《专门替中国人写的英语语法》含目录和练习答案.doc 88页

'目录第一章　英文文法的最基本规则1规则（１）：两个动词是不能联在一起用的。1规则（２）：如一定要同时用两个动词，后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加入“ing”。1规则（３）：主词如果是第三人称，现在式及单数，动词必须加s.1规则（４）：绝大多数的否定的句子，不能直接加“not”。1规则（５）：在不定词“to”的后面，必须用原形动词2规则（６）：英文中有所谓的助动词。必须注意2规则（７）：英文问句要有助动词3规则（８）：特殊动词随主词的变化3【练习一】3第二章　现在式和现在进行式42§1现在式4【练习二】52§2现在进行式5【练习三】6【练习四】6第三章　过去式和过去进行式63§1过去式6【练习五】7【练习六】7【练习七】73§2过去进行式8【练习八】8【练习九】8【练习十】8第四章　完成式（PerfectTense）979 4§1现在完成式（PresentPerfectTense）9【练习十一】11【练习十二】12【练习十三】124§2现在完成进行式（PresentPerfectProgressiveTense）12【练习十四】124§3过去完成进行式（PastPerfectProgressiveTense）13【练习十五】13【练习十六】13【练习十七】14第五章未来式145§1未来式的基本规则14【练习十八】15【练习十九】155§2未来式的变形15【练习二十】16【练习二十一】16【练习二十二】16第六章　否定句子(NegativeSentences)166§1否定句的基本规则16【练习二十三】176§2No,Never和Any的用法17【练习二十四】18第七章问句(Questions)187§1　答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的问题18【练习二十五】197§2回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的问句2079 【练习二十六】20【练习二十七】20第八章   被动语气(PassiveVoice)218§1及物动词和不及物动词218§2没有助动词的被动语气21【练习二十八】21【练习二十九】228§3有助动词肯定句子的被动语气22【练习三十】23【练习三十一】238§4否定句子的被动语气23【练习三十二】24【练习三十三】248§5问句的被动语气25【练习三十四】26【练习三十五】26【练习三十六】26【练习三十七】26第九章动词如何转换成名词动名词（Gerund）和不定词（Infinitive）279§1问题的来源279§2动名词（Gerund）27【练习三十八】28【练习三十九】28【练习四十】299§3不定词（Infinitives）299§4动名词和不定词的被动和否定形式30【练习四十一】3079 【练习四十二】319§5不定词的简式31【练习四十三】31第十章如何将动词改成形容词3210§1现在分词（presentparticiple）作为形容词32【练习四十四】3310§2过去分词（pastparticiple）作为形容词33【练习四十五】34【练习四十六】3410§3不定词（Infinitives）作为形容词和副词35【练习四十七】35第十一章词组（Phrases）和子句（Clauses）3611§1问题型式的名词子句36【练习四十八】36【练习四十九】37【练习五十】3711§2以that开始的名词子句37【练习五十一】38【练习五十二】3811§3形容词子句（AdjectiveClauses）38【练习五十三】39【练习五十四】40【练习五十五】40第十二章冠词（Articles）4012§1a和the之不同用法41【练习五十六】42【练习五十七】4379 12§2a和an的用法43【练习五十八】4412§3冠词使用时的例外44【练习五十九】47【练习六十】48【练习六十一】49第十三章形容词的比较级4913§1最基本的规则49【练习六十二】5013§2特殊的比较级规则50【练习六十三】5113§3比较形的用法51【练习六十四】52【练习六十五】52【练习六十六】52第十四章总复习的例子52练习题答案55[练习一]55[练习二]55[练习三]56[练习四]56[练习五]56[练习六]57[练习七]57[练习八]57[练习九]58[练习十]5879 [练习十一]59[练习十二]59[练习十三]59[练习十四]60[练习十五]60[练习十六]60[练习十七]60[练习十八]61[练习十九]61[练习二十]61[练习二十一]62[练习二十二]62[练习二十三]62[练习二十四]63[练习二十五]63[练习二十六]63[练习二十七]63[练习二十八]64[练习二十九]64[练习三十]65[练习三十一]65[练习三十二]65[练习三十三]66[练习三十四]66[练习三十五]66[练习三十六]66[练习三十七]6779 [练习三十八]67[练习三十九]67[练习四十]68[练习四十一]68[练习四十二]69[练习四十三]69[练习四十四]69[练习四十五]69[练习四十六]70[练习四十七]70[练习四十八]70[练习四十九]71[练习五十]71[练习五十一]71[练习五十二]72[练习五十三]72[练习五十四]72[练习五十五]73[练习五十六]73[练习五十七]73[练习五十八]74[练习五十九]74[练习六十]75[练习六十一]76[练习六十二]77[练习六十三]77[练习六十四]7779 [练习六十五]78[练习六十六]78[练习六十七]7879 专门替中国人写的英语语法第一章　英文文法的最基本规则英文和我们中文最大的不同，是在动词，我们中文的动词很简单，没有所谓的第几人称，也没有复数和单数之分，更没有过去式或进行式，英文可不同了，凡是用动词的时候，必须注意很多很多的规则，一旦弄错了，常常是犯了大错。在这一章，我要将英文最基本的规则一一列下。这些规则都是我们中国人所常常不注意的。为了不要误导读者，凡本书内错误的句子前面都有〝＊〞的符号。规则（１）：两个动词是不能联在一起用的。在中文，我们常说“我是爱你的”，翻成英文，这就变成了＊Iamloveyou.滑稽的是，这句英文句子犯了大忌，因为〝am〞是动词，〝love〞也是动词，两个动词是不能联在一起用的。这句话的正确说法是：Iloveyou.或者 Iaminlovewithyou.我们中国人也会说〝我喜欢看电视〞，翻成英文，这变成＊Ilovewatchtelevision.这个句子也犯了同样的错。以下几个句子都是错的，因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形：＊     Ihateeatfish.＊     Iloveplaybasketball.＊     Iloveswim.如果你一定要讲“我爱游泳”，怎么办呢？请看以下的规则。规则（２）：如一定要同时用两个动词，后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加入“ing”。“我爱游泳”，因此有两种正确的译法：Ilovetoswim.Iloveswimming.以下的句子都是正确的：Ihatetoeatfish.Ihateeatingfish.Ilovetoplaybasketball.IloveplayingbasketballI keep going to church.规则（３）：主词如果是第三人称，现在式及单数，动词必须加s.我们中国人最不容易记得的规则，恐怕就是这一条了，以下的句子都是错的。＊Hewriteverywell.＊Jackloveplayingtheviolin.＊Maryswimeveryday.正确的句子是：Hewritesverywell.Jacklovesplayingtheviolin.Maryswimseveryday.规则（４）：绝大多数的否定的句子，不能直接加“not”。我们中文对否定语气，规则极为简单，我们可以说“我不爱你”，但是我们不能说＊Inotloveyou.我们也不能说：＊Inotsawthatmovie.＊Inotlikeswimming.＊Henotlikesplayingviolin.我们必须用一种助动词来完成否定的句子，以下才是正确的否定句子：79 Idonotloveyou.Ididnotseethatmovie.Hedoesnotlikeplayingviolin.请注意，在以上的句子中，do和did都是助动词，do是现在式，did是过去式。关于现在式和过去式，究竟是怎么一回事，以后我们会解释清楚的。助动词不限于“do”和它的变型，can、will、would、shall、may、must等等都是助动词，因此，以下的英文句子又都是对的：Hecannotswim.Theywillnotgotochurchtomorrow.Maryshouldnotgototheparty.Ishallnotseeyou.Hemaynotgoouttonight.Hemustnoteatmeatanymore.规则（５）：在不定词“to”的后面，必须用原形动词英文中的动词，是会变化的，以have为例，第一人称和第三人就不同：Ihaveadog.Hehasadog.如果是过去式，动词又要变化。have的过去式是had，不论第几人称，一概都要用had。几乎每一个英文动词的过去式都有变化，以下是几个例子：现在式过去式gowentcomecameeatateplayplayedswimswam不论那一个动词，都有一个原形动词，一切都是从这个原形动词变出来的，像go、drink、have、walk、love、like等等都是原形动词。如果我们有必要要用不定词to，就必须用原形动词，例如togo、todrink、tohave，都是正确的，＊towent；＊todrank；＊toloved等等都是错的。英文中有一个动词最为麻烦，那就是am、are、is、was、were等等，翻译成中文，这都是，而这些动词的来源都是be，所以我们说这些动词都是verbtobe。以下的句子都用上了〝be〞Iwanttobeateacher.Hewantstobeagoodfather.Theyalllovetoberich.Noonelikestobepoor.规则（６）：英文中有所谓的助动词。必须注意英文中有很多动词都是助词动，在规则（４）中，我们说在绝大多数的否定语句中，必须用助动词do或did。Do是原形动词，did和does都是do的变形。除了do是助动词以外，can、may、might、will、would、must也都是助动词。以上所提到的助动词，都有一个共同的特色，那就是这些助动词后的动词必须是原形动词，以下的句子都是正确的：Hecanswim.Hedoesnotswim.IdonotspeakEnglish.Youmustwalktoworkeveryday.Ididnotworkyesterday.Youmayleavenow.IwillgotoTaipeitomorrow.以下的句子都是错的：＊Ididnotwent.＊Hedoesnotgoestowork.＊Youmustwalkedtowork.除了以上的助动词以外，还有一个非常特殊的助动词，那就是have，在这个助动词的后面，动词绝对不能用原形动词，以下是用这个助动词的例子：IhavebeentoEngland.Ihavesleptallday.79 IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasachild.been、slept和studied都是过去分词（pastparticiple），以下的句子也都是现在完成式，我们后讨论完成式的时候，会将这些解释清楚的。规则（７）：英文问句要有助动词我们先看看以下的英文句子，这些都是错的：＊Howmanybooksyouwrote？＊Howmanysonsyouhave？正确的句子是：Whydoyoudrinksomuchwater？Howmanybooksdidyouwrite？Howmanysonsdoyouhave？绝大多数的英文问句子是一定要有助动词，以下全是正确的英文问句，你可以看出每一句的助动词吗？Doyouloveme？Didyougotoschoolyesterday？Howmanybooksdoyouhave？Howmuchmoneydoeshehave？Whydon’tyougobackhome？Doyouliketoswim？Canyouplayviolin？Willyougohometomorrow？Wouldyougivemeacall？当然啦，一旦动词是verbtobe，我们又不需要助动词了，以下都是正确的英文问句：Areyouateacher?Isheastudent?IsMr.Changyourfather?WereyourmotherandfatherinEnglandlastyear?规则（８）：特殊动词随主词的变化英文中，有些动词因主词不同而改变，verbtobe是其中之一，因此，我们必须记得以下的规则：  第一人称第二人称第三人称现在式单数IamYouare（He，She，It）is复数WeareYouareThey are过去式单数IwasYouwere（He，She，It）was复数WewereYouwereTheywereVerbtohave也有类似的变化：  第一人称第二人称第三人称现在式单数IhaveYouhave（He，She，It）has复数WehaveYouhaveTheyhave过去式单数IhadYouhad（He，She，It）had复数WehadYouhadTheyhad【练习一】以下的句子都有错，请将正确的句子写出来：1.＊Iamlikemyparent.2.＊Heisloveshisteacher.3.＊Hekeepsswimeveryday.4.＊Hewantsdrinkaglassofwater.5.＊Helikesplayviolin.6.＊Jackdonotlovemathematics.7.＊Maryhatesinging.8.＊Mymothercookverygoodfood.9.＊Hewantmetoseehimtomorrow.10.＊Henotknowsmyname.11.＊Inotlikeyou.12.＊Henotlikeswimming.13.＊Younotwenthome.14.＊Inotlikeswimming.79 15.＊Iwantedtowenttomymother’shome.16.＊Idonotliketoswimming.17.＊Ididnotatedinner.18.＊Iwillnotwenthome.19.＊Hedidnotwenthome.20.＊Youmayleavingnow.21.＊Hecanswimming.22.＊Hedoesnotgoestowork.第二章　现在式和现在进行式2§1现在式英文中，现在式（presenttense）好像是最容易的，其实现在式都是我们常常用错的时式。首先，我们不妨举一个例子来说明我们对现在式惯有的误解，假设我们要说〝我在吃午饭〞，这总该用现在式了吧。很多人将这句话翻成Ieatlunch.这就错了，因为〝I eat lunch.〞的意思并不是〝我在吃午饭〞，而是〝我有吃午饭的习惯〞，意思是说，有人中午不吃午饭（可能是在减肥），我可是每天中午都会吃午饭的。〝我在吃午饭〞，应该要用现在进行式，这是我们以后会谈的。现在式不是指任何一个行为，而是一种状况。举例来说，以下几句话都应该用现在式：我是一个学生Iamastudent.他是一个老师Heisateacher.他每天游泳Heswimseveryday.汤姆勤奋工作Tomworkshard他早起Hegetsupearly.玛莉喜欢看电影Maryloveswatchingmovies.这里常常下雨Itrainsoftenhere.我每天喝一杯牛奶Idrinkaglassofmilkeveryday.我是中国人IamaChinese.他会讲英文HespeaksEnglish.他有喝茶的习惯Hedrinkstea.我骑脚踏车上学Irideabicycletoschool.他搭乘公车上班Heridesabustogotowork.我不喜欢你Idonotlikeyou.他爱他的太太Heloveshiswife.他守法Heobeysthelaw.我不喜欢莎士比亚IdonotlikeShakespeare.他不抽烟Hedoesnotsmoke.他喝酒Hedrinks.他唱歌唱得很好Hesingswell.他跳舞跳得很好Hedanceswell.他不会游泳Hecannotswim.他不是一个好学生Heisnotagoodstudent.他们都很懒Theyareallverylazy.凡是真理，自然界的现象，数学里的定理，都要用现在式：太阳从东方升起Thesunrisesintheeast.地球是圆的Theearthisround.月亮是地球的一个卫星Themoonisasatelliteoftheearth.美国是一个大的国家Americaisalargecountry.在北极的夏天，太阳永不落下ThesunneversetsattheNorthPoleinsummer.树叶吸收二氧化碳TreeleavesabsorbCO2.计算机的基本原理是布尔代数ThebasicprincipleofcomputersisBooleanalgebra二点决定一线Twopointsdefinealine.三点决定一平面Threepointsdefineaplane.三基本颜色是红、黄、蓝Threeofthebasiccolorsarered,yellow  andblue.79 【练习二】将以下中文句子翻成英文，都用现在式。1.他是一个好学生。2.我的哥哥17岁。3.我弟弟每天游泳。4.他们都喜欢音乐。5.他们现在在日本。6.喜玛拉雅山是全世界最高的山。7.亚马孙河是全世界最长的。8.他的爸爸是位老师。9.我们都喜欢中国菜。10.他不喜欢冰淇淋。11.我爱你。12.每个人都怕蛇。13.每个人都喜欢狗。14.今天真冷。2§2现在进行式假如我们正在做一件事，是不能用现在式的，而必须用现在进行式，现在进行式的形态是：verbtobe+presentparticiple（现在分词）verbtobe大家都懂，什么叫做现在分词呢？现在分词就是：动词＋ing以下是现在分词的例子动词现在分词workworkinggogoingreadreadingrunrunningplayplayingswimswimmingsingsingingwritewritingeateatingwalkwalkingcomecominglovelovinglikelikingwatchwatchingsmokesmoking 如果我们说Iamwatchingamovie.那是指我现在正在看电影，这和Iwatchmovies.意义上截然不同的，Iwatchmovies是说我有看电影的习惯。因此有些动词是没有现在进行式的，举例来说Iamlovingyou.是不通的，因为严格说起来，love是一种状态，而不是一个动作。现在进行式，都是指动作，很少指状态的。以下是现在进行式的例子：Iamcallingmyfather.Heisswimmingnow.Heisplayingbasketball.Theyarealleatingnow.Heiswalkinginthewoodsnow.Heisreadingadetectivenovel.Mr.Brownisdrivingtowork.Mrs.Browniscooking.Itisrainingnow.79 【练习三】将以下句子译成英文，都用现在进行式：1.他在看电影。2.我在游泳。3.她在和她妈妈打电话。4.他的哥哥在散步。5.我现在正在吃饭。6.我们在唱歌。7.他在弹钢琴。8.他在看一本小说。9.我在写一封信。10.他在跑步。【练习四】将下列句子译成英文，有的用现在式，有的用现在进行式：1.我爱你。2.我正在吃饭。3.他不是一个学生。4.我是一个老师。5.他正在唱歌。6.他在游泳。7.他喜欢游泳。8.他会唱歌。9.他正在唱歌。10.他的爸爸是一个医生。11.他的爸爸在美国。12.我正在洗澡。13.他正在睡觉。14.你的姊姊在骑脚踏车。15.你的姊姊每天骑脚踏车上学。第三章　过去式和过去进行式3§1过去式过去式是指过去所发生的事。举例来说，假如我昨天去看了一场电影，我就可以说Iwenttoseeamovieyesterday.以下全部是正确的句子：Isawyourfatherlastnight.Imetyoursonlastmonth.Iatethreeapplesthismorning.Hewenttochurchtopraylastnight.可是，我们必须非常小心，因为一不小心，我们就可能犯了大错，我们如果要向情侣表示爱情，当然说Iloveyou.如果我们说Ilovedyou.事情就可能闹大了，因为这表示我过去曾经爱过你，可是现在已经不爱了。〝I loved you〞等于是〝I loved youbefore. But I do not love you now.〞假如我们看过一个小男孩然后我们说Hewasagoodboy.那就是说他现在已不是一个好男孩了，变成了一个不乖的孩子，或者他已经死了。英文里的过去式常常是侦探用来破案的线索。有一次，有一个母亲，向警察报案，说她的女儿失踪了，她在记者面前，声泪俱下地说Shewassuchanicegirl.79 警察马上觉得这位母亲有问题，因为她不该用过去式的，用了过去式，表示女儿已经死了，可是母亲不是说她失踪了吗？为什么她用过去式，极有可能因为她知道她女儿已经死了，才脱口而出，用了过去式。警察因此怀疑母亲本人就是凶手，事实也果真如此：这位母亲打自己的女儿，出手太重，将女儿打死了，谎报女儿失踪，她用了过去式，使警察知道她有问题。整个案子的侦破，就在于过去式。我们因此不能轻易用过去式，但我们也千万要注意，该用过去式的时候，一定要用过去式，以下句子都是错的：＊Igotoschoolyesterday.＊Iseeamovielastnight.＊Mymothercomestoseemelastmonth.＊Ieatthreeapplesthismorning.＊Heishappyyesterday.以上句子的正确写法是：Iwenttoschoolyesterday.Isawamovielastnight.Mymothercametoseemelastmonth.Iatethreeapplesthismorning.Hewashappyyesterday.【练习五】将以下中文句子翻成英文，全部用过去式：1.我昨天参加了一个舞会。2.他的哥哥昨天打电话给我。3.我去年到美国去。4.昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。5.我写了一封信给你。6.我今晨吃了一个蛋。7.他昨夜整夜跳舞。8.我们昨天跑了五千公尺。9.他昨夜非常疲倦。10.他昨夜去台北探访他的爸爸。【练习六】将下列的句子译成英文句子，有的用现在式，有的用过去式：1.他是一个强壮的男孩。2.他昨天生病了。3.他每天吃一个苹果。4.他昨天吃了三个苹果。5.我喜欢看电影。6.我是个快乐的人。7.昨天我看了两场电影。8.他昨天寄了一封信给你。9.他常常抽烟。10.我每天读圣经。11.他昨天没有念圣经。12.他昨天没有游泳。【练习七】将以下句子译成英文，用现在式，现在进行式或过去式：1.他在打篮球。2.他喜欢打篮球。3.他昨天打篮球。4.他每天骑脚踏车上学。5.他昨天骑脚踏车到乡下去。6.我喜欢唱歌。7.他正在唱歌。8.你的爸爸昨天来看我。9.他的哥哥每天步行二公里。10.他的弟弟是个好孩子。11.他去年非常虚弱。12.他正在打电话。13.他每天都努力工作（workhard）。14.你的弟弟喜欢游泳。79 15.他过去是个好学生。3§2过去进行式过去进行式和现在进行式有点类似，只是verbtobe要用过去式的。可是有一点不同，过去进行式，很少单独用的，而常和另一句子一齐用。举例来说以下的中文句子：我昨天去看你的时候，你正在打篮球，如译成中文，就是YouwereplayingbasketballwhenIwenttoseeyouyesterday.以下是典型的过去进行式用法Iwastakingabathwhenyoucalled.IwaswatchingTVwhenyoucametoseeme.Theyweredancingwhentheteachercamein.Theyweresinginginthestationwhenthetrainarrived.Mr.Brownwascleaninghishousewhenhissoncamehome.总而言之，过去进行式通常牵涉到几件事，这两件事同时发生，其中一件事用过去式，另一件事用过去进行式【练习八】将以下句子译成英文，其中一部份使用过去进行式：1.他昨天到学校去的时候，天在下雨。2.当火车停下的时候，他在看报（readnewspaper）。3.当火车进站的时候，他们在唱歌。4.我昨天去他家的时候，他在和他爸爸打电话。5.昨天晚上八点钟，我在家看电视。6.当我爸爸昨晚打电话给我的时候，我正在刷牙（brushmyteeth）。7.当我昨晚打电话给他时，他在游泳。8.当这猫走进来的时候，那只狗在睡觉。9.当他弟弟回家的时候，他在拉小提琴。10.当我爸爸回家的时候，我妈妈在烧饭。【练习九】填充1.I        （be）aChristian.2.He        （be）aCatholicwhenhewasachild.3.I        （go）toseemymotheryesterday.4.I        （like）toplaypiano.5.He        （eat）now.6.It        （rain）now.7.He        （walk）toschooleveryday.8.He        （walk）now.9.He        （be）agoodboy.10.He        （swim）whenIcalledhim.11.He        （go）toseehismotheryesterday.12.I        （take）abathwhenmymothercalledme.13.I        （like）toswim.14.I        （like）toswimwhenIwasyoung.Now,Idon’tbecauseIamtooold.15.It        （rain）now.16.It        （rain）whenIdrovetoworkyesterday.17.It        （rain）lastnight.18.It        （rain）very often here.19.He        （read）abookwhenIwenttoseehimyesterday.20.I        （be）astudentwhenIwasyoung.NowIamateacher.【练习十】改正以下句子的错误1. ＊TheyaredrivingwhenIwenttoseethemyesterday.2. ＊ItrainedhereveryofteninTaipei.3. ＊Hegiveshisbooktohisbrotherlastmonth.4. ＊Hegotoworkeverymorning.79 5. ＊Helikestotoldstories.6. ＊Iliketowenttochurch.7. ＊Thesunsetsnow.8. ＊Theyareplaythepianonow.9. ＊Iamloveyou.10.＊Hewereagoodstudentbefore.11.＊HegoestochurchlastSunday.12.＊Itrainslastnight.13.＊Iamplayingwhenyoucalled.14.＊ItisrainingwhenIdrovetoworklastnight.15.＊Hedonotknowme.16.＊Iwereswimmingwhenmymothercame.17.＊Theyissingingnow.18.＊Hedonotliketoswim.19.＊Healwayswearablackcoat.20.＊HeiswatchTVnow.第四章　完成式（PerfectTense）4§1现在完成式（PresentPerfectTense）完成式的形式是verbtohave+pastparticiple，每一个动词，都有过去式和过去分词，以下就是一些例子：原式过去式过去分词（past participle）gowentgonecomecamecomeseesawseendodiddonewatchwatchedwatchedgetgotgotten（或got）havehadhaduseusedusedbuyboughtboughtlistenlistenedlisteneddrawdrewdrawnpaintpaintedpaintedleaveleftleftarrivearrivedarriveddancedanceddancedkillkilledkilledwritewrotewrittenrunranrunswimswamswumsnowsnowedsnowedeatateeatenlovelovedlovedflyflewflownspreadspreadspreadhithithitdrinkdrankdrunktaketooktakengrowgrewgrownsellsoldsoldrideroderiddenstealstolestolenbreakbrokebrokenwalkwalkedwalkedreadreadreadsingsangsung79 workworkedworked以下的句子都是用了现在完成式：Ihavereadthisbook.Ihaveseenthemovie.Ihavelivedheresince1973.IhavestudiedEnglishforalongtime.Hehaswashedhishands.Hehasleft.Hehasalreadycompletedthereport.Thestormhasarrived.Ihavetakenthejob.Ihavewrittentheletters.Ihavenotseenhimsince1975.Ihaveneverseenthismanbefore.什么情况之下要用现在完成式呢？1.首先假设我们有一件事，发生在过去，而一直延续到现在，就要用现在完成式，这种句子后面常有since或for。以下是这种情形的例子：（1）自从1963年，我一直在念英文。IhavestudiedEnglishsince1963.（2）自从1975年以后，我就住在这里。Ihavelivedheresince1975.（3）自从我是一个小孩子，我就喜欢摇滚乐。IhavelovedrockandrollmusicsinceIwasachild.（4）自从去年，我就从来没有见过他。Sincelastyear,Ihaveneverseenhim.（5）自从1950年以后，他就一直在此工作。Hehasworkedheresince1950.（6）我认识他已经很久了。Ihaveknownhimforalongtime.（7）他练习网球已经四年了。Hehasalreadypracticedtennisfor（thepast）fouryears.（8）我穿这件夹克很久了。Ihavewornthisjacketforaverylongtime.（9）我开这辆汽车很久了。Ihavedriventhiscarforalongtime.（10）好久没有下雨了。Ithasnotrainedforalongtime.2.使用现在完成式的另一情况是强调已经完成的事，比方说，你说〝我已经写了那封信〞，就可以用现在完成式，或者，你说〝他已经完成了工作〞。以下是这类的例子：（1）我已经写了这封信。 Ihavealreadywrittentheletter.（2）他已经完成了工作。Hehasalreadycompletedthework.（3）我已经测试了这个程序。Ihavealreadytestedtheprogram.（4）我已经收到了你的信。Ihavealreadyreceivedyourletter.（5）他已搬到了一个较大的房子。Hehasalreadymovedtoabiggerhouse.（6）虽然他很年轻，但他已写了三本小说。Althoughheisyoung,hehasalreadywrittenthreenovels.（7）我打了二次电话给他，他都没有回答。Icalledhimtwice,hehasneveranswered.3.现在完成式用来表示一种经验，举例来说，〝我曾经到过美国〞、〝我曾见过李总统〞、〝我有生以来没有跳过舞〞，这些都应该用现在完成式，例如：（1） 我曾经到过美国。IhavebeentoAmerica.（2） 我曾见过李总统。IhaveseenPresidentLee.79 （3） 我有生以来没有跳过舞。Ihaveneverdancedinmylife.（4） 我看过〝双城记〞。IhavereadTheTaleofTwoCities.（5） 他曾吃过这种冰淇淋。Hehastastedthiskindoficecream.（6） 我未曾见过雪。Ihaveneverseensnow.（7） 你曾见过雪吗？Haveyoueverseensnow?（8） 你登过玉山吗？HaveyoueverclimbedJadeMountain？1.现在完成式可以用来表示一件过去常发生的事：（1） 今年我国已有二次台风。Wehavealreadyhadtwotyphoonssofarthisyear.（2） 他今年已发表了三篇论文。Hehasalreadypublishedthreepapersthisyear.（3） 过去一年，我看了三次〝铁达尼号〞。Inthepastyear,IhaveseenTheTitanicthreetimes.对读者而言，最重要的是〝现在完成式〞和〝过去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中讲一件过去发生的事，而且指定特定的时间，就一定要用〝过去式〞，而不能用〝现在完成式〞。比方说，〝我曾经看过「铁达尼号」〞，可以用现在完成式，因为这句话没有指明任何特定的时间，假如说，〝我昨天晚上去看「铁达尼号」〞，就一定用过去式，读者不妨看看以下的比较：（a）IwenttoAmericalastyear.IhavebeentoAmerica.