字地形模型最基本的数据子集。2．23国际矿山测量协会InternationalSocietyofMineSurveyingISM1959年成立，是联合国教科文组织下的非官方一级学术组织。注：中华人民共和国于1995年加入该组织。2．24地质测量geologicalsurvey为完成一项地质工程所进行的测量工作。2．25地质点测量geologicalpointsurvey为完成某一点的地质调查而进行的测量工作。3矿区地面测量3．1矿区控制测量controlsurveyofminingarea建立矿区平面控制网和高程控制网的测量工作。3．2近景摄影测量closerangephotogrammetry利用安置在地面上基线两端点处的摄影机向目标拍摄立体像对，对所摄目标进行测绘的技术。3．3数字摄影测量digitalphotogrammetry是基于数字影像和摄影测量的基本原理，应用计算机技术、数字影像处理、影像匹配、模式识别等多学科的理论与方法，提取所摄对像以数字方式表达的几何与物理信息的摄影测量学的分支学科。3．4水准测量leveling(survey)直接水准测量(被取代)几何水准测量(被取代)用水准仪和水准标尺测定两点间高差的技术方法。3．5水准路线levelingline水准测量设站观测所经过的路线。3 GB／T15663．6—20083．6高程测量heightsurvey；heightmeasurement确定点的高程的测量。主要有水准测量、三角高程测量、GPS高程测量和气压高程测量等方法。3．7三角高程测量trigonometricleveling间接高程测量(被取代)间接水准测量(被取代)通过测定测站点至照准点的竖直角以及这两点之间的倾斜距离，根据三角学原理求得这两点问高差的测量方法。3．8高程闭合差closureerrorofelevation|～由观测值计算的高程与准确值之差，用于衡量水准测量或三角高程测量的精度。3．9水平角horizontalangle卢一点到两目标的方向线在水平面上垂直投影线的夹角。3．10测回法methodofobservationset用经纬仪正、倒镜位依次观测两目标，以测定水平角的一种方法。3．11复测法repetitionmethod用安装有复测装置的经纬仪，进行水平角观测的一种方法。3．12竖直角verticalangle艿一点至观测目标的方向线与水平面间的夹角，仰角为正，俯角为负。3．13视距测量stadiasurvey用有视距装置的测量仪器和视距尺，按光学和三角学原理测定水平距离和高差的测量方法。3．14等高线contour；isohypse空间曲面上高程相等的各相邻点所连成的水平投影曲线。3．15等高线间距contourinterval等高距相邻等高线的高程差。3．16地形图topographicmap；topographicdrawing采用一定比例尺、专用符号及等高线，表示地物、地貌平面位置和高程位置的正射投影图。3．17碎部测量detailsurvey确定地物、地貌、井巷等目标物特征点位置的测量。4 GB／T15663．6—20083．18测量误差measurementerror；measuringerror；errorofmeasurement测量值与真值之差。3．19随机误差randomerror：accidenterror偶然误差在同一条件下获得的测量值序列中，其误差的数值大小、符号不定，但服从于一定统计规律的测量误差。3．20系统误差systematicerror在同一条件下获得的测量值序列中，其误差的数值大小、符号保持不变或按一定规律变化的测量误差。3．21标准偏差standarddeviation口中误差均方误差(被取代)随机误差平方和的平均值的平方根，作为衡量测量精度的一种数值指标。3．22允许误差permissibleerror；allowableerror：toleranceerror根据测量精度要求，所规定的随机误差的绝对值不应超过的限值。3．23权weight表示测量结果质量相对可靠程度的一种权衡值。3．24导线测量traversesurvey将一系列控制点依次连成折线形式，并测定各折线边的长度和水平角(或方位角)，再根据起始数据推算各测点平面位置的一种控制测量方法。3．25光电测距导线EDMtraverse用电光测距仪测量边长和经纬仪(或全站仪)测角的导线。3．26三角测量triangulation通过观测相联系三角形的内角，并依据已知起始边长、方位角和起始点坐标来确定其他各三角点平面位置的一种控制测量方法。3．27三边测量trilateration测量三角形三条边的边长，以确定各三角点平面位置的一种控制测量方法。3．28图根控制测量mappingcontrol(survey)为地形测图而建立平面控制网和高程控制网所进行的测量工作。5 GB／T15663．6—20083．29前方交会ferwan：lintersection在两个以上已知点上进行水平角观测，并根据已知点的坐标及观测角值计算出待定点坐标的测量方法。3．30侧方交会sideintersection在两个已知点和一个待定点组成的三角形中，选定一个已知点和待定点进行水平角观测，从而计算出待定点坐标的测量方法。3．31后方交会resection；three-pointresection在待定点上，对至少三个已知点进行水平角观测，并根据已知点的坐标及两个水平角值计算待定点坐标的测量方法。3．32导线边traverseleg；traverseside导线测量中连接两导线点间的边。3．33导线点traversepoint为延伸和布设导线所设置的测点。3．34导线角度闭合差angleclosingerroroftraverse当导线构成多边形时，多边形内(外)角和的理论值和观测值之差。或由已知方位角开始，根据所观测的水平角推算得到另外一已知方位角的计算值，其已知值和计算值之差。3．35导线结点junctionpointoftraverses两条以上导线的汇聚点。3．36导线全长闭合差totallengthclosingerroroftraverse导线闭合点或附合点的已知坐标和推算坐标之差的平方和的平方根。3．37导线网traversenetwork由若干单一导线所构成的网状形式的导线。3．38导线相对闭合差relativelengthclosingerroroftraverse导线全长闭合差与导线长度之比。3．39导线转折角traverseangle相邻导线边之问的夹角。3．40闭合导线closedtraverse形成闭合多边形的导线。3．41附合导线connectingtraverse在两个已知控制点间布设的导线。6 GB／T15663．6—20083．42支导线opentraverse从一个已知控制点出发，而另一端为未知点的导线。3．43附合水准路线annexedlevelingline在两个已知高程控制点间布设的水准路线。4矿井测量4．1矿井测量minesurveying为指导和监督矿山资源的开发，在井工和露天开采中所进行的测量工作。4．2井下测量undergroundsurvey为指导和监督矿山资源的开发，在井工开采中所进行的测量工作。4．3联系测量transfersurvey；connectionsurvey将地面平面坐标系统和高程系统传递到井下的测量，包括平面联系测量和导入高程测量。4．4立井施工测■constructionsurveyforverticalshaftsinking为保证立井竖直度和断面按设计要求施工的测量工作。4．5定向近井点nearshaftcontrolpoint；nearshaftpointfororientation近井点定向基点(被取代)为进行联系测量在井口附近设立的控制点。4．6一井定向one-shaftorientation通过一个立井进行的平面联系测量。4．7定向连接点transferpoint；connectionpointforshaftorientation立井平面联系测量时，与投点垂线进行连接测量的测点。4．8几何定向geometricorientation采用几何原理进行定向的测量工作。4．9连接三角形法transfertrianglemethod；connectiontrianglemethod将连接点和井筒内两垂线构成三角形，进行一井定向的连接测量方法。4．10瞄直法alignmentmethod将定向连接点位置设在两垂线的延长线上的定向连接测量方法。4．11投点shaftplumbing通过立井用垂线或激光束将地面坐标系统传递到定向水平的测量工作。有稳定设点，摆动投点和7 GB／T15663．6—2008激光投点之分。4．12两井定向two-shaftorientation在井下有巷道连通的两个立井中，各挂一垂线所进行的平面联系测量工作。4．13定向投点orientationprojection当采用几何定向时，将一个标高上的点位投影到另一个标高上的测量工作。4．14垂线投点projectionbyverticalline用垂球线进行定向投点。4．15稳定投点shaftdampingplumbing投点时垂球线基本处于稳定状态的定向投点方式。4．16摆动投点shaftpendulousplumbing通过观测垂线的摆动规律而确定其静止位置的定向投点的方式。4．17定向误差orientationerror由定向过程所引起的测量实体的空间误差。4．18陀螺经纬仪定向gyrotheodoliteorientation陀螺定向用陀螺经纬仪确定某边方位角的测量。4．19悬挂带零位观测tapezeroobservation测定陀螺轴摆动平衡位置与目镜分划板的零分划线是否重合的测量工作。4．20陀螺定向误差gyroorientationerror采用陀螺定向所引起的定向边的方位角误差。4．21陀螺子午线gyroscopicmeridian在陀螺仪运转状态下，陀螺摆动的平衡位置所指示的方向线。4．22陀螺方位角gyroscopicazimuth从陀螺子午线北端，顺时针至某方向线的水平夹角。4．23中天法transitmethod在陀螺经纬仪照准部固定条件下，通过测量指标线经过分划板零线时间和最大摆幅值，从而求得陀螺子午线的陀螺经纬仪定向方法。4．24逆转点法reversalpointmethod用陀螺经纬仪跟踪陀螺轴的摆动，通过读取到达两逆转点时经纬仪度盘上的方向读数求得陀螺子午线的陀螺经纬仪定向方法。8 GB／T15663．6—20084．25井下平面控制测量undergroundhorizontalcontrolsurvey建立井下平面控制系统的测量。4．26基本控制导线basiccontroltraverse井下平面测量的首级控制导线。4．27采区控制导线sub-controltraverse井下平面测量的次级控制导线。4．28采区测量miningdistrictsurvey为采区的施工或测图所进行的测量工作。4．29采区联系测量transfersurveyinminingdistrict通过竖直或急倾斜巷道把方向、坐标和高程连测到采区内所进行的测量工作。4．30巷道碎部测量detailsurveyformineworkings为绘制大比例尺巷道图和硐室图所进行的测量工作。4．31采煤工作面测量coalfacesurvey为填绘采煤工作面动态图和计算产量、损失量而进行的测量工作。4．32立井中心verticalshaftcenter立井断面的几何中心。4．33立井十字中线crosslineofverticalshaftcenter井筒中心线(被取代)通过立井中心，在水平面上互相垂直的两条方向线，其中一条应垂直于提升绞车的主轴。4．34标定settingout放样(被取代)将设计对象的几何要素测设在实地的测量工作。4．35巷道中线centerline；horizontaldirectionofworkings中线巷道几何中心线在水平面上的投影线，用来指示巷道在水平面内施工的方向线。4．36巷道坡度线verticaldirectionofworkings；roadwaygradient腰线与巷道底板平行，在竖直面内指示巷道施工的方向线。4．37贯通测量holing-throughsurvey当井巷在两个或多个掘进工作面同时施工时，为保证巷道按设计要求正确贯通所进行的全部测量工作。9 GB／T15663．6—20084．38激光指向laserguide用激光指向机器给定巷道掘进方向和坡度。4．39贯通误差预计estimationofholing-througherror井巷贯通施工之前，预先对井巷可能产生的贯通点测量误差范围所作的估算。它包含地面控制测量、联系测量和井下施工测量误差的综合影响。4．