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大气污染控制工程(郝吉明著)课后答案(全).pdf

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'作业习题解答第一章概论1.11.1.11解:按1mol干空气计算,空气中各组分摩尔比即体积比,故nN2=0.781mol,nO2=0.209mol,nAr=0.00934mol,nCO2=0.00033mol。质量百分数为0.781×28.010.209×32.00N%=×100%=75.51%,O%=×100%=23.08%;2228.97×128.97×10.00934×39.940.00033×44.01Ar%=×100%=1.29%,CO%=×100%=0.05%。228.97×128.97×11.2解:由我国《环境空气质量标准》二级标准查得三种污染物日平均浓度限值如下:SO2:0.15mg/m3,NO2:0.12mg/m3,CO:4.00mg/m3。按标准状态下1m3干空气计算,其31×10摩尔数为=44.643mol。故三种污染物体积百分数分别为:22.4−3−30.15×100.12×10SO2:=0.052ppm,NO2:=0.058ppm64×44.64346×44.643−34.00×10CO:=3.20ppm。28×44.6431.3解:−41.50×10×15431)ρ(g/m3N)==1.031g/m−3N22.4×10−431.50×10−33c(mol/mN)=−3=6.70×10mol/mN。22.4×10-32)每天流经管道的CCl4质量为1.031×10×3600×24×10kg=891kg1.41.1.44解:-6每小时沉积量200×(500×15×60×10)×0.12µg=10.8µg1.5解:由《大气污染控制工程》P14(1-1),取M=210 −4COHbp2.2×10∝=M=210×=0.2369,−2OHbp19.5×102O2COHbCOHb/OHb0.23692COHb饱和度ρ====19.15%COCOHb+OHb1+COHb/OHb1+0.2369221.6解:4800×20含氧总量为=960mL。不同CO百分含量对应CO的量为:1009609602%:×2%=19.59mL,7%:×7%=72.26mL98%93%72.261)最初CO水平为0%时t==172.0min;−434.2×10×1072.26−19.592)最初CO水平为2%时t==125.4min。−434.2×10×101.7解:由《大气污染控制工程》P18(1-2),最大能见度为2.6ρpdp2.6×1400×1.4L===11581.8m。vKρ2.2×0.2Chapter11.SolutionSSolutionolution:a.540/5.44=99Sothiswas99timestheannualmanmadePMemissions.10b.Mixed.Mostofthathugeamountofmaterialfellwithin50milesofthesite,coveringahugeareauptoafewfeetthick.Howeveritputenoughfinematerialintotheatmospherethatwehadworldwidereddenedsunsetsforalmostayear.2.SolutionSSolutionolution:-6g-33-9-10a.M=cV=501010m=5010?g1.1101b3m-9m5010´g5b.N===3.810p32gp-43rD(0.510cm)36cm6-10c.Clearlyindustrywillcitethe»10poundswhileenvironmentalistswillcitethe0.4millionparticles.Thisshowsthattwopeoplecanbothtellthetruth,butleadtheiraudience toverydifferentconclusions.Weshouldstrivetotell“thewholetruth”3.SolutionSSolutionolution3-6g-3m-9-10a.801010=8010?gbreath/1.8101/bbreath3mbreathb.forSO,M=64g/mol,2-9g21molecules14N=80109.410?7.510moleculesbreath/breathg4.SolutionSSolutionolution:0.41/gmile=0.00225=0.225%1gal6lb454g15milegallb 作业习题解答第二章燃烧与大气污染2.12.2.11已知重油元素分析结果如下:C:85.5%85.85.5%5%H:11.3%111.3%1.3%O:2.0%2.2.0%0%N:0.2%0.0.2%2%S:1.01.1.00%,试计算:1)燃油1kg1k1kgg所需理论空气量和产生的理论烟气量;2)干烟气中SOSSOO2的浓度和COCCOO2的最大浓度;3)当空气的过剩量为10%时,所需的空气量及产生的烟气量。2.12.2.11解:1kg燃油含:重量(g)摩尔数(g)需氧数(g)C85571.2571.25H113-2.555.2527.625S100.31250.3125H2O22.51.250N元素忽略。1)理论需氧量71.25+27.625+0.3125=99.1875mol/kg设干空气O2:N2体积比为1:3.78,则理论空气量99.1875×4.78=474.12mol/kg重油。即474.12×22.4/1000=10.62m3/kg重油。N烟气组成为CO271.25mol,H2O55.25+1.25=56.50mol,SO20.1325mol,N23.78×99.1875=374.93mol。理论烟气量71.25+56.50+0.3125+374.93=502.99mol/kg重油。即502.99×22.4/1000=11.27m3N/kg重油。2)干烟气量为502.99-56.50=446.49mol/kg重油。0.3125SO2百分比浓度为×100%=0.07%,446.4971.25空气燃烧时CO2存在最大浓度×100%=15.96%。446.493)过剩空气为10%时,所需空气量为1.1×10.62=11.68m3/kg重油,N产生烟气量为11.267+0.1×10.62=12.33m3N/kg重油。2.22.2.22普通煤的元素分析如下:C65.7%CC65.7%65.7%;灰分18.1%18.18.1%1%;S1.7%SS1.7%1.7%;H3.2%HH3.2%3.2%;水分9.0%9.9.0%0%;O2.3OO2.32.3%。(含N量不计)1)计算燃煤1kg1k1kgg所需要的理论空气量和SOSSOO2在烟气中的浓度(以体积分数计);2)假定烟尘的排放因子为80%,计算烟气中灰分的浓度(以mg/mmmg/mg/m3表示);3)假定用硫化床燃烧技术加石灰石脱硫。石灰石中含Ca35%CCa35%a35%。当Ca/SCCa/Sa/S为1.71.1.77(摩尔比)时,计算燃煤1t需加石灰石的量。2.22.2.22解:相对于碳元素作如下计算:%(质量)mol/100g煤mol/mol碳 C65.75.4751H3.23.20.584S1.70.0530.010O2.30.0720.013灰分18.13.306g/mol碳水分9.01.644g/mol碳故煤的组成为CH0.584S0.010O0.013,100燃料的摩尔质量(包括灰分和水分)为=18.26g/molC。燃烧方程式为5.475CHSO+n(O+3.78N)→CO+0.292HO+0.010SO+3.78nN0.5840.0100.013222222n=1+0.584/4+0.010-0.013/2=1.14951.1495×(1+3.78)−3331)理论空气量×1000×22.4×10m/kg=6.74m/kg;18.260.010SO2在湿烟气中的浓度为×100%=0.174%1.6441+0.292+0.010+3.78×1.1495+1810002)产生灰分的量为18.1××80%=144.8g/kg100烟气量(1+0.292+0.010+3.78×1.1495+1.644/18)×1000/18.26×22.4×10-3=6.826m3/kg144.83灰分浓度为×10mg/m3=2.12×104mg/m36.8261000×1.7%×1.7×4032.003)需石灰石=103.21kg/t煤35%2.3煤的元素分析结果如下S0.6%SS0.6%0.6%;H3.7%HH3.7%3.7%;C79.5%CC79.5%79.5%;N0.9%NN0.9%0.9%;O4.7%OO4.7%4.7%;灰分10.6%10.10.6%6%。在空气过剩20%条件下完全燃烧。计算烟气中SOSSOO2的浓度。2.32.2.33解:按燃烧1kg煤计算重量(g)摩尔数(mol)需氧数(mol)C79566.2566.25H31.12515.56257.78S60.18750.1875H2O52.8752.940设干空气中N2:O2体积比为3.78:1,所需理论空气量为4.78×(66.25+7.78+0.1875)=354.76mol/kg煤。理论烟气量CO266.25mol,SO20.1875mol,H2O15.5625+2.94=18.50mol3.78×354.76N2=280.54mol4.78总计66.25+18.50+0.1875+280.54=365.48mol/kg煤0.1875实际烟气量365.48+0.2×354.76=436.43mol/kg煤,SO2浓度为×100%=0.043%。