（b）IsawTheTitaniclastyear.IhaveseenTheTitanictwice.（c）Ifinishedmyhomeworklatelastnight.Ihavefinallyfinishedmyhomework.（d）IstudiedEnglishwhenIwasasmallchild.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasachild.（e）Iwenttochurchyesterday.Ihaveneverbeentochurch.以下的句子是错的，请特别注意：＊（1）Ihaveseenthemovielastyear.＊（2）IhaveneverbeentoAmericalastyear.＊（3）Hehasneverfinishedhisworklastnight.现在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用，以下都是这类的例子：（1）Ihavealreadyhaddinner.（2）Sincethissummerbegan,wehavealreadyhadtwostorms.（3）Ithasnotrainedforalongtime.（4）Ihavenevertalkedtothismanbefore.（5）Ihavenevermetyourfather.（6）HaveyoueverbeentoAmerica?（7）Hehasalreadywonthreeawards.（8）IhavestayedheresinceJune.Never和ever也常是我们弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般说来，never有否定的意思，ever则只有在问句中才会出现。【练习十一】将以下句子译成英文，全部用现在完成式：1.自从1980年，我就每天早上游泳。2.我已收到了你的信。3.我从未去过美国。4.从他是一个小孩开始，他就是一个基督徒（Christian）。5.我见过你的祖父。6.你的弟弟一直住在这里。7.他学钢琴已经很久了。8.我已写了三封信给他，他都没有回。9.过去三年我都在开这部车。79 10.自从1975年以来，他一直是一位老师。11.他教英文很久了。12.我曾经看过乱世佳人（GonewiththeWind）。13.我已吃过饭了。14.今年我去过海滩三次。15.我终其一生都爱你的。【练习十二】将以下句子译成英文，有的用过去式，有的用现在完成式1.昨天我去看〝乱世佳人〞（GonewiththeWind）。2.我从未看过〝乱世佳人〞。3.去年，我住在美国。4.自从1985年，我就一直住在美国。5.他从未去过英国。6.他已经完成了报告。7.我昨天晚上完成了报告。8.昨夜，我见到了你的父亲。9.我已经见过你的父亲好几次了。10.我终生都住在台中。【练习十三】填充1.I         （become）aChristianwhenIwasachild.2.I         （be）aChristianallmylife.3.He         （live）heresince1939.4.Stopeatingnow.You         （eat）toomuch.5.It         （rain）lastnight.6.Johnisawriter.He         （written）thirteennovels.7.Lastnight,I        （see）yourfatherforthefirsttimeinmylife.8.I         （talk）tomyfatherlastnight.9.Since1961,I         （be）ateacher.Beforethat,I         （be）astudent.10.I         （read）manynovelswrittenbyCharlesDickens.4§2现在完成进行式（PresentPerfectProgressiveTense）在上一节，我们知道，如果有一个行动，从过去发生后，就一直延续到现在，我们可以用现在完成式。举例来说，以下的例子都应该用现在完成式：（1） 自从1974年，我就在学校学英文。Since1974,IhavestudiedEnglishatschool.（2） 自从我大学毕业以后，我就在这里工作。SinceIgraduatedfromcollege,Ihaveworkedhere.以第一句话为例，假如我们要强调我一直在练习游泳，而且没有间断，我们可以用现在完成进行式（presentperfectprogressivetense）。所谓现在完成进行式，形式：verbtohave+been+presentparticipleverbtohave 是为了完成式，been和presentparticiple都是为了进行式。以下是现在完成进行式的例子：IhavebeenstudyingEnglishsince1974.IhavebeenworkingheresinceIgraduatedfromcollege.IhavebeenlivingheresinceIwasachild.Hehasbeenactinglikeafoollately.（他最近一直在做傻事）Theyhavebeendancingsinceseveno’clock.Ithasbeensnowingsinceyesterday.Ihavebeentakingmusiclessonssincelastyear.Hehasbeendrinkingheavilysincelastyear.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒）【练习十四】将以下的句子译成英文，全部用现在完成进行式：1.自从我们是小孩子起，我们就一直努力工作。79 2.从去年起，他就在念英文。3.从昨天起，就一直在下雨。4.从五时起，他就在做功课（dohomework）。5.从三岁起，我就一直住在台中。4§3过去完成进行式（PastPerfectProgressiveTense）过去完成式的形式：had+pastparticiple过去完成式是不能单独用的。我们用的时候，必须有另一个事件。也就是说，假如我们有两件事A和B，两件事都发生在过去，但A发生在B以前，A应该用过去完成式，B则用过去式。以下是几个例子：（1） 他到台湾以前，曾学过中文。HehadstudiedChinesebeforehecametoTaiwan.（2） 他念大学以前，曾前工作过。Hehadworkedbeforehedecidedtogotocollege.（3） 我写这篇有关爱尔兰的小说以前，曾去过爱尔兰。IhadbeentoIrelandbeforeIwrotethisbookaboutIreland"speople.（4） 我在上大学以前，已经学过微积分。IhadstudiedcalculusbeforeIgotintocollege.（5） 周一以前，已经下过雪了。IthadalreadysnowedbeforeMonday.如果我们要强调较早发生事件的连续性，我们可以用过去完成进行式。过去完成进行式和现在进行式惟一不同的地方是verbtohave的地方一定要用had。以下是一些过去完成进行式的例子：1. IhadbeenwatchingTVbeforeyoucalledme.2. IhadbeenworkinghardinacompanyformanyyearsbeforeIwenttocollege.3. Hehadbeenstudyingbeforehewenttoclass.4. Hehadbeendrivingalldaybeforehewenttosleep.【练习十五】将以下中文句子译成英文，每一句都要用过去式和过去完成式：1.我十四岁以前，就曾见过你的母亲。2.我1974年以前，曾去过美国。3.六年前，他曾念过圣经（theBible）。4.我念大学以前，曾经是个工程师（engineer）。5.你来以前，我曾打电话给你。6.在我昨天晚上吃饭以前，曾和李先生见过面。7.在他辞职（resign）以前，他是个好校长（president）。8.在他去世（die），他是个好医生。9.在他到教堂以前，他一直在练习唱歌。10.在今天早上八时以前，天一直在下雨。【练习十六】将以下的中文句子译成英文，选适宜的时态。1.他昨天去看你的时候，你在唱歌。2.他从前是个好孩子。3.他们都喜欢打篮球。4.我们正在看电视。5.你在台湾住了很久了。6.我已经看完了这本书。7.他们一直都住在这里。8.我来以前，曾去过教堂。9.他喜欢看日出。10.他喜欢游泳。11.他自从六岁起，就一直在学钢琴（piano）。12.他过去是个强壮的孩子。13.在他生病以前，他曾是个非常健康（healthy）的人。14.当火车进站时，人们在跳舞。15.在战争爆发（breakout）以前，他曾是个音乐家（musician）。16.我曾见过你。79 17.我去年见过你。18.我已经将信写好了。19.自从1974年以来，我就是一个军人（soldier）。20.我读了很多英文书。【练习十七】将正确的动词填入以下各句的空白：（有的地方可能有多种答案）1.He         (love)hiscountry.2.He         (love)hiscountry,butnowhedoesnot.3.I         (be)ateachersince1975.4.I         (be)ateacherbeforeIwenttocollege.5.I         (read)ShakespeareeversinceIwasalittlegirl.6.WhenIwenttoseeheryesterday,she         (watch)TV.7.I         (see)yourfatherbeforeIsawyou.8.He         (read)manydetectivestories.9.He         (go)tochurcheverySunday.10.It         (be)acolddayyesterday.11.It         (rain)forthelasttwodays.12.I         (eat)toomuch. Iamfullnow.13.You         (be)anursebeforethewarbrokeout.14.I         (have)never         (see)youinmylife.15.He         (be)ateachersince1980.16.It         (be)goodtoeatvegetableseveryday.17.It         (be)sonicetomeetyoulastnight.18.She         (be)suchanicegirlbeforeshedied.19.Peter         (go)toAmericamanytimes.20.He         (work)hardsincelastyear.He         (hope)tosucceedinthecollegeentranceexaminationthistime.第五章未来式5§1未来式的基本规则如果我们在句子中，有需要提到未来的事情，就可以使用未来式，举例来说，以下的句子都用未来式。IwillgotoAmericatomorrow.Hewilldancetonight.Peterwillfinishhisworknextmonth.如果不用〝will〞，我们可以用〝verbtobe+goingto+verb〞，如果我们如此做，以上的三个句子就变成了以下的句子IamgoingtogotoAmericatomorrow.Heisgoingtodancetonight.Peterisgoingtofinishhisworknextmonth.以下是一些未来式的例子：1.Iwillcallyoutonight.Iamgoingtocallyoutonight.2.HewillgraduatenextJune.HeisgoingtograduatenextJune.3.Mr.LeewillteachusEnglishsoon.Mr.LeeisgoingtoteachusEnglishsoon.4.Hewillhelpyou.Heisgoingtohelpyou.5.Thewarwillbreakoutsoon.Thewarisgoingtobreakoutsoon.6.Itwillraintonight.Itisgoingtoraintonight.有一个规则必须注意，就是will是一个助动词，现在式第三人称单数的主词，仍不用在will后面加s。不仅如此，will后面的动词必须用成原式，如果用verbtobe+goingto+verb这里面的verb也必须用原式。因为这里面的to式infinitive，infinitive里面永远要用原型动词。79 以下例子都是错的1.＊Hewillsgotoschool.2.＊Hewillgoestoschool.3.＊Theywillwenttoworktomorrow.4.＊Tomisgoingtosawmetonight.5.＊Peterisgoingtoworkingnextmonth.未来式常和别的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子1.Whenyoucometomorrow,IwillalreadybeinTaipei.2.AfterIgraduate,IamgoingtobeagooddoctorinAfrica.3.BeforeIleavetomorrow,Iwillfinishmywork.4.Afterthewarisover,everyonewillbehappy.5.Iwillgotoaconcertaftermyclassesareover.6.IwilleatlunchassoonasIhavetime.但千万不可写出以下错误的句子：＊Whenyouwillcometomorrow,IwillalreadybeinTaipei.＊Afterthewarwillbeover,everyonewillbehappy.＊IwilleatlunchassoonasIwillhavetime.【练习十八】将以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用will或tobegoingto：1.我明天要上教堂（gotochurch）。2.他下周一要和我见面。3.他明天要整理这个房间（cleanthisroom）。4.我明天吃晚饭后要去台北。5.我明天晚上回家以后，就打电话给你。6.我毕业以后会去念法律。7.明天你走以后，我要看电视.。8.明天我会去台南。9.今天晚上我要写一封信给你。10.今晚，我要等我的哥哥。【练习十九】填充：1. I         (be)inAmericanextyear,afterI         (graduate).2. I         (explain)thistoyoutonightafterI         (read)thereport.3. I         (see)youtonight.4. Assoonasyou         (come)toseeme,I         (give)youmybook.5. Whenyou         (arrive)inNewYorktomorrow,Tom         (be)intheairporttomeetyou.6. I         (go)tochurchaftertherainstops.7. I         (watch)thenewTVprogramafteryou         (leave).8. Whenyou         (get)heretomorrow,everyone         (wait)foryou.9. I         (get)ajobassoonasIgetoutofcollege.10.He________(have)dinnerverylatetomorrow.11.I________(quit)mypresentjob,afterI________(find)abetterone.5§2未来式的变形未来式可以和进行式合起来用，以下是未来进行式的例子IwillbewatchingTVtomorrowateight.Hewillbeeatingabigdinnerafterhegetsoutofthehospital.Iwillbestudyingmathematicsathomewhenyoucome.Twodayslater,Iwillbedrivinganewcar.未来式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成为未来完成式，这种句子都是在于强调未来要完成的事。举例来说，”我明天六点以前，我会完成这工作了”，就可以用未来完成式：Iwillhavefinishedthisworkbysixo’clocktomorrow.以下是一些未来完成式的例子Bythetimehearrivesatthestation,thetrainwillhaveleft.Wewillhavehadthreemeetingsbeforesixo’clocktonight.Hewillhavewrittensixnovelsnextsummer.79 【练习二十】填充：（用未来进行式或未来完成式）1. I         (watch)thebaseballgametomorrownight.2. He         (finish)thereportwhenyouarriveathishome.3. I         (wash)mycartonightwhenmymothercomes.4. They         (play)theirviolinswhentheclockstrikestwelve.5. He         (complete)writingthisprogrambeforeteno’clocktonight.6. He         (be)thepresidentforthreeyearsnextMay.7. I         (wash)mycarwhenyoucometonight.8. I         (read)thisreportbeforesixo’clocktomorrowevening.9. Peter         (dance)inthestreetsifMr.Robertsoniselectedpresident.10.I         (drive)fourhundredmilestomorrow.【练习二十一】将以下中文句子译成英文1.彼得生于1965年，他从小就喜欢音乐，自从1975年起，他就一直在练习小提琴。现在他是一个很好的小提琴家。2.我的哥哥明天会来看我，他来的时候，我会在家里看电视。我喜欢看有关医院的节目。3.在我小的时候我常常喜欢打篮球，现在我不打篮球了，因为我曾有一次车祸（caraccident）。4.我现在在打电话给我的母亲，我的母亲现在88岁，他在台北已经住了60年。5.在我去美国以前，我曾经去过英国，当我在英国的时候，我碰见了一个美丽的女孩子，他后来成为我的太太。【练习二十二】填充1. I         (watching)TVnow.I         (watch)TVeveryday.2. He         (have)abigdinnerbeforewearrivedlastnight.It         (be)agoodmeal.Heseldom         (eat)somuch.3. He         (work)onthisnovelforaverylongtime.Bythetimehe         (finish)it,he         (written)sixnovels.4. I        (be)toAmericaseveraltimes.I        (go)toAmericaagainnextyear.5. I         (live)inTaipeiwhenIwasachild.WhenIwassixyearsold,I         (move)toTaiwanand         (live)thereeversince.6. He         (be)anhonestpersonallhislife.Thatiswhysomanypeople         (like)him.7. It         (be)mybirthdaytomorrow.YetI         (have)atestthedayaftertomorrow.SoI         (study)inthelibrarytomorrownight.8. He         (be)astrongkidwhenhewasyoung.Nowalthoughhe         (be)seventyyearsold,he         (be)stillquitehealthy.9. I         (have)thiscarfornineyears.I         (sell)itand         (buy)anewonenextyear.10.He         (take)abatheverymorning.Today,sincehe         (get)upverylate,he         (go)toschooldirectlywithouttakingabath.第六章　否定句子(NegativeSentences)6§1否定句的基本规则在任何语言，我们都有必要造出〝否定〞的句子，在中文，写出否定句子并非难事，在英文，无论任何否定句子，都必须遵行一些规定，以下是否定句子的例子肯定句子否定句子Ilikemusic.Idon’tlikemusic.Helovesswimming.Hedoesnotloveswimming.Theyhavecometowork.Theyhavenotcometowork.Marywenttoseeamovieyesterday.Marydidnotgotoseeamovieyesterday.Johnisagoodboy.Johnisnotagoodboy.IwillgotoNewYorktomorrow.IwillnotgotoNewYorktomorrow.Hecansing.Hecannotsing.Youmaygonow.Youmaynotgonow.Heshouldsleepearly.Heshouldnotsleepearly.Itisrainingnow.Itisnotrainingnow.79 Itrainsveryoftenhere.Itdoesnotrainveryoftenhere.Hehasalotofmoney.Hedoesnothavealotofmoney.Itisexcitingtoseethisgame.Itisnotexcitingtoseethisgame.Heaskedmethreequestions.Hedidnotaskmethreequestions.从以上的例子来看，我们可以归纳出以下的规则：1.Verbtobe后面可以直接加not。例如：Heisnotagoodteacher.Marywasnotveryhappywhenshewasyoung.Theyarenotstrongboys.Peterisnotcoming.Johnisnotgoingtowork.2.助动词后面可以直接加not。例如：Hehasnotwrittenanyletter.Theywillnotcome.Hecannotswim.Theyshouldnotcryveryoften.Tomhadnoteatenanythingbeforeyoucame.Hemaynevereatcakesinthefuture.Johnhasnotlivedhere.3.一般句子的动词必须加入do或他的变形。Hedoesnotsmoke.Hedidnotgo.Idonotlovesports.Youdonotliketoeatfish.Theydonotswimverywell.Wedidnotseethatmovie.在英文中，我们可以用haveto来代替must，以下是haveto的例子：HehastogotoChicagotomorrow.（他明天应该去芝加哥）Theyhadtobuythreeticketstogototheconcert.（他们必须买三张票去听音乐会）Ihavetoworkveryhard.（我必须努力工作）含有haveto的句子，如要改成否定句子，必须在haveto前面加do或它的变形，请看以下的例子：肯定句子否定句子Hehastoeatalotoffood.Hedoesnothavetoeatalotoffood.Hehadtoleave.Hedidnothavetoleave.Ihavetowritethatletter.Idonothavetowritethatletter.【练习二十三】将以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：1. Isawyourbrotherlastnight.2. Ilikeapples.3. Sheisabeautifulgirl.4. Theycanplayviolinverywell.5. Mr.Changmustanswerthefollowingquestions.6. Hewenttoseehisbrotherlastnight.7. Hecouldsingmanysongs.8. Hewillbuythiscar.9. Itrainedheavilylastnight.10.Ihavelivedhereforthreeyears.11.Hehastoseehismother.12.Hehadtostayhereyesterday.6§2No,Never和Any的用法要达成否定的意思,有时我们也可以用no和never这些字，no必须跟一个名词，请看下面的例子：1.Isawnostudentshere.2.Therearenolakesinthiscountry.3.Ihavenomoney.4.Ihadnochoice.5.Hehasnofriends.79 以上这些例子也可以用not来表示否定的意思，如果用not，则以上的句子应该照下面的方式写；1.Ididnotseeanystudenthere.2.Wecannotfindanylakeinthiscountry.3.Idonothaveanymoney.4.Ididnothaveanychoice.5.Hedoesnothaveanyfriends.除以上not之外，never也可以表达否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，请注意never常用在完成式的句子里：Ihavenevergonethere.Hehasneverwrittenanysong.Theyhaveneverwashedtheirclothes.【练习二十四】用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里:1. Ihave         money.2. Aselfishpersondoes         haveanyfriends.3. manisentirelyalone.4. oneislivinghere.Wecan         getintothishouse.5. asinglepersonlovesme.6. onelovesme.7. ThepersonwhomIsawdid         come.8. Idid         gotoworkyesterday.9. Ihad         worktodoyesterday.10.Ican         findanyoneinthishall.11.Ihave         gonetoAmerica.12.Hehas         writtentome.第七章问句(Questions)7§1　答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的问题有些问题，答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞，以下是一些例子。原来句子问句Iamaboy.AmIaboy?Hehasacar.Doeshehaveacar?Igavehimthreebooks.DidIgivehimthreebooks?Hecannotwork.Canhework?Hehasnotseenme.Hasheseenme?Theylikeyournovel.DoTheylikeyournovel?Thesunsetsinthewest.Doesthesunsetinthewest?Theyaregoodteachers.Aretheygoodteachers?Hewillnotgotoaconcerttonight.Willhegotoaconcerttonight?Heisgoingtoswim.Ishegoingtoswim?Theymusteatvegetables.Musttheyeatvegetables?Theyhavetogo.Dotheyhavetogo?Iwalkedtwokilometersyesterday.DidIwalktwokilometersyesterday?Itisrainingnow.Isitrainingnow?根据以上的例子，我们可以归纳乘以下的规则：(1)   凡动词是verbtobe的，变成问句时，动词移到主词前面去。例子：原来句子问句Youareagirl.Areyouagirl?Hewasateacher.Washeateacher?Theywereallold.Weretheyallold?Thissongisbeautiful.Isthissongbeautiful?Peterisagoodstudent.IsPeteragoodstudent?(2)   动词不是verbtobe，也没有助动词，改成问句时，必须加助动词do或他的变形，这个助动词必须在主词的前面。例子：79 原来句子问句Ilikemusic.DoIlikemusic?Helikessports.Doeshelikesports?PeterwenttoAmerica.DidPetergotoAmerica?Heatethreeappleslastnight.Didheeatthreeappleslastnight?Hermothercallshereveryweek.Doeshermothercallhereveryweek?(3)   句子中间如已有助动词，改成问句时，只要将助动词移到主动词前面即可。例子：原来句子问句Hedidnoteat.Didheeat?HehasgonetoAmerica.HashegonetoAmerica?Shecandance.Canshedance?Iwillseeyoutonight.WillIseeyoutonight?TheyaregoingtoWashington.AretheygoingtoWashington?我们的问句中，当然也可已有否定的意义，比方说，我们可以问：你不喜欢音乐吗？他不是你的弟弟吗？你从未见过他？英文句子也可以如此，例如：Don’tyoulikemusic?Doesn’theplaypiano?Aren’tyouhisbrother?Isn’theagoodstudent?Didn’thegotoschool?Hasn’thelivedhere?Won’theleavetomorrow?注意，这时not通常和动词连在一起了。有一件事，是我们中国人必须注意的，假如有人问你：你不喜欢音乐吗？而你本人的确也不喜欢音乐，你会回答说：是，我不喜欢音乐。也就是说，我们中国人的回答是顺着问句的。问句说你不喜欢，我们同意他的说法，所以前面加一个〝是〞。假设我喜欢音乐，我会回答说：不，我喜欢音乐。可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，与问句的问法无关，而对应了回答的事实。举例来说，我们的问句也许是：Don’tyoulikemusic?你如不喜欢音乐就回答说：No,Idon’tlikemusic.你如喜欢音乐，就回答说：Yes,Ilikemusic.再举一例，有人问：Isn’theChinese?他是中国人就回答：Yes,heis.他如不是，就回答：No,heisn’t.反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事实对应，而与如何问无关。【练习二十五】将以下句子翻译成英文问句：1.   你喜欢他吗？2.   他是美国人吗？3.   你昨天有没有去教堂？4.   他曾经到过日本吗？5.   你要去台北吗？6.   他不喜欢体育吗？7.   你从未去过日本吗？8.   他有一个妹妹吗？9.   他们都是学生吗？10.  你的哥哥昨天见过我爸爸吗？79 7§2回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的问句问句的答案当然不一定只是yes或no，以下的问句都是例子：Wheredidyoubuythisbook?Wheredidyouseehim?HowdoyoulikeAmerica?Whomdoyoulike?Whichcakedoyouwant?Whosebookisthis?Whatkindofmethodisthis?Whichcountrywereyoubornin?Whichdoyouwant,anappleoranorange?Whomdoyoulikemost,yourbrotheroryoursister?Wheredidyougolastnight?Whendidyoumeetyourfather?Whendidyoureadthisbook?Whomdidyougivethisbookto?