40导向层guidestrata贯通掘进中，起指导掘进方向作用的岩层或煤层。4．41井下硐室测量undergroundcavitysurvey为绘制和标定井下硐室位置和形状所进行的测量工作。4．42罗盘仪测量compasssurvey用罗盘仪所进行的各种测量工作。4．43陀螺定向光电测距导线gyrophicEDMtraverse采用陀螺测定导线边的方位，用光电测距方法进行导线边距离量测的导线。4．44顶板测点roofpoint设置于顶板上的测点。4．45底板测点floorpoint设置于底板上的测点。4．46点下对中centringunderpoint在顶板测点上进行的测量仪器对中工作。4．47巷道中线标定setting-outofworkings’centerline为指示巷道在水平面内的掘进方向所进行的巷道中心线标定测量工作。4．48巷道腰线标定setting-outofworkings’slope为指示巷道的掘进坡度，在距底板一定高度的巷道两帮标定坡度线的测量工作。4．49掘进收尺footagemeasurementofworkings为测量掘进进度所进行的巷道丈量工作。4．50矿井提升设备安装测量surveyforshaftwindingplantinstallation矿井提升设备安装过程中所进行的测量工作。4．51露天矿测量openpitsurvey；opencastsurvey；stripminesurvey在露天矿的设计、建设和生产过程中所进行的各种测量工作。10 4．524．534．544．55露天矿控制测量controlsurveyforstripmine露天矿的控制网(点)的测量。露天矿验收测量stopeacceptancesurvey为测量剥、采、排工程位置，计算剥、采、排量而进行的测量工作。帮坡稳定性监测slopestabilitymonitoring为判断帮坡稳定性，研究帮坡移动和滑动规律而进行的测量工作。露天矿工程测量openpitengineeringsurvey为采场的施工或测图所进行的测量工作。GB／T15663．6—20085开采沉陷监测与防治5．1开采沉陷[学]miningsubsidence研究由于煤矿开采所引起的岩层移动及地表沉陷的现象、规律等相关问题的科学。5．2变形观测deformationmeasurement；deformationobservation对因开采等因素引起的地面及建(构)筑物变形和位移所进行的观测工作。5．3开采沉陷观测subsidenceobservation测定地表移动与变形的测量工作。5．4开采沉陷预计predictionofminingsubsidence对因地下开采所引起的地表(岩层)移动和变形进行的预测。5．5岩层移动stratamovement因采矿引起围岩的移动、变形和破坏的现象和过程。5．6地表移动观测站observationstationforsurfacemovement为获取采矿引起的地表移动规律，在地表按一定要求设置的测点或装置所构成的观测系统。5．7裂缝观测fissureobservation为研究因开采所引起地表或建(构)筑物发生变形裂缝的规律而进行的测量工作。5．8地表下沉盆地subsidencebasin指由于开采引起的采空区上方地表移动的整体形态和范围。5．9变形deformation由于地下开采引起的地表(岩层)倾斜变形、曲率变形、水平变形、扭曲和剪切变形。 GB／T15663．6—20085．10移动盆地主断面majorcross-sectionofsubsidencebasin通过移动盆地内最大下沉点沿煤层倾向或走向的断面。5．11移动角angleofcriticaldeformation在充分或接近充分采动条件下，移动盆地主断面上，地表最外的临界变形点和采空区边界点连线与水平线在煤壁一侧的夹角。5．12地表临界变形值criticalsurfacedeformationvalue临界变形值受保护的建(构)筑物仍能正常使用所允许的地表最大变形值。5．13边界角boundaryangle；limitangle在充分或接近充分采动条件下，移动盆地主断面上的边界点与采空区边界之间的连线和水平线在煤柱一侧的夹角。5．14裂缝角angleofoutmostcrack；angleofoutmostfissure在充分或接近充分采动条件下，移动盆地主断面上，地表最外侧的裂缝和采空区边界点连线与水平线在煤壁一侧的夹角。5．15充分采动criticalmining临界开采地表最大下沉值不随采区尺寸增大而增加的临界开采状态。5．16非充分采动subcriticalmining地表最大下沉值随采区尺寸增大而增加的开采状态。5．17超充分采动supereriticalmining超临界开采地表最大下沉值不随采区尺寸增大而增加的，且超出临界开采的状态。5．18下沉系数subsidencefactor水平或近水平煤层充分采动条件下，地表最大下沉值与采厚之比。5．19主要影响半径maininfluenceradius；majorinfluenceradius在充分采动条件下，主断面上下沉值为0．0063倍最大下沉值的点与同侧下沉值为0．9937倍最大下沉值的点的水平距离的一半。5．20水平移动系数displacementfactor水平或近水平煤层充分采动条件下，地表最大水平移动值与地表最大下沉值之比。5．21围护带safetyberm；safetyzone设计保护煤柱时，在受护对象的外侧增加的一定宽度的安全带。】2 GB／T15663．6—20085．22矿区土地复垦minelandreclamation对开采损毁的土地，因地制宜地采取整治措施，使其恢复到可供利用的期望状态的行动或过程。6基本测量仪器与工具6．1水准仪level水平仪(被取代)以水平视线为基准，测量两点高差的一种光电仪器。6．2水准标尺levelingstaff水准尺与水准仪配合进行水准测量的标尺，有普通水准标尺、精密水准标尺和数字标尺等不同类型。6．3经纬仪theodolite；transit测量水平角和竖直角的光学或光电仪器。5．4电子速测仪electronictacheometer兼备电子测距和测角等功能的测量仪器。6．5电磁波测距仪electromagneticdistancemeasuringinstrument以电磁波为载波，测定电磁波在待测距离上往返传播的时间以求得两点间距离的仪器。6．6平板仪planetable；surveyor’stable由照准仪和平板等组成，用于直接测量和绘制地形(物)点空间位置的仪器。6．7照准仪alidade平板仪的组成部分，用以测定地形(物)点并在图上标出其位置和高程。6．8悬挂罗盘仪hangingcompass在井下巷道和工作面测量中，悬挂在方向线上用于测定其磁方位的罗盘仪。6．9陀螺经纬仪gyro-theodolite由陀螺仪和经纬仪组合成一体以测定方位角的一种仪器。6．10激光指向仪laserguideinstrument利用激光光束指示方向的仪器。6．11陀螺全站仪gyroscopictotalsation由陀螺仪和全站仪组合成一体，具有测定方位角、测角、测距，并具有一定数据处理、存储和传输能力的仪器。13 GB／T15663．6—20086．12激光铅垂仪laserplummetapparatus利用激光光束指示铅垂方向的仪器。6．13矿山经纬仪miningtheodolite适应矿山环境的经纬仪。6．14全站仪totalstation具有测角、测距和一定数据处理、存储和传输能力的电子设备。6．15自动安平水准仪automaticlevel；compensatorlevel能进行自动安平的水准仪。6．16GPS接收机GPSreceiver能接收空间定位卫星信号，并具有一定的数据处理、存储和传输能力的电子设备。6．17惯性测量系统inertialsurveyingsystem惯性测量系统是控制系统的敏感元件，用来测量运动物体在运动过程中绕三个轴转动的角速率以及质心沿三个轴运动的线速度，用于控制运动物体稳定运动和导航。6．18钻孔伸长仪boreholeextensometer伸长仪截面为矩形，杆用刚性套保护，固定在不同深度，上部尖端伸出地面并装上手动百分度比长仪。同时还安装了一个雨量计和多个压力与位移传感器，它们都与自动数据记录仪相连接。6．19巷道断面仪roadwayprofiler测量巷道在当时围岩压力作用下，巷道断面的收缩量(即当时压力、时间下的面积变形量)的仪器。6．20三维激光扫描仪3Dlaserscanner采用激光扫描技术，用以获取被测实体三维空间信息的仪器。7矿图7．1矿田区域地形图topographicmapofminefield反映矿田范围内地貌和地物空间位置的图件。7．2井田区域地形图topographicmapofEunderground3minefield反映井田范围内地貌和地物等地理要素的图件。7．3工业场地平面图mineyardplan反映工业场地内生产系统、生活设施和地貌的空间位置的图件。7．4井底车场平面图shaftbottomplan反映井底车场巷道、硐室以及运输和排水系统的平面位置的综合性图件。14 GB／T15663．6—20087．5采掘工程平面图miningengineeringplan；miningmap反映开采矿层或开采分层内采掘工程、地质和测量信息的综合性图件。7．6井上下对照图surface-undergroundcontrastmap；sitemap；locationmap反映矿山地面的地物、地貌与井下采掘工程之间空间位置对应关系的综合性图件。7．7采剥工程断面图cross-sectionofstrippingwork；strippingandminingengineeringprofile为反映剥离和回采工作状况，计算露天矿产储量、采剥量，检查梯段的技术规格而测绘的采场断面图件。7．8采剥工程综合平面图strippingworkmap；syntheticplanofstrippingandmining反映露天矿所有台阶采剥工程、地质和测量信息的综合性平面图件。7．9保护煤柱图safetypillarmapforprotectingbuildings为使地上(下)建(构)筑物、水体等需要保护的空间对象，不因煤层开采引起的移动变形而受到影响，按一定的理论技术方法计算和绘制的不应开采的煤层范围图。7．10矿体几何制图geometrizationoforebody应用矿体几何学的理论和方法建立矿床的数学模型和图像模型等工作。7．11开采沉陷图miningsubsidencemap为表示开采地表沉陷规律和程度的图形，包括下沉等值线、水平移动等值线、倾斜变形等值线、曲率变形等值线、水平变形等值线等图形。7．12地表移动曲线图curvediagramofsurfacemovement为表示开采所引起的地表移动和变形所绘制的曲线图形，包括地表下沉、倾斜、曲率、水平移动、水平变形等曲线图形。7．13矢量绘图vectorplotting以矢量要素所绘制的图形。7．14主要巷道平面图mainworkingsplan为表达矿井井下主要巷道的空间位置和空间关系所绘制的平面图。7．15排土场平面图wastedumpplan为表达排土场的空间位置和空间关系所绘制的平面图。7．16煤层等厚线图isothicknessmapofcoalseam用等值线表示煤层厚度变化分布的平面图。7．17煤层等深线图isodepthmapofcoalseam用等值线反映煤层埋藏深度变化分布的平面图。15 GB／T15663．6—20087．18煤层底板等高线图contourmapofcoalseamfloor用等值线反映煤层底板高程变化分布的平面图。7．19电子矿图electronicminingmap以矿图数据库为基础，以数字形式存贮于计算机外存贮器上，并能实时显示的可视矿图。8矿山空间信息8．1地形数据库topographicaldatabase存储和管理地形信息的数据库。8．2地质数据库geologicaldatabase存储和管理地质信息的数据库。8．3矿区地面测量数据库surfacesurveyingdatabaseinminingarea存储和管理矿区地面测量信息的数据库。8．4矿山测量数据库minesurveyingdatabase存储和管理采矿空间测量信息的数据库。8．5地学空间数据geo-spatialdata包括资源、环境、经济和社会等领域的一切带有地理坐标的数据。8．6空间对象spatialobject是对空间物体或地学现象的抽象。空间对象有两个特征：一个是几何特征，它有大小、形态和位置另一个是空间要素的属性特征。8．7空间数据spatialdata用来表示空间实体的位置、形状、大小及其分布特征诸多方面信息的数据。