436.43 2.4某锅炉燃用煤气的成分如下:H2S0.2%SS0.2%0.2%;COCCOO25%;O20.2%0.0.2%2%;CO28.5%CCO28.5%O28.5%;H213.0%13.13.0%0%;CHCCHH40.7%0.0.7%7%;N252.4%52.52.4%4%;空气含湿量为12g/m12g/12g/mm3N,α=1.2,试求实际需要的空气量和燃烧时产生的实际烟气量。2.42.2.44解:取1mol煤气计算H2S0.002mol耗氧量0.003molCO20.05mol0CO0.285mol0.143molH2(0.13-0.004)mol0.063molCH40.007mol0.014mol共需O20.003+0.143+0.063+0.014=0.223mol。设干空气中N2:O2体积比为3.78:1,则理论干空气量为0.223×(3.78+1)=1.066mol。取α=1.2,则实际干空气1.2×1.066mol=1.279mol。空气含湿量为12g/m3N,即含H2O0.67mol/m3N,14.94L/m3N。故H2O体积分数为1.493%。1.279故实际空气量为=1.298mol。1−1.493%烟气量SO2:0.002mol,CO2:0.285+0.007+0.05=0.342mol,N2:0.223×3.78+0.524=1.367mol,H2O0.002+0.126+0.014+1.298×1.493%+0.004=0.201mol故实际烟气量0.002+0.342+1.367+0.201+0.2×1.066=2.125mol2.52.2.55干烟道气的组成为:COCCOO11%111%1%(体积),O8%,CO2%CCO2%O2%,SOSSOO120×10-6(体积分数),222颗粒物30.0g/m30.30.0g/m0g/m3(在测定状态下),烟道气流流量在700mmHg700m700mmHgmHg和443K条件下为5663.37m5663.5663.37m37m3/min//minmin,水气含量8%(体积)。3试计算:1)过量空气百分比;2)SOSSOO2的排放浓度(µg/m);3)在标准状态下(1atm1at1atmm和273K),干烟道体积;4)在标准状态下颗粒物的浓度。2.52.2.55解:1)N2%=1-11%-8%-2%-0.012%=78.99%由《大气污染控制工程》P46(2-11)8−0.5×2空气过剩×100%=50.5%0.264×78.99−(8−0.5×2)2)在测定状态下,气体的摩尔体积为P1V1T2101325×22.4×443V=⋅==39.46L/mol;2TP273×700×133.32212取1m3烟气进行计算,则SO120×10-6m3,排放浓度为2−612010×3×(18%)64−×=0.179/gm。−339.4610× 22.433)5663.37××(18%)−=2957m/min。N39.4639.4634)30.0×=52.85g/m。N22.42.6煤炭的元素分析按重量百分比表示,结果如下:氢50%;碳75.8%75.75.8%8%;氮1.5%1.1.5%5%;硫1.61.1.66%;氧7.4%7.7.4%4%;灰8.7%8.8.7%7%,燃烧条件为空气过量20%,空气的湿度为0.0116molH0.0.0116molH0116molH2O/molOO/mol/mol干空气,并假定完全燃烧,试计算烟气的组成。2.62.2.66解:按1kg煤进行计算重量(g)摩尔数(mol)需氧数(mol)C75863.1763.17H40.7520.37510.19S160.50.5H2O83.254.6250需氧63.17+10.19+0.5=73.86mol设干空气中N2:O2体积比为3.78:1,则干空气量为73.86×4.78×1.2=423.66mol,含水423.66×0.0116=4.91mol。烟气中:CO263.17mol;SO20.5mol;H2O4.91+4.625+20.375=29.91mol;N2:73.86×3.78=279.19mol;过剩干空气0.2×73.86×4.78=70.61mol。实际烟气量为63.17+0.5+29.91+279.19+70.61=443.38mol63.170.5其中CO2×100%=14.25%;SO2×100%=0.11%;443.38443.3829.91279.19+0.79×70.61H2O×100%=6.74%;N2×100%=75.55%。443.38443.3870.61×0.209O2×100%=3.33%。443.382.7..77运用教材图2-7和上题的计算结果,估算煤烟气的酸露点。2.72.2.77解:SO2含量为0.11%,估计约1/60的SO2转化为SO3,则SO3含量1−5-50.11%×=1.83×10,即PH2SO4=1.83×10,lgPH2SO4=-4.737。60查图2-7得煤烟气酸露点约为134摄氏度。2.82.2.88燃料油的重量组成为:C86%CC86%86%,H14%HH14%14%。在干空气下燃烧,烟气分析结果(基于干烟气)为:O1.5%1.1.5%5%;CO600CCO600O600×10-6(体积分数)。试计算燃烧过程的空气过剩系数。22.82.2.88解:以1kg油燃烧计算,C860g71.67mol;H140g70mol,耗氧35mol。设生成COxmol,耗氧0.5xmol,则生成CO2(71.67-x)mol,耗氧(71.67-x)mol。 1.5%x烟气中O2量。−6600×101.5%x总氧量+0.5x+(71.67−x)+35=106.67+24.5x,干空气中N2:O2体积比−6600×10为3.78:1,则含N23.78×(106.67+24.5x)。根据干烟气量可列出如下方程:1.5%xx+71.67+3.78(106.67+24.5x)=,解得x=0.306−6−6600×10600×1071.67−0.306故CO2%:×100%=13.99%;0.306−6600×103.78(24.5×0.306+106.67)N2%:×100%=84.62%0.306−6600×10由《大气污染控制工程》P46(2-11)1.5−0.5×0.06空气过剩系数α=1+=1.070.264×84.62−(1.5−0.5×0.06) 作业习题解答第三章大气污染气象学3.13.3.11解:由气体静力学方程式,大气中气压随高度的变化可用下式描述:dP=−gρ⋅dZ(1)将空气视为理想气体,即有mmPMPV=RT可写为ρ==(2)MVRT将(2)式带入(1),并整理,得到以下方程:dPgM=−dZPRT假定在一定范围内温度T的变化很小,可以忽略。对上式进行积分得:gMPgMln即2(3)P=−Z+Cln=−(Z−Z)21RTPRT1。假设山脚下的气温为10C,带入(3)式得:5009.80.029×ln=−∆Z10008.314283×得∆Z=5.7km即登山运动员从山脚向上爬了约5.7km。3.23.3.22解:∆T2978.−298γ=−=−=.235K/100m>γ,不稳定1.5−10d∆z10−5.1∆T2975.−2978.γ=−=−=5.1K/100m>γ,不稳定10−30d∆z30−10∆T2973.−2975.γ=−=−=0.1K/100m>γ,不稳定30−50d∆z50−30∆T2975.−298γ=−=−=.175K/100m>γ,不稳定1.5−30d∆z30−5.1∆T2973.−298γ=−=−=.144K/100m>γ,不稳定。1.5−50d∆z50−5.13.3解:TP110.288=(),TP00 P10.2886000.288T=T()=230()=258.49K10P40003.4解:ZmuZ由《大气污染控制工程》P80(3-23),u=u(),取对数得lg=mlg()1Z1u1Z1uZ设lg=y,lg()=x,由实测数据得u1Z1x0.3010.4770.6020.699y0.06690.11390.14610.1761由excel进行直线拟合,取截距为0,直线方程为:y=0.2442x故m=0.2442。3.53.3.55解:Z10.07500.07Z20.071000.07u=u()=×2()=2.24/ms,u=u()=×2()=2.35/ms1020Z10Z1000Z30.072000.07Z40.073000.07u=u()=×2()=2.47/ms,u=u()=×2()=2.54/ms3040Z10Z1000Z50.074000.07u=u()=×2()=2.59/ms。50Z100稳定度D,m=0.15Z10.15500.15Z20.151000.15u=u()=2×()=.255m/s,u=u()=2×()=.282m/s1020Z10Z1000Z30.152000.15u=u()=2×()=.313m/s,30Z100Z40.153000.15u=u()=2×()=.333m/s40Z100Z50.154000.15u=u()=2×()=.348m/s。50Z100稳定度F,m=0.25Z10.25500.25Z20.251000.25u=u()=2×()=.299m/s,u=u()=2×()=.356m/s1020Z10Z1000 Z30.252000.25u=u()=2×()=.423m/s,30Z100Z40.253000.25u=u()=2×()=.468m/s40Z100Z50.254000.25u=u()=2×()=.503m/s50Z100风速廓线图略。3.63.3.66解:dPgM1)根据《AirPollutionControlEngineering》可得高度与压强的关系为=−dzPRTdP将g=9.81m/s2、M=0.029kg、R=8.31J/(mol.K)代入上式得dz=−29.21T。P。。当t=11.0C,气压为1023hPa;当t=9.8C,气压为1012hPa,。故P=(1023+1012)/2=1018Pa,T=(11.0+9.8)/2=10.4C=283.4K,dP=1012-1023=-11Pa。