以上的问句中都有助动词，但以下的问句中，助动词是不存在的：Whogaveyouthiscar?Whowrotethisletter?Whotookmypenaway?Whowantstogowithme?Whocansingthissong?【练习二十六】将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句：1.   你在哪里买这本书的？2.   他什么时候到美国去的？3.   他爸爸的名字是什么？4.   这是谁的书？5.   你从哪里来的？6.   你要哪一本书？7.   这个孩子是谁？8.   他最喜欢谁？9.   他叫什么名字？10.  你昨天到哪里去了？11.  这是谁的狗？【练习二十七】填空1.   didyougolastnight?2.   bookdoyoulike?3.   isyourbrother?4.   ishisname?5.   wrotethisletter?6.   didyougivethisbookto?7.   gaveyouthisbook?8.   caristhis?9.   dogisthis?10.  moviedidyousee?11.  canspeakEnglish?12.  didyouspeakto?13.  kindofcaristhis?14.  fruitdoyoulikemost?15.  doesnotswim?79 第八章   被动语气(PassiveVoice)8§1及物动词和不及物动词任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词，请先注意以下例句的动词1.  Hewasateacherbefore.2.  Hewenttoschoolyesterday.3.  Hehitadog.4.  Isawyouyesterday.5.  Hewalkstoschooleveryday.6.  Hesentthisbooktome.7.  Theyaregoodstudents.8.  Hewrotetwonovels.9.  Theyatealloftheapples.10.Heswimseverymorning.在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的动词都是及物动词（transitiveverbs）。这些动词后面都跟着一个名词，而这个名词是动词的受词（object），其它句子的动词，都是不及物动词，因为他们都没有任何受词。我们将以上句子中，主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下：句子主词及物动词受词Hehitadog.HehitdogIsawyouyesterday.IsawyouHesenthisbooktome.HesenthisbookHewrotetwonovels.HewrotetwonovelsTheyatealloftheapples.Theyatealloftheapples一旦动词是及物动词，我们就可以将这个句子由原来的主动语气（activevoice）改成被动语气（passivevoice）。但我们也要警告读者，不要轻易用被动语气，因为有时被动语气的句子是不自然的。8§2没有助动词的被动语气在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下：主词＋动词＋受词所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主动语气中，我们说〝我看到一些狗〞，在被动语气中，我们说〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，将主动语气改成被动语气，必须做以下的动作：（1）   原有受词变成名词（2）   动词变成verbtobe＋过去分词（pastparticiple）（3）   原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加by。举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是Isawacat.被动语气就成了Acatwasseenbyme.最重要的是，verbtobe的时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以verbtobe也是过去式。除此以外，verbtobe也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子：Isawtwocats.改成被动语气以后，句子是：Twocatswereseenbyme.以下是主动改被动的例子，最重要的是注意verbtobe的形式：主动语气（activevoice）被动语气（passivevoice）Mr.Joneshitthedog.ThedogwashitbyMr.Jones.Mybrothersawyouyesterday.Youwereseenbymybrotheryesterday.Hesentthebooktome.Thebookwassenttomebyhim.Dickenswrotethosetwonovels.ThosetwonovelswerewrittenbyDickens.Theyatealloftheapples.Alloftheappleswereeatenbythem.Janewrotethatsong.ThatsongwaswrittenbyJane.Mymotherlovesme.Iamlovedbymymother.【练习二十八】将以下的句子由主动语气改成被动：79 1. Hesawthatmovielastnight.2. Hewrotethatlettertome.3. HeteachesthoseEnglishclasses.4. Godlovesyou.5. Theyboughttwohouses.6. Ipaintedthisroom.7. Hegrowsthoseroses.8. Hehelpshisstudents.9. Isoldthehouse.10.Myuncleboughtthiscar.【练习二十九】将以下的句子由被动语气改成主动语气：1. Thepolicemanwasseenbyme.2. Thosetwobookswerewrittenbyme.3. Thesesentenceswerecorrectedbymyteacher.4. Hewashitbyacar.5. Hisdoorwaslockedbyme.6. Hishousewasbuiltbymyfather.7. Hisboatwasgiventomebymyfather.8. Thisbirdisrarelyseenbypeoplehere.9. Heislikedbyeveryone.10.Theyweregiventendollarsbytheirfriends.11.Thispicturewastakenbyhim.12.Toomuchwinewasdrunkbytheyoungmen.13.IwastaughtbyMr.Wang.14.Hewashelpedbyhisfather.15.Theywereservedbythatwaiter.16.Hisfoodwaspreparedbymymother.17.Histoywasmadebymysister.18.ThebookwasreturnedtomebyJim.19.Thatsongwaswrittenbymybrother.20.Iwasinvitedbyhimtoaparty.8§3有助动词肯定句子的被动语气在上一节，我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中没有助动词，可是有些肯定句子还是有助动词的，以下是一些例子： 主动语气被动语气现在进形式Iamwritingthisletter.Theletterisbeingwrittenbyme.现在完程序Ihavewrittentheletter.Theletterhasbeenwrittenbyme.过去进形式Iwaswritingtheletterwhenyoucame.Theletterwasbeingwrittenbymewhenyoucame.过去完程序Ihadwrittentheletterbeforeyoucame.Theletterhadbeenwrittenbymebeforeyoucame.未来式Iwillwritetheletter.Theletterwillbewrittenbyme.未来完成式Iwillhavewrittenthisletter.Thisletterwillhavebeenwrittenbyme.未来式Iamgoingtoseeyou.Youaregoingtobeseenbyme.以下是更多的例子：主动语气被动语气Ihaveseenhim.Hehasbeenseenbyme.Heisgoingtohelpyou.Youaregoingtobehelpedbyhim.HewillteachEnglish.Englishwillbetaughtbyhim.Hehashelpedmeallmylife.Ihavebeenhelpedbyhimallmylife.Hehadcalledmebeforeyoucame.Ihadbeencalledbyhimbeforeyoucame.Hewascallinghismotherwhenwewentthere.Hismotherwasbeingcalledbyhimwhenwewentthere.助动词不一定和时式有关，can、should、hasto等等都是助动词，这些助动词在改成被动语气的时后，都应维持原状，只需加入verbtobe和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子：79 主动语气被动语气Icanplaythepiano.Thepianocanbeplayedbyme.Imayusethisroom.Thisroommaybeusedbyme.Hemustgivethebooktome.Thebookmustbegiventomebyhim.Youshouldhelphim.Heshouldbehelpedbyyou.Youhavetowritethisletter.Thisletterhastobewrittenbyyou.Heoughttowritethisreport.Thisreportoughttobewrittenbyhim.【练习三十】将以下的句子改成被动语气：1. Hehaswrittenthreenovels.2. Hewillwritethatletter.3. Theywillsingthesesongstomorrow.4. Hewillgivethespeech.5. Theyarepaintingthehouse.6. Ihavegivenhimthreebooks.7. Icandothisjob.8. Hehadtoldmethatstorybeforewewentthere.9. Teachersshouldhelpthestudents.10.Heiswritingthereportnow.11.Thestudentsmustreadthisbook.12.Ihavetogivethislettertomymothertonight.13.Allcitizensoughttoobeythelaw.14.Hehaseatenallofthecakes.15.Thereportersweretakingpictureswhenthestormstarted.16.Hehadfinishedtheworkbeforefiveo"clocklastnight.17.Peterwillwritethatletter.18.Johnhasreceivedmyletter.19.Millionsofpeoplesawthemovie“Gonewiththewind”.20.Hehasprovedthattheorem.【练习三十一】将以下句子改成主动语气：1. TwobookshavebeenwrittenbyJoseph.2. FootballisbeingplayedbyJohn.3. Heshouldbegiventhatlecturebyhisfather.4. Thatreportwillbewrittenbyhim.5. TheletterhasbeenreceivedbytheKing.6. Thismovieshouldbeseenbyeveryone.7. Thisbookoughttobereadbyeverystudent.8. Theyarebeinghelpedbyme.9. Themovieisgoingtobeseenbyallofus.10.Thiscakecanbeeatenbykids.8§4否定句子的被动语气将一个否定句子或一个问句改成被动语气，其步骤如下：（1） 将此句子改成肯定句子（2） 将此肯定句子改成被动语气（3） 将此被动语气的句子改成否定句子现在举一个否定的例子：Ididnottakethispicture.对应的肯定句子是：Itookthispicture.改成被动语气：Thispicturewastakenbyme.再改成否定句子：Thispicturewasnottakenbyme.下面的例子都是用来解释如何将一个否定句子改成被动语气：79 1. Theydidnotlikethemusic.(a).Theylikedthemusic.(b).Themusicwaslikedbythem.(c).Themusicwasnotlikedbythem.2. Ihavenotwrittenthatletter.(a).Ihavewrittenthatletter.(b).Thatletterhasbeenwrittenbyme.(c).Thatletterhasnotbeenwrittenbyme.3. Youcannoteatthatcake.(a).Youcaneatthatcake.(b).Thatcakecanbeeatenbyyou.(c).Thatcakecannotbeeatenbyyou.4. Hedoesnotplaymusic.(a).Heplaysthatkindofmusic.(b).Thatkindofmusicisplayedbyhim.(c).Thatkindofmusicisnotplayedbyhim.5. Iamnotgoingtoseeyou.(a).Iamgoingtoseeyou.(b).Youaregoing   tobeseenbyme.(c).Youarenotgoingtobeseenbyme.6. Theywillnotseethatmovie.(a).Theywillseethatmovie.(b).Thatmoviewillbeseenbythem.(c).Thatmoviewillnotbeseenbythem.7. Theydidnothelpme.(a).Theyhelpedme.(b).Iwashelpedbythem.(c).Iwasnothelpedbythem.8. Ididnottellthatstory.(a).Itoldthatstory.(b).Thatstorywastoldbyme.(c).Thatstorywasnottoldbyme.在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个否定句子的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的：主动语气被动语气Theydonotenjoysuchmusic.Suchmusicisnotenjoyedbythem.Hedidnottellthatstory.Thatstorywasnottoldbyhim.Theyhavenotwrittenthatstory.Thatstoryhasnotbeentoldbythem.Peterisgoingtoseeme.IamnotgoingtobeseenbyPeter.Hewillnothelpme.Iwillnotbehelpedbyhim.Johnwillnoteatthatcake.ThatcakewillnotbeeatenbyJohn.Icannotdrinkthatwine.Thatwinecannotbedrunkbyme.【练习三十二】将以下的否定句子改成被动语气：1. Thefarmersheredonotgrowapples.2. Hedidnotmeetmelastnight.3. Ihavenotwrittenthatletter.4. Johnisnotgoingtoseethatmovie.5. Ididnotwatchthatmovie.6. HedoesnotspeakEnglish.7. HewillnotspeakEnglish.8. Youshouldnoteatthatcake.9. Mymotherdoesnoteatthatkindoffish.10.Johnhasnotwrittenthatreport.【练习三十三】将以下句子改成主动语气：1. Thebookwasnotwrittenbyhim.2. Iamnotgoingtobehelpedbyyou.79 3. ThatbookhasnotbeenreceivedbyJohn.4. Thatsongisnotlikedbycollegestudents.5. JohnisnotlovedbyMary.6. Iwillnotbemetbymystudenttomorrow.7. Meatisnoteatenbyvegetarians.8. Thedoorwasnotopenedbyme.9. Thattendollarswerenotpaidbyme.10.Thecarwasnotboughtbyme.8§5问句的被动语气将问句改成被动语气，步骤类似上一节的步骤，我们先将问句变成肯定句子，然后将这个定句子变成被动语气，最后在将这个被动语气的句子变回，成为问句。例如：Doyoungkidsenjoyclassicalmusic?先改成肯定句子Youngkidsenjoyclassicalmusic.再改成被动语气Musicisenjoyedbyyoungkids.最后改成问句Ismusicenjoyedbyyoungkids?为了使读者熟悉这些步骤，我们在下面举了很多的例子：1.Didyoueatthatcake?(a).  Youatethatcake.(b).  Thatcakewaseatenbyyou.(c).   Wasthatcakeeatenbyyou?2.DofarmersinTaiwangrowapples?(a) FarmersinTaiwangrowapples.(b) ApplesaregrownbyfarmersinTaiwan.(c) AreapplesgrownbyfarmersinTaiwan?3.Haveyoufinishedthereport?(a)        Youhavefinishedthereport.(b)        Thereporthasbeenfinishedbyyou.(c)         Hasthereportbeenfinishedbyyou?4.Whendidyouwritethatletter?(a)        Youwrotethatletter.(b)        Thatletterwaswrittenbyyou.(c)         Whenwastheletterwrittenbyyou?5.Haveyouseenthatmovie?(a)        Youhaveseenthatmovie.(b)        Thatmoviehasbeenseenbyyou.(c)         Hasthemoviebeenseenbyyou?6.WhendidStevensonwritethatnovel?(a)        Stevensonwrotethatnovel.(b)        ThatnovelwaswrittenbyStevenson.(c)         WhenwasthatnovelwrittenbyStevenson?8.Ishepaintinghisroom?(a)        Heispaintinghisroom.(b)        Hisroomisbeingpaintedbyhim.(c)         Ishisroombeingpaintedbyhim?在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个问句的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的：主动语气被动语气Doeshehelphisstudents?Arehisstudentshelpedbyhim?Didhetellthatstory?Wasthatstorytoldbyhim?Hasshewrittenthatstory?Hasthatstorybeenwrittenbyher?WhomisPetergoingtovisit?WhoisgoingtobevisitedbyPeter?Whendidyoureadthatbook?Whenwasthatbookwrittenbyyou?Doesheenjoythatsong?Isthatsongenjoyedhim?Whydohisfriendsavoidhim?Whyisheavoidedbyhisfriends?79 Whomdidyousee?Whowasseenbyyou?Hashereadthatreport?Hasthatreportbeenreadbyhim?Ishewritingthatletter?Isthatletterbeingwrittenbyhim?【练习三十四】将以下句子改成被动语气：1. Ishewritingabook?2. Didhewritethatbook?3. Didyousignthatletter?4. Wheredidyouseethatmovie?5. Whendidyouseethatmovie?6. Hashefinishedthatjob?7. Didmothergiveyouthegift?8. Didyourmothervisityoulastnight?9. Dotheygrowroses?10.DotheyspeakEnglish?11.Didyouplaythatgameoftennis?12.WillyouteachEnglish?【练习三十五】将以下句子改成主动语气：1. Wasthecakeeatenbyyou?2. Ishelikedbyallofus?3. IsthatkindofmusiclovedbyeveryoneinJapan?4. Isfisheatenbyoldpeople?5. Areroseslovedbymostwomen?6. Washecalledbyyou?7. IssoccerplayedbyJohn?8. WhenwasthismusicwrittenbyMozart?9. Whenwasheseenbyyou?10.Weretheyseenbyyoulastnight?【练习三十六】将适宜的动词填入1. I         (send)twolettersyesterday.          (do)you         (receive)them?Everyletter          (write)byme.Please         (write)backtomesoon.2. I         (invite)toadancingpartylastweek.Themusic         (be)sonoisy.I         (leave)thepartyasearlyasI         (can).3. Didyou         (write)thatreport?Yes,it         (write)byme.4. He         (notlike)musicwhenhewasachild.Afterhe         (get)intocollege,he         (teach)byagoodmusicprofessor.Now,he         (enjoy)musicverymuchand         (listen)toclassicalmusiceverymorning.5. I         (buy)aredcaryesterday.It         (make)inJapan.Itwill__________(deliver)tometomorrow.6. I         (notgo)toschoolyesterdaybecausemybicycle         (steal).I         (buy)anewbikeyesterday.7. Where         (do)yougolastnight?I         (can)not         (find)you.You         (see)bynoone.8. A:          (do)he         (smoke)?B:No,he         (donot).Smokinghasnever         (try)byhim.9. Wasthebook         (write)byhim?10.I         (buy)threebookslately.One         (write)byGrahamGreene.I         (finish)readingit.There         (be)manyinterestingstoriesinit.【练习三十七】改错：1.         ＊ThisisabookwhichwrotebyDickens.2.         ＊Arethemusicenjoyedbythoseelderlypeople?3.         ＊Whenareyouvisitedbyyourfatheryesterday?4.         ＊ThisbookwrittenbyJohn.5.         ＊Heisinvitedtocometomyhomebymyfatheryesterday.6.         ＊Thishouseisbuiltin1913.79 7.         ＊Thisletterwaswrotebyhim.8.         ＊Thisletterhasneverfinished.9.         ＊Wasyougivenabook?10.        ＊Ihavenevercalledbymyfather.Ialwayscallhimfirst.第九章动词如何转换成名词动名词（Gerund）和不定词（Infinitive）9§1问题的来源对我们说中文的人而言，一个字究竟是动词，还是名词，其实是很少人知道的，对一般人而言，〝唱歌〞是动词，但是如果我们说，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我们又发现〝唱歌〞其实也是名词。〝我爱唱歌〞，这句话中，〝唱歌〞也是名词。英文就不同了，英文里很少有一个字，又是动词，又是名词的，sing是动词，绝不能当名词用。怪不得有很多中国人会说＊Singisgoodforyou.  或者是 ＊Ilikesing.既然sing是动词，也没有一个〝sing〞的名词，怎么办呢？英文解套的办法很有趣，他们用动名词（gerund）和不定词（infinitive）来将一个动词改成一个名词。9§2动名词（Gerund）所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上ing，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子：Ilikesinging.Playingbasketballisgoodforyou.Doyouenjoylisteningtoclassicalmusic?Istravelingaroundtheworldmeaningfultoyou?StudyingEnglishisnotdifficult.我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类：1.动名词可用作主词，如Playingtennisisenjoyedbymanypeople.Takingdrugsisavoidedbymostpeople.Beingkindtoothersisimportantforeveryone.Respectingyourparentsshowsgoodcharacter.2.动名词可以用作动词的受词，如IenjoystudyingEnglish.Hedoesnotmindwalkinglongdistances.Ihaveneverenjoyedbeingaloneinmylife.Helovesswimming.3.动名词可以用作介系词（preposition）的受词，英文里有很多介系词，at,in,about,of,on等等都是介系词，介系词后面必定跟一个名词，也是它的受词，举例来说onthetableinmyhomeaboutHitlerofmylifeonthisisland各位一定注意到，每一个介系词后面都有一个名词，作为它的受词。动名词是可以作为介系词的受词的，如：Thisbookisabouttraveling.Heisresponsibleforcleaningthekitchen.Mybrotheriscapableofwritingprograms.Youjustkeepongoingstraight.在下面，我们要给各位更多有关gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一个句子中，那个动名词是作什么用的。Insteadofswimming,hewalkseverymorning.Helikeswalkinginthewoods.Areyouinterestedinplayingtennis?Lovingistobekindtoothers.79 Readingisimportanttostudents.Inadditiontotraveling,healsolikesreadingnovels.Youwillbehappybyhelpingothers.Heisworriedaboutbeinglate.Ifinishedwritingthereportyesterday.Theythankedmeforlendingthemmoney.Hehasneverfinishedwritingthenovel.SheisinchangeofteachingEnglishinourschool.Myfatherobjectedtomygoingtothesummercamp.Pleasestopjokingaboutmybrother.Ilookforwardtoseeingyou.Hehasneverenjoyedtraveling.Shewasexcitedaboutgoingabroad.Iconsidergamblingabadthingtodo.Ihaveneverdreamedofflyinganairplane.Hesuggestedtalkingtoourteacher.Ibelieveindoingsomekindofexerciseeveryday.Playingthepianoisnofunatall.Nancyisaccustomedtosleepinglate.Areyoutiredofdrivingforsolong?Youshouldforgiveothersfordoingwrongthings.Heinsistsongettingupearlyeverymorning.Thankyouforparticipatinginmyconcert.Heisusedtostudyingalone.TheyarenotusedtospeakingEnglish.Heisaccustomedtobeingpolitetoothers.Iobjecttoseeingdirtymovies.Youshouldtakeadvantageofstudyinginsuchagoodplace.【练习三十八】改正以下的错误1.＊Playtennisisfun.2.＊Ihateswim.3.＊Stoptalkaboutme.4.＊Inadditiontoreadinterestingbooks,youshouldalsowatchTVfromtimetotime.5.＊Iamnotinterestedinswim.6.＊HetalksaboutgotoAmerica.7.＊Ibelieveindoexerciseeveryday.8.＊Thecostoftransferastudenttoanotherschoolisveryhigh.9.＊Pleaseforgivemeformakethismistake.10.＊Swimkeepsmefromgettingcold.【练习三十九】填充，每一个句子填入一个介系词和一个动名词，先举一个例子。