给排水论文（water supply and drainage paper） 21页

'给排水论文（Watersupplyanddrainagepaper）Theprojectcostmanagementfordrainagepapertopaper,thesis,dissertationtitle,originalwriting,translation,publication,computerpaper,legalpapers,accounting,English,education,economy,management,finance,literature,art,professionalpapersChina(kschina.cn)humanresourcesEnterpriseStrategymanagementtheoryWaterconservancyWatersupplyanddrainageelectricalColumntreenavigation|website|computer|qualification|Englishclass|degreeclass|engineering|campuslife|Englishlearning|thechannelmodel||system||Homepageofpaperchannel|Economics |Managementclass|Education|SecuritiesFinance|Accountingaudit|Fiscalrevenue|ScienceandEngineering|Lawclass|politicalscience ||Medicalpapers|Philosophicalthesis|Artthesis|Otherclasses|Computerclass|Thesisguidance|financialmanagement |BusinessAdministration|Yourpresentposition:examinationChinesepaperchannel,scienceandEngineering"watersupplyanddrainage"articletextuserloginnewuserregistrationEBayeBay-freeregistrationlongvacationMP3musicaccompaniedbyfashionmobilephonesale!QQcouples,Liangdayshoothotitems!QQ5beautifuldateasyouchooseBuyone,sendoneextra1YuanareaforyoutothinkSupermobilephonespecialstoreSpecialcolumnLatesthotFullviewperformanceappraisalmethodXXTechnologyGroupwagemanagementsystem...Onrespectingtalents Distinctionbetweenperformanceappraisalandqualityevaluation...Analysisofoilqualitytoheavyoilgasproduction...GasdirectreplacementTankerfillingwithpumptechnologyingasstation...Gasriserinexteriorwallofbuilding...LiquefiednaturalgasvaporizingstationinZibo...DemandofcivilgasmarketinShenzhen...LatestrecommendationFollowproductstostray...Thesuccessofinternationalmarketingplanning...BrandvalueandcustomerloyaltyMB...DiagnosisandCountermeasuresofcustomerchurn...Bpd:brandpositioningidentificationEMBA...Customercapitalmanagementinmodernenterprises...Brand:aweighweightlook... Misunderstandingofbrandstrategy...Howenterpriseshavecorecompetitiveness...MarketpenetrationanalysisoflegalpapersRelatedarticlesDesignofsewagetreatmentplantinmediumandsmallcities...Engineeringdesignofoutdoorwatersupplypipeline...Summaryofpipesforwatersupplynetwork...Designofurbandrainagepipelinesystem...BuriedrigidPVCdrainagepipeline...Newthinkingofurbandrainagesystem...GuideforinstallationandinstallationofPP-Rtubes...Preparationofsandbondedglassfiberreinforcedplasticpipe(RPMP)...Conversionunitofmassflowrate...Energysavingofavariablefrequencypumpingstation...Britishengineeringcostmanagement-watersupplyanddrainage papersBritishengineeringcostmanagement-watersupplyanddrainagepapersExamChinesehttp://kschina.cnAuthor:LiBingarticlesource:163.comclicknumber:214updatetime:2005-10-4Abstract:AstheBritishindustrialrevolutionmovementintheworld,thedevelopedcapitalistcountries,withitsbrilliant"empire"ofcolonialhistory,producedprofoundimpactontheworld,theconstructionindustryasanimportantpartoftheindustry,isnoexceptiontotheworldhasproducedimportantinfluence.TheBritishengineeringcostmanagementmodelisstillwidelyusedbytheCommonwealthcountries.Keywords:engineeringcostmanagementmode;valuationbasis;valuationmethod;ConstructionDepartmentofBritishgovernmentThemanagementofconstructionprojectsinUKisfocusedontheformulationofrelevantpoliciesandregulations,andthroughtheoverallstandardizationofconstructionbehaviortoachievetheorderlyconstructionactivities.Foracountry,themanagementoftheconstructionindustryisacomplexwork.InadditiontothegovernmentintheUKconstructionrelateddepartments,theconstructionindustrymanagementisalsoinvolvedintradeandindustryandthe