−11因此dz=−29.212834.m=89m,z=119m。1018同理可计算其他测定位置高度,结果列表如下:测定位置2345678910。气温/C9.812.014.015.013.013.012.61.60.8气压/hPa10121000988969909878850725700高度差/m89991011635362902711299281高度/m119218319482101813071578287731582)图略∆T1−211−8.93)γ=−=−=.135K/100m>γ,不稳定;1−2d∆z−891−2∆T2−38.9−12γ=−=−=−.222K/100m<0,逆温;2−3∆z−992−3∆T12−143−4γ=−=−=−.198K/100m<0,逆温;3−4∆z−1013−4∆T4−514−15γ=−=−=−.061K/100m<0,逆温;4−5∆z−1634−5∆T5−615−13γ=−=−=.037K/100m<γ,稳定;5−6d∆z−5365−6 ∆T6−713−13γ=−=−=06−7∆z−2906−7∆T13−126.7−8γ=−=−=.015K/100m<γ,稳定;7−8d∆z−2717−8∆T8−9126.−6.1γ=−=−=.085K/100m<γ,稳定;8−9d∆z−12998−9∆T9−106.1−8.0γ=−=−=.028K/100m<γ,稳定。9−10d∆z−2819−103.7解:∆T1267.−211.G===.122K/100m>0,故γ=−G<0,逆温;111∆z4581∆T2156.−211.G===−.072K/100m,故γ=−G=.072K/100m<γ,稳定;222d∆z7632∆T39.8−156.G===−.116K/100m,故γ=−G=.116K/100m>γ,不稳定;333d∆z5803∆T0.5−250.4G===−1K/100m,故γ=−G=1K/100m>γ,不稳定;444d∆z20004∆T5200.−300.G===−2K/100m,故γ=−G=2K/100m>γ,不稳定;555d∆z5005∆T6280.−250.G===.043K/100m>0,故γ=−G<0逆温。666∆z70063.8解:以第一组数据为例进行计算:假设地面大气压强为1013hPa,则由习题3.1推导得到的公式PgM2ln=−(Z−Z),代入已知数据(温度T取两高度处的平均值)即21PRT1P8.9×.00292ln=-×458,由此解得P2=961hPa。1013.8314×297由《大气污染控制工程》P72(3-15)可分别计算地面处位温和给定高度处位温:10000.28810000.288θ=T()=2941.()=293K,地面地面P1013地面 10000.28810000.288θ=T()=2997.()=303.16K,11P9611293−303故位温梯度==.218K/100m0−458同理可计算得到其他数据的位温梯度,结果列表如下:测定编号123456。地面温度/C21.121.115.625.030.025.0高度/m4587635802000500700。相应温度/C26.715.68.95.020.028.0位温梯度/K/100m2.220.27-0.17-0.02-1.021.423.93.3.99解:PgM2以第一组数据为例进行计算,由习题3.1推导得到的公式ln=−(Z−Z),设地面21PRT19708.9×.0029压强为P1,代入数据得到:ln=-×458,解得P1=1023hPa。因此P.8314×297110000.28810000.288θ=T()=2941.()=2922.K地面地面P1023地面同理可计算得到其他数据的地面位温,结果列表如下:测定编号123456。地面温度/C21.121.115.625.030.025.0高度/m4587635802000500700。相应温度/C26.715.68.95.020.028.0地面压强/hPa102310121002104010061007。地面位温/C292.2293.1288.4294.7302.5297.43.103.3.1010解答待求。ChapterCChapterhapter31.SolutionSSolutionolution:t/D=20/16000=0.00125a.D=0.25inches/0.00125=200inchesb.T=0.00125*6=0.0075inches2.2.SolutionSSolutionolution: 22DP2(163mb)10PmaV==?165rKgmbS1.23m3.SSolutionolution:forthisconditiontheaveragemolecularweightism=0.988529?0.011518?28.87/gmolandtheaverageheatcapacityisC=0.98853.5?R0.01154.1?R3.5069Rp8.2328.232SothatMC/=gmol/,Fordryairthisratioisgmol/PRR8.232SothatthecomputedvalueofdT/dzismuttipliedbyafactorof=0.99358.2851Andthecalculatedadiabaticlapserateis99.35%oftheadiabaticlapseratewhichignoresnon-condensingwater. 作业习题解答第四章大气扩散浓度估算模式4.14.4.11解:吹南风时以风向为x轴,y轴指向峭壁,原点为点源在地面上的投影。若不存在峭壁,则有222"Qy(z−H)(z+H)ρ(x,y,z,H)=exp(−){exp[−]+exp[−]}2222πuσyσz2σy2σz2σz现存在峭壁,可考虑ρ为实源与虚源在所关心点贡献之和。222Qy(z−H)(z+H)实源ρ=exp(−){exp[−]+exp[−]}12222πuσyσz2σy2σz2σz222Q(2L−y)(z−H)(z+H)虚源ρ=exp[−]{exp[−]+exp[−]}22222πuσyσz2σy2σz2σz222Qy(z−H)(z+H)因此ρ=exp(−){exp[−]+exp[−]}+2222πuσyσz2σy2σz2σz222Q(2L−y)(z−H)(z+H)exp[−]{exp[−]+exp[−]}2222πuσyσz2σy2σz2σz2222Qy(2L−y)(z−H)(z+H)={exp(−)+exp[−]}{exp[−]+exp[−]}22222πuσyσz2σy2σy2σz2σz刮北风时,坐标系建立不变,则结果仍为上式。4.24.4.22解:霍兰德公式vDT−T135.×5418−288ssa∆H=(5.1+7.2D)=(5.1+7.2××5)=96.16m。uTs4418布里格斯公式7.2Ts−Ta27.2418−2882Q=×vD=××135.×5=29521kW>21000kWH−3s−36.9×10T6.9×10418s−13/123/3/1−1/233/2且x<=10Hs。此时∆H=.0362Qxu=.0362×29521×4x=.280x。H按国家标准GB/T13201-91中公式计算, 因QH>=2100kW,Ts-Ta>=130K>35K。−1nn3/13/2−1∆H=nQ1H2u=.1303×29521×120×4=244.93m0Hs(发电厂位于城市近郊,取n=1.303,n1=1/3,n2=2/3)4.34.4.33解:由《大气污染控制工程》P88(4-9)得22QH80603ρ=exp(−)=exp(−)=.00273mg/m22πuσyσz2σzπ×6×353.×181.2×181.4.4解:阴天稳定度等级为D级,利用《大气污染控制工程》P95表4-4查得x=500m时σ=353.m,σ=181.m。将数据代入式4-8得yz228050603ρ(500,50,0,60)=exp(−)exp(−)=.0010mg/m。22π×6×353.×181.2×353.2×181.4.5解:由霍兰德公式求得vsDTs−Ta20×6.0405−293∆H=(5.1+7.2D)=(5.1+7.2××6.0)=.584m,烟囱uTs4405有效高度为H=H+∆H=30+.584=35.84m。s由《大气污染控制工程》P89(4-10)、(4-11)2QσzH35.84ρ=时,σ===25.34m。max2zπuHeσy22取稳定度为D级,由表4-4查得与之相应的x=745.6m。2×1025.343此时σ=501.m。代入上式ρ=×=.0231µg/m。ymax2π×4×35.84e501.4.6解:由《大气污染控制工程》P98(4-31)τ2q20.3σy2=σy1()=σy1()=.302σy1(当1h≤τ2<100h,q=0.3)τ.00512−3QHρ14.3×10−33ρ=exp(−)===.112×10g/m2πuσy2σz2σz.302.3024.7解: 222QLHP21P有限长线源ρ(x,0,0,H)=exp(−)exp(−)dP。2∫P2πuσz2σz12π2首先判断大气稳定度,确定扩散参数。中纬度地区晴朗秋天下午4:00,太阳高度角30~。35左右,属于弱太阳辐射;查表4-3,当风速等于3m/s时,稳定度等级为C,则400m处σ=433.m,σ=265.m。yz其次判断3分钟时污染物是否到达受体点。因为测量时间小于0.5h,所以不必考虑采样时间对扩散参数的影响。3分钟时,污染物到达的距离x=ut=××3360=540m>400m,说明已经到达受体点。222QLHP21P有限长线源ρ(x,0,0,H)=exp(−)exp(−)dP2∫P2πuσz2σz12π2距离线源下风向4m处,P1=-75/43.3=-1.732,P2=75/43.3=1.732;90Q=g/(m⋅s)=6.0g/(m⋅s)。