8．8空间数据结构spatialdatastructure是指对空间数据进行合理的组织，以便进行计算机处理。8．9矿山空间信息编码minespatialinformationcoding是指对采矿空间信息按一定的科学方法进行编码，以便进行计算机处理。8．10数字矿山digitalmine是在国家统一地理坐标框架中，将矿山地上地下的地形地物、资源、开拓开采系统和环境及其动态变化以数字方式存储到空间信息系统中，对采掘过程及其引起的相关现象进行定量描述、三维表达、模拟决策和网络流通，为矿山的科学管理、安全生产和可持续发展服务。】6 GB／T15663．6—20088．11矿体几何[学]mineraldepositsgeometry利用数学模型和图像模型研究矿体形态和矿产特性分布及其变化的科学，8．12矿山地理信息系统mineGISMGISMGIS是解决资源开采空间问题的工具、方法和技术；MGIS是在GIS等学科基础上发展起来的一门学科。8．13矿体信息可视化visualizationofmineralinformation是利用计算机图形学和图像处理技术，将开采空间信息转换成图形或图像在屏幕上显示出来，并进行交互处理的理论、方法和技术。8．14空间信息统计学geostatistics；spatial-informationstatistics地质统计学是数学地质领域中，从研究矿产储量计算及其误差估计问题产生和发展起来的科学。8．15地学信息系统geo-informationsystem获取、处理、管理和分析地学空间数据的工具、技术和科学。8．16储量管理reservemanagement测定和统计矿产储量动态及开采损失量，以指导、监督合理地开采矿产资源的工作。 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GB／T15663．6—2008一逆转点法⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯“o偶然误差⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯P排土场平面图⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一平板仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯Q前方交会⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯“全球定位系统⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--全站仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”权⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·S3Dlaserscanner-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·三边测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一三角测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··三角高程测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一三维地心坐标系⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一三维激光扫描仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”实体⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯“矢量绘图⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”矢量数据⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯“视距测■⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-竖直角⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一数字地形模型⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯“数字高程模型⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·数字矿山⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-数字摄影测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-水平角⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·水平移动系数⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一水准标尺⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-水准测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·水准尺⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯水准基点⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·水准路线⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·水准仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·水准原点⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·随机误差⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯碎部测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯20T投点⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·图根控制测量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·陀螺定向·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯陀螺定向光电测距导线⋯⋯⋯·陀螺定向误差⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·陀螺方位角⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·陀螺经纬仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯陀螺经纬仪定向⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·陀螺全站仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·陀螺子午线⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·W围护带⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·稳定投点⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·X系统误差⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·下沉系数⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·象限角⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··悬挂带零位观测⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··悬挂罗盘仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯Y岩层移动⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯腰线⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯·一一井定向⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯移动角⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·一移动盆地主断面⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··允许误差⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·Z照准仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯支导线⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··中天法⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”中误差⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯中线···⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··主要巷道平面图⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··主要影响半径⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”资源与环境遥感⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯“自动安平水准仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·钻孔伸长仪⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-坐标方位角⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯“¨勰侣躬∞挖油他¨孙纠仆加他他俜舟一弘一¨加趁■蛇捣纠站¨怕惦佰他”乱文tt乱t“屯良mEt土量色t65乱4置曩文 英文索BAGB／T15663．6—2008accidenterror⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·3．19alidade．．．．．--···--·-···---·-···-·-····--····-·-·-····-·-····--····-·····················································6．7alignmentmethod⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯’⋯⋯⋯⋯‘。⋯⋯⋯⋯4．10allowableerror·····························-··-·-···-·-····--···-·--·····---···-·-···-·-·-···-····-···-···-·········322altitudedifference-·····-·····-······-·····-·--···-·-·--··-······-·····-·-···-·-·-···-··································2．