Departmentoflabor.Inaddition,inordertomaketheconstructionindustryitselfdevelopandconstructionactivitiesinanorderlymanner,therearemanygovernmentagenciesandsocialorganizations,suchastheconstructionindustrycouncil.Two,theprojectvaluationbasisandvaluationmethods(a)quantitymeasurementandquantitysurveyorTheuseofengineeringprojectmanagementinBritainisanimportantcharacteristicofquantitysurveyors.InengineeringsurveyinginthefieldofConstructionEngineeringinthecalculationandevaluationandcontractmanagementandrelatedpersonsaccordingtothetraditionalonbehalfoftheownersorcontractorshavedifferentnames,peoplewillbeemployedbytheownerorthemainrepresentativecalled"QS",ortheownersoftheadvisor;anotheremployedbythecontractor,whichiscalledas"appraiser"ortheContractor"ssurveyor.Butthetechnicalcapacityofboththerequiredqualificationandthereisnoabsoluteboundaries,forexample,waspreviouslyarepresentativeoftheownersofthequantitysurveyor,latermayalsobeemployedbyothercontractorsastheengineeringappraiser.QuantitysurveyinginBritain(projectcostmanagement)activitiesincludeawiderangeofcontent,roughlyasfollows:forecastbudgetconsulting,feasibilitystudies,costplanningandcontrol,theinflationtrend;consulting,constructioncontractselectioncontractor;constructionprocurementbiddingdocuments,thepreparationofthesubject;analysisandevaluationofthetender,afterbiddingnegotiationprepare contractdocuments;Intheprojectofregularcostcontrol,financialstatements,changecostestimation;completedprojectappraisal,accounts,protectionofcontractclaim;cooperationwiththefund;thecostofreestimation;thecontractorbankruptcyormeasuresofmergersandacquisitionsaftertheemergencyfinancialmanagementcontract.Measurementandcalculationoftheamountofengineeringmethodisthebasisofsurveying,becauseBritainhasnounifiedpricequotacalculationruleshasbecomethebasiccalculationofengineeringquantityofallpartiesinvolvedintheconstructiontoabidebytherules.Fortheconstructionproject,bytheRoyalInstituteofSurveyorsorganizethe"architecturalengineeringquantitycalculationrules"standardisthemostwidelyused,andthepartiesagreed,therulessincethereleasehasbeenrevised6times,thecurrentisrevisedin1987SeventhEdition(SMM7).Forcivilengineering,thecivilengineersocietyoftheUnitedKingdomhascompiledthecivilengineeringstandardscalculationrules.Theunifiedengineeringquantitycalculationruleprovidesscientificandstandardizedfoundationforengineeringquantitycalculation,valuationworkandworkcostmanagement.(two)theprojectcostmanagementprogramownersquantitysurveyorsinvolved1,designtaskphase:atthisstage,hasnotyetdesignedanydrawings,theownersoftenneedtomakeanestimateofthecost.Theownerofthequantitysurveyoraccordingtotheactualcost ofthepastsimilarbuildingsandprovidetherelevantcostinformation,hewillbyconsideringtheregionaldifferences,suchassiteconditions,marketconditionsandthequalityoftheprojectsothatsomefactorsandmakeadjustments,getaprovisionalestimatebycomparisonorinterpolationmethodbasedonvalue.2,sketchdesignphase:inthisstage,themainplanningissueswillberesolved,andtheappearanceofthedesign.Thequantitysurveyortochecktheirroughestimates,withalargenumberofdataonthecostplanningcostmakinganinitialplanning,thebuildingaccordingtothevarioussubprojectsoranimportantpartofthetemporarycostindexsetnumber.Thequantitysurveyortomakecostcomparisonofdifferentstructuresanddifferentmaterialsanddifferentutilityequipmentlayout,thecostanalysisshouldincludeoftenpossiblecostsandmaintenancecosts.3,theconstructionphaseoftheconstructiondrawingfinally,accordingtotheconstructiondrawingsofquantities,atthisstage,requirementsofconsultantsandsubcontractorsandsupplierstoprovidesufficientinformation,includingtheactualorder.(three)theevaluationprocessofcontractorappraiserAccordingtothetraditionalmethodofbiddingofengineeringquantitylist(therearecurrently80%projectsbythecontractor,obtainthetenderdocuments)intheclient(thetender),includinganotmarkedbytheownersofthequantitysurveyorforbillofquantitiesinthebiddingdocuments,each