代入上式得L15022×6.01.7321P3ρ(4000,0,0,)=×∫−exp(−)dp=.552mg/m。2π×3×265.1.7322π2端点下风向P1=0,P2=150/43.3=3.46,代入上式得22×6.03.461P3ρ(4000,0,0,)=×∫exp(−)dp=0.3mg/m2π×3×265.02π24.8解:100015设大气稳定度为C级,σ==232.56m,σ==.698m。y0z03.4.215当x=1.0km,σ=991.m,σ=614.m。由《大气污染控制工程》P106(4-49)yz22Q1yHρ(x,y,0,H)=exp{−[+]}22πu(σy+σy0)(σz+σz0)2(σy+σy0)(σz+σz0)210115−53=exp[−⋅]=.457×10g/m2π×3×(991.+232.56)(614.+.698)2(614.+.698)4.9解:D−H360−200设大气稳定度为C级。σ===74.42m⇒x=12265.mzD.215.215当x=2km时,xD2xD时,σy=474m,ρ==.0120mg/m2π×5.3×360×474计算结果表明,在xD<=x<=2xD范围内,浓度随距离增大而升高。4.104.4.1010解:由所给气象条件应取稳定度为E级。查表4-4得x=12km处,σ=4277m,σ=874.m。yzH50σ=σ+=427+=433.25m,h=H+2σ=50+2×874.=2248.myfyfz88Q100−43ρ(12000,0,0,50)===.1365×10g/m。F2πhuσ2π×3×2248.×433.25fyf4.11解:按《大气污染控制工程》P91(4-23)∆T418−2934Q=.035PQ=.035×1013×265×=.2810×10kW>2100kWHavT418sZmHs0.250.25由P80(3-23)u=u()=3()=.1687H10sZ1010按城市及近郊区条件,参考表4-2,取n=1.303,n1=1/3,n2=2/3,代入P91(4-22)得3/13/2n1n2−1.1303×28100×Hs/512∆H=nQHu==23.48H。0Hs4/1s.1687Hs《环境空气质量标准》的二级标准限值为0.06mg/m3(年均),代入P109(4-62)2QσzH≥⋅−∆Hsπue(ρ0−ρb)σy−32×80×10×5.0=−∆H0.25−6.3142×.2718×.1687(H+∆H)(.006−.005)×10s /512解得H+∆H=H+23.48H≥3574.msss于是Hs>=162m。实际烟囱高度可取为170m。烟囱出口烟气流速不应低于该高度处平均风速的1.5倍,即u>=1.5×1.687×1700.25=9.14m/s。v但为保证烟气顺利抬升,出口流速应在20~30m/s。取uv=20m/s,则有4Q4×265vD≤==1.4m,实际直径可取为4.0m。πuπ×20v4.12解:高架连续点源出现浓度最大距离处,烟流中心线的浓度按P88(4-7)222Qy(z−H)(z+H)ρ=exp(−){exp[−]+exp[−]}1222y=0,z=H2πuσyσz2σy2σz2σz2Q4H.1018QH=[1+exp[−]=(由P89(4-11)σ=)2z2πuσσ2⋅H/22πuσσ2yzyz2Qσz而地面轴线浓度ρ=ρ=⋅。2max2πuHeσy22.1018Q2Qσ.1018He.1018He.1018e因此,z.138ρ/ρ=/(⋅)====1222H2πuσyσzπuHeσy4σz4()222得证。ChapterCChapterhapter41.SolutionSSolutionolution:qLUseequationc=+b,withtheconcentrationatthedownwindsideofeachstripbeingtheuHbackgroundconcentrationforthestripdownwindofit.Then2mg100gmkm3C=1+i5km/3i0.4km?1+0.416mgm/13262mkmss10m1C=1.416+5002/30.5ii26103C=2.088+0.416=2.498mgm/32.Solution:UsingEquation 222Qy(z−H)(z+H)ρ(,,,xyzH)=exp(−){exp[−]exp[+−]},and2222πσσu2σ2σ2σyzyzzcomputingorlookingups=438m,s=264mwehaveyz1000/gs1225m23c=exp[-()]=638ugm/m2264m()(3p)(438)(246)mms3.3.SolutionSSolutionolution:2cu1⎡⎛H⎞⎤BysimplerearrangementofEquation=exp−⎢0.5⎜⎟⎥Qπσσyz⎢⎣⎝σz⎠⎥⎦638-6g´102C1/22m3m1/2H=-[2sln()pmss]=-[2264ln(mp3438m264)]mzyzQ1000/gss=383.7msoh=H-D=h383.7-75=308.7mOnecansolvetheprobleminamoregeneralway,intermsofinitialandfinalvaluesasHfinal2exp[0.5(-)]Cfinalsz==0.5CinitialHinitial2exp[0.5(-)]szwhichleadstothesameresult.4.4.SolutionSSolutionolution:(c−buH)2UsingEquationq=2LuH0.001g(0.5ms/)(100)m-4gq=(c-b)?(35-5)()=51032Lm3000mms 作业习题解答第五章颗粒污染物控制技术基础5.15.5.11解:在对数概率坐标纸上作出对数正态分布的质量累积频率分布曲线,d84.1读出d84.1=61.0µm、d50=16.0µm、d15。9=4.2µm。σg==.381。d50作图略。5.25.5.22解:绘图略。5.35.5.33解:在对数概率坐标纸上作出对数正态分布的质量累积频率分布曲线,读出质量中位直径d84.1d50(MMD)=10.3µm、d84.1=19.1µm、d15。9=5.6µm。σg==.185。d50按《大气污染控制工程》P129(5-24)2lnMMD=lnNMD+3lnσ⇒NMD=.331µm;g12P129(5-26)lnd=lnNMD+lnσ⇒d=.400µm;LgL252P129(5-29)lnd=lnNMD+lnσ⇒d=.853µm。svgsv25.4解:632《大气污染控制工程》P135(5-39)按质量表示S==7.3×10cm/gmdsvρP6323P135(5-38)按净体积表示S==.703×10cm/cmVdsv6(1−ε)323P135(5-40)按堆积体积表示S==.211×10cm/cm。bdsv5.5解: 13气体流量按P141(5-43)Q=(Q+Q)=11000m/s;N1N2NN2Q1N−Q2N2000漏风率P141(5-44)δ=×100%=×100%=20%;Q100001N除尘效率:ρ2NQ2N.0340×12000考虑漏风,按P142(5-47)η=1−=1−=903.%ρQ2.4×100001N1Nρ2N.0340不考虑漏风,按P143(5-48)η=1−=1−=919.%ρ2.41N5.6解:−5mmPM(.101×10−490)×29由气体方程PV=RT得ρ====.0832g/LMVRT.831×42342310000×Q273v===179.m/sA.024×3600.08322按《大气污染控制工程》P142(5-45)∆P=8.9××179.=1311Pa。25.7解:按《大气污染控制工程》P145(5-58)η=1−(1−η)(1−η)=1−(1−95%)(1−80%)=99%T12222.33粉尘浓度为g/m=10g/m,排放浓度10(1-99%)=0.1g/m3;.222排放量2.22×0.1=0.222g/s。5.85.5.88解:g2i按《大气污染控制工程》P144(5-52)η=1−P(P=0.02)计算,如下表所示:ig1i粉尘间隔/µm<0.60.6~0.70.7~0.80.8~1.01~22~33~4质量频进口g12.00.40.40.73.56.024.0率/%出口g27.01.02.03.014.016.029.093959091.49294.797.6η/%i粉尘间隔/µm4~55~66~88~1010~1220~30其他质量频进口g113.02.02.03.011.08.024.0率/%出口g26.02.02.02.58.57.00 99.1989898.398.598.2100η/%i据此可作出分级效率曲线。5.95.5.99解:按《大气污染控制工程》P144(5-54)ηT=∑ηig1i=72.86%。5.10解:3−5当空气温度为387.5K时ρ=.0912kg/m,µ=3.2×10。当dp=0.4µm时,应处在Stokes区域。8RT8×.8314×3875.首先进行坎宁汉修正:v===5322.m/s,−3πM.3142×28.97×10−2µ−82λ2×4.9×10λ==4.9×10m,Kn===.047。则.0499ρvdp4.02.110dpρp−5C=1+Kn[.1257+4.0exp(−)]=.161,u=gC=.141×10m/s。sKn18µd(ρ−ρ)pp当dp=4000µm时,应处于牛顿区,us=.174g=17.34m/s。ρdρu−6p4000×10×.0912×17.34Re===2750>500,假设成立。p−5µ3.2×102dρpp当dp=0.4µm时,忽略坎宁汉修正,us=g=.0088m/s。经验证Rep<1,符合Stokes18µ公式。考虑到颗粒在下降过程中速度在很短时间内就十分接近us,因此计算沉降高度时可近似按us计算。