1.Iaminterested           (listen)           tomusic.2.Pleaseforgiveme           (be)           solate.3.Inaddition           (study)           ,youshouldalsohavesomeexerciseseveryday.4.Wetalked           (build)           ahousenextyear.5.Thankyou           (help)           me.6.Heisexcited           (travel)           toJapan.7.Iamlookingforward           (meet)           you.8.Heinsists           (talk)           tomepersonally.9.Ibelieve           (exercise)           everyday.10.Didyouparticipate           that(swim)           match.11.Hewasnotused           (listen)           toclassicmusic.12.Mymotherobjected           (visit)           myaunttomorrow.13.Iamnotaccustomed           (go)           tobedsolate.14.Iaminterested           (swim)          .15.Areyouresponsible           (write)           thisreport?79 16.Heisexcited           (see)metomorrow.17.Heislookingforward            (see)thatmovie.18.Iamnotused           (hear)           thatkindofnoise.19.Youshouldtakeadvantage           (have)           suchagoodfamily.20.Heisincharge           (send)           studentstootherschools.【练习四十】将以下中文句子译成英文句子：1.我不喜欢跳舞。2.你对游泳有兴趣吗？3.打蓝球是有趣的。4.我们昨天谈到（talkabout）教英文的事。5.我不习惯（benotusedto）抽烟。6.我反对（objectto）在公开场合哭泣（cryinpublic）。7.除了游泳以外，他还应该打棒球（用inadditionto）。8.他可以（becapableof）每天跑一公里。9.他负责（beinchargeof）找寻一个好的地方。10.我已习惯了（beaccustomedto）早起。9§3不定词（Infinitives）不定词＝to＋动词的原式。例如togo,tolove,toeat等等，都是不定词，不定词和动名词的用法相似，以下全是用不定词用作名词的例子：Toloveistoforgive.Toforgiveyourenemieswillmakeyouhappy.Iliketoeatchicken.Iaskedmybrothertocomehere.Hecontinuedtoread.也许读者发现了不定词和动名词不同的地方：不定词不能用在介系词的后面，以下的句子都是错的：＊Iaminterestedintoplaypiano.＊Heisworriedabouttogoabroad.＊Iaminchargeoftopreparefortheparty.如何将不定词用成名词呢？1.不定词可以用作主词：如Toplaytennisisgreatfun.Toplaysafeinthestockmarketisnecessary.Tobekindtoothersisimportantforeveryone.Torespectyourparentsshowsgoodcharacter.2.不家词可以用成很多动词的受词：Iliketoswim.Helovestolistentojokes.Mybrotherseemstobedifferent.Iagreetolendhimmoney.Doyouliketosing?3.不定词可以跟在代名词的后面，形式如下：动词（verb）＋代名词（pronoun）＋不定词（infinitive）例如：Itoldhimtoworkhard.Iaskedmybrothertocomebackhome.Heexpectshisfriendstohelphim.Myteachertoldmetowaitforhim.Iinvitedmysistertogotoseeamovie.4.不定词常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如：Hewastoldtoworkhard.Mybrotherwasaskedtocomebackhome.Hisfriendisexpectedtohelpme.Iwastoldbymyteachertowait.Mysisterwasinvitedtogotoseeamovie.以下是更多的不定词例子：79 Togiveismoremeaningfulthantoreceive.Ilovetoswimincoldweather.Heagreedtolistentomystory.Hedecidedtogoanyway.Itoldhimtobuymybook.Iinvitedhimtocometomyhouse.Iaskedhimtocookformetonight.Studentsareaskedtoworkhard.Heneedstoworkhard.Iwantyoutosendthislettertomyfather.Herequireseverystudenttoreadonenoveleveryweek.Everystudentisrequiredtoreadonenoveleveryweek.读者一定会问，是不是动名词可以和不定词互调，答案是否定的，有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定词，但也有些动词，后面只能跟动名词，有些动词后面只能跟不定词。有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定词：love,like,hate,start,begin,以下的动词，后面只能跟动名词：EnjoyIenjoyeatinggoodfood.AppreciateIappreciateyourbeingkindtoothers.AvoidYoushouldavoidmakingmistakes.keeponKeeponworkinghard.keepKeepsinging.considerHeconsideredleavinghome.finishHefinishedwritingthisbook.suggestMayIsuggestdrinkingacupofcoffee?discussWediscussedtravelingtoNewZealand.以下的动词正好相反，只能跟不定词agreeIagreetosignthisletter.planHeplanstogoaway.wantTheywanttorentacar.decideHedecidedtoworkhard.seemHeseemstobeveryhappy.appearHeappearstobeverysad.一个字非常特殊，必须讨论一下，那就是stop：stopsmoking 指不再抽烟了stoptosmoke 指停下来，开始抽烟9§4动名词和不定词的被动和否定形式将动词改成名词的时候，也可以有被动语气和否定语气，以下是一些例子：Everyonelikestobeloved.Thiscupneedstobewashed.Beingtrustedisimportant.Itoldhimnottoleavethishouse.Heaskedmenottocry.Iwastoldnottofallasleepinclass.TobegivenagoodgiftonChristmasEvemakesmehappy.Beinginvitedtothatpartyisagreathonortome.【练习四十一】将下面的空格填入动名词或不定词1.Ienjoy         (listen)torockandrollmusic.2.Iaskedhim         (go)away.3.Hewasasked         (leave).4.Isuggest         (have)somefun.5.Heseems         (be)akindperson.6.Youappear         (be)quitetired.7.Itoldhim         (have)acupofwine.8.Iinvitedhim         (come)over.9.Everyoneofyouisrequired         (work)hard.10.Doyoulike         (swim)?79 11.Iorderedhim         (read)mybook.12.Iwasexpected         (write)alettertoyou.13.Heaskedme         (read)thislettertohim.14.Pleasekeep         (talk)tome.15.Stop         (drive)sofast.Itisdangeroustodrivetoofast.16.Ihate         (smoke).17.         (pass)thetestisimportant.18.         (work)hardisthekeytosuccess.19.Mywifeaskedmeto         (bring)someflowershome.20.Heavoided         (tell)lies.【练习四十二】将以下中文句子译成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。1.我请（invite）他到我家来。2.我教（teach）他游泳。3.被人爱令人快乐。4.我讨厌（hate）抽烟。5.我们应该避免（avoid）饮烟。6.不要再（stop）抽烟了。7.每个人都期待（expect）他写一本好书。8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。9§5不定词的简式不定词中一定要有to，但在有几个动词的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let，我们绝不可以说＊Ilethimtoleave.而一定要说Ilethimleave.我们也不能说＊Imadehimtoworkhard.（我使他努力工作）而一定要说Imadehimworkhard.以下的动词后面，不定词的后面都要省掉to。动词例句letMymotherletmewatchTVtonight.makeHemakeshisstudentsrespectteachers.haveHehadhissonscleantheirrooms.seeIsawhimrunaway.hearIheardthebirdssing.watchIwatchedthekidsplay.noticeInoticedhercry.因为在这些动词的后面，本来应该用不定词，仅仅是to被省掉了，因此我们在这些动词的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是错的：＊Hemadehissonranawayfromhome.＊Isawhimwalkedaway..＊Ihaveneverheardhimsanganysong.Help这一个动词非常特别，它后面的不定词中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是对的：Ihelpedhimwashhiscar.Ihelpedhimtowashhiscar.【练习四十三】以下的句子都有错，请改正：1.＊Heletshissontodrivehiscar.2.＊Hemademefelthappy.3.＊Imademyfriendtodiscusshisproblemwithme.4.＊Ihadmysontogetupearlyeverymorning.5.＊Ihelpedmyfatherpaintedhishouse.6.＊Ihadmybrothertocarrythisheavyluggageforme.7.＊IhadMarytomarryme.79 8.＊Thissongmakeseveryonetocry.9.＊IhelpedNancyworkedhard.10.＊Hemadeustobelievehim.11.＊Isawhimtoplay.12.＊IheardMarysangseveralsongs.13.＊Iwatchedhertoswim.14.＊Isawthebirdstoflyaway.第十章如何将动词改成形容词我们中文里，一个字有时是动词，有时却又可以用作形容词，最著名的例子是〝微笑老萧〞（萧万长院长的外号）〝微笑〞应该是动词，可是在这里，显然〝微笑〞是形容词。〝哭泣〞通常是动词，可是我们也可以说〝哭泣的孩子〞。也难怪我们常见到以下错误的英文句子：＊     asmileface＊     arunboy需知smile和cry都是动词，是不能当作形容词来用的。可是，更糟糕的是以下句子：〝住在台湾的人很有钱〞，我们很多人会说＊          PeopleliveinTaiwanarerich.以上的话为什么错呢？因为People是主词，are是动词，liveinTaiwan形容people，可是live是一个动词，不能用作形容词的。怎么办呢？我们可以将一个动词用成一个形容词，我们的做法是利用分词（participle）和不定词（infinitive），而分词有两种：现在分词（presentparticiple）和过去分词（pastparticiple），我们在下一节，先谈现在分词的用法。10§1现在分词（presentparticiple）作为形容词任何一个动词，都有一个现在分词（presentparticiple），现在分词的形式是在动词后面加上ing，如：laughingcryingwalkingswimmingrunning以下的例子中，现在分词都是形容词acryingbabyasmilinggirlanexcitingstoryrunningwaterarunningboyarisingstar现在分词不一定放在名词的前面，在以下的句子中，现在分词都在名词的后面apersonwalkinginthewoodstheyoungmanrunningveryfastpeoplelivinginTaiwanthepersondrivingthatredcarthesingersingingthenationalanthem（国歌）theboysplayinginthefieldstheyoungboyswimminginthepool以下句子中的现在分词，都被用作形容词。Wehaveacryingbabyhere.Seeingisbelieving.（believing是形容词，seeing是名词）Lovingisforgiving.Healwayswearsasmilingface.Runningwaterisimportantformankind.Lookattherisingsun.Thepersonswimminginthatcoldriverisquitestrong.Theyoungmandrivingtheredcarisrich.Thoseboysplayingbasketballarehappy.Thismovieisexciting.Thisnewsisveryupsetting.Thisstoryistroubling.79 Theyoungboyswimminginthepoolismybrother.PeoplelivingintheUnitedStatesconsumemoreenergythanotherpeople.ThepersonpaintingthehousethereisfromMexico.Shehasalovinghusband.Heisarisingstar.【练习四十四】将以下的中文句子译成英文，每句都要用现在分词1.这是一本有趣的故事。2.这门课很无聊（boring）。3.看那只在唱歌的鸟。4.那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。5.住在乡下的人通常很健康。6.我不认识那位骑脚车的男孩子。7.那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的儿子。8.那位在问问题的学生非常聪明。9.你见过那位打篮球的男孩子吗？10.那位垂死（dying）的病人是我的老师。10§2过去分词（pastparticiple）作为形容词在完成式中，我们要用过去分词，过去分词也可以作为形容词，以下是一些例子：abrokenwindow（破碎的窗）afallenangel（堕落的天使）afallenstar（已经不走红的明星）adepressedperson（一个沮丧的人）amuchappreciatedaction（为人很欣赏的动作）究竟过去分词和现在分词何不同呢？过去分词多半有动被和已经完成的意思。最好的例子是：开发中家叫做adevelopingcountry，已开发国家就叫做adevelopedcountry。以下的例子可以解释过去分词和现在分词的不同：1.(a)这本书很有趣。Thisbookisinteresting.(b)我对这本书很有兴趣。Iaminterestedinthisbook.2.(a)这是一部令人沮丧的电影。Thisisadepressingmovie.(b)我看了这部电影以后，感到非常沮丧。Ifeltverymuchdepressedafterseeingthatmovie.3.(a)结果令人失望。Theresultisfrustrating.(b)他因这个结果而非常失望。Hewasfrustratedbecauseoftheresult.4.(a)这个消息真令人难过。Thisnewsisreallyupsetting.(b)他们都很难过。Theyareallupset.5.(a)约翰的进步令人鼓舞。John’sprogressisencouraging.(b)我因约翰的进步而感到鼓舞。IamencouragedbyJohn’sprogress.6.(a)水在烧。Thewaterisboiling.(b)这是烧开的水。Thisisboiledwater.7.(a)这个消息出人意外。Thisnewsissurprising.(b)我对这个消息感到意外。Iwassurprisedbythenews.8.(a)他的谈话令人困惑。79 Hiswordsareconfusing.(b)他是一个充满困惑的人。Heisaconfusedperson.记住，以下的句子都是错的：＊Hisstatementsareconfusedtome.＊Iaminterestinginmusic.＊Heisaninterestedperson.＊Thisisindeedasurprisednews.＊Thisnewsisencouraged.正确的句子应该是：Hisstatementsareconfusing.Iaminterestedinmusic.Heisaninterestingperson.Thisisindeedasurprisingnews.Thisnewsisencouraging.以下是含有过去分词的句子，每一个过去分词都用作形容词：Americaisadevelopedcountry.Ifoundthatdogkilledinacaraccident.Thefrustratedstudentneedshelp.Iwantthereportcompletedbeforemidnight.Heistotallydepressed.Theyareallfrustrated.ThecardrivenbythatyoungmanisaCadillac.Thisbook,readbyalmosteveryone,waswrittenbyCharlesDickens.Thisisstillanunrealizeddream.Areyouinterestedinmusic?Iamreallysurprisedtomeetyou.Iwasexcitedbyhisarrival.ThegirldressedinwhiteisfromJapan.Adepressedpersonneedslovefromothers.MillionsgotkilledintheSecondWorldWar.Heisatroubledchildwhoneedsadvice.Ihaveabrokenleg.Brokenglassisallovertheplace.千万注意，我们不可以轻易乱用过去分词，以下的句子都是错的：＊Heissuffered.＊ThisarticlewillbeappearedinthenextissueofScience.正确的说法是：Hesuffers.ThisarticlewillappearinthenextissueofScience.【练习四十五】将以下的中文句子译成英文：1.我对音乐有兴趣。2.这部人人都看过的电影是在好莱坞制作的。3.他来自一个破碎的家庭。4.这个国家的法律已经崩溃（breakdown）了。5.我因这个消息而感到兴奋。6.我们应该帮助那位沮丧的学生。7.三个人死于（getkilled）这场车祸。8.这是一个充满了困惑的学生。9.他是一个很有趣的人。【练习四十六】填空，全部用现在分词或过去分词：1.Heistotally         (confuse).2.Iam         (interest)inseeingthatmovie.3.Thismovieisreally         (excite).4.Thatisa         (break)promise.79 5.Hehasa         (break)arm.6.Theirmarriagewas         (break)up.7.Justiceisstillnota         (realize)dream.8.Heisa         (depress)person.9.Thebicycle         (ride)bytheyoungkidismine.10.Idonotliketoseeanyperson         (injure).11.Iwasverymuch         (surprise)tohearthatnews.12.Hisstatementsare         (encourage).13.Theman         (talk)aboutHitlerisaprofessor.14.Theman         (pilot)theairplaneisquiteyoung.15.Thecompany         (manage)byMr.Leeisgettingbetterandbetter.16.PoorJohnnowhasa         (break)heart.17.Thereareboysandgirls         (dance)inthegarden.18.The         (steal)jackethasbeenfound.19.Theboy         (laugh)thereisnotmyson.20.Hehasa         (smile)face.21.Thisisindeedvery         (excite).22.Thissong,         (hear)byalmosteveryone,waswrittenbyme.23.Idon"tlikethesong         (write)bytheBeatles.24.Sheisa         (care)woman.10§3不定词（Infinitives）作为形容词和副词不定词可以用作名词，也可以用作形容词，以下都是不定词用作形容词的例子，要注意的是不定词不会放在名词的前面：Youdon"thavetherighttotalksoloudly.Heistoblame.Toseeistobelieve.（Tosee是名词，tobelieve是形容词）Myjobistoteachpoorkidstolearn.Weallhavethedutytoserveourcountry.Hehasatalenttosing.Idon"thavetimetoplay.Heisapersontobelikedbyusall.Thisisabooktobereadbyallstudents.Hehasnomoneytospend.Thisisnotagoodplaceforkidstogrowupin.Thislawistoprotectinnocentcitizens.Iamgladtoseeyou.Heisreadytostartawar.Heisrichenoughtobuytheentirebuilding.Theyareafraidtodie.Hehasnorighttokillanyone.Johnistooweaktodothisjob.Mymotheristoooldtodriveacar.Itiseasytofallbehindinschool.【练习四十七】将以下句子改成英文：1.   我们都有纳税的义务。2.   我们都有保持缄默（remainsilent）的权利。3.   他有游泳的天才。4.   我已无钱可花。5.   我无处可去。6.   他太累了，不能开车了。（too…..to…..）7.   我很高兴看到你。8.   他够聪明，可以进入大学。（enough…..to…..）9.   我的工作是教小孩英文。10.  我看到你，感到很意外。（surprisedto…...）11.  我们有很多可谈的事。79 12.  他没有可以交谈的朋友。第十一章词组（Phrases）和子句（Clauses）请看以下的句子，特别注意划线的字群：1.           UnderstandingEnglishiseasy.2.           Iwantyoutoworkhard.3.           Peter,whohasbeentoEngland,speaksgoodEnglish.4.           ItoldhimthatIwasgoingaway.UnderstandingEnglish和toworkhard有一共同特色，他们都没有主词，也没有动词，这种字群，叫做词组（phrase）。WhohasbeentoEngland和Iwasgoingaway中，内部都有主词和动词，这种字群，叫子句（clause）。由于我们已经对词组很熟悉，我们在这里不再讨论，而我们在这一章将多多介绍子句的用法。11§1问题型式的名词子句假如我们说〝我不知道他住在哪里〞，或者〝他究竟住在哪里仍是个谜〞，我们就可以用这种问题型式的名词子句，每一个名词子句都要用who,where,whether,which等来开始。以下是典型的例子：Idon"tknowwherehecamefrom.（我不知道他来自何处。）WhetherornotheisanAmericanisstillasecret.（他是否是个美国人仍然是个秘密。）Iwillfindoutwhereheisliving.（我要找出他住在哪里。）Icannotrememberwhetherhesmokesornot.（我不记得他是否吸烟。）Pleaseletmeknowhowoldheis.（请让我知道他多大年纪。）Kindlytellmewhatyoureallyneed.（请让我知道你需要什么。）Youhavetodecidewhichbookyouwanttobuy.（你应该决定买哪一本书。）Doyouknowwhereheisfrom?（你知道他是从哪里来的？）Doyouknowwhoheis?（你知道他是谁吗？）Pleaseaskyourbrotherwhetherheiscomingornot.（请问你的兄弟他会不会来。）Whensheiscomingremainsapuzzle.（她何时来仍然是个谜。）Idon"tknowwhatheisinterestedin.（我不知道他的兴趣何在。）Idon"tunderstandwhatheistalkingabout.（我不知道他在谈什么。）Doyouknowwhosebicyclethisis?（你知道这辆脚踏车是谁的吗？）DoyouknowwhichcountryHawaiibelongsto?（你知道夏威夷属于哪一个国家吗？）Youshouldaskyourmotherwhereyouwereborn.（你应该问你的母亲你在哪里生的。）虽然每一个名词都有问题的意义，我们却不能在名词子句中用问句的型式，因为毕竟这个名词子句仅仅是一个子句而已，它的结尾并不是〝？〞。因此以下的句子都是错的：＊Idon"tknowwheredidhecomefrom.＊Iwillfindouthowoldishe.＊Kindlytellmewhatdoyouneed.＊Youhavetodecidewhichbookdoyouwanttobuy.＊Whenishecomingremainsapuzzle.【练习四十八】将以下的中文句子译成英文：1.   我不知道你是谁。2.   请告诉我你是否是美国人。3.   我不记得你是否喝咖啡。4.   请问你的姊姊她去年是否去过日本。5.   你知道他是谁吗？6.   他从哪里来的是一个谜（puzzle）。7.   我要找出他哥哥会不会游泳。8.   我知道他为何如此悲伤。9.   你知道玛丽什么时候来吗？10.  你知道发生了什么事吗？11.  我知道天空为什么是蓝的。12.  请告诉我你去年去哪里工作的。79 13.  你知道他在谈什么吗？14.  我不懂他的问题是什么。【练习四十九】改错：1.     Pleasetellmewhyishesosad.2.     Idonotknowwhereisshefrom.3.     Pleasetellmehowmanypeoplearethereinthishouse.4.     Letmeknowhowoldareyou.5.     IsheaJapaneseisamystery.6.     DoyouknowwhoisthepresidentoftheUnitedStates?7.     MayIaskyouwhichkindofcoffeedoyoulike?8.     IcannotrememberhowoldamI?9.     Whatishetalkingaboutisuncleartome.10.    Doyouknowwhyishecoming?【练习五十】选择适当的代名词，如whether,which,what,who,how,when,why等填入下面句子的空格（有时会有多种正确的填法）：1.Idon"tknow          bookyoubought.2.Doyouknow          heisfrom?3.Pleaseaskhim          hedrinksteaornot.4.          heisthinkingaboutiswellknowntoallofus.5.Letmeguess          oldyouare.6.MayIask          youaresosad?7.Idon"tknow          heis.8.Doyouknow          housethisis?9.Thisisnot          Iwant.10.Idon"tcare          youwanttosay.11§2以that开始的名词子句现在我们先试着翻译以下的句子：地球是圆的是众所周知的事。一种直接了当的翻译是：＊Theearthisroundisknowntoeveryone.遗憾的是，以上的句子是不对，我们必须加一个that到名词子句里去，以下的翻译是正确的：Thattheearthisroundisknowntoeveryone.我们再来翻译一个中文句子：我要求他一定要用功念书。直接了当的翻译可能像下面的：＊Idemandhemustworkhard.这是错的，我们应该加一个that在这个名词子句的前面。以下的翻译才是正确的：Idemandthathemustworkhard.虽然我们常看到这种that被省略的情形，我们仍希望大家知道，为保险起见，最好不要省掉that。以下是一些例子：Thatthesunrisesfromthewestiswrong.（太阳从西方升起是错的）ThatalotofJewswerekilledduringtheSecondWorldWarisnowahistoricalfact.（大批犹太人在第二次大战中被杀是历史上的事实）Ididn"tknowthatheissuchadiligentstudent.（我不知道他是如此勤快的学生）Idemandthatyougoaway.（我要求你离开）Isuggestthatyougoswimmingeverymorning.（我建议你每天早上游泳）Thatweshouldallrespectourparentsshouldbetaughttoourkids.（我们该教孩子们尊敬父母）Idon"tthinkthatheisagoodathlete.（我不认为他是一个好运动员）Doyouthinkthatsheisagoodactress?（你认为她是一个好的演员吗？）ThathecanspeakgoodEnglishhelpshim.（他能说很好的文，这点对他很有帮助）Iproposethatwegetmarried.（我建议我们结婚）Letusalwaysrememberthattherearealotofpoorpeopleintheworld.（我们永远记住世界上有很多穷人）79 Neverforgetthatweshouldalwaysloveoneanother.（不要忘记我们应该互相友爱）IamsurprisedtofindoutthatheisaCatholic.（我很惊讶地发现他是个天主教徒）Thatwelostthegamemadeallofusfrustrated.（我们输了，这件事令我们大感沮丧）IcanhardlybelievethathisEnglishissogood.