contractorofallitemsofthebillofquantitiesinthefinallyalltheprice,thecostoftheprojectissummarized,andthecorrespondingmanagementfeesandprofitetc..Itsspecificstepsareasfollows:1,establishevaluationworkplan,afterthereceiptofthebiddingdocuments,ifyoudecidetoparticipateinthebidding,thebiddingdocumentsshouldbevaluerscontentinspectionprojectiscomplete,andthenformulateacompleteevaluationoftheprojectplanandthekeyschedule,inordertocontroltheprogressofworkevaluation.2,thepreliminarystudyoftheproject,thesecondstepoftheevaluationistocompleteadetailedstudyoftheproject,thusformulatingtheconstructionmethodandconstructionschemebeforebidding.Sincethepriceofsubcontractorsandmaterialssuppliersusuallytakesacertaintime,thevaluershouldissueallkindsofinquirysheetsassoonaspossible.Thepreliminaryresearchcontentsoftheprojectinclude:themainengineeringquantity,approximateevaluation,theprojecttobesubcontracted,thematerialsrequiredforinquiryandthenecessityofconsideringthealternativedesignalternatives.3.Materialsandsubcontractinginquiries:(1)materialinquiry,duetoinflation,freightchangesandothereffects,valuersusuallyneedanewquoteofvariousmaterials.Ifyoudonotdothisworkinthepreliminarystudystage,soatthisstagerequirestheextractionofvariousmaterialsandspecificationsofappraisers,fromthetotalnumberoftenderdocumentsandrelevantmaterials,thedelivery datefromthepreliminaryconstructionplan.Usuallythepurchasingdepartmentisresponsibleforissuinginquiries,urgingsupplierstoquote,andtoreviewtheoffer.Inthevaluationprocess,theprocurementdepartmentisresponsibleforprovidingservicesandassistancetovaluers.(2)subcontractinginquiry,subinquiryandmaterialpricesarebasicallythesame,valuersafterreceivingthequotationfromthesubcontractors,mustbeacomparativeanalysisofthesequotations,andthenselecttheappropriatesubcontractors.4,projectresearch,theestablishmentofconstructionmethodsandplans:projectresearchthroughoutthewholetenderofferperiod,canbedividedintopreliminaryresearchanddetailedresearch.Preliminaryresearchhasbeenintroducedbefore,andthedetailedstudyoftheprojectistodevelopconstructionmethodsandschedule.5,thecalculationoflaborcostsandmechanicalcosts:allkindsofartificialcomprehensiverateiscalculatedbyvaluers.Mechanicalrateswithhoursorweekscanbecalculatedwithintheenterpriseorobtainedbyinquiry.6,estimatethedirectcost:appraiser"staskistodeterminethecostoftheproject,valuerstoestimatetheamountofeachiteminthebillofquantitiesofthedirectcostunitprice.Directunitpricereferstothesyntheticunitpriceoflabor,machinery,materialsandsubcontracting.Itdoesnotincludeadditionalcostssuchasmanagementfeesandprofits.7,estimatethefieldfees,managementfeesandprofits. 8.Preparethereportforthebiddingmeeting,whichisthelastworkoftheprojectcostestimation.Afterthecompletionofthecostestimate,thevaluermustsubmitareportonthecontractprojecttotheseniormanagementoftheenterprise.(four)Britishengineeringvaluationbasisandmode1,thecompositionofconstructioncostIntheUK,aprojectconstructioncostsfromtheowner"spointofviewiscomposedofthefollowingitems:(1)landpurchaseorleasefee;(2)theremovalandsitepreparationcosts;(3)engineeringcosts;(4)thepurchasecostofpermanentequipment;(5)thedesignfee;(6)financialcosts,suchasloaninterest;(7)thelegalcosts,suchaspaymentoflocalgovernmentfeesandtaxes;(8)theother,suchasadvertisingetc..Amongthem,theprojectcostconsistsofthefollowingthreeparts:(1)directcosts.Thatis,thelaborcost,materialcostandconstructionmachinerycostwhichdirectlyconstitutethesubproject.Thegenerallaborcostsaccountforabout40%,thematerialcostsaccountedfor50%,constructionmachinerycostsaccountedfor10%odirectcostsincludeinstallationandremovalofmaterialhandlingandlossofsurcharges,themachineusefees,temporaryworksandsomedonotconstitutepermanentstructuresmaterialconsumptionsurcharge.(2)spotfee.Sitefeesincludeon-sitestaff,transportation,welfareandon-siteofficecosts,insuranceandletterofguaranteecosts,etc..About15-25%ofdirectcosts. (3)managementfee,riskfeeandprofit.About15%ofthedirectcost.2.Billofquantities(engineeringscale)Themainfunctionofthebillofquantitiesistoprovideanequalpricebasisforthebidders.Billofquantitiesisgenerallyconsideredtobepartofthecontracttext.Traditionally,contractterms,drawingsandtechnicalspecificationsshouldbeprovidedbytheemployeratthesametimeastheworkloadlist.Anyerrorsinthelistareallowedtobemodifiedlater.Therefore,theContractordoesnotneedtoreviewthequantityoftheprojectduringthequotation,whichcanreducethepreparationtimeofthebidding.Thevaluationmethodsinthebillofquantitiesaregenerallydividedintotwocategories:oneispricedaccordingtotheunitprice,Suchasearthworkexcavationaccordingtohowmuchpercubicmeter;theotheriscalculatedbythelumpsumoftheproject,suchasengineeringinsurancepremiums,etc..Whencompilingthebillofquantities,itisnecessarytowritealltheitemsconcerned.Itisbettertomarkthedrawingnumbersusedinthebillofquantitiesintheplaceofthecorrespondingentries,soastofacilitatetheContractor"squotation.Thebillofquantitiesisgenerallycomposedofthefollowing5parts:theestablishmentfee,thesubprojectoutline,theengineeringquantitypart,theprovisionalamountandthemaincost,andthesummary.