d=0.4µmh=1.41×10-5×30=4.23×10-4m;pdp=40µmh=0.088×30=2.64m;dp=4000µmh=17.35×30=520.5m。5.11解:dρdρp1p1p2p2设最大石英粒径dp1,最小角闪石粒径dp2。由题意,.174g=.174gρρdp1ρp25.3故===.135。dρ6.2p2p1 5.12解:3−5在所给的空气压强和温度下,ρ=.1205kg/m,µ=.181×10Pa⋅s。dp=200µm时,考虑采用过渡区公式,按《大气污染控制工程》P150(5-82):.0153d1.14(ρ−ρ)0.714g0.714.0153(200×10−6)1.1418500.714.9810.714ppu===.103m/ss0.4280.286−50.4280.286µρ(.181×10).1205−6200×10×.103×.1205Re==13.85,符合过渡区公式。p−5.181×10185.阻力系数按P147(5-62)C==.382。阻力按P146(5-59)P0.6Rep121π−622−8F=CAρu=×.382×(200×10)×.1205×.103=.783×10N。pDp2245.13解:12−32圆管面积A=πd=.785×10m。据此可求出空气与盐酸雾滴相对速度4−3Q127×10u===.027m/s。考虑利用过渡区公式:s−3A.785×10×601.140.7140.714.0153d(ρ−ρ)gppu=s0.4280.286µρ333−5代入相关参数ρ=.119kg/m,ρp=.164×10kg/m,µ=.182×10Pa⋅s及us=0.27m/s可解得dp=66µm。−666×10×.119×.027Re==.117>1,符合过渡区条件。故能被空气夹带的雾滴最大p−5.182×10直径为66µm。5.14解:粒径为25µm,应处于Stokes区域,考虑忽略坎宁汉修正:2dρpp−2u=g=.369×10m/s。竖直方向上颗粒物运动近似按匀速考虑,则下落时间s18µH5.4t===122s,因此L=v.t=1.4×122m=171m。−2u.369×10s5.15解: 3−5在给定条件下ρ=.0815kg/m,µ=5.2×10Pa⋅s。当dp=10µm,粉尘颗粒处于Stokes区域:d2ρu2(1×10−6)2×2700162pptu=⋅=×=.0768m/s。c−518µR18×5.2×102.022213utdp=500µm,粉尘颗粒处于牛顿区:.055πρdpuc=πdpρp⋅。因此6R2.303dρupptuc==802.m/s。经验证,Rep=1307>500,假设成立。RρChapter51.SolutionSSolutionolution:a.Frominsidethebackcover,themassofacubicfootofgasin0.075lb.Themassofparticlesis(100/7000)=0.0143lb,sotheratiois0.0143=0.16=16%0.075+0.0143b.Themassofoneparticleisp3gp-33lb-12m=rV=rD=2ii(10cm)?2.310bmp36cm6454gsothatthenumberofparticlesis3mT0.0143/lbft993n===6.210610particlesft/-12mr2.310´lbpart/c.Thelogicalguessesareagrainofsandoragrainofwheat.Ifweassumeaspecificgravityof1wecancomputethediameterofaspherewhichweighagrain,finding36mp1/36lbft1/3D=()=()=0.0163ft=0.196inch=4.99mmprp700062.3lb2.2.SolutionSSolutionolution:Thedensityofthesphereisitsmassdividedbyitsvolumep33r(D-D)3msolid6o1çD1÷g3gr===r(1-ç÷)=2(10.98)-=0.1176solidç÷÷33vp3çDcmcmD006WecanthensubstituteintoStokes’lawandfindtheterminalsettlingvelocityas m-52kg2(9.81)(10m)(117.6)gDrs2m3-4mcmPV===3.5610?0.035618m-5kgss(18)(1.810´)msi3.3.SolutionSSolutionolution:Dln()Dln(1/)sa.mz===-2.01s0.8z=2.01,f=0.9772,sothat1-f=0.0228=2.28%2b.D=5exp(3)(0.8)m-=0.733mMln1/0.733z==0.388;f»0.650.84.4.SolutionSSolutionolution:a.Firstwecomputethatfor40mparticles,and10mparticlesln40/10z==0.924f=0.82,1-f=0.18;401.5ln10/10z==0f=0.5101.5ThenwemakeupthefollowingtableD(m)npDfåpDf0-100.501.000.510-400.380.50.50.1640+0.181.00000.66b.66%passthroughuncollected,sothe50%pointofthatgroupcorrespondstothe33%pointoftheoriginaldistribution.Foritf=0.33,1-f=0.67;z=-0.45D=10exp(0.451.5)m-?5.09m 作业习题解答第六章除尘装置6.16.6.11解:Q2.1−2计算气流水平速度v===.287×10m/s。设粒子处于Stokes区域,取0A.914×.457−5µ=.182×10Pa⋅s。按《大气污染控制工程》P162(6-4)−5−218µv0H18×.182×10×.287×10×.457−6d===172.×10m=172.µmmin3ρgL.121×10×.981×12.19p即为能被100%捕集的最小雾滴直径。6.26.6.22解:按层流考虑,根据《大气污染控制工程》P163(6-5)η1n1η280=⇒n=n=18×=222.,因此需要设置23层。21ηnη649.2216.3解:−5µ=.0067kg/(m.h)=.186×10Pa⋅s−518µv0H18×.186×10×3.0×12−5d===4.8×10m=84µm<100µm,符合层min3ρgL5.2×10×.981×7p流区假设。6.46.6.44解:设空气温度为298K,首先进行坎宁汉修正:8RT8×.8314×298v===4666.m/s,−3πM.3142×28.97×10−5−2µ.182×10−82×6.6×10λ===6.6×10m,Kn==.021.0499ρv.0499×.1185×4666..0631.102−dρC=1+.021[.1257+4.0e0.21]=.1264。故u=ppgC=.158×10−5m/ss18µ −5uLW(n+1).158×10×5.0×2.0×20sη===.0525。用同样方法计算可得0.83µmi−3Q.361×10/60粒子的分级效率为0.864。因此总效率η=5.0(.0525+.0864)=.0695i6.5解:2πNVDρcp按《AirPollutionControlEngineering》公式η=1−exp[−()]。9Wµi令η=50%,N=5,Vc=15m/s,ρ=2.9×103kg/m3,W=0.76m,µ=2×10−5Pa⋅s,代入上p式得dc=11.78µm。2(d/d)pic利用《大气污染控制工程》P170(6-18)η=计算各粒径粉尘分级效率,i21+(d/d)pic由此得总效率η=∑ηigi=553.%6.6解:η根据《大气污染控制工程》P144(5-53)η=(P=0.1)计算分级效率,结iη+Pg/g2i3i果如下表所示:粉尘间隔/µm0~55~1010~1515~2020~2525~3030~3535~4040~45>45质量捕集g30.51.41.92.12.12.02.02.02.084.0频率/%出口g276.012.94.52.11.50.70.50.40.31.1η/%5.5949.4179.1790.0092.6596.2697.3097.8398.3699.85i据此可作出分级效率曲线。由上表可见,5~10µm去除效率为49.41。因此在工程误差允许范围内,dc=7.5µm。6.7解:1212据《大气污染控制工程》P169(6-13)∆p=ξρv=×9.9×.1293×15=1440Pa。1226.8解: 2πNVDρcp根据《AirPollutionControlEngineering》P258公式η=1−exp[−()]。9Wµi2ρD单位1000322因==(ρ单位取kg/m),故Dρ=1000D;2pppaDρρpapp−5由题意,当η=50%,V=20m/s。取µ=.182×10Pa⋅s,N=10,代入上式c−62π×10×20×(0.1×10)×100050%=1−exp[−()],解得Wi=5.5mm。−59W×.182×10i根据一般旋风除尘器的尺寸要求,D0=4Wi=2.2cm;H=2Wi=1.1cm。气体流量Q=A.V=H.W.V=1.21×10-3m3/sc6.96.6.99解:按《大气污染控制工程》P170(6-18)222(d/d)(d/5)dpicpipiη===;i2221+(dpi/dc)1+(dpi/5)25+dpi21∝dpiη=ηqdd=qdd。