（我不能相信他的英文如此之好）【练习五十一】请将that加到以下句子去：1.＊Itoldyouyoumustleave.2.＊Iamgladyouareherenow.3.＊HeisanAmericanisunknowntous.4.＊CanyouimagineheisChinese?5.＊DoyouthinkheisaChinese?6.＊HitlerwasdefeatedintheSecondWorldWarisanimportanteventinthehistoryofmankind.7.＊Idonotthinkheisabadstudent.8.＊IamsurprisedtoknowsheisfromJapan.9.＊Itishardtoimaginehedoesnothaveahighschooldiploma.10.＊Doyoubelieveheisinnocent?11.＊Idemandmystudentstheyworkhard.12.＊Thesunrisesintheeastisafact.【练习五十二】将以下句子翻译成英文：（用that）1.我不相信他是我的哥哥。2.我劝（advice）他到美国去。3.你相信地球是圆的吗？4.我告诉他他一定要读这本书。5.我忘记了你是个小孩。6.你能相信我会讲英文（speakEnglish）吗？7.他没有来令我生气（makemeangry）。8.我认为他是个好人。9.不要忘记世界上有很多穷人。10.我知道他教英文。11.我从不知道他如此聪明。12.我知道他不能来。13.我希望他能来。14.你相不相信他在台湾长大的？15.我无法决定他该不该念大学。16.你告诉我他去年到美国了。17.这位老师不知道我的爸爸也是老师。18.我要问他明天会不会来我家。19.你知道这火车到台北吗？20.请告诉我你会不会说英文。11§3形容词子句（AdjectiveClauses）在上二节，子句都是用作名词的。在这一节，我们要介绍一种新的子句，那就是形容词子句。请看以的中文句子：位在那房子里的人是我的哥哥。我们不能直接了当地将以上的句子译成：＊Thepersonliveinthathouseismybrother第一种办法是将liveinthehouse改成livinginthehouse，也就是说，我们可以将那个中文句子译成下列的形式：Thepersonlivinginthehouseismybrother.以上的句子中，livinginthehouse是一个词组，我们可以将这个词组改成子句。因此，以下的翻译是正确的：Thepersonwholivesinthehouseismybrother.在以上的句子中，wholivesinthehouse是一个子句，因为它有主词，也有动词。他的作用是形容Theperson，所以是一个形容词子句。由于形容词子句永远都是在形容一个名词，因此我们在这个子句中必需有一个代名词（pronoun），像who,when,where,whom等。以下是一些形容词子句的例子，读者应该弄清楚每一个形容词子句所形容的名词。79 Thepeoplewholiveinthecountryareoftenveryhealthy.（住在乡下的人常常很健康）Doyoulikepeoplewhoalwaystalkaboutthemselves.（你喜欢那些永远讲他自己的人吗？）Thehousewhichweboughtlastyearislocatedbesidealake.（我们去年买的房子座落在湖边）Imetyourunclewhohasaredcar.（我遇见了你的有红色汽车的叔叔）Doyouknowtheauthorwhowrotethisnovel?（你知道写这本书的作者吗？）IhavebeentothehousewhereCharlesDickenslived.（我曾去过狄更司住过的房子）Idon"tremembertheyearwhentheSecondWorldWarbrokeout.（我不记得二次世界大战哪一年爆发的）Letmeknowthedatewhenyougotmarried.（让我知道你是哪一天结婚的）IboughtthecarwhichMichaelJohnsondrove.（我下了麦克强森开的车子）ThestormwhichhitIndialastweekisverystrong.（上周袭击印度的暴风雨是很强烈的）Ithankallofyouwhohelpedme.（我要谢谢所有帮助过我的人）Thegirlwhomyoumetlastnightworksinalibrary.（你昨晚碰到的女孩子在一个图书馆里工作）Thestudentswhomyoutaughtlikeyouverymuch.（那些你教过的学生很喜欢你）IliketheprofessorwhotaughtmeEnglish.（我喜欢那位教我英文的老师）Inthiscountry,therearealotofstudentswhogotoschoolbybus.（这个国家有很多学生搭乘公车上学）Haveyouheardaboutthemurdercasethatoccurredlastnight?（你有没有听到有关昨天晚上发生的谋杀案？）Thosewholoveotherswillbelovedbyothers.（爱人者人恒爱之）Heisapersonwhomeveryoneistalkingaboutthesedays.（他是大家最近在讨论的人）ThepartywhichIwenttoisinteresting.（我去参加的宴会很有趣）TheprofessorwhomIspoketoisveryfriendly.（这位我和他谈话的教授很和善）Russia,whichthisislandbelongsto,isabigcountry.（这个岛屿属于俄国，俄国是一个大的国家）请注意以上最后的四个句子，它们有一个共同的特性，那就是子句的最后一个字是一个介系词（preposition），我们先看第一个句子：Heisapersonwhomeveryoneistalkingaboutthesedays.这一句话可以分成两个句子来讲Heisaperson.Everyoneistalkingabouthimthesedays.因此我们将这两句话合并而成为Heisapersonwhomeveryoneistalkingaboutthesedays.在正式的英文中，我们必须说：Heisapersonaboutwhomeveryoneistalkingthesedays.再看下一句：ThepartyWhichIwenttoisinteresting.这句话也可以分成两句来讲：Thepartyisinteresting.Iwenttotheparty.因此我们将两个句子合并为一个句子：ThepartywhichIwenttoisinteresting.正式的讲法应该是ThepartytowhichIwentisinteresting.同理，在正式英文中，其它二个名词子句中的介系词，也应该放到前面去：TheprofessortowhomIspokeisveryfriendly.Russia,towhichthisislandbelongs,isabigcountry.我们还有一点必须在此指出，请看以下错误的句子：＊Ilikethebookwhichyougaveittome.以上句子中的it是多余的，因为gave的受词是which，不需要加it。以下的句子都是错的：＊Heisthepersonwhomeveryoneloveshim.＊Heisnotthepersonwhomyousawhim.79 【练习五十三】将以下句子译成英文：（用形容词子句）1.我见到那位开快车的孩子。2.我们在讨论那些有问题的学生。3.每天游泳的人一定很强壮。4.开车送我去火车站的人是我的学生。5.你所看到的女孩子是我的妹妹。6.我喜欢你所写的诗。7.你们谈到的那位教授是我的哥哥。8.你们所听到的音乐是蓝调韵律（R&B）。9.我喜欢那些有图画的书。10.我不知道林肯在哪一个城市出生的。11.我很喜欢你送我的CD。12.我昨晚看的电影很无聊（boring）。【练习五十四】改错：1.＊Isawthemanwhoyoutalkedabout.2.＊Heisnotthemanwhowemet.3.＊Thosecryveryoftenareusuallynotliked.4.＊Iliketotalktopeoplewhicharefriendly.5.＊Ienjoyreadingthebookwhichyougaveittome.6.＊Doyouknowthepersonwhicheveryoneknows?7.＊Peterisagoodsingerpracticessingingeveryday.8.＊DoyouknowPeterwhowetalkedabout?9.＊DidyouseethepersonwhoIspoketo?10.＊Ihaveseenthepersonwhomwetalkedabouthim.【练习五十五】将代名词如when,where,which等填入空格：1.Heistheman           isverygoodinEnglish.2.Idon"tknowtheperson           youtalkedto.3.Thisisnotthehouse           thepresidentlives.4.Idonotlikeanyone           criesfrequently.5.Didyoureadthebook           youboughtlastmonth?6.Doyouknowtheyear           theSecondWorldWarended?7.Doyouknowthatstudent           Itaught?8.Ihavenoideaabouttheperson           youaretalkingabout.9.Doyouknow           heistalkingabout?10.Doyouknow           dressitis?第十二章冠词（Articles）假设我们要翻译以下的中文句子：他是聪明的孩子也许我们会将以上的句子翻译成以下的句子：＊     Heiscleverbaby.这种翻译是错的，boy的前面，必须有一个冠词，英文冠词只有两个：a和the，在这个例子，我们应该加a，因此正确的翻译是：Heisacleverboy.我们现在再看以下的中文句子：他是昨天来看我的孩子。以下的翻译是错的：＊     Heisboywhocametoseemeyesterday.为什么错呢？仍然是在于boy前面没有冠词，这次我们必须加the，正确的翻译是：79 Heistheboywhocametoseemeyesterday.一般来说，英文句子的单数名词前面都会有冠词，没有冠词是例外，以下的句子都是错的：＊     Hesawcat.＊     Swimmingisgoodexercise.＊     Javaiscomputerlanguage.＊     KingofEnglanddiedlastnight.＊     HeisprofessorwhotaughtmeEnglish.正确的句子是：Hesawacat.Swimmingisagoodexercise.Javaisacomputerlanguage.TheKingofEnglanddiedlastnight.HeistheprofessorwhotaughtmeEnglish.我们知道大多数的名词前面要加冠词，但究竟要加a，还是the呢？我们在下一节讨论。12§1a和the之不同用法a和the最大的不同，在于a后面的名词不是指定的，而the后面的名词是有所指的。我们不妨看以下的两个句子，他们都是正确的，但意义却不同。Johnisaboy.Johnistheboy.〝Johnisaboy.〞的意思是〝约翰是一个男孩〞，而〝Johnistheboy.〞的意思就完不同了，我们一定曾经提到过某一个男孩子，而约翰就是那个男孩子。可能的情形是：Thereisaboywhoisverygoodinmathematics.Johnistheboy.我们就以〝国王〞为例，如果我们泛指一般的国王，我们可以用复数，也可以用单数，但必须用a，以下是一些例子：Kingsarealsohumanbeings.Evenakingwilldiesoonerorlater.Haveyouevermetaking?Idonotliketobeaking.Heisanordinaryperson,notaking.如果我们的国王是指某一个特定的国王，就必须用the，举一个例子；如果我们说〝国王万岁〞，我们当然是指我们的国王，因此〝国王万岁〞的翻译就是LonglivetheKing.以下的例子都是正确HerecomestheKing.TheKingisapopularpersoninourcountry.EventheKingofEnglandcannotcomein.读者应该了解，同类型的句子，可以用a，也可以用the，但意义是完全不同的，请看以下的句子：Heisnotaboywhowouldcheatothers.意思是：他不是那种会欺骗别人的男孩子。再看以下的句子：Heisnottheboywhocheatedinanexaminationyesterday.他不是昨天在考试中舞弊的男孩。再看以下的句子：HeisaKing.意思是〝他是一个国王〞。如果说HeistheKing.意思就完全不同了，这句话的意思是〝他是我们国家的国王〞。请注意，世界上国王有好多个，如果我们仅仅说他是一个国王，当然没有指定哪一个国家的国王，就用aking，如果我们用theKing意思当然指我们共识中的国王。这时的King中的K必须大写，以示尊敬。我们再举一个例子：Pleaseopenawindow.是指请开一扇窗子，随便哪一扇都可以。Pleaseopenthewindow.就不同了，说这句话的人和听这句话的人一定有一个共识，〝thewindow〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子，也许这间房子里只有一扇窗，也可能他们谈话中曾经提到某一扇窗，〝thewindow〞就是指那一扇窗。我们可以再举一个例，假如我们说，〝我们需要一场大雨〞，我们说79 Weneedaheavyrain.如果我们说，〝这场雨好大〞，我们说Therainisreallyheavy.有了这个基本观念以后，我们就很容易了解以下句子中，为什么要用the：Iamgoingtothetrainstation.Thepostofficeisquitenear.Whereisthelibrary?根据这种原则，当我们提到地球，月亮这种独一无二的东西，就必须用the。theearththesunthemoontheuniverse除此以外，the还有一个特殊的用途，我们可以在the的后面加一个形容词，使这两个字变成了一个名词，举例来说：therich＝富人thepoor＝穷人theweak＝弱者thedeaf＝聋人theblind＝盲人请注意，以上的名词是复数：Therichalwaysgetricher.Thepooraregettingpoorer.Theblindareoftenverysensitivetosounds.以下是一些用a和the的例子，读者应设法了解句子中为何有时用a，有时用the。Heisastudent.Heisthestudentwhocanswimverywell.Iliketobeateacher.HeistheteacherwhotaughtmeEnglish.ThepresidentoftheUnitedStatesinanimportantpersonintheworld.Ihaveasonandadaughter.Ihavetwosons.Thisisthesonwhowillbeadoctor.Iwanttobeateacherwhoislovedbystudents.Heisnotthepersonwhomwetalkedabout.Thereisaboatintheriver.Thisistheboatwhichwecanuse.Therainisgoingtostoptomorrow.Weneedagoodrain.Theweatherisreallybad.Isthereatrainstationnearus?Whereisthestation?Doyouknowwherethepostofficeis?Thereisapostofficeinsidethatbuilding.Thelibrarylookssogood.Therichshouldpaymoretaxes.Weshouldpaymoreattentionstothepoor.Theblindcanalsostudycomputersciencenow.Theearthisround.ThesunneversetsintheBritishEmpire.Doyouthinkwecanreachthemoon?Howlargeistheuniverse?【练习五十六】将下列中文句子译成英文：1.   他是一个好学生。2.   他是那位老师都喜欢的学生。3.   我要做总统。4.   这是总统。5.   请打开一扇窗。6.   中华民国的总统将于明年访问美国。7.   我要做一个好的工程师。8.   他是那位我们常常谈到的老师。79 9.   Java是一个新的计算器语言。10.  我有一只狗。11.  他是获大奖的教授。12.  火车站在哪里？13.  请告诉我邮局的地址。14.  这里有邮局吗？15.  富人常住在城里。16.  盲人可以用计算机。17.  太阳在东边升起。18.  宇宙是非常大的。19.  为什么我们白天不能看到月亮？20.  总统几岁？【练习五十七】将适当的冠词填入下列的空白：1.Heis         studentwhowenttoseeyou.2.Thereis         riverinthisarea.3.Idon"twanttobe         teacher.4.Hewantstobecome         doctor.5.Noonewantstobe         beggar.6.Pleaseopen         doorwhichopenstothehall.7.UNIXis         computeroperatingsystem.8.WINDOWis         onlyoperatingsysteminvestedbyMicrosoft.9.Ihave         dogandtwocats.10.Sheis         teacherwhogotmanyprizes.11.         earthisnotflat.12.Isthere         hotelaroundhere?13.Whereis         trainstation.14.Ireallylike         library.15.Pleasegiveme         glassofwater.16.         windisgettingstrongerandstronger.17.Heis         friendofmine.18.Itishardfor         poortogotocolleges.19.Heis         swimmerwhoswamacrosstheEnglishChannel.20.         weatherisgettingcolderandcolder.21.Thisis         bookwhichIboughtyesterday.22.Idon"tliketobe         professor.23.Iamgoingtotake         vacationnextmonth.24.Johnwillbecome         basketballplayer.25.Iride         bicycletoworkeverymorning.12§2a和an的用法在英文里，a有时必须用an代替，凡是一个字一开始的发音是元音的话，那么前面就不能用a，而必须用an。例子：anappleanansweranegganeyeanislandanideaanoldladyanoddcaseanumbrella请注意，用an与否并不是完全和字母有关，而是和发音有关。举例来说，u虽然是一个元音字母，但是我们却说aunit，而不能用＊anunit，因为unit的一开始发音并非元音。其它类似的例子有：ausefulcarauniversityauniform79 aone-sidedopinion反过来说，有些字并不以元音开始，但是却必须用an，因为这些字的第一音节是元音发音，例子：anhonestpersonanhour【练习五十八】填入a或an1.Heis         EnglishProfessor.2.Thisis         easyjob.3.Heisjust         ordinaryperson.4.         friendinneedis          friendindeed.5.Giveme         hint.6.Ihave         Americanfriend.7.Iwillbecome         engineer.8.Ishe         honestboy?9.         hourlater,hewentaway.10.Isthis         universitylibrary?12§3冠词使用时的例外在以上的两节，我们好像说冠词的使用是有一定规则的，其实不然，例外也不少。在很多情形之下，冠词是要省略的，更麻烦的是，连省略冠词的规则都有例外，应该省的却又不省了。第一个有关冠词的特殊用法是这样的，假设我们要说〝男生通常不喜欢弹钢琴〞，我们不能说Boydoesnotliketoplaythepiano.而要说Boysdonotliketoplaythepiano.这时，Boys的前面，是没有冠词的，理由很简单，我们不能加a，因为boys是复数，我们也不能加the，因为boys并没有指定哪一个男孩，也没有指定哪一种男孩。类似的例子有：Girlsaremorediligentthanboys.Whenspringcomes,flowersstarttobloom.Dogsareoftenclosetotheirmasters.Catsareoftenquitelazy.Meneatmorethanwomen.Professorsareallverysmart.第二个规则有关所谓不可数名词，很多名词是可以数的如：acup,twocupsaboy,threeboysateacherastudentaboatanairplaneaglassofwateracupoftea可是很多名词是不可数的，以下这些名词都是抽象的，因此不可数timelovehatredpainjoysadnesskindnesswisdomhopepatience这些抽象名词的前面是不要加冠词的，例子如下：Timeflies.（时间过得很快）Wecannotlivewithoutlove.Lettherebenohatred.Wemustbeabletoendurepain.79 Lovingotherscreatesjoy.Thereissadnessinhisvoice.Canyoufeelhiskindness?Hehaswisdom.Thereishopeamongus.Iamlosingpatience.以上的例子，乃是泛指的事物，如果特定的抽象名词，仍要加冠词。例如：Thisisthetimetocry.Doyoufeelthepain?Thereisahatredtowardswasinoursociety.Everyonecanfeelthejoyofbeingloved.Wejustcannotavoidthesadnessoflosingsomelovedones.Hedoeshavethepatiencetolistentolongtalks.Itisavirtuenottosteal.还有一些不可数的名词，是所谓的物质名词，像waterfireairmetalteacoffeebreadbutter如果这些物质名词泛指一般的东西，前面是不要加冠词的，例如Drinkingwaterisimportant.Don"tplaywithfire.Weneedairtobreath.Thereismetalinthisdevice.Idon"tdrinktea.Ilikecoffee.Fatherbringsbreadandbutterhomeeveryday.一旦物质名词指特定的东西，前面就要加冠词，例如：Thewaterinthiscityispolluted.Therewasafirenearourhomelastnight.Theairinthistownisgettingworseandworse.Copperisametal.TheteafromIndiaisverypopularinEngland.专有名词，一般说来都不要加冠词的：MaryisfromCanada.Johngotmarriedlastmonth.Taiwanisanisland.EnglandisinEurope.Franceisanicecountrytovisit.Russiaisalargecountry.ParkStreetisthemainstreetinthiscity.GotoTaipeifirst.SunMoonLakeisabeautifullake.Januaryisoftenverycoldhere.Sundayisadayforresting.Springisthebestseason.Mt.EverestisinEurope.PresidentKennedydiedwhenhewasyoung.KingGeorgewasconsideredamadking.QueenElizabethvisitedAustraliarecently.可惜的是，英文中专有名词仍有要加the的，我们将试着将这些例外写成规则，但这种规则一定挂一漏万，读者如要知道何种情况要加冠词，何种情况不加冠词，惟一的办法是多读英文的文章，慢慢地就会了解什么情形该用冠词，什么情形不用冠词。哪些专门名词前面仍要加冠词the呢？(1)河流，海洋，沙漠，海峡，海湾等等专有名词的前面都要加the。theHudsonRiver（赫德森河）79 theRhineRiver（莱茵河）theYellowRiver（黄河）theRiverThames（泰唔士河）theAmazonRiver（亚马孙河）thePacificOcean（太平洋）theRedSea（红海）theMediterraneanSea（地中海）theBalticSea（波罗的海）theAtlanticOcean（大西洋）theSaharaDesert（撒哈拉大沙漠）theGobiDesert（戈壁大沙漠）theTaiwanStraits（台湾海峡）theEnglishChannel（英吉利海峡）theManilaBay（马尼拉海湾）theBayofTokyo（东京湾）thePersianGulf（波斯湾）(2)国家的名词中如有of时，要加thetheUnitedStatesofAmericatheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublicstheRepublicofChina(3)非常言式的名称，也要加thetheWorldBank（世界银行）theUnitedNations（联合国）theRedCross（红十字会）theCatholicChurch（天主教会）(4)帝国，朝代，时代等等专有名词的前面，要加thetheBritishEmpire（大英帝国）theＯttomanEmpire（奥图门帝国）theUnitedKingdom（联合王国）theByzantineEra（拜占庭时代）theChinDynasty（秦朝）theVictoriaEra（维多利亚时代）theHanoverDynasty（汉诺威王朝）TheRenaissanceEra（文艺复兴时代）theDarkAges（黑暗时代）(5)如果提到〝全体〞，就要加thetheWangs（王家）theKennedys（肯尼迪家族）请注意，Wang和Kennedy都是姓，如果要指全家人，必须在姓氏的后面加s，前面加the。theChinese（中国人）theAmericans（美国人）theAfricans（非洲人）我们说过，一般的专有名词是不要加冠词的，但是有很多其它的名词前面也不要加冠词，以下是一些规则：(1)   学科一概不加冠词Idonotlikemathematics.Hehatesgeometry.Sheteachesushistory.(2)   三餐一概不加冠词Didyouhavelunch.Missingbreakfastisbadforyourhealth.Wehavehaddinneralready.千万记住，如果我们的名词指定某一个特定的时候，就仍要加冠词，以下是一些例子：IhadahappyChristmaslunchwithmyfamily.Thedinneryoutreatedmelastnightwasreallygood.Didyouhaveabigbreakfast?(3)   假如我们说〝上学〞，〝去教堂〞等等，都不要加冠词，例如Iwenttochurchyesterday.HegoestochurcheverySunday.Sheisgoingtocollegethissummer.Didyougotoschoollastweek?79 但是如果我们说的是指定的教堂，学校等等，仍要加冠词，例如：IwenttothechurchatthecornerofParkStreetyesterday.ThechurchwhichIwenttowhenIwasyoungisstillthere.Ididnotgotothecollegewhichmyfatherwentto.(4)   语言不要加冠词Englishiseasytolearn.TherearealsogrammaticalrulesinChinese.CanyouspeechJapanese?但是，我们必须注意语言有另一种表示的方法，例如：TheEnglishlanguageiseasytolearn.TherearegrammaticalrulesintheChineselanguage.(5)   运动一概前面不加冠词Doyouplaytennis?Icannotplaybasketball.Ireallylovesoccer.(6)   动名词前面不加冠词，例如Swimmingisgoodforyou.Ilikeplayingtennis.Doyouenjoyplayingpiano?【练习五十九】以下的句子都有冠词用法的错误，请改正这些错误：1. TheGirlsareoftengoodinlearninglanguages.2. Thedogsalwayschasethecats.3. Doyouhavethetime?4. Ihavenothadawaterfortwohours.5. Thereisnolifewithoutthepain.6. Theloveisthemostimportantthinginone"slife.7. Hehasthewisdom.8. Iamlosingthepatience.9. Thisisnottimetocry.10.Painduetolosingalovedoneishardtoendure.11.Joybeingafatherisreallygreat.12.Beinghonestisvirtue.13.Speakingthetruthisgoodpolicy.14.Canyoufeelsadnessofhis?15.Weneedtheairtolive.16.Idonotdrinkthecoffee.Idrinkthetea.17.WeChineseeatthericeeveryday.18.Waterinthisareaisveryclean.19.Therewasfireinthenextstreetlastnight.20.Firelastnightkilledthreekids.21.CoffeewhichyouaredrinkingisfromSouthAmerica.22.MaryisfromtheCanada.23.TheChinaisalargecountry.24.RepublicofChinawasFoundedin1911.25.WhereistheEngland?26.IstheRussianinEurope.27.ThePresidentLincolnisagreatperson.28.TheKingGeorgewasamadking.29.YellowRiverisalongriver.30.HaveyoubeentoGobiDesert?31.ManilaBayisverybeautiful.32.ItishardtocrossAtlanticOceanbyasmallboat.33.CanyouswimacrossEnglishChannel?34.UnitedStatesofAmericaisalargecountry.35.UnitedNationsandRedCrossoftenworktogether.36.WhendidOttomanEmpireend?37.BritishEmpirewaslargebefore.38.CatholicChurchisoneoftheoldestorganizationsintheworld.79 39.ThiscupwasmadeinMingDynasty.40.Renaissanceisaveryimportanteraformankind.41.WeshouldnotgobacktoDarkAges.42.Wangsdidnotinvitemetotheirhouse.43.IdonotlikeKennedys.44.Chinesepaygreatattentiontoeducation.45.Idonotlikethephysics.46.Areyouinterestedinthechemistry?47.Didyouhavethelunch?48.Letushavethedinnertogether.49.Ialwayshaveabreakfastwithmyfamily.50.Ihadbigdinnerlastnight.51.Dinnermymothercookedformewasdelicious.52.IgotothechurcheverySunday.53.Hedoesnotliketogototheschool.54.Didyouseebeautifulchurchinthenextstreet?55.TheEnglishissohardforme.56.DoyouspeaktheEnglish?57.Doyouplaythetennis?58.Theswimmingisgoodforyou.59.Ilikethewalkinginthewoods.60.Ipracticethebaseballeveryweek.