4angleclosingerroroftraverse-····-·-···-··-·-···-·-························‘‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘’‘’‘‘’‘‘‘’‘‘‘‘’’’‘。’。。’’’’334angleofcriticaldeformation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯5．11angleofoutmostcrack·-······················································‘‘‘’’‘‘‘‘’‘’‘‘‘’’。’‘’‘’’’’’。。’‘’。‘‘‘‘514angleofoutmostfissure·················································-··‘‘‘‘‘‘‘’‘‘’’‘。‘。‘。‘‘。。‘‘。‘。。‘‘。‘。‘‘。。‘。。。514annexedlevelingline···-····-·-···-·-·--··-·--·--··-··-···-······-······-····-······································343assumedelevation················-·-····································································-······-··-····2．5antomaticleveI⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．⋯-．⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯-·-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯····⋯“6．15BB．M⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯·⋯⋯··⋯-··-⋯⋯-··⋯⋯一2．7basiccontroltraverse········································-······---···-·-···---···---·····-··-···-·-···-·········4．26bearing⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·‘⋯·⋯⋯。‘⋯。。‘⋯。‘‘⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。⋯’。2．13benchmark．·································-········-···--··-·--······-···-·-·-···-··································27boreholeextensometer⋯⋯⋯⋯--⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯--·--·⋯6．18boundaryangle⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯-·⋯。‘‘⋯。‘‘⋯⋯⋯⋯’。’⋯⋯⋯⋯5．13Ccenterline·．························································-·····-··-··-·-···-·····--····-····--····--·······435centringunderpoint··········································‘·············‘‘’‘’‘‘‘‘‘。‘‘‘‘。。‘‘‘。‘‘‘。。。‘‘。‘。。’。。‘。。‘446closerangephotogrammetry···········································-····--·‘‘。‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘。‘‘。‘。‘‘‘。’‘。‘。。。。。。‘。。。’。’。32closedtraverse···········································-·····-···-·-···-·-·-···-·-····-·····-········-···············340closureerrorofelevation-···-···········-·--······---··-·-····-·····-·-··············································38coalfacesurvey⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯。‘‘⋯‘‘‘⋯⋯⋯⋯。。‘⋯⋯。。。⋯4．31compasssurvey············-····--····-·-···-··-·-·····-·····-·····-·······-···⋯。’。’’‘‘’‘’‘’‘‘’‘‘‘’‘‘‘‘’’‘’‘+‘‘’‘‘+442compensatorlevel··-·-···---···--····-·-···-··-·-·····-························‘‘‘’‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘’‘+’’+‘’。’‘+’’。’‘+’’’‘’‘615connectingtraverse⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘‘‘⋯。。‘⋯。。‘⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．41connectionpointforshaftorientation··························‘‘‘‘··‘·‘-‘‘‘。‘‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘。。。‘‘。。‘。。‘。‘‘。。。‘‘‘。。。’。。。4．7connectionsurvey··-·····-·-··-···················································‘··‘··‘··。-‘··‘。。‘·。‘‘‘‘。‘。‘‘‘。‘‘。。。‘4．3connectiontrianglemethod···································-··-········-·-·。’‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘。。’‘‘‘’。‘。。’’‘‘‘。。’‘。。。’‘‘‘。4．9constructionsurveyforverticalshaftsinking···············-······-·····-·。。‘‘。’。‘。‘‘。。‘。。‘。‘’。‘‘’‘。‘。。‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘4．4contour⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯-·⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”3．14contourinterval⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯-⋯-·-⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．15contourmapofcoalseamfloor⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯’‘⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．182】 GB／T15663．6—2008controlsurveyforstripmine············--····⋯····························-········⋯···-··············⋯·-···4．52controlsurveyofminingarea⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．1coordinateazimuth⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．11criticalmining⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯5．15criticalsurfacedeformationvalue-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯-5．12crosslineofvertiraIshaftcenter⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-～4．33ero$s—sectionofstrippingwork⋯⋯--⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯·--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．7curvediagramofsurfacemovement⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．12Ddeformation··--·-·········--··---············-··----·········---·--·--·········-··-··-···⋯·······--·---·····⋯·····-59deformationmeasurement·······--···········-················-···-·-··············-···············--···-····⋯······52deformationobservation··--·················--···········-···-····⋯········-···-····⋯·······-··-·······⋯······52DEM⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．22detailsurvey⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯··⋯-·⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯3．17detailsurveyformineworkings⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯-·-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯··4．30digitalelevationmode⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯⋯⋯··⋯--··⋯⋯⋯···⋯-·2．22digitalmine⋯⋯--·-·⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯--⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯···⋯⋯⋯8．