∫0ipi∫02pi25+dpidpidlnpiln1dg2.179202dg=20µm,σ=1.25,q=exp[−()]=exp[−()]2πdpilnσg2lnσgdpi.0321代入上式,利用Matlab积分可得η=∫ηiqddpi=963.%。06.10解:驱进速度按《大气污染控制工程》P187(6-33)qE3.0×10−15×100×103pw===.0176m/s。−5−63πµdp3π×.181×10×1×10A=πdL=π×3.0×2=.1885m2,Q=0.075m3/s,代入P188(6-34)A.1885η=1−exp(−w)=1−exp(−×.0176)=988.%。iiQ.00756.11解:134.1)Q’=2/3=0.667m3/s,S=3.662=13.4m2,η=1−exp(−×.0122)=993.%。i.0667/2 vmax5.02)==5.1,查图6-27得Fv=1.75v1/3故η=1−(1−η)Fv=1−(1−993.%).175=988.%。i6.12解:1)由题意5.0=1−exp(−k×9.0)⇒k=.077dp=3.5µm,η1=1−exp(−.077×5.3)=932.%dp=8.0µm,η2=1−exp(−.077×0.8)=998.%dp=13.0µm,η3=1−exp(−.077×130.)=100%故η=2.0×932.%+2.0×998.%+1×2.0×3=986.%>98%ρ2)986.%=1−2i,则ρ=0.42g/m3>0.1g/m3。不满足环保规定和使用者需要。2i306.13解:1)由《大气污染控制工程》P183(6-31)电场荷电为ε25.1−12−625−16q=3πεdE=3π×.885×10×(5×10)×4.3×10=.304×10C0p0ε+25.3扩散荷电按P184(6-32)计算,与电场荷电相比很小,可忽略。-16因此饱和电荷值3.04×10C。2)电场荷电为ε25.1−12−625−19q=3πεdE=3π×.885×10×(2.0×10)×4.3×10=.486×10C0p0ε+25.3-19扩散荷电与电场荷电相比很小,可忽略,故粉尘荷电量4.86×10C。−53)取µ=5.2×10Pa⋅sqE−165p.304×10×4.3×10dp=5µm时,w===.0088m/s;−5−63πµd3π×5.2×10×5×10pqE.486×10−19×4.3×105p−3dp=0.2µm时,w===.351×10m/s。−5−63πµdp3π×5.2×10×2.0×106.14解:A查图得集气板面积约1000m3.(1000m3/min)-1。根据η=1−exp(−w),iiQ 0.995=1-exp(-wi)解得wi=5.30m/min。6.156.6.1515解:AAAη=1−exp(−w)=95%,故exp(−w)=.005,exp(−2w)=.00025QQQA因此η"=1−exp(−2w)=1−.00025=99.75%。Q6.16解:设3种粒子的分级效率分别为η、η、η,则123−10k−7k−3kη+η+η=(1−e)+(1−e)+(1−e)=3×.095⇒k=.06586123因此η=999.%,η=990.%,η=861.%。1236.17解:1)粉尘粒径dp=10µm2dρ(u−u)pppD当液滴直径为50µm时,R=0.2;碰撞数N==3663.,N=19.14。II18µDC由给出计算公式可得η=503.%同理可得液滴直径为100µm、500µm时捕集效率为42.6%、10.1%。2)dp=50µm用同样方法计算可得颗粒在直径为50µm、100µm、500µm的液滴上捕集效率分别为0、10.2%、25.0%。6.186.6.1818解:按《大气污染控制工程》P211(6-53)Q−32l−322−3∆p=−.103×10v()=−.103×10×(83×10)×.136×10=965.cmHOT2Qg−9221.6×10ρρCdf∆p2lgCp−0.33dp由(6-55)P=exp[−]=ei2µg粒径小于0.1µm所占质量百分比太小,可忽略;粒径大于20.0µm,除尘效率约为1;因此.021−0.33×0.32.078−0.33×0.752130.−0.33×32160.−0.33×7.52P=×e+×e+×e+×e100100100100120.−0.33×12.520.8−0.33×17.52+×e+×e=.00152%100100 故η=1−P=98.48%。6.19解:Q−32l−32−3∆p=−.103×10v()=−.103×10×(11600)×12×10=1663cmHOT2Qg.0172.0172坎宁汉修正C=1+=1+=.1143Cd2.1p−9221.6×10ρρCdf∆plgCpP=exp[−]i2µg−9221.6×10×1×.1789×.1143×2.1×.022×1663=exp[−]=0−42(.1845×10)6.20解:设气液比1L/m3,d=1.2µm,3,f=0.25。在1atm与510.K下查得pρp=8.1g/cm−5µ=.299×10Pa⋅s。gQ−32l−32−3由∆p=−.103×10v()=−.103×10×v×0.1×10=1524.cmHO可解得T2Qg1.72v=121.6m/s。故喉管面积S==.0058m,DT=272mm。1216.��取喉管长度300mm,通气管直径D1=544mm。α1=24,α2=6,则D−DαD−Dα1T12T2L=ctg=640mm=.064m,L=ctg=.313m122222(取D2=600mm)。6.216.6.2121解:π2由《AirPollutionControlEngineering》P3009.48式M=D∆zcη。η通过P293FigureDtt4339.18读取。取ρp=2×10kg/m,雨滴Db=2mm,处于牛顿区,利用《大气污染控制工−33/12程》P150(5-83)v=.174[0.2×10(0.1×10−.1205)×.981/.1205]=0.7m/s。因此, ρd2v3−62pp2×10×(3×10)×0.7N===.0912。从Figure9.18读出η=0.11(Cylinder)。s18µD−5−3tb18×.182×10×2×10π−32故M=×(2×10)×300×80×.011=.00083µg。4133-4而液滴本身M"=πDρ=.419×10µg。故质量增加了1.98×10%。66.22解:C5.1QL由《AirPollutionControlEngineering》公式ln=−η∆t。代入已知数据CDA0D−35.15.2×10Aln1.0=−×1.0×∆t⇒∆t=123.h,即需持续半天左右的时间。32×10A6.23解:.915−.00458η=×100%=995.%.915设破裂2个布袋后气体流量分配不变,近似求得出口浓度如下:59823.915−.00761C"=C(1−η)+C=.00761g/m。因此η=×100%=992.%。00600600.9156.24解:µxµxµxgfgfgp设恒定速度v1,则v1=40,v1+v1=400。KKKffpµxµxµxgfgp1gp2若在400Pa压降下继续,则v+v+v=400222KKKfpp40360360Q400360Qv222⇒v+v+v=400⇒v+=4002222vvvQv708.v111111400×30dQ360×30QdQdQdQ22222⇒+=400⇒1695.+.215Q=40022708.dt708.dtdtdt解此微分方程得Q2=90.1m3。6.256.6.2525解:−5当T=300K时,µ=.186×10Pa⋅s,v=1.8m/min=0.03m/s。MMMM=ρxpS,xp==3−4=ρS2.1×10×100×1012 M−5∆p=b+×.186×10×.003/K。利用所给数据进行线性拟和,p12∆p=13146x+616.51,即M×.186×10−5×.003/K=13146,K=3.53×10-12m2。pp126.26解:1)过滤气速估计为vF=1.0m/min。22)除尘效率为99%,则粉尘负荷W=v∆Ct=.099×6t=.594tg/m。F3)除尘器压力损失可考虑为∆P=∆P+∆P+∆PtEp∆P为清洁滤料损失,考虑为120Pa;∆P=S⋅v=350Pa;tEEF22∆P=Rv∆Ct=5.9×1×.594t=56.43tPa,R取.950N⋅min/(g⋅m);ppp故∆P=∆P+∆P+∆P=350+120+56.43t(Pa)=470+56.43t(Pa)。tEp4)因除尘器压降小于1200Pa,故470+56.43t(Pa)<1200,t<129.min即最大清灰周期。Q10000×39325)A===240m。60v60×1×273F2A6)取滤袋d=0.8m,l=2m。a=πdl=.503m,n==477.,取48条布袋。a6.27解:1)将已知数据代入所给公式即有−6272×.006×(5.0×10)×1000P=exp[−×]=.00139,η=986.%−32−59(1×10)×3.0×.182×1027ZvDspa2)由P=exp(−)≤.0001可得z>=3.23m。29Dµεcg2πNVDρcp3)由《AirPollutionControlEngineering》公式,穿透率P=exp(−)9Wµi22取Wi=0.25Dc,而N=0.5Z/Dc,Vc=Vs/ε,D=Dρ,代入上式papa222πZVD7ZVDspaspaP=exp(−)=exp(−)(近似取2π=7)229Dµε9Dµεcgcg6.28解: 8.0−.0141)过滤气速为3.35m/min效率η=×100%=825.%8.08.0−.0014过滤气速为1.52m/min效率η=×100%=97.75%8.08.0−.00009过滤气速为0.61m/min效率η=×100%=99.89%8.08.0−.00006过滤气速为0.39m/min效率η=×100%=99.92%8.0-42)由2.0×(1-0.3)xp=140×10,xp=0.01cm;3)由(0.8-0.0006)×0.39t=140,t=449min=7.5h。