【练习六十】在以下的空白处加入冠词，如不需要冠词，就让它空白：1.         boysusuallydonotliketositstillforlong.2.Ilovetohave         cupofcoffee.3.Thereis         lovebetweenus.4.Canyoufeel         lovefromyoumother?5.         joyforhavinganewbabyisreallygreat.6.Doyouhave         timeforawalk?7.Wecannotlivewithout         love.8.Ihavenotdrunk         wineforalongtime.9.Doyouhave         wisdomtodistinguishbadpersonsfromgoodpersons?10.Thisis         gooddinner.11.Ididnothave         dinner.12.         joybeing         motherisgreat.13.         Runningis         goodpractice.14.         sadnessduetothedeathofhismotherreallyhurtshim.15.Weneed         watertolive.16.Wecannotlivewithout         air.17.Idonotdrink         coffee.18.         firewithoccurredlastnightdestroyedmyhouse.19.         coffeewhichyouaredrinkingisverylight.20.         RepublicofChinaisinAsia.21.Whereis         Russia?22.Is         FranceinAfrica?23.         PresidentKennedywaslikedbymostAmericanbeforebedied.24.         AmazonRiverisalongone.25.Haveyoueverbeento         Tokyo?26.Haveyoueverbeento         TokyoBay?27.Therearemorethanonehundredcountriesin         UnitedNations.28.Thisis         MingDynastyporcalain.29.         Wangsinvitedustoadinnerparty.30.Idonotlike         mathematics.31.         springisapleasantseason.32.Ihad         pleasanteveningwithmyfriends.33.         breakfastwhichIhadthismorningwastoolightforme.34.Itisnoteasytostudy         English.35.Ididplay         basketballyesterday.79 36.         swimmingisagoodexercise.37.Thereshouldbe         chickenineverypot.38.Itis         goodideatoeatlightly.【练习六十一】将以下的句子译成成英文：1.狗会叫（bark）。2.猫会抓老鼠。3.有时候（sometimes），痛苦是好的。4.我不喝茶。5.感觉到被爱是很重要的。6.说实话令人快乐。7.我们需要爱。8.他是一个中国人。9.中国人喜欢喝茶。10.昨夜，城里有一场火。11.约翰来自美国。12.法国在哪里？13.我喜欢林肯总统。14.黄河不是黄的。15.红十字会已经有一百年了（onehundredyearsold）。16.明朝是一个重要的朝代。17.你喜爱数学吗？18.我今天早上没有吃早饭。19.我已吃过午饭。20.我昨天没有去教堂。21.我今年秋天要上大学。22.游泳使我强壮。第十三章形容词的比较级如果我们要翻译〝他比较老〞，我们不能说＊Heismoreold.而一定要说Heisolder.为什么呢？这是因为英文里面的形容词有所谓的比较级规则。在下一节，我们讲一些最基本的规则。13§1最基本的规则首先，我们要说明英文形容词有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级，最基本的规则是根据音节的多少来分的。一般来说，单音节的形容词在字后面加er，就变成了比较级，加est就变成了最高级，而双音节，或双音节以上的形容词，比较级是在字前面加more，最高级则是在字前面加most，举例来说，old,smart,strong,weak,high,low等等都是单音节的形容词，他们的变化如下：原级比较级最高级oldolderoldestsmartsmartersmarteststrongstrongerstrongestweakweakerweakesthighhigherhighestlowlowerlowest以上的形容词，都是单音节的，以下的例子都有关双音节的形容词：原级比较级最高级difficultmoredifficultmostdifficultdeliciousmoredeliciousmostdeliciousbeautifulmorebeautifulmostbeautifulcorrectmorecorrectmostcorrectstupidmorestupidmoststupid79 significantmoresignificantmostsignificant有一个规则必须注意，我们不能将more和er混在一齐用，以下的例子都是错的：＊     HeismoreolderthanI.＊     Heismoretallerthanhisbrother.正确的句子是：HeisolderthanI.Heistallerthanhisbrother.【练习六十二】写出以下形容词的比较级：1.small2.slow3.intelligent4.expensive5.tall6.short7.important8.cheap9.famous10.cold11.fast12.careful13.colorful14.long15.dark16.bright13§2特殊的比较级规则在上一节，我们说明了最基本的规则，那就是单音节形容词加er或est，双音节的形容词前面加more或most。但以下就是这些基本规则的例外。(1)单音节形容词的字是e，就直接加r或st：原级比较级最高级largelargerlargestlatelaterlatestnicenicernicestwisewiserwisest(2)形容词的字尾是y，而前一个子母是一个子音，则除掉y，加上ier，或iest：原级比较级最高级luckyluckierluckiesthappyhappierhappiestprettyprettierprettiestdrydrierdriesteasyeasiereasiest(3)    单音节形容词的字尾是子音，前一音是一个元音，则字尾必须重复一次，再加er或est：原级比较级最高级fatfatterfattesthothotterhottestwetwetterwettestbigbiggerbiggest(4)    完全不规则的变化：英文中，有几个特殊的字，他们的比较级完全没有规则，以下是一些例子，读者必须记住：原级比较级最高级goodwellbetterbestbadworseworstmanymoremost79 much【练习六十三】写下以下形容词的比较级：1.cute2.wide3.early4.happy5.heavy6.thin7.easy8.hot9.wise10.large11.good12.bad13.many13§3比较形的用法大多数比较级句子里会有than，以下是一些例子：Iamolderthanhe.HisEnglishisbetterthanmine.SanFranciscoismorebeautifulthanNewYork.Hiscarischeaperthanyourcar.Heisthemostdiligentstudentinhisclass.Ilikeapplesmorethanoranges.Hehasmoremoneythanhisbrother.Heisstrongerthanhisbrother.必须注意的是以下的句子是错的：＊     Iamolderthanhim.＊     Sheissmarterthanme.为什么错了呢？因为原来句子应该是：Iamolderthanhe(is).SheismoresmartthanI(am).习惯上的is和am都省略掉的，由以上的解释可以看出，than后面的句词应该是主词，而非受词。以下的错误，也请特别注意：＊     Myheadislargerthanyour.正确的句子是：Myheadislargerthanyourhead.或者      Myheadislargerthanyours.请看以下几个错误的句子：＊     Myhouseislargerthanyour.＊     ThetemperatureofthiscityishigherthanSanFrancisco.＊     TheheightofHimalayasisgreaterthanMt.Fuji.＊     Mybicycleisolderthanhis.正确的句子应该是：Myhouseislargerthanyourhouse.或者       Myhouseislargerthanyours.ThetemperatureofthiscityishigherthanthetemperatureofSanFrancisco.或者       TheTemperatureofthiscityishigherthanthatofSanFrancisco.TheheightofHimalayasisgreaterthantheheightofMt.Fuji.或者       TheheightofHimalayasisgreaterthanthatofMt.Fuji.请注意以下的例子，句子中没有than，但仍有比较级：Amongalltheteacherswhohavetaughtme,heisthebest.ThisisthebestmovieIhaveeverseen.ThisfoodistheworstonewhichIhaveevereaten.Johnisthestrongerone.Dowehaveabetterchoice?79 Maryisthemorediligentone.Heistheolderofthetwo.Heisoneofthebestmovieactors.Thisareaisoneofthehottestareasintheworld.HeisoneofthefastestswimmersofAmerica.ThisisabookwhichIlikemost.【练习六十四】改错：1.＊HeismoreoldthanI.2.＊Sheisyoungerthanme.3.＊Thisuniversityismorelargerthanthatuniversity.4.＊Heismoreolderthanmybrother.5.＊Hishouseisolderthanmy.6.＊ThesizeofthiscityislargerthanSanFrancisco.7.＊Sheistallerthanhim.8.＊Theheightofthisboyisgreaterthanhisbrother.9.＊Heisthemostgoodstudentinmyclass.10.＊Heisthemorebadone.【练习六十五】将下列句子译成英文句子：1.你比他强壮。2.他的英文比我的好。3.他比他的弟弟更富有。4.他是世界上最富有的人。5.这支笔比你的贵得多。6.喜马拉雅山是世界上最高的山。7.亚马孙河是世界上最长的河。8.他比他的爸爸高。9.他是班上最好的学生。10.在我遇到的人中，他是最高的。【练习六十六】填充：1.Heis         （old）thanJohn.2.Thisproblemisoneofthe         （difficult）problemsthatIhaveeverseen.3.Thisisoneofthe         （good）moviesthatIhaveeverseen.4.Dowehavea         （good）choice?5.Thisplaceis         （hot）thanSanFrancisco.6.Heis         （famous）thanhissister.7.Sheisgetting         （bad）now.8.Heisfeeling         （well）now.9.Hehas         （much）moneythanhisfather.10.Maryisoneof         （beautiful）studentinherclass.11.Heis         （happy）thanbefore.12.Peterisgetting         （thin）.13.Thissummeris         （hot）thanlastsummer.14.Youhavea         （bright）futurenow.15.Hehas         （many）studentsthanI.16.Ifeelmuch         （well）now.17.Ｈeis         （careful）thanyou.18.Timeis         （important）thanmoney.第十四章总复习的例子在这一章，我们将给很多简短的文章，每一段文章的后面，我们都会有详细的解释，相信这些解释将有助于读者对于文法的了解。79 （１）DearMother:IarrivedattheTaipeiTrainStationaroundoneo"clockintheafternoonyesterday.Myfriend,Mr.Chen,greetedmeinthestation.Wetookataxitogodirectlytotheuniversityandcheckedintothedormitory.Thedormitoryisaveryoldone.IwilllivewiththreeotherboysandImettwoofthemalready.BothofthemarefromTaichungandtheyarebothquitefriendly.Wewenttothedormitorycafeteriafordinner.Thefoodisnotthatgood.DearMother,Imissyouandespeciallythefoodyoucookedforme.Yourson这封信很简单，所叙述的事情不是用简单的现在式，就是简单的过去式，当然也有一次用了未来式。绝大多数的句子都用了简单的过去式，因为这些句子都是叙述过去所发生的事，用现在式的有以下几句：Thedormitoryisaveryoldone.BothofthemarefromTaichung.Thefoodisnotthatgood.Imissyouandthefoodyoucookedforme.为什么这几句话要用现在式呢？道理很简单，这几句话描写的是一些状态，而并非过去发生的事。〝Thedormitoryisaveryoldone.〞〝BothofthemarefromTaichung.〞〝Thefoodisnotthatgood.〞〝Imissyouandthefoodyoucookedforme.〞等四个句子都是目前存在的事实，所以要用现在式。现在我们不妨看一下冠词的情形，我们可以看到很多地方都用了the，如：theTaipeiTrainStationtheafternoonthestationtheuniversitythedormitorycafeterviathedormitorythefoodthefoodyoucookedforme各位读者一定可以注意到在the后面的名词都有所指，举例来说，theuniversity指那所作者要去念的大学，他的妈妈知道他所说的是那一所大学。Thedormitory指那间他已搬进去住的宿舍。凡是有所指的名词前面，原则上都应该加the。哪里用了〝a〞呢？注意，我们用了两次ataxiaveryoldone读者应该不难看出为什么这里我们不能用the，而一定要用a。（２）Mary:"Hello,thisisMary.Whoiscalling?"John:"Hi,thisisJohn.Howareyou?"Mary:"Iamdoingfine.Infact,Iamstudyingforthefinalexaminationnow."John:"Oh,Iamsorry.Whenwilltheexambeover?"Mary:"ThisFriday."John:"Then,canwehavedinnerFridayevening?"Mary:"OK,wherearewegoingtoeat?"John:"HowabouttheChineserestaurantcalledFourSeasons?"Mary:"Thatisallrightwithme.Whendowemeet?"John:"Howaboutsixo"clock?"Mary:"That"sit.SeeyouFridayeveningat6o"clockattheFourSeasons."这一篇短文主要的目的在于介绍所谓现在进行式。Whoiscalling.Iamdoingfine.Iamstudyingforthefinalexaminationnow.都是标准的现在进行式，事实上，也必须用现在进行式。（３）IhavebeeninterestedinmusiceversinceIwasasmallchild.WhenIwassevenyearsold,mymothergavemeaviolinasabirthdaypresent.Ihavebeentakingviolinlessonseversince.IamsomuchinterestedinmusicthatIfinallydecidedtogotomusicschool.Thiswasaharddecisionforme.Iconsultedwithmyparents.Bothofthemencouragedmetogoahead.Yesterday,IwasacceptedbyoneofthebestmusicschoolsinTaiwan.Iamreallyhappyaboutthis.79 这一段话中，我们开始用现在完成式，比方说第一句话就是IhavebeeninterestedinmusiceversinceIwasasmallchild.为什么要用现在完成式呢？道理很简单，这句话里面有有〝eversince〞这个词，凡是有了这个词句，我们就一定要用现在完成式了。另外一句用了现在完成进行式的句子是：Ihavebeentakingviolinlessonseversince.读者不妨去看看第四章，就知道为什么这里要用现在完成进行式了。凡是〝自从〞某某日开始，而就一直在做的事情，就应该用现在完成式，或者现在完成进行式。这一段文章里面，我们还用了被动语气。IwasacceptedbyoneofthebestmusicschoolsinTaiwan.各位读者不妨注意，这被动语气的用法是很正当而且适宜的，如用主动这句话变成了Oneofthebestmusicschoolsacceptedme.这样反而并不太能表达原意。（４）BeforeIgotintocollege,IhadbeentotheUnitedStatesandlivedthereforoneyear.ThisiswhyIcouldspeakEnglishbetterthanaveragestudents.AsIstudiedasacollegestudent,HitlerwassecretlypreparingfortheSecondWorldWar.ThewareruptedfinallywhenIwasasenior.Iwasforcedtoquitschoolandwasdraftedintothearmy.Iluckilysurvivedthewarandcamebacktoresumemystudyingafterthewarwasover.SinceIhadgonetothewar,Iwasmorematurethanmostoftheotherstudents.Evennow,Icanstillremembermydaysasacollegestudentaswellasasoldier.这篇文章介绍了如何使用过去完成式，第一句话就用了过去完成式，因为有两件事，一件是〝进大学〞，另一件是〝去过美国〞，由于在进大学以前去美国，所以〝去美国〞就用了过去完成式。请注意第二段的第一句：AsIstudiedasacollegestudent,HitlerwassecretlypreparingfortheSecondWorldWar.这一次，我们用了过去进行式，因为有两件事，〝在学校念书〞是一件事，〝希特勒在准备发动第二次世界大战〞是另一件事，其中有一件可以用过去完成式。同理，在第二段话的最后一句话中，〝曾经去打过仗〞用了过去完成式。这段文章中，有一句话用了被动语气，读者不妨看这句话〝Iwasforcedtoquitschool.〞，其实我们在这种情形之下，我们必须用被动语气，当然也可以用主动语气，不过那并不太自然。也请读者注意这段文章的最后一句话仍一定要用现在式。（５）Ihavebeeninterestedinreadingnovelsforalongtime.AmongallofthenovelsthatIhaveread,Ilikedetectivenovelsthemost.Amongalldetectivenovels,IespeciallylikethosewrittenbyAgathaChriste.Lastyear,Istartedreadinganotherkindofnovels,namelysciencefictions.Ifoundoutthatsomesciencefictionwritersarequitephilosophical.Unfortunately,therearenottoomanyofthem.IalwayshaveadreamthatonedayIwillbegoodinwritingnovels.Doyouthinkthatmydreamsmaycometrue?这段文章中，我们介绍了动名词的用法，第一句话的reading就是动名词，除此以外，我们还有两处用了动名词：startedreading和goodinwriting。读者也应该了解为什么第一句话要用现在完成进行式，在第二句话里面，当我们形容novels，我们也用了现在完成式。请读者注意第一段的最后一句话，thosewrittenbyAgathaChriste。在这里，written是一个过去分词用作了形容词，形容novels，我们也可以说thosewhichwerewrittenbyAgathaChriste.顺便讲一下，AgathaChriste是一位非常著名的侦探小说作者。也请大家注意，我们只能说interestedinreading，而不能说interestinginreading。（６）Tomorrow,therewillbeadancingpartyinouruniversity.Sincewearefreshmenandmostofushaveneverbeentoalargedancingparty,wearenaturallyverymuchexcited.ImustsaythatIamnotthatexcited.Althoughdancingisinteresting,Ioftenthinkthatthemusicistooloud.Besides,asabystander,Ioftenfindthewaythattheyoungpeopledancethesedaysissofunny.Whentheydance,theyoftenremindmeofmonkeys.Well,Imustadmitthatplayingbasketballismoreinterestingtome.But,unfortunately,Icannotplaybasketballtomorrowbecausethecourtswillbeusedforthedancingparty.这一段话主要的目的是介绍现分词和过去分词用成形容词的做法。第一个现在分词是dancing，dancing在这里形容party。我们在这里看到有些时候，我们应该用现在分词，有时要用过去分词。请看以下的句子：Wearenaturallyverymuchexcited.在这里，我们一定要用excited，绝对不能用＊Wearenaturallyveryexciting.下一句79 Althoughdancingisinteresting,在这里，我们必须用interesting，而不能用interested。也就是说，我们不能说＊Althoughdancingisinterested.（７）Weprobablyallbelievethatweshouldloveothersandforgivethosewhodobadthingstous.Unfortunatelyitisoftenhardforustopracticewhatwebelievein.Forexample,ifsomeonereallyhurtsusbadly,wejustdonotknowwhatweshoulddo.Shouldwetakesomekindofactiontohurtthepersonwhohurtus,orshouldweforgivehim?Thetruthisthatwemaystillseekjustice.Itisrightifwewantacriminaltogotojailforhiscrime.Yet,weshouldneverhavehatredinourhearts.这篇文章的目的在介绍〝子句〞的用法，请注意这篇文章内的很多子句，举例来说thatweshouldloveothersandforgivethosewhodobadthings.就是一个子句，这个子句是believe的受词，有趣的是，这个子句内部又有一个子句，那就是whodobadthingstodo.这个子句是形容those的。以下是这一段文章的全部子句：thatweshouldloveothersandforgivethosewhodobadthingstouswhatwebelieveinwhatweshoulddothatwemaystillseekjustice练习题答案[练习一]1.Ilovemyparents.2.Heloveshisteacher.3.Hekeepsswimmingeveryday.4.Hewantstodrinkaglassofwater.5.Helikesplayingtheviolin.6.Jackdoesnotlikemathematics.7.Maryhatessinging.8.Mymothercooksverygoodfood.9.Hewantsmetoseehimtomorrow.10.Hedoesnotknowmyname.11.Idonotlikeyou.12.Hedoesnotlikeswimming.13.Youdidnotgohome.14.Idonotlikeswimming.15.Iwantedtogotomymother"shome.16.Idonotlikeswimming.17.Ididnoteatdinner.18.Iwillnotgohome.19.Hedidnotgohome.20.Youmayleavenow.21.Hecanswim.22.Hedoesnotgotowork.[练习二]1.He.isagoodstudent.79 2.Myelderbrotherisseventeenyearsold.3.Myyoungerbrotherswimseveryday.4.,"Allofthemlikemusic.5.TheyareinJapannow.6.JadeMountainisaveryhighmountain.7.TheAmazonRiverisalongriver.8.Hisfatherisateacher.9.AllofuslikeChinesefood.10.Hedoesn"tlikeicecream.11.Iloveyou.12.Everyonelisafraidofsnakes.)13.Everyonelikesdogs.14.Itisverycoldtoday.[练习三]1.Heiswatchingamovie.2.Iamswimming.3.Sheismakingaphonecalltohermother.4.Hisbrotheristakingawalk.5.Iameatingnow.6.Wearesinging.7.Heisplayingthepiano.8.Heisreadinganovel.9.Iamwritingaletter.10.Heisrunning.[练习四]1.Iloveyou.2.Iameatingdinner/lunchnow.3.Heisnotastudent.4.Iamateacher.5.Iamsinging.6.Heisswimmingnow.7.Helikesswimming.8.Hecansing.9.Heissingingnow.10.Hisfatherisadoctor.11.HisfatherisintheU.S.A.12.Iamtakingabath.13.Heissleepingnow.14.Yoursisterisridingherbicyclenow.15.Yoursistergoestoschoolbybicycle.[练习五]1.Iattendedapartyyesterday.2.Hi"selderbrothercalledmeyesterday.79 3.IwenttoAmericalastyear.4.Imetyoursisterlastnight.5.Iwrotealettertoyou.6.Iateaneggthismorning.7.Lastnight,hedancedallnight.8.Weranfivethousandmetersyesterday.9.Hewasverytiredlastnight.10.HevisitedhisfatherinTaipeilastnight.[练习六]1.Heisastrongboy.2.Hewassickyesterday.3.Heeatsanappleeveryday.4.Heatethreeapplesyesterday.5.1liketowatchmovies.6.Iamahappyman.7.Iwatchedtwomoviesyesterday.8.Ilesentalettertoyouyesterday.9.Hesmokesveryoften.10.IreadtheBibleeveryday.11.HedidnotreadtheBibleyesterday.12.Hedidnotswimyesterday..[练习七]1.Heisplayingbasketballnow.2.Helikesplayingbasketball.3.Heplayedbasketballyesterday.4.Hegoestoschoolbybicycleeveryday.5.Hewenttothecountrybybicycleyesterday.6.Ilikesinging.7.Heissingingnow.8.Yourfathercametoseemeyesterday.9.Hisolderbrotherwalkstwokilometers.everyday.10.Hisyoungerbrotherisagoodboy.11.Hewasveryweaklastyear.12.Heismakingaphonecallnow.13.Heworkshardeveryday.14.Youryoungerbrotherlikesswimming.15.Hewasagoodstudentbefore.[练习八]1.Itwasrainingwhenhewenttoschoolyesterday.2.Hewasreadinganewspaperwhenthetrainstopped.3.Theyweresingingwhenthetrainarrivedinthestation.4.HewascallinghisfatherwhenIwenttohishouse.5.IwaswatchingTVwhentheclockstruckeightlastnight.79 6.Iwasbrushingmyteethwhenmyfathercalledme.7.HewasswimmingwhenIcalledhim.8.Thatdogwassleepingwhenthecatcamein.9.Hewasplayingtheviolinwhenhisyoungerbrothercamehome.10.Mymotherwascookingdinnerwhenmyfathercamehome.