10digitalphotogrammetry··························-·-···············-··············-·-···············-·-·············3．3digitalterrainmodel-⋯⋯·⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一-·-⋯⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．21displacementfactor··--············-·--··············-··················-··············---···············---··········5203Dgeocentriccoordinatesystem⋯⋯⋯·⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．103Dlaserscanner⋯·-⋯⋯⋯·⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯·⋯⋯“6．20DTM⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．21EEDMtraverse⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．25electromagneticdistancemeasuringinstrument··---···········-··················---··-··········-····--········65electronicminingmap⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．19electronictacheometer·····-···············-··-····-···········--···⋯·········-·················-··-·······⋯·····-64elevation⋯·⋯--⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯“2．3entity⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯-·--·⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯“2．19errorofmeasurement⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯-·--⋯·3．18estimationofholing-througherror·····-····⋯···········-·····⋯······--·-················-··················439nssnreobservation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯floorpoint····-·················-··footagemeasurementofworkingsforwardintersection·······-·-···Gauss-Krugerplancoordinatesystem22FG5．74．454．493．292 GB／T15663．6—2008geographicinformationsystem⋯⋯--·⋯⋯-⋯-·-··⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．15geo-informationsystem⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8．15geologicaldatabase⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯一8．2geologicalpointsurvey⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯225geologiealsurvey·····································································-·····-························“2．24geometricorientation······························································································．．4．8geometrizationoforebody⋯--·⋯⋯-··⋯--·⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯-⋯⋯⋯-一7．10geo-spatialdata⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8．5geostatistics⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”8．14GIS⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．15出obalpositioningsystem⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．17GPS⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．17GPSreceiver⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯-⋯·⋯⋯6．16gridbearing⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．11guidestrata⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．40gyroorientationerror·-·····-·-···-·-··--···-·-···--····-··--···-·····-·-···-···-·-·-··--···-·-···-·-·--·--···-·-····420gyrophicEDMtraverse⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．43gyroscopicazimuth‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘·‘‘‘··‘‘·································································-····-·····-·422gyroscopicmeridian⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·4．21gyroscopictotalsation⋯⋯···⋯-·⋯·⋯···⋯-⋯⋯-·⋯·-·⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯-··--·⋯--·⋯--··⋯⋯⋯·⋯·6．11gyro-theodolite⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-···-·⋯--·-··⋯⋯⋯···⋯⋯⋯·⋯--·⋯⋯-·⋯-⋯-·⋯⋯·⋯-··⋯-·⋯⋯·一6．9gyrotheodoliteorientation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯·⋯⋯-⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯4．18Hh······--·····-······-··-··-·-·--···---·--····--·········-·-·····--····-······-··-hangingcompass·····································-·····················-height·-·········································································heightdatum················-···-·-········-·····-·····-······-·-··-·········-heightdifference··-·····-·-·····-·--·····-·--··-·····--·····-·-··-······--··hei；ghtmeasurement⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯heightSurvey-·································································holing-throughsurvey·-······-·-·····-·--···-·-·-··--···········-·····-·····horizontalangle·······························································horizontaldirectionofworkings‘。。·--····---···-·-····---···--···-·-···inertialsurveyingsystem···············InternationalSocietyofMineSurveyingISM⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯isodepthmapofcoalseam···············isohypse-····-·········-·····-······-·······isothicknessmapofcoalseam·-·-·····I·-·--··-·····-····--·····-···-·-··--·-···-24⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6．8⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．3⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．2·-··-·····-······-·-·-·····-····-·······-·2．4⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．6·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．37⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．9-⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．356．172．237．173．147．1623 GB／T15663．6—2008Jjunctionpointoftraverses·········⋯··········-··-·-··-···-···-·····_·_····_···_·_···_···_············’’+。