ChapterCChapterhapter61.SolutionSSolutionolution:Herethenewinletwidthis50%oftheoleintelwidth,theinletareais1/4thatoftheolddesign,sothatthenewinletvelocityis4timestheoleinletvelocity.wV11inescoldD=Di=10mi=3.54mcnewcoldwV24ioldcnew2Thepressuredrop,whichisproportionaltoVwillincreasebyafactorof16!2.2.SolutionSSolutionolution:3310cm/s3cmmN=0.25,Wi=1cm,andV==10=1021cmss1/2-5()(0.01)(1.810gm´kgms/i)-6sothatD==7.1810?m7.2mCmkg(2)(0.25)(10p)(20003sm3.3.SolutionSSolutionolution:22DDn=/(1+)DCDCsothatDhPDwDDwpeDwpDC10.20.03850.9620.330.3170.317 51.00.50.50.330.1650.4821020.80.20.340.0680.550Thecollectionefficiencyis1-0.55=0.45=45%.4.4.SolutionSSolutionolution:wAbeforedoublep=0.05=exp(-)QWAWA3=3.0,Afterthedouble,==1.5QQ2p=exp(1.5)-=0.22;h=-1p=0.78 作业习题解答第七章气态污染物控制技术基础5-57.17.7.11解:由亨利定律P*=Ex,500×2%=1.88×10x,x=5.32×10。-5由y*=mx,m=y*/x=0.02/5.32×10=376。因x=5.32×10-5很小,故C=2.96mol/m3。CO2C2.96−43H===2.96×10mol/(m⋅Pa)*3P500×2%×10-5100g与气体平衡的水中约含44×100×5.32×10/18=0.013g。7.27.7.22解:在1atm下O2在空气中含量约0.21。0.21=4.01×104x-6解得O2在水中摩尔分数为x=5.24×10。7.37.7.33解:》520C时H2SE=0.489×10kPa,分压20atm×0.1%=2.03kPa。P*=Ex,x=P*/E=4.15×10-5,故C*=2.31mol/m3。H2SH=C/P*=2.3/(2.03×103)=1.14×10-3mol/(m3.Pa)=115mol/(m3.atm)1H11151−1由=+=+=0.542,K=1.85h。AlKkk216108Algl*3N=K(C−C)=1.85×2.31=4.3mol/(m⋅h)。AAlH2SH2S7.4解:GB=5000×0.95=4750m3N/h。(5000−4750)−3Y1=0.053,Y2=×5%=2.63×10;4750LY−Y0.053−0.00263S12()===25.4。minGX−00.053/26.7Bmax因此用水量Ls=25.4GB×1.5=1.81×105m3N/h。由图解法可解得传质单元数为5.6。7.57.7.55解:GB=10×0.89=8.9m3/min,Y1=0.124,Y2=0.02。作出最小用水时的操作线,xmax=0.068。Ls0.124−0.023故()min==1.53,Ls=1.53×1.75×8.9=23.8m/min。G0.068B a0.33图解法可解得传质单元数为3.1。Hy=3.3×()=2.39m。Hy=2.39×3.1=7.4m。L7.6解:⎧220=0.1K−τ0⎧K=2850min/m利用公式τ=KL−τ0,将已知数据代入⎨,解得⎨⎩505=0.2K−τ0⎩τ0=65min因此τ=2850×1−65=2785min。max7.7解:aρb(0.2629−0.0129)×230K===95.8min/m−3Vρ020×30×10"12τ=KL=95.8min,x=aSLρ=(0.2629−0.0129)×π×1×1×230=45.2kg。b47.8解:XTcm3/gPatmlgXTlgPP/V3011.47700.0335121.7080.3010.0396731.8260.4770.0458141.9090.6020.0499351.9690.6990.05410462.0170.7780.0581依据公式X=kPn,对lgX~lgP进行直线拟合:X=30P0.7,即K=30,n=1.43;TTTP1PP依据公式=+,对P~P/V进行直线拟合:=0.0289+0.005P,VBVVVmm即Vm=200,B=0.173。7.97.7.99解:三氯乙烯的吸收量V=2.54×104×0.02×99.5%=505.46m3/h,M=131.5。m由理想气体方程PV=RT得M5PVM1.38×10×505.46×131.53m===3.75×10kg/hRT8.31×29410034因此活性炭用量m=×3.75×10×4=5.36×10kg;0284m05.36×103体积V===92.9m。ρ577 7.10解:1YY=0.025kg苯/kg干空气,X=(1)1.5=0.282kg苯/kg硅胶,Y=0,X=0。11220.167故操作线方程为X=11.28Y。当Y=Yb=0.0025kg苯/kg干空气时,X=11.28×0.0025=0.0282kg苯/kg硅胶。Y*=0.167×0.02821.5=0.0008kg苯/kg干空气。1YdY=588.08,由此可求得近似值;Y−Y*∫YbY−Y*QbWeYdwWeYw+dw−wbw−wb同时,f==∫(1−)=∫(1−)(−)YWWbYWWbYww0A0A0aaY+dYdYYdYWeY∫YbY−Y*∫YbY−Y*=∫(1−)(−)WbYYedYYedY0∫∫YbY−Y*YbY−Y*由此求得f的近似值,列表如下:YY*1dYYdYW−WYYdwweYdw**∫Yb*b1−(1−)(1−)Y−YY−YY−Y∫WY0Y0WAwbY0WAaYb=0.0008588.080000.9000.00250.00500.0022361.901.1841.1840.19900.80.16920.16920.00750.0041294.930.8212.0050.33710.70.10350.27270.01000.0063272.240.7092.7140.45630.60.07750.35020.01250.0088273.370.6823.3960.57090.50.06310.41330.01500.0116296.120.7124.1080.69060.40.05390.46710.01750.0146350.460.8084.9160.82650.30.04760.5147Ye=0.0179475.001.0325.9481.00000.20.04340.55800.0200N=5.948,f=0.5580;2atm,298K时,ρ=2.37kg/m3,因此2.37/(2),OGG=ρv=kgm⋅sDG−21.42p0.511.420.60×10×2.310.51故HOG=()=×()=0.07041m;−5aµ6001.835×10因此吸附区高度为H2=HOG.NOG=0.07041×5.948=0.419m。对单位横截面积的床层,在保护作用时间内吸附的苯蒸汽量为(0.025-0)×2.37×60×90=320(kg苯/m2)而吸附床饱和区吸附苯蒸汽量=(H−H)ρ(x−0)2bT吸附床未饱和区吸附苯蒸汽量=Hρ(x−0)(1−f)2bT 因此总吸附量=(H−0.419)×625×0.282+0.419×625×0.282×0.442=320解得H=2.05m,此即所需要的最小床高。7.117.7.1111解:反应管转化率为xA时,反应速度为RA=-0.15(1-xA)mol/(kg催化剂.min)。根据单管物料平衡可列出如下方程:0.15(1−xA)ρAdx=QdxAπ−22−32其中A=×(3.8×10)=1.1×10m,Q单位为mol/min。4dxA数据代入并整理得0.098668dx=Q,对等式两边积分,即1−xA6.10.74dxA0.098668∫dx=Q∫,解得Q=0.447mol/min。001−xA反应管数目:250/0.447=560个。7.127.7.1212解:227−56.755Q=×171.38=4.56×10kJ−364×105Q4.56×10由Q=cm∆T得∆T===314K。cm0.2×7264Chapter71.SolutionSSolutionolution:Iftheequilibriumlinecanbeassumedtobestraight,thenitsslopeis0.03/0.0027=11.1.TheenteringmolefractionofSO2is0.03andthatleavingis0.003.AfreshabsorbentimpliesthatthereisnodissolvedSO2intheenteringliquid,i.e.,x1=0.Thevalueof(L´/G´)minisobtainedfromtheslopeofthelinebetween(x1,y1)=(0,0.003)and(0.0027,0.03),namely0.03−0.003=100.0027−02.SolutionSSolutionolution:Thefluegascontains1000ppmofNO,avolumefractionof0.001.Atarateof1000m3s-1,thisis1m3NOs-1.ThenumberofmolesofNOin1m3s-1at573Kand1atmis6PV(1)(10)−1n===21.27g−molesNOsRT(82.05)(573)For75%removal,15.95g-molesNOs-1aretoberemoved.Thestoichiometricreactionforselectivecatalyticreductionis 4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2OThusaNH3feedrateof15.95g-moless-1,271.2gs-1,or976.3kgh-1,isrequired. 