[练习九]1.IamaChristian.2.HewasaCatholicwhenhewasachild.3.Iwenttoseemymotheryesterday.4.Iliketoplaythepiano.5.Heiseatingnow.6.Helikestoeaticecream.7.Hewalkstoschooleveryday.8.Heiswalkingnow.9.Heisagoodboy.10.HewasswimmingwhenIcalledhim.11.Hewenttoseehismotheryesterday.12.Iwastakingabathwhenmymothercalledme.13.Iliketoswim.14.IlikedtoswimwhenIwasyoung.Now,Idon"tbecauseIamtooold.15.Itisraipingnow.16.ItwasrainingwhenIdrovetoworkyesterday.17.Itrainedlastnight.18.Itrainsveryoftenhere.19.HewasreadingabookwhenIwenttoseehimyesterday.20.IwasastudentwhenIwasyoung.NowIamateacher.[练习十]1.TheyweredrivingwhenIwenttoseethemyesterday.2.ItrainsveryofteninTaipei.3.Hegavehisbooktohisbrotherlastmonth.4.Hegoestoworkeverymorning.5.Helikestotellstories.6.Iliketogotochurch.7.Thesunissettingnow.8.Theyarcplayingthepianonow.9.Iloveyou.10.Hewasagoodstudentbefore.11.HewenttochurchlastSunday.12.Itrainedlastnight.13.Iwasplayingwhenyoucalled."14.ItwasrainingwhenIdrovetoworklastnight.15.Hedoesnotknowme.16.Iwasswimmingwhenmymothercame.17.Theyaresingingnow.18.Hedoesnotliketoswim.79 19.Healwayswearsablackcoat.20.HeiswatchingTVnow.[练习十一]1.Ihaveswumeverymorningsince1980.2.Ihavereceivedyourletter.3.IhaveneverbeentoAmerica.4.HehasbeenaChristiansincehewasachild.5.Ihaveseenyourgrandfather.6.Yourbrotherhasalwayslivedhere.7.Hehasbeenlearningtoplaythepianoforalongtime.8.Ihavealreadywrittenthreeletters,buthedidn"treply.9.Forthepastthreeyears,Ihavedriventhiscar.10.Hehasbeenateachersince1975.11.HehastaughtEnglishforalongtime.12.IhaveseenGonewiththeWind.13.Ihaveeaten.14.Ihavebeentothebeachthreetimesthisyear.15.Ihavelovedyouallmylife.[练习十二]1.IwenttoseeGonewiththeWindyesterday.2.IhaveneverseenGonewiththeWind.3.IlivedinAmericalastyear.4.IhavelivedinAmericasince1985.5.HehasneverbeentoEngland.6.Hehasfinishedthereport.7.Ifinishedthereportlastnight.8.Isawyourfatherlastnight.9.Ihaveseenyourfathersomanytimesalready.10.IhavelivedinTai-Chungallmylife.[练习十三]1.IhadbecomeaChristianalreadywhenIwasachild.2.IhavebeenaChristianallmylife.3.Hehaslivedheresince1939.4.Stopeatingnow.Youhaveeatentoomuch.5.Itrainedlastnight.6.Johnisawriter.Hehaswrittenthirteennovels.•7.Lastnight,Isawyourfatherforthefirsttimeinmylife.8.Italkedtomyfatherlastnight.9.Since1961,Ihavebeenateacher.Beforethat,Iwasastudent.10.IhavereadmanynovelswrittenbyCharlesDickens.79 [练习十四]1.Wehavebeenworkinghardsincewewerellittlekids.;2.Sincelastyear,hehasbeenstudyingEnglish.3.Ithasbeenrainingsinceyesterday.4.Sincefiveo"clock,hehasbeendoinghishomework.5.IhavebeenlivinginTaichungsinceIwasthreeyearsold.[练习十五]1.IhadmetyourmotherbeforeIwasfourteenyearsold.2.IhadbeentoAmericabefore1974.3.HehadreadtheBiblesixyearsago.4.Ihadbeenanengineerbefore1studiedintheuniversity.5.Ihadcalledyoubeforeyoucame.6.IhadmetMr.LeebeforeIhaddinnerwithhimlastnight.7.Hehadbeenagoodpresidentbeforeheresigned.8.Hehadbeenagooddoctorbeforehedied.9.Hehadbeenpracticedsingingbeforehestartedgoingtothechurch.10.Ithadbeenrainingbeforeeighto"clockthismorning.[练习十六]1.Youweresingingwhenhewenttoseeyouyesterday.2.Hehadbeenagoodboy.3.Allofthemliketoplaybasketball.4.WearewatchingTVnow.5.YouhavelivedinTaiwanforalongtime.6.Ihavealreadyreadoverthisbook.7.Theyhavelivedhereallthetime.8.Ihadgonetochurchbeforecominghere.9.Helikestowatchthesunrise.10.Helikesswimming.11.Hehasbeenlearningtoplaythepianosincehewassixyearsold.12.Heusedtobeastrongboy.13.Hehadbeenaveryhealthymanbeforehegotsick.14.Peopleweredancingwhenthetrainarrivedatthestation.15.Hehadbeenamusicianbeforethewarbrokeout.16.Ihaveseenyoubefore.17.Isawyoulastyear.18.Ihavealreadywrittentheletter.19.Since1974,Ihavebeenasoldier.20.IhavereadmanyEnglishbooks.[练习十七]1.Heloveshiscountry.2.Helovedhiscountry,butnowhedoesnot.3.Ihavebeenateachersince1975.79 4.IhadbeenateacherbeforeIwenttocollege.5.IhavebeenreadingShakespeareeversinceIwasalittlegirl.6.WhenIwenttoseeheryesterday,shewaswatchingTV.7.IhadseenyourfatherbeforeIsawyou.8.Hehasreadmanydetectivestories.9.HegoestochurcheverySunday.10.Itwasacolddayyesterday.11.Ithasbeenrainingforthelasttwodays.12.Ihaveeatentoomuch.Iamfullnow.13.Shehadbeenanursebeforethewarbrokeout.14.Ihave•neverseenyouinmylife.15.Hehasbeenateachersince1980.16.Itisgoodtocatvegetableseveryday.17.Itwassonicetomeetyoulastnight.18.Shehadbeensuchanicegirlbeforeshedied.19.PeterhasgonetoAmericamanytimes.20.Hehasbeenworkinghardsincelastyear.Hehopestosucceedinthecollegeentranceexaminationthistime.[练习十八]1.Iwillgotochurchtomorrow.2.HewillmeetmenextMonday.3.Hewillcleanthisroomtomorrow.4.IwillgotoTaipeiafterdinnertomorrow.5.IwillcallyoutomorrownightafterIgohome.6.IwillmajorinlawafterIgraduate.7.IwillwatchTVtomorrowafteryouleave.8.IwillgotoTainantomorrow.9.Iwillwritealettertoyoutonight.10.Iwillwaitformybrothertonight.[练习十九]1.IamgoingtobeinAmericanextyearafterIgraduate.2.IwillexplainthistoyoutonightafterIreadthereport.3.Iwillseeyoutonight.4.Assoonasyoucomeseeme,Iwillgiveyoumybook.5.WhenyouarriveinNewYorktomorrow,Tomwillbeintheairporttomeetyou.6.Iwillgotochurchaftertherainslops.7.IwillwatchthenewTVprogramafteryouleave..8.Whenyougetheretomorrow,everyonewillbewaitingforyou.9.IwillgetajobassoonasIgetoutofcollege.10.Hewillhavedinnerverylatetomorrow.11.Iwillquitmypresentjob,afterIfindabetterone.[练习二十]1.Iwillbewatchingthebaseballgametomorrownight.79 2.Hewillhavefinishedthereportwhenyouarriveathishome.3.Iwillhavewashedmycartonightwhenmymothercomes.4.Theywillbeplayingtheirviolinswhentheclockstrikestwelve.5.Hewillhavecompletedwritingthisprogrambeforeteno"clocktonight.6.HewillhavebeenthepresidentforthreeyearsnextMay.7.Iwillhaverepairedmycarwhenyoucometonight.8.Iwillhavereadthisreportbeforesixo"clocktomorrowevening.9.PeoplewillbedancinginthestreetsifMr.RobertsoniselectedPresident.10.Iwillhavedrivenfourhundredmilestomorrow.[练习二十一]1.Pertersonwasbornin1965.Helikedmusicwhenhewasachild.Since1975,hehasbeenlearningtoplaytheviolin.Now,heisaverygoodviolinist.2.IwillbewatchingTVathomewhenmyelderbrothervisitsmetomorrow.Iliketowatchprogramsabouthospitals.3.IlikedtoplaybasketballwhenIwasachild.Now,1don"tbecauseIhadacaraccident.4.Iamcallingmymother,whoiseighty-eightyearsoldandhaslivedinTaipeiforsixtyyears.5.IhadbeentoEnglandbeforeIwenttoAmerica.WhenIwasinEngland,Imetabeautifulgirlandshehasbecomemywife,[练习二十二]1.IamwatchingTVnow.IwatchTVeveryday.2.Hehadhadabigdinnerbeforewearrivedlastnight.Itwasagoodmeal.Heseldomatesomuch.3.Hehasbeenworkingonthisnovelforaverylongtime.Bythetimehefinishesit,hewillhavewrittensixnovels.4.IhavebeentoAmericaseveraltimes.IwillgotoAmericaagainnextyear.5.IlivedinTaipeiwhenIwasachild.WhenIwassixyearsold,ImovedtoTaiwanandhavelivedthereeversince.6.Itismybirthdaytomorrow.YetIhaveatestthedayaftertomorrow.SoIwillstudyinthelibrarytomorrownight.7.Hehadbeenastrongkidbeforehebecameanathleteincollege.Nowalthoughheisseventyyearsold,heisstillquitehealthy.8..Hetakesabatheverymorning.Today,sincehegotupverylate,hewenttoschooldirectlywithouttakingabath.[练习二十三]1.Ididn"tseeyourbrotherlastnight.2.Idon"tlikeapples.3.Sheisnotabeautifulgirl.4.Theycannotplayviolinverywell.5.Mr.Changmustnotanswerthefollowingquestions.Mr.Changdoesnothavetoanswerthefollowingquestions.6.Hedidn"tgotoseehisbrotherlastnight.7.Hecouldn"tsingmanysongs.8.Hewillnotbuythiscar.9.Itdidn"trainheavilylastnight.79 10.Ihavenotlivedhereforthreeyears.11.Hedoesn"thavetoseehismother.12.Hedidn"thavetostayhereyesterday.[练习二十四]1.Ihavenomoney."2.Aselfishpersondoesnothaveanyfriends.,3.Nomanisentirelyalone.4.Nooneislivinghere.Wecannotgetintothishouse.5.Notasinglepersonlovesme.6.Noonelovesme.7.ThepersonwhomIsawdidnotcome.8.Ididnotgotoworkyesterday.9.Ihadnoworktodoyesterday.10.Icannotfindanyoneinthishall.11.IhaveneveIgonetoAmerica.12.Hehasneverwrittentome.[练习二十五]1.Doyoulikehim?2.IsheanAmerican?3.Didyougotochurchyesterday?4.HashebeentoJapan?5.DoyouwanttogotoTaipei?6.Doesn"thelikesports?7.Haven"tyoubeentoJapan?8.Doeshehaveasister?9.Aretheystudents?10.Didyourbrotherseemyfatheryesterday?[练习二十六]1.Wheredidyoubuythisbook?2.WhendidhegotoAmerica?3.Whatishisfather"sname?4.Whosebookisthis?5.Whereareyoufrom?6.Whichbookdoyouwant?7.Whoisthiskid?8.Whomdoeshelikemost?9.Whatishisname?10.Wheredidyougoyesterday?11.Whosedogisthis?[练习二十七]1.Wheredidyougolastnight?79 2.Whichbookdoyoulike?3.Whoisyourbrother?4.Whatishisname?5.Whowrotethisletter?6.Whomdidyougivethisbookto?7.Whogaveyouthisbook?8.Whosecaristhis?9.Whosedogisthis?10.Whichmoviedidyousee?11.WhocanspeakEnglish?12.Whomdidyouspeakto?13.Whatkindofcaristhis?14.Whichfruitdoyoulikemost?15.Whodoesnotswim?[练习二十八]1.Thatmoviewasseenbyhimlastnight.2.Thatletterwaswrittentomebyhim.3.ThoseEnglishclassesaretaughtbyhim.4.YouarelovedbyGod.5.Twohouseswereboughtbythem.6.Thisroomwaspaintedbyme.7.Thoserosesaregrownbyhim.8.Hisstudentsarehelpedbyhim.9.Thehousewassoldbyme.10.Thiscarwasboughtbymyuncle.[练习二十九]1.Isawthepoliceman.2.Iwrotethosetwobooks.3.Myteachercorrectedthesesentences,.4.Acarhithim.5.Ilockedhisdoor.6.Myfatherbuilthishouse.7.Myfathergavehisboattome.8.Peoplehererarelyseethisbird.Peoplerarelyseethisbirdhere.9.Everyonelikeshim.10.Theirfriendsgavethemtendollars.11.Hetookthispicture.12.Theyoungmendranktoomuchwine.13.Mr.Wangtaughtme.14.Hisfatherhelpedhim.15.Thatwaiterservedthem.16."Mymotherpreparedhisfood.17.Mysistermadehistoy.18.Jimreturnedthebooktome.19.Mybrotherwrotethatsong.79 20.Heinvitedmetoaparty.[练习三十]1.Threenovelshavebeenwrittenbyhim.2.Thatletterwillbewrittenbyhim.3.Thesesongswillbesungbythemtomorrow.4.Thespeechwillbegivenbyhim.5.Thehouseisbeingpaintedbythem.6.Threebookshavebeengiventohimbyme.7.Thisjobcanbedonebyme.8.Thatstoryhadbeentoldtomebyhimbeforewewentthere.9.Thestudentsshouldbehelpedbytheteachers.10.Thereportisbeingwrittenbyhimnow.11.Thisbookmustbereadbythestudents.12.Thisletterhastobegiventomymotherbymetonight.13.Thelawoughttobeobeyedbyallcitizens.14.Allofthecakeshavebeeneatenbyhim.15.Pictureswerebeingtakenbythereporterswhenthestormstarted.16.Theworkhadbeenfinishedbyhimbeforefiveo"clocklastnight.17.ThatletterwillbewrittenbyPeter.18.MyletterhasbeenreceivedbyJohn.19.ThemovieGonewiththeWindwasseenbymillionsofpeople20.Thattheoremhasbeenprovedbyhim.[练习三十一]1.Josephhaswrittentwobooks.2.Manystudentsarechoosingfootball.3.Hisfathershouldgivehimthatlecture.4.Hewillwritethatreport.5.TheKinghasreceivedtheletter.6.Everyoneshouldseethismovie.7.Everystudentoughttoreadthisbook.8.Iamhelpingthem.9.Allofusaregoingtosecthemovie.10.Kidscaneatthiscake.[练习三十二]1.Applesarcnotgrownbythefarmershere.2.1wasnotmetbyhimlastnight.3.Thatletterhasnotbeenwrittenbyme.4.ThatmovieisnotgoingtobeseenbyJohn.5.Thatmoviewasnotfilmedbymc.6.Englishisnotspokenbyhim.7.Englishwillnotbespokenbyhim.8.Thatcakeshouldnotbeeatenbyyou.9.Thatkindoffishisnoteatenbymymother.79 10.ThatreporthasnotbeenwrittenbyJohn.[练习三十三]1.Hedidnotwritethebook.2.Youarcnotgoingtohelpme.3.Johnhasnotreceivedthatbook.4.Collegestudentsdonotlikethatsong.5.MarydoesnotloveJohn.6.Mystudentswillnotmeetmetomorrow.7.Vegetariansdonotcatmeat.8.Ididnotopenthedoor.9.Ididnotpaythosetendollars.10.Ididnotbuythecar,[练习三十四]1.Isabookbeingwrittenbyhim?2.Wasthatbookwrittenbyhim?3.Wasthatlettersignedbyyou?4.Wherewasthatmovieseenbyyou?5.Whenwasthatmovieseenbyyou?6.Hasthatjobbeenfinishedbyhim?7.Wereyougiventhegiftbymother?8.Wereyouvisitedbyyourmotherlastnight?9.Arerosesgrownbythem?10.IsEnglishspokenbythem?11.Wasthatgameoftenniswonbyyou?12.WillEnglishbetaughtbyyou?[练习三十五]1.Didyoueatthecake?2.Doallofuslikehim?3.DoeseveryoneinJapanlovethatkindofmusic?4.Dooldpeoplecatfish?5.Domostwomenloveroses?6.Didyoucallhim?7.DoesJohnplaysoccer?8.WhendidMozartwritethismusic?9.Whendidyouseehim?10.Didyouseethemlastnight?[练习三十六]1.Isenttwolettersyesterday.Didyoureceivethem?Everyletterwaswrittenbyme.Pleasewritebacktomesoon.2.Iwasinvitedtoadancingpartylastweek.Themusicwassonoisy.IleftthepartyasearlyasIcould79 3.Didyouwritethatreport?Yes,itwaswrittenbyme.4.Hedidnotlikemusicwhenhewasachild.Afterhegotintocollege,hewastaughtbyagoodmusicprofessor.Now,heenjoysmusicverymuchandlistenstoclassicalmusiceverymorning.5.Iboughtaredcaryesterday.ItwasmadeinJapan.Itwillbedeliveredtometomorrow.6.Ididnotgotoschoolyesterdaybecausemybicyclewasstolen.Iboughtanewbikeyesterday.7.Wheredid(do)yougolastnight?Icould(can)notfind(find)you.Youwereseen(sec)bynoone.8.A:Docs.hesmoke?B:No,hedoesnot.Smokinghasneverbeentriedbyhim.9.Wasthebookwrittenbyhim?10.Iboughtthreebookslately.OnewaswrittenbyGrahamGreene.Ifinishedreadingit.Therearemanyinterestingstoriesinit.[练习三十七]1.ThisisabookwhichwaswrittenbyDickens.2.Isthemusicenjoyedbythoseelderlypeople?3.Whenwereyouvisitedbyyourfatheryesterday?4.ThisbookwaswrittenbyJohn.5.Hewasinvitedtocometomyhomebymyfatheryesterday.6.Thishousewasbuiltin1913.7.Thisletterwaswrittenbyhim.8.Thisletterhasneverbeenfinished.9.Wereyougivenabook?10.Ihaveneverbeencalledbymyfather.Ialwayscallhimfirst.[练习三十八]1.Playingtennisisfun.2.Ihateswimming.3.Stoptalkingaboutme.4.Inadditiontoreadinginterestingbooks,youshouldalsowatchTVfromtimetotime.5.1amnotinterestedinswimming.6.HetalksaboutgoingtoAmerica.7.Ibelieveindoingexerciseeveryday.8.Thecostoftransferringastudenttoanotherschoolisveryhigh.9.Pleaseforgivemeformakingthismistake.10.Swimmingkeepsmefromgettingcold.[练习三十九]1.Pleaseforgivemeforbeingsolate.2.Inadditiontostudying,youshouldalsohavesomeexerciseeveryday.3.Wetalkedaboutbuildingahousenextyear.4.Thankyouforhelpingme.5.HeisexcitedabouttravelingtoJapan.6.Iamlookingforwardtomeetingyou.7.Heinsistsontalkingtomepersonally.79 8.Ibelieveinexercisingeveryday.9.Didyouparticipateinthatswimmingmatch.10.Hewasnotusedtolisteningtoclassicalmusic.11.Mymotherobjectedtovisitingmyaunttomorrow.12.Iamnotaccustomedtogoingtobedsolate.13.Iaminterestedinswimming.14.Areyouresponsibleforwritingthisreport?15.Heisexcitedaboutseeingmetomorrow.16.Heislookingforwardtoseeingthatmovie.17.Iamnotusedtohearingthatkindofnoise.18.Youshouldtakeadvantageofhavingsuchagoodfamily.19.Heisinchargeofsendingstudentstootherschools.[练习四十]1.Idonotlikedancing.2.Arcyouinterestedinswimming?3.Playingbasketballisinteresting.4.WetalkedaboutteachingEnglishyesterday.5.Iamnotusedtosmoking.6.Iobjecttocryinginpublic.7.Inadditiontoswimming,heshouldplaybaseball.8.Heiscapableofrunningonekilometereveryday.9.Heisinchargeoffindingagoodplace.10.Iamaccustomedtogettingupearly.[练习四十一]1.Ienjoylisteningtorockandrollmusic.2.1askedhimtogoaway.3.Hewasaskedtoleave.4.Isuggesthavingsomefun.5.Heseemstobeakindperson.6.Youappeartobe(be)quitetired.7.Itoldhimtohaveacupofwine.8.Iinvitedhimtocomeover.9.Everyoneofyouisrequiredtoworkhard.10.Doyoulikeswimming?11.Iorderedhimtoreadmybook.12.Iwasexpectedtowritealettertoyou.13.Heaskedmetoreadthislettertohim.14.Pleasekeeptalking(talk)tome.15.Stopdrivingsofast.Itisdangeroustodrivetoofast.16.1hatesmoking.17.Passing(pass)thetestisimportant.18.Workinghardisthekeytosuccess.19.Mywifeaskedmetobringsomeflowershome.20.Heavoidedtellinglies.79 [练习四十二]1.Iinvitedhimtocometomyhouse.2.Iteachhimswimming.3.Tobelovedmakespeoplehappy.4.Ihatesmoking.5.Weshouldavoidsmoking.6.Stopsmoking.7.Everyoneexpectshimtowriteagoodbook.8.IrequiredhimtostudyEnglisheveryday.