(five)Britishengineeringcostinformation IntheUnitedKingdom,theconstructionmarketinformationisindispensabletotheownerorcontractor.Itisanimportantbasisforengineeringvaluationandsettlement,andisveryimportanttotheconstructionmarket.IntheUK,theconstructionofrelevantinformationandstatisticaldatamainlybythetradeandindustry(DTI)constructionmarketintelligenceagencyandtheNationalStatisticsOfficejointlyresponsibleforthecollectionandregularpublication.Thisistheofficialreleaseoftheinformationatthesametime,theadvisorybody,theownerandthecontractoralsoattachesgreatimportancetothecollectionandcollationoftherelevantinformationandthepreservationofhistoricdata,especiallythecontractor,collectandcollateprojectcostinformationasthebasisafterthebidding,sothisinformationiscrucialtothecontractorandtheprojectcostprofessionals.Projectcostinformationreleaseoftentaketheformofpriceindex,costindex,butalsoforinvestment,constructionareaandotherinformationcollectionandrelease.Three,theBritishengineeringbiddingsystem(1)commonbiddingmethodsinUK:1,publicbidding.BytheownersoftheConsultingEngineers(usuallyresponsiblebythequantitysurveyor)advertisedbylocalandnationalmediaaswellassometechnicalpublications,invitesallinterestedcontractorsontheownersoftheprojectwerebidding.Insimpleterms,afterseeingtheownersofthetendernotice,anylegitimatebusinesscontractorsareeligibletoparticipateinprojectbidding,butafterreceivingthebid mustpayadeposit(Deposit)ortosubmitabidguaranteeapprovedbytheemployer;thedepositordeposittowaitforasuitablebuildingcontractorwillbeofficiallybidreturn.Totheowners,thisbiddingrisk,unlessthecontractorhasnotonlyconfirmedthenecessaryconstructionexperienceandgoodbusinessperformance,butalsoconsiderableeconomicstrength,theriskwillbereducedtotheminimum.Generallyspeaking,duetotherequirementsoffaircompetition,governmentdepartmentsoftenuseopenbiddingtofindthecontractorstheyneed.Butthisapproachisbestsuitedforsmaller,smallerprojects,maintenanceprojects,andsomeofthemorespecializedprojects.2,onestageselectivebidding.Thetender,theconstructionteamownersrequiredfromonehasmasteredandrecognizedbythecontractororfromthelistofownersinthenationalmediaandtechnologyjournalspublishedinthetenderadvertisementmadeareply,inresponsetothelistofcontractorsselected,theywereinvitedtheownersofdevelopmentprojectswerecompetingforconstructionbidding.TheBritishhadthisbiddingmethodputforwardsomeguidelinesandsuggestions:accordingtothesizeoftheproject,generally5to8contractorsinvitedtoparticipateinthebidding;leteachcontractorshouldbefullyawareofthesituationoftheproposedproject,whichhelptodeterminewhetherthereisroomtoundertakeengineeringbidding;biddingdocumentsshouldbecleartimerequirement,inordertoavoid biddersonlyaroundtheprojectpricecompetitionbutalsoshouldnotbeone-sided,thetenderrequirementsbasedontheseparateadjustmentperiodputforwardanyquotation;biddingperiodisgenerallyappropriatefor4weeks,someofthelargeandcomplexproject,theperiodmaybeslightlylonger.Selectivebiddinginthe3andtwophases.Thetwostageselectivebiddingsystem,thefirststageofwhichispublicbidding,Toselectthecontractorthattheownerneedsbybiddingcompetition.Thesecondstageisthat:throughnegotiation,negotiationtoselectedItaliancontractors.Inthefirststageofcompetitivebidding,thestandardofselectingcontractorsismainlyprice,thatistosay,eachpriceisquotedinthebillofquantitiesoftheproposedproject.Themethodincludestherelevantfactorstobeconsideredintheselectionofthecontractor,theContractor:theconstructionexperienceofthetechnicallevelandcapability;theContractor"sstrength,includingproperty(processandequipment)andhuman(suchasthequalityofmanagement,withthedesignandconstructionpersonnelandotherresources);theperformanceofthecontract"sreputation,theconstructionspeedandconstructionqualityafterserviceguaranteeandcontract;thecontractortocarryoutresearchanddevelopmentofprocessingcapacitycansolveengineeringproblems;andengagedintheconstructionindustryexperienceisthelengthoftime,financialandoperatingconditionsisnotgood. 