‘’’’‘’’‘335Llaserguide⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯_·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯_⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”4．38laserguideinstrument····························-·--·····-······--···_·__··_···_·_···___···___·····_·+’’’‘‘’+’。’’6．10laserplummetapparatus··-·-··-···································⋯··············⋯‘‘‘‘‘‘‘_‘‘‘。。‘·‘‘‘‘‘‘。。‘。。。6．12level⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯·-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6．1levelingline·-·-····-·-·······························⋯·····-·········⋯’·_·___·······_·_···_·_·-···_‘⋯‘‘。+‘’‘+’’‘’3．5levelingorigin······⋯-····---··----················⋯··············⋯··············⋯‘‘‘‘‘’‘。‘‘‘’‘‘⋯‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘。‘‘。2·6levelingstaff········⋯··-···---···--·················⋯··············⋯···"·"········⋯‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘⋯‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘’‘‘6·2leveling(survey)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一⋯⋯⋯_·⋯_⋯。。⋯⋯⋯⋯。。⋯⋯’⋯⋯3．4limitangle·-·····-·--·-··············⋯·······························⋯····--·-·-···-·_···_·_······_·_·‘。‘‘。‘‘‘。‘‘。513locationmap．．．．．．．．．．-．．-．．．．．-．．．-．-．··--···········⋯··············⋯··············⋯··············⋯············7．6Mmagneticazimuth．．················⋯·····-·-·-···-······---·····-···-···········--··⋯···························2．12maininfluenceradius····．．．-．．-．．-．．·-·-···-·-·-···-··································⋯···························5．19mainworkingsplan⋯⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。‘7．14majorcross-sectionofsubsidencebasin··········································⋯‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘。·。_。_‘’‘‘’。’’‘。‘。。510majorinfluenceradius··-···--··-····················································⋯‘‘。‘‘‘‘·‘‘‘·‘‘‘。‘’‘。‘。‘。‘。。5．19mappingcontrol(survey)⋯⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯··⋯··⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．28measurementerror⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯-···⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯-·-一3．18measuringerror--·⋯⋯--⋯-⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．18methodofobservationset⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．10MGIS⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯-．-⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8．12mineGIS．．．．．．．．．．．．．．···．·-．--．．．-．．．．··--··-·--···-·····-·············⋯··············⋯···························8．12minelandreclamation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯5．22mi‘nespatialinformationcoding⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8—9mi‘nesurvey⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．1mi‘llesurveying⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯__·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．1mi。nesurveying⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯-·--·⋯⋯⋯__·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．1mi。nesurveyingdatabase⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯_·⋯⋯。⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”8．4mi‘neyardplan⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯_⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．3mineraldepositsgeometry⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯__·_⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘‘6．11miningdistrictsurvey⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯__⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯_⋯⋯’⋯⋯⋯+4．28miningengineeringplan⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯--·⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．5miningmap⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯_⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”7．5miningsubsidence⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”5．1miningsubsidencemap⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘’7．11miningtheodolite····⋯·········-···-······--··············-···········⋯-·············⋯’’‘+‘’。‘‘‘‘’‘’‘‘‘’‘‘’’‘‘’‘‘6．1324 nearshaftcontrolpoint··--·-···--···-·······-···shaftpointfororientation-···----···-·-···observationstationforsurfacemovement·····one-shaftorientation·····-·-·--·--···-·····-·-······openpitengineeringsurvey·····················openpitsurvey‘‘‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘······················opentraverse。‘‘‘’‘‘’‘’‘‘。’‘‘‘······················opencastsurvey‘‘‘‘‘‘’‘‘‘’‘‘‘······················orientationerror·································--·orientationprojection······。····-·····-·····-·-·--·NGB／T15663．6—2008·················································-·-·-·····-····-··45··························-·························-·····-···-···-45o⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯5．6·····-··········································-··-·-·-···-···-·-·4．6···························--···-·--·····-·-··-····-··············455⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯．．4．51⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯--·⋯-⋯⋯⋯-·-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·3．42⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一4．51⋯-⋯⋯⋯-⋯·⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯4．17⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯--·⋯4．13Ppermissibleerror·-·······-····--···-·-··-···-·-··········································-··-········----···-··---···-3．