[练习四十三]1.Heletshissondrivehiscar.2.Hemademefeelhappy.3.Imademyfrienddiscusshisproblemwithme.4.Ihadmysongetupearlyeverymorning.5.Ihelpedmyfatherpainthishouse.6.Ihadmybrothercarrythisheavyluggageforme.7.IhadMarymarryme.8.Thissongmakeseveryonecry.9.IhelpedNancyworkhard.10.Hemadeusbelievehim.11.Isawhimplay.12.IheardMarysingseveralsongs.13.Iwatchedherswim.14.Isawthebirdsflyaway.[练习四十四]1.Thisisaninterestingstorybook.2.Theclassisveryboring.3.Lookatthatsingingbird.4.Thatsmilingmanismybrother.5.Peoplelivinginthecountryareusuallyveryhealthy.6.Idonotknowthatboyridingabicycle.7.Thekideatingicecreamismyson.8.Thestudentaskingquestionsisprettyclever.9.Haveyoumettheboyplayingbasketball?10.Thatdyingpatientismyteacher.[练习四十五]1.Iaminterestedinmusic.2.ThemovieseenbyeveryonewasproducedinHollywood.3.Hecamefromabrokenfamily.4.Thelawofthiscountryhasbrokendown.5.Iamexcitedaboutthisnews.6.Weshouldhelpthatdepressedstudent.79 7.Threepeoplegotkilledinthistrafficaccident.8.Thisisaconfusedstudent.9.Heisaninterestingperson.[练习四十六]1.Heistotallyconfused.2.Iaminterestedinseeingthatmovie.3.Thismovieisreallyexciting.4.Thatisabrokenpromise.5.Hehasabrokenarm.6.Theirmarriagewasbrokenup.7.Justiceisstillnotarealizeddream.8.lieisadepressedperson.9.Thebicycleriddenbytheyoungkidismine.10.Idonotliketoseeanypersoninjured.11.Iwasverymuchsurprisedtohearthatnews.12.Hisstatementsareencouraging.13.ThemantalkingaboutHitlerisaprofessor.14.Themanpilotingtheairplaneisquiteyoung.15.ThecompanymanagedbyMr.Leeisgettingbetterandbetter.16.PoorJohnnowhasabrokenheart.17.Thereareboysandgirlsdancinginthegarden.18.Thestolenjackethasbeenfound.19.Theboylaughingthereisnotmyson.20.Hehasasmilingface.21.Thisisindeedveryexciting.22.Thissong,heardbyalmosteveryone,waswrittenbyme.23.Idon"tlikethesongwrittenbytheBeatles.24.Sheisacaringwoman.[练习四十七]1.Weallhavethedutytopaytaxes.2.Wehavetherighttoremainsilent.3.Hehasthetalenttoswim.4.Ihavenomoneylefttospend.5.Ihavenoplacetogo.6.Heistootiredtodrive.7.Iamgladtosecyou.8.Heissmartenoughtogetintocollege.9.MyjobistoteachkidsEnglish.10.Iwassurprisedtoseeyou.11.Wehavelotsofthingstotalkabout.12.Hehasnofriendstotalkto.[练习四十八]1.Idonotknowwhoyouare.79 2.PleasetellmewhetheryouareanAmericanornot3.Idonotrememberwhetheryoudrinkcoffeeornot.4.PleaseaskyoursisterifshewenttoJapanlastyear.5.Doyouknowwhoheis?6.Whereheisfromremainsapuzzle.7.wanttofindoutwhetherhisbrothercanswimornot."8.Iknowwhyheissosad.9.DoyouknowwhenMarywillcome?10.Doyouknowwhathappened?11.Iknowwhytheskyisblue.12.Pleasetellmewhereyouworkedlastyear.13.Doyouknowwhatheistalkingabout?14.Idonotunderstandwhathisproblemis.[练习四十九]1.Pleasetellmewhyheissosad.2.Idonotknowwheresheisfrom.3.Pleasetellmchowmanypeoplethereareinthishouse.4.Letmeknowhowoldyouare.5.WhetherheisJapaneseornotisamystery.6.DoyouknowwhothepresidentoftheUnitedStatesis?7.MayIaskyouwhichkindofcoffeeyoulike?8.icannotrememberhowoldIam.9.Whatheistalkingaboutisuncleartome.10.Doyouknowwhyheiscoming?[练习五十]1.Idon"tknowwhichbookyoubought.2.Doyouknowwhereheisfrom?3.Pleaseaskhimwhetherhedrinksteaornot.4.Whatheisthinkingaboutiswellknowntoallofus.5.Letmeguesshowoldyouarc.6.MayIaskwhyyouaresosad?7.Idon"tknowwhoheis.8.Doyouknowwhosehousethisis?9.Thisisnotwhat1want.10.Idon"tcarewhoyouare.[练习五十一]1.Itoldyouthatyoumustleave.2.Iamgladthatyouareherenow.3.ThatheisanAmericanisunknowntous.4.CanyouimaginethatheisChinese?5.DoyouthinkthatheisChinese?6.ThatHitlerwasdefeatedintheSecondWorldWarisanimportanteventinthehistoryofmankind.79 7.Idonotthinkthatheisabadstudent.8.IamsurprisedtoknowthatsheisfromJapan.9.Itishardtoimaginethathedoesnothaveahighschooldiploma.10.Doyoubelievethatheisinnocent?11.Idemandthatmystudentsworkhard.12.Thatthesunrisesintheeastisafact.[练习五十二]1.Idonotbelievethatheismybrother.2.IadvisedhimthatheshouldgotoAmerica.3.Doyoubelievethattheearthisround?4.Itoldhimthathemustreadthisbook.5.Iforgotthatyouareakid.6.CanyoubelievethatIcanspeakEnglish?7.Thathedidnotshowupmakesmeangry.8.1thinkthatheisagoodman.9.Donotforgetthattherearealotofpoorpeopleintheworld.10.IknowthatheteachesEnglish.11.Ineverknewthatheissosmart.12.Iknowthathecannotcomeover.13.Ihopethathecancome.14.CanyoubelievethathegrewupinTaiwan?15.Icannotdecidewhetherheshouldgotocollegeornot.16.YoutoldmethathewenttoAmericalastyear.17.Thisteacherdidnotknowthatmyfatherisalsoateacher.18.I"dliketoaskhimwhetherhewillcometomyhousetomorrow.19.DoyouknowwhetherthistraingoestoTaipeiornot?20.PleasetellmewhetheryoucanspeakEnglishornot.[练习五十三]1.Isawthatkidwhowasdrivingfast.2.Wearcdiscussingthosestudentswhohaveproblems.3.Thosewhoswimeverydaymustbeverystrong.4.Thepersonwhotook/drovemetotheRailwayStationismystudent.5.Thegirlwhomyoumetismysister.6.Ilikethepoemwhichyouwrote.7.Theprofessorwhomyouweretalkingaboutismyelderbrother.8.ThemusicthatyouheardisR&B.9.Ilikethosebookswhichhavepicturesinthem.10.Idon"tknowinwhichcityLincolnwasborn.11.IliketheCDthatyougavemeverymuch.12.ThemoviethatIsawlastnightwasveryboring.[练习五十四]1.Isawthemanwhomyoutalkedabout.2.Heisnotthemanwhomwemet.79 3.Thosewhocryveryoftenareusuallynotliked.4.Iliketotalktopeoplewhoarefriendly.5.Ienjoyreadingthebookwhichyougavetome.6.Doyouknowthepersonwhomeveryoneknows?7.Peterisagoodsingerwhopracticessingingeveryday.8.DoyouknowthePeterwhomwetalkedabout?9.DidyouseethepersonwhomIspoketo?10.Ihaveseenthepersonwhomwetalkedabout.[练习五十五]1.HeisthemanwhoisverygoodatEnglish.2.Idon"tknowthepersonwhomyoutalkedto.3.Thisisnotthehousewherethepresidentlives.4.Idonotlikeanyonewhocriesfrequently.5.Didyoureadthebook,whichyouboughtlastmonth?6.DoyouknowtheyearwhentheSecondWorldWarended?7.DoyouknowthatstudentwhomItaught?8.Ihavenoideaaboutthepersonwhomyouaretalkingabout.9.Doyouknowwhomheistalkingabout?10.Doyouknowwhosedressitis?[练习五十六]1.Heisagoodstudent.2.Heisthestudentwhomeveryteacherlikes.3.Iwanttobethepresident.4.ThisisthePresident.5.Pleaseopenawindow.6.ThePresidentoftheRepublicofChinawillvisittheU.S.A.nextyear.7.Iwanttobeagoodengineer.8.Heistheteacherwhomweoftentalkabout.9.Javaisanewcomputerlanguage.10.Ihaveadog.11.Heistheprofessorwhogota/thebigaward.12.Whereisthetrainstation?13.Pleasetellmetheaddressofthepostoffice.14.1sthereapostofficehere?15.Thesunrisesintheeast.16.Theuniverseisverylarge.17.Whycan"twesecthemooninthedaytime?18.HowoldisthePresident?[练习五十七]1.Heisthestudentwhowenttoseeyou.2.Thereis_a_riverinthisarea.3.Idon"twanttobeateacher.4.Hewantstobecomeadoctor.5.Noonewantstobeabeggar.79 6.Pleaseopenthedoorwhichopenstothehall.7.UNIXis_a_computeroperatingsystem.8.WINDOWSistheonlyoperatingsysteminvestedinbyMicrosoft.9.Ihave_adogandtwocats.10.Isshetheteacherwhomwetalkedaboutyesterday?11Theearthisnotflat.12.Isthere_ahotelaroundhere?13.Whereisthetrainstation.14.Ireallylikethelibrary.15.Pleasegivemeaglassofwater.16.Thewindisgettingstrongerandstronger.17.Heisafriendofmine.18.Itishardforthepoortogotocollege.19.HeistheswimmerwhoswamacrosstheEnglishChannel.20.Theweatherisgettingcolderandcolder.21.ThisisthebookwhichIboughtyesterday.22.Idon"twanttobe_a_professor.23.Iamgoingtotake_a_vacationnextmonth24.Johnwillbecomeabasketballplayer.25.Iride_a_bicycletoworkeverymorning.[练习五十八]1.MeisanEnglishProfessor.2.Thisisaneasyjob.3.Heisjustanordinaryperson.4.Afriendinneedis_a_friendindeed.5.Giveme_a_hint.6.IhaveanAmericanfriend.7.Iwillbecomeanengineer.8.Isheanhonestboy?9.Anhourlater,hewentaway.10.Whereistheuniversitylibrary?11.Isthereauniversitylibraryhere?[练习五十九]1.Girlsareusuallygoodatlearninglanguages.2.Dogsalwayschasecats.3.Ihavenothadwaterfortwohours.4.Thereisnolifewithoutpain.5.Loveisthemostimportantthinginone"slife.6.Hehaswisdom.7.Iamlosingpatience.8.Thisisnotthetimetocry.9.Thepainduetolosingalovedoneishardtoendure.10.Thejoyofbeingafatherisreallygreat.11.Beinghonestisavirtue.12.Weneedairtolive.79 13.Idonotdrinkcoffee.Idrinktea.14.WeChineseeatriceeveryday.15.Thewaterinthisareaisveryclean.16.Therewasafireinthenextstreetlastnight.17.Thefirelastnightkilledthreekids.18.ThecoffeewhichyouaredrinkingisfromSouthAmerica.19.MaryisfromCanada.20.Chinaisalargecountry.21.TheRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1911.22.WhereisEngland?23.IsRussiainEurope?24.PresidentLincolnwasagreatperson.25.KingGeorgewasamadking.26.TheYellowRiverisalongriver.27.HaveyoubeentotheGobiDesert?28.TheManilaBayisverybeautiful.29.ItishardtocrosstheAtlanticOceanbyasmallboat.30.CanyouswimacrosstheEnglishChannel?31.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisalargecountry.32.TheUnitedNationsandtheRedCrossoftenwork.together.33.WhendidtheOttomanEmpireend?34.TheBritishEmpirewaslargebefore.35.TheCatholicChurchisoneoftheoldestorganizationsintheworld.36.ThiscupwasmadeintheMingDynasty.37.TheEuropeanRenaissancewasaveryimportanteraforthemankind.38.WeshouldnotgobacktotheDarkAges.39.TheWangsdidnotinvitemetotheirhouse.40.IdonotliketheKennedys.41.TheChinesepaygreatattentiontoeducation.42.Idonotlikephysics.43.Areyouinterestedinchemistry?44.Didyouhavelunch?45.Letushavedinnertogether.46.Ialwayshavebreakfastwithmyfamily.47.Ihadabigdinnerlastnight.48.Thedinnermymothercookedformewasdelicious.49.IgotochurcheverySunday.50.Hedoesnotliketogotoschool.51.Didyouseethebeautifulchurchinthenextstreet52.Englishissohardforme.53.DoyouspeakEnglish?54.Doyouplaytennis?55.Swimmingisgoodforyou.[练习六十]1.Boysusuallydonotliketositstillforlong.2.Iwouldlovetohavea.cupofcoffee.3.Thereislovebetweenus.79 4.Canyoufeeltheloveofyourmother?5.Thejoyofhavinganewbabyisreallygreat.6.Wecannotlivewithoutlove.7.Ihavenotdrunkwineforalongtime.8.Doyouhavethewisdomtodistinguishbadpersonsfromgoodones?9.Thisis_a_gooddinner.10.Ididnothavedinner.11.Thejoyofbeingamotherisgreat.12.Runningis_a_goodexercise.13.Thesadnessduetothedeathofhismotherreallyhurtshim.14.Weneedwatertolive.15.Wecannotlivewithoutair.16.Idonotdrinkcoffee.17.Thefirethatoccurredlastnightdestroyedmyhouse.18.Thecoffeewhichyouaredrinkingisverylight.19.TheRepublicofChinaisinAsia.20.WhereisRussia?21.IsFranceinAfrica?22.PresidentKennedywaslikedbymostAmericansbeforebedied.23.TheAmazonRiverisalongone.24.HaveyoueverbeentoTokyo?25.HaveyoueverbeentotheTokyoBay?26.TherearemorethanonehundredcountriesintheUnitedNations.27.ThisisaMingDynastyporcelain.28.TheWangsinvitedustoadinnerparty.29.1donotlikemathematics.30.Springisapleasantseason.31.Ihadapleasanteveningwithmyfriends.32.Thebreakfastwhich1hadthismorningwastoolightforme.33.ItisnoteasytostudyEnglish.34.Ididplaybasketballyesterday.35.Swimmingisgoodexercise.36.Thereshouldbeachickenineverypot.[练习六十一]1.Dogscanbark.2.Catscancatchmice.3.Sometimes,sufferingisgood.4.1don"tdrinktea.5.Thefeelingofbeinglovedisveryimportant.6.Speakingthetruthmakesonehappy.7.Weneedlove.8.HeisaChinese.9.TheChineselovedrinkingtea.10.Lastnight,therewasafireinthecity.11.JohnisfromAmerica.12.WhereisFrance?13.IlikePresidentLincoln.79 14.TheYellowRiverisnotyellow.15.TheRedCrossisonehundredyearsold.16.TheMingDynastywasanimportantera.17.Doyoulikemathematics?18.Ididnoteatbreakfastthismorning.19.Ihavealreadyhadlunch.20.Ididnotgotochurchyesterday.21.Iwillgotocollegethisfall.22.Swimmingmakesmestrong.[练习六十二]1.smaller2.slower3.moreintelligent4.moreexpensive5.taller6.shorter7.moreimportant8.cheaper9.morefamous10.colder11.faster12.,morecareful13.morecolorful14.longer15.darker16.brighter[练习六十三]1.cuter2.wider3.earlier4.happier5.heavier6.thinner7.easier8.hotter9.wiser10.larger11.better12.worse13.more[练习六十四]1.HeisolderthanI.2.SheisyoungerthanI.79 3.Thisuniversityislargerthanthatuniversity.4.Heisolderthanmybrother.5.Hishouseisolderthanmine.6.ThesizeofthiscityislargerthanthatofSanFrancisco.7.Sheistallerthanhe.8.Theheightofthisboyisgreaterthanthatofhisbrother.9.Heisthebeststudentinmyclass.10.Heistheworseone.[练习六十五]1.Youarestrongerthanhe.2.HisEnglishisbetterthanmine.3.Heisricherthanhisbrother.4.Heistherichestpersonintheworld.5.Thispenismoreexpensivethanyours.6.Heisthetallestmanonearth.7.TheAmazonRiveristhelongestriverintheworld.8.Heistallerthanhisfather.9.Heisthebeststudentinhisclass.10.AmongthepersonswhomIhavemet,heisthetallest.[练习六十六]1.HeisolderthanJohn.2.ThisproblemisoneofthemostdifficultproblemsthatIhaveeverseen.3.ThisisoneofthebestmoviesthatIhaveeverseen.4.Dowehaveabetterchoice?5.ThisplaceishotterthanSanFrancisco.6.Heismorefamousthanhissister.7.Sheisgettingworsenow.8.Heisfeelingbetternow.9.Hehasmoremoneythanhisfather.10.Maryisoneofthemostbeautifulstudentsinherclass.11.Heishappierthanbefore.12.Peterisgettingthinner13.Thissummerishotterthanlastsummer.14.Youhaveabrighterfuturenow.15.HehasmorestudentsthanL16.Ifeelmuchbetternow.17.Heismorecarefulthanyou.18.Timeismoreimportantthanmoney.[练习六十七]1.Manypeopleliketodrinkwine.2.Helovesyou.3.Hewantstogotoschool.4.Doyoulikeswimming?5.Itoldhimtocomebacksoon.79 6.Iaskedmybrothertoeatanappleeveryday.7.Myschoolclassmatesliketogettogether.8.Mygovernmentwishestoestablishapeacefulsociety.9.Tomneverworkshard.10.Hedoesnottellthetruth.11.Iwillnotgototheconcert.12.Ilikedtoswim.13.ItisimportanttogotochurcheverySunday.14Iwaswithmybrotherwhenyoucalled.15.Myfriendsarefriendlytome.16.ThegovernmentsofAsiahavenochoice17.Hiswishtosucceedinmanythingsisnotrealistic.18.Mywishtovisitmanycountriesisfinallyfulfilled.19.Iamapersonwhoeatsanappleeveryday.20.Heisnotagoodstudent.21.Manypeopleareexcitedbythenews.22.Thefutureisbright.23.Thiswascausedbythewar.24.Howcanweobtainlastingpeace?25.Howcanwesucceed?26.Goodcitizenslovetheircountry.27.IneverwatchTV.28.Hehaspublishedmanybookssince1989.29.IhavelivedheresinceIwastenyearsold.30.Hewasintheuniversitywhenthewarbrokeout.31.ManyJewishpeoplewerekilledduringtheSecondWorldWar.32.IhavebeenaCatholicsince1939.33.Manypeopleareleavingthatcountrybecauseofthepoverty.34.HewaswritingaletterwhenIvisitedhimyesterday.35.Hewashappywhenhewasinformedofthegoodnews.36.Hehaswrittenmanynovels.37.Ihavefinallyfinishedtheletter.38.Heisnotlovedbyanyone.39.Wineismanufacturedhere.40.Hiseffortiswellappreciated.41.Ilikeplayingbasketball.42.WeshouldpayattentiontowritinggoodEnglishsentences.43.Insteadofplayingguitar,heplaysviolin.44.Thisisalosingteam.45.Hehasasmilingface.46.Whydidhecrysoloudly?47.Hedoesnotlikehisbrother.48.HedoesnotspeakEnglish.49.Amongallofyourstudents,whomdoyoulikemost?50.Heislovedbyeveryone.51.Thisproblemistransformedintoanotherproblem.52.Thislineisconnectedtothecentraloffice.53.Thebookswillbemailedtoyou.54.Heisthemanwhostolemycar.79 55.Peteristheboywhorunsveryfast.56.Ididnotknowthatthewarbrokeoutsosoon.57.Theboyswhostudyhardwilleasilysucceed.58.Therearcalotofpeoplewhousecomputersnow.59.Iwillletyoudrivemynewcar.60.Hemakeseveryonelaugh.61.Iheardhimsing.62.Heismakinghissongoabroad.63.Iwillneverlethimcheat.64.Hismothermakeshimgetupearlyinthemorning.65.Heisexcitedaboutthenews.66.Heisnotinterestedinsports.67.Thisisnotinterestingtome.68.Hisworkiswellappreciatedbyallofus.69.Iamdisappointed.70.PresidentLeewillappearsoon.71.Itwillneverhappen.72.Heisthemostfrustratedperson.73.Heislivinginpoverty.74.Thereisnopossibilityofwar.75.Everyoneknowswhoheis.76.Doyouknowwhyheissohappy?77.ItishardtoexplainwhyJohnfailed.78.Heisthecleverestpersononearth.79.Ishegettingbigger?80.Thisisthetallerbuilding.79'