4,negotiation.Thenegotiationmethodtoselectcontractorfortheownersaccordingtotheirownpreferencesandthinklikeactivecontactandthecontractor,thecontractorisonlywillingtocometobidtheopinionofaconstructioncompany.ThebasisforthischoiceisusuallytheContractor"sreputation,professionalskills,financialstatus,andtheexistingbusinessrelationshipwitheachother.(two)workcontentinvolvedinbiddingIntheUK,thebiddingprocessisasfollows:thebasiccontentofthetraditionalprequalification;biddingdocuments;tenderdocuments;siteinspection;modificationofthetender;questionsandanswers;submittendersandbidsaccepted;opening;evaluation;contract.Accordingtothespecificcircumstances,theownerorhisconsultingengineercanmodifyaccordingtothespecificcircumstancesandthecontentsoftheproject.Four.EngineeringcontractmanagementintheUK(1)themaintypesofconstructioncontractsintheUnitedKingdom1,totalpricecontract;2,unitpricecontract;3,continuouscontract;41costcompensationcontract;51managementcontract;6,designandconstructioncontract;7,decompositioncontract. (two)commonconstructioncontractclausesintheUKInthefieldofengineeringconstruction,theUnitedKingdomhasalonghistory,whetherforconstructionengineeringorcivilengineering,therearecorrespondingstandardconstructioncontractterms.Inthecivilengineeringconstructionandgeneralconstructionfield,Britainhaslongbeenwidelyusedinthetwostandardcontractform,namelytheBritishSocietyofCivilEngineers(ICE)developedthe"civilengineeringconstructioncontract"modelandtheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitectscompiledthe"constructionofstandardcontractclauses".(three)theguaranteeorperformanceguaranteeoftheguaranteeorguaranteesysteminperformingthecontractisalegalguaranteetoguaranteetheperformanceofthecontract.Thepurposeofthecontractistourgethepartiestofulfillthecontract.Theguaranteehasthefollowinglegalfeatures:theguarantorandthecreditormayagreetoguaranteeinthesuretyshipcontract,andintheUK,thelawsoftheEuropeanCommunityandtheUnitedKingdommustbefollowed.1,unconditionalguarantee.Unconditionalpromiseistoallowtheownertousemarginatanytime,unconditionalguaranteecanonlybeprovidedbythebank,isavalidcheck.BecauseunconditionalwarrantyisnotassociatedwiththeContractor"sperformance,unconditionalwarrantymaybeimproperlyusedandisnotusedintheBritishgovernmentproject.2,performanceguarantee.Performanceguaranteeisusuallyprovidedincontract,inaccordancewiththeagreedpercentage ofthetotalcontractpriceofthe(usually10%),usuallytheperformanceguaranteeshallhaveaterminationdate,whenthecontractpriceincreasesorextendthecontractperiod,performanceguaranteemayneedtobemodifiedaccordingly.Performanceguaranteecanpromotethecontractortoperformthecontractbetter.Whenthecontractordefaults,itcanprovidesomecompensationtotheowner.3.Parentcompanyguarantee.Thisformofguaranteeisownedbytheparentcompany(orholdingcompany)providingthebranchtoensurethecorrectperformanceofthecontract,applicabletothecontractorwithitsparentcompanyoralargegroupofbranches.4,advancepaymentguarantee.Advancepaymentguaranteereferstotheguaranteeprovidedbythecontractortotheownerwhentheownerprovidestheadvancepaymenttothecontractor.IntheUnitedKingdom,theMinistryofFinanceissuedaguidetotheprovisionthattheadvancepaymentshouldbeavoided.Iftheadvancepaymentisprovidedinaccordancewiththecontract,thebankguaranteeshouldbeprovided.5.Detentionguarantee.TheseguaranteesarescarceintheUK,buttheiruseisontherise.Ifsuchwarrantyisprovided,thecontractormaynotdeducttheretentionfundfromtheprogresspaymentduringtheimplementationoftheproject(RetentionMoney).SuchguaranteesaregenerallyprovidedbyGuaranteecorporation. 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