22plancoordinatesysteminminingarea··················‘······-·--··-·-·-·····---·-···-···一·-···················29planetable·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-··⋯··-⋯⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯”6．6predictionofminingsubsidence··················-···-·····一···-·-·····-··································-········54projectionbyverticalline⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯-⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．14Rrandomerror⋯·⋯⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯····-··⋯-·⋯⋯⋯···⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．19relativelengthclosingerroroftraverse·-·--··-·····················································-··-···--··3．38remotesensingfornaturalresourcesandenvironment⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯···⋯⋯⋯·-·⋯⋯--·⋯·-·⋯···2．16repetitionmethod⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯--·⋯--·⋯--·⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··3．11resection⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯--·⋯--·⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··3．31reservemanagement⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯-⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯·⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8．16reversalpointmethod‘‘‘’‘‘‘‘···························-·。‘‘。‘-·····--···---··-·--··-········-·-····················424roadwaygradient······························-··········-·-··-·-····---····-···-·····································436roadwayprofiler⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯-·⋯⋯--·⋯--·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯-～6．19roofpoint·························································-····---····-···-··-··········-·······················444Ssafetyberm⋯⋯⋯⋯。⋯。⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯-·-··⋯⋯⋯-⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯“5．21safetypillarmapforprotectingbuildings⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯-·-⋯一7．9safetyzone⋯⋯⋯⋯。。‘⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯-⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·5．21settingout‘。。。。‘‘‘。。。‘。。。‘。’。‘-·····-············································-·-····-······-··-···-·-··--·-·-···-·434seUing-outofworkings’centerline⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯··447setting-outofworkings’slope⋯⋯-⋯⋯··⋯·⋯⋯-·⋯-⋯⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．48shaftbottomplan···············································---··-···-····----··-·-·-·····-·-······················74shaftdampingplumbing⋯·⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯-⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．1525 GB／T15663．6—2008shaftpendulousplumbing⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·。⋯⋯⋯。⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯’4．16shaftplumbing⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。‘⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．11sideintersection⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．30sitemap·······························-·······-···-·····--··-·-································-···‘·‘。。‘‘‘。‘’‘‘。‘‘。。‘’’‘7．6slopestabilitymonitoring⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-‘⋯⋯⋯⋯4．54spatialdata······························--····-···-·--········-······························‘‘·。‘‘。‘‘。。。。‘‘。。’‘。。。‘。‘8．7spatialdatastructure··························-·-·-···-·····-·································-·-···--····-··-······8．8spatialobject···················-··-·····-·········-······························-。‘··‘·‘‘‘‘。。‘‘。。。。‘’‘‘‘‘‘’‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘’‘’‘8．6spatialstatistics⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--··⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．18spatial-informationstatistics⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”8．14stadiasurvey⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··3．13standarddeviation-⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”3．21station⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2．14stopeacceptancesurvey⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·4．53stratamovement··--·-·-·-·······························-·····-····-·-··--·····-···-·-·······························55stripminesurvey·······-··························-··-·-··-··--····-·································‘‘·‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘。4．51strippingandminingengineeringprofile⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．7strippingworkmap···-······-·--····-·····························-····-·····-·-··-·--······························‘7．8sub-controltraverse···-·---······································-·····-···-··--···-·--·····-·························4．27subcritiralmining·-···---······--······································-····--····-·-···-·-·························5．16subsidencebasin-···-···-··--····································-·-·····-··-·-·-········-····························5．8subsidencefactor⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯···⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”5．18subsidenceobservation····--·······-···-·-···························-·-···-··-····----·-·····························5．3supercriticalmining⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯-·⋯-⋯-·⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘‘⋯‘。‘⋯5．17surfacesurveyingdatabaseinminingarea--···-·-···················‘··‘‘··’·‘···‘·‘‘‘‘‘。。。‘。‘‘。。‘‘‘。‘。。‘‘。’。’’’。83surface-undergroundcontrastmap⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯-··⋯·⋯⋯-·⋯-⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．6surveyforshaftwindingplantinstallation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”4．50surveyor’stable--·⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯-··⋯⋯⋯-⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯66syntheticplanofstrippingandmining································‘·。·‘‘。‘‘。‘。。‘。‘‘。。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘。‘+’‘‘‘’‘‘’’‘‘’7．8systematicerror····················-·-···---···-·-····--·································-···--····--···-············3．20Ttapezeroobservation。⋯。⋯’⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯’‘‘⋯⋯⋯。⋯。’⋯⋯theodolite⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯--··⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯“three-pointresection·············-·。。‘‘。。。‘‘‘。‘。’。。。‘‘‘。‘。‘‘‘’‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘’‘’‘toleranceerror····················-·-·····-···-·-·······························topographicaldatabase···············-‘‘‘·。。。‘·。。。。。‘‘。。。。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘’topographicdrawing·······················。·。·‘‘‘。。‘。‘‘‘‘。。’。。。’‘‘。。‘‘‘‘’。‘‘topographicmap·····························-·-‘‘‘‘。‘·‘‘‘‘。。。‘。。。’。‘‘’‘‘‘‘’‘。‘topographicmapofminefield·······················。-‘‘‘‘。‘。‘‘。。。。‘‘‘。‘。。‘‘topographicmapof[underground]minefield··---·····-····-··········totallengthclosingerroroftraverse·····················‘·‘‘-‘‘·‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘。totalstation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26-⋯4．19⋯⋯6．3⋯·3．31⋯·3．22⋯⋯8．1·⋯3．16⋯⋯7．1⋯⋯7．2⋯·3．36·⋯6．14 GB／T15663．6—2008transferpoint···--···-··-···················-··-···-·····················-···························-·-····-·········4．7transfersurvey····-·····················-··---·--··················-····-··························-·--················4．3transfersurveyinminingdistrict·····‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘··············-···‘-‘‘‘‘。’。‘‘················‘··‘‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘·········4．29transfertrianglemethod⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4．9transit⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6．3transitmethod·······················-·-···········-·········-·-···--····················--·-···-··················---·423traverseangle················-·····-··················-·-····-····················-···-·--····················-·······339traverseleg·····‘。‘‘‘。。·······················‘‘。。‘’·················‘·。‘‘‘‘‘’‘。‘················-·‘。‘。。‘’。。‘‘·········3．32traversenetwork·························--·····················--··-·····················-·-···-···················-·3．37traversepoint···················-······-·--·-·············-···-·-···-·····················-·-···················-···-·3．33traverseside⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·3．32traversesurvey·················-········-·················-··-·-···················--·--·-······················--·····3．24triangulation···············--··························--··--·······················-···················‘。-‘-···-····326trigonometricleveling·-··-·-·················-。‘·····-·-···············‘·‘。。。··-·····-···········‘‘‘。‘。‘。。。··········37trilateration⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3．27two-shaftorientation⋯⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯-．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-⋯．--⋯·4．12Uundergroundcavitysurvey···⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯···⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯-一4．41undergroundhorizontalcontrolsurvey···············--·····-············‘····-···-··················‘‘‘·--··-···425undergroundsurvey⋯⋯····⋯⋯·····⋯⋯⋯⋯-··-⋯-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯⋯4．2Vvectordata⋯⋯-··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯--⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-·⋯-2．20vectorplotting⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘⋯-·-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘。⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。。⋯·⋯⋯7．13verticalangle·‘··‘‘‘。‘··-·-··············‘。‘‘‘‘。。‘’-·················‘‘‘。‘。‘。‘‘‘·············‘·。‘。‘‘’‘。‘‘‘‘‘。········‘312verticaldirectionofworkings。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘········‘·‘‘‘‘’。‘。‘‘。‘‘‘’’‘+‘·····‘。‘。。‘。’‘。‘‘‘‘。‘‘’‘‘‘‘’’·‘·‘‘‘。‘。436verticalshaftcenter·········-·······-·-·-·············--·-·-····-·············--···-·--·······················-····432visualizationofmineralinformation--·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·-8．13Wwastedumpplan⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘⋯-·-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯-。‘⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7．15weight···‘‘‘‘‘。。。‘‘‘‘‘‘·········‘·‘‘‘。‘。。‘。。‘。。‘‘‘‘‘‘·····‘‘‘。‘‘‘。。。‘。‘‘‘‘’‘‘‘‘’‘‘·····‘‘。‘。。‘。‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘。。’··-·‘。‘。‘3．23'