作业习题解答第八章硫氧化物的污染控制8.18.8.11解:火电厂排放标准700mg/m3。3%硫含量的煤烟气中SO2体积分数取0.3%。33则每立方米烟气中含SO2×64×10=8571mg;22.48571−700因此脱硫效率为×100%=91.8%。85718.2解:1)CaCO+SO+2HO→CaSO⋅2HO+CO↑32232210064=m=1.5625kgm1kg3.62)每燃烧1t煤产生SO2约×2t=72kg,约去除72×0.9=64.8kg。100100×64.8因此消耗CaCO3m=1.3×=132kg。6464.81743)CaSO4.2H2O生成量×172=174kg;则燃烧1t煤脱硫污泥排放量为=435t,640.4同时排放灰渣77kg。8.38.8.33解:1)由η=1−(1−η)(1−η),99.7%=1−(1−98%)(1−η),解得η=85%。T12222)设总体积为100,则SO27.8体积,O210.8体积,N281.4体积。经第一级催化转化后余SO20.156x体积,O26.978体积,N281.4体积。设有x体积SO2转化,则总体积为(88.5−)。2xx/(88.5−)2-3因此,300=,由此解得x=1.6×10;0.156−x6.978−x/20.5⋅[]88.5−x/288.5−x/2−31.6×10故转化率为1−=99%0.1568.4解: 0.00156×2600动力消耗K=W=5.07W,即约0.51%用于克服阻力损失。0.88.5解:180+55。1)取平均温度为T==117.5C,此时气体密度ρ=0.94g/l(分子量取30)。2−31/2显然雾滴处于牛顿区,u=1.74[3×10×9.8×1000/0.94]=9.73m/s,因气体流速s为3m/s,则液滴相对塔壁的沉降速度为6.73m/s。2)工况条件:液气比9.0L/m3,Ca/S=1.2,并假设SO吸收率为90%。2。在117.5C下,水汽化热2212.1kJ/kg,空气比热1.025kJ/(kg.K)由(180-55)×1.025×0.94=2212.1m,解得m=0.054kg,因此水分蒸发率0.054×100%=0.6%。9.00.93)CaCO3反应分率为×100%=75%。1.28.6解:-3-8在373K时,Khs=0.41,Ks1=6.6×10,Ks2=3.8×10。+-2-[Na]-[S]=[Na]-[SO2.H2O]-[HSO3]-[SO3]=[OH-]-[H+]+[SO2-]+2[CO2-]+[HCO-]-[SO.HO]33322−−K[HSO]KKKPK[HSO]KKKP2−s23s2s1hsso22−s23c2c1hcco2[SO]==,[CO]==,3++23++2[H][H][H][H]KKP−c1hcco2[HCO]=。3+[H]代入得−14−13−20−910+2.1×102×6.55×101.2×10−4[Na]−[S]=−[H]+++−8.166×10++2+2+[H][H][H][H]代入不同的[H+]浓度,可得pH在4~5时[Na]-[S]接近于0。因此脱硫最佳pH值4~5。8.78.8.77解:工况条件:液气比9.0L/m3,Ca/S=1.2,并假设SO吸收率为90%。因此,单位体积(1.0L)2311000−3通过烟气1/9m,可吸收SO2××4.0×10×90%=0.018mol。922.4-8取温度T=373K,则Khs=0.147,Ks1=0.0035,Ks2=2.4×10。-4-5进水PSO2=4.0×10atm,[SO2.H2O]=PSO2.Khs=5.88×10,−K[HSO][HSO-]=K[SO.HO]/[H+]=0.0206,[SO2-]=s23=4.94×10−5;3s1223+[H]-2-则反应后[S]’=[SO2.H2O]+[HSO3]+[SO3]+0.018=0.0387-3-4此时PSO2’=4.0×10atm,[SO2.H2O]’=5.88×10且 −+−4−3⎧⎪[HSO3]"[H]"=5.88×10×3.5×10⎨2−+−−8⎪⎩[SO]"[H]"=[HSO]"×2.4×1033-2-物料守恒得[SO2.H2O]’+[HSO3]’+[SO3]’=0.0387+-5由上述方程可解得[H]=5.4×10,pH=4.27ChapterCChapterhapter81.SolutionSSolutionolution:P1atm-6c=y=0.21=5.2310H40,100atm2.SolutionSSolutionolution:a.p=0.003/0.02=0.15,h=-10.15=0.85=85%b.theanswerdependsonthefinaloxygenconcentration.y=0.108-0.078/2=0.069O2yyandK=SO3,SO3=Ky1/2=300(0.069)1/2=791/2O2yyySOiOSO222ySOySO/79p=2=3=0.012equilibriumy+yy(11/79)+SOSO3SO32h=98.8%equilibrium85%hh/==86%equilibrium98.8%3.SolutionSSolutionolution:a.onepoundofsulfurmakes(98/32)poundsofsulfuricacid,sothat(salesminusrawmaterialcosts)are32$98/ton-()$70/ton=$52.14/tonofacid98Ifthisisexactlyequaltothecapitalandoperatingcosts,youbreakeven.b.Fivehundredmiles´$0.03/tonmile=$15/ton.Ifthisispertonofcontainedsulfurthenthereare(98/32)tonsofacidandthecostis$46/tonofcontainedsulfur.c.Itcostsroughly1/3asmuchtoshipsulfurastoshiptheequivalentamountamountofsulfuricacid.Forthisreason,ifoneneedsalargeamountofacid,onemostoftenships thesulfurtotheplacewheretheacidisneeded,andmakestheacidthere.4.SolutionSSolutionolution:3QPD(0.00156m/)(_swinHO_)P2aP==inHO=9.75w02n0.80.0040=0.00975kw 作业习题解答第九章固定源氮氧化物污染控制9.19.9.11解:1)设每天需燃煤Mt,则有M.6110×103×103×4.18×38%=1000×106×24×3600解得M=8.9×103t。取NOx平均排放系数12kg/t煤,则每日排放NOx量约为38.9×10×12=107t;3102)同理M.10000×103×103×4.18×38%=1000×106×24×3600,M=5439t。取重油密度为0.8×103kg/m3,折合体积约为6800m3,去排放系数12.5kg/m3,则每日排放NOx6800×12.5约为=85.0t3103)8900×103×4.18×38%V=1000×106×24×3600,解得V=6.1×106m3。66.1×10×6.25每日排放NOx量约为=38.2t。3310×109.2解:取1kg煤计算,排放NOx约8g,在常规燃烧温度下,近似认为NO2浓度很小,NOx均以NO存在。1kg煤中,含C772g,H52g,N12g,S26g,O59g,灰分为79g。充分燃烧后,生成CO264.3mol,H2O26mol,SO20.812mol,NO0.267mol。需O22504-59=2445g,约76.4mol。0.7914引入N2×76.4=287.4mol。燃烧本身过程中产生N2(12−×8)/28=0.3mol。0.2130即在O2恰好耗尽时烟气含CO264.3mol,H2O26mol,SO20.812mol,NO0.267mol,N2287.7mol。0.21x由题意,空气过剩,设过剩空气量为xmol,则=0.06,由此解得x=152mol。379.1+x0.267−4故NOx浓度为=5.0×10(体积分数)。379.1+1529.3解:2(2x)-7−71)1200K下,Kp=2.8×10。设有xN2转化为NO,则=2.8×10(75−x)(5−x)2×0.00512−4解得x=0.00512;故NO平衡浓度为=1.02×10(体积分数)100 2(2x)−52)1500K时,同理=1.1×10解得x=0.032,故NO平衡浓度为(75−x)(5−x)0.032×2−4=6.4×10(体积分数)1002(2x)−43)2000K时,=4.0×10解得x=0.190,故NO平衡浓度为0.0038。(75−x)(5−x)9.4解:考虑1kg燃煤含氢37g,碳759g,硫9g,氮9g,氧47g。烟气中含CO263.25mol,含H2O18.5mol,含SO20.28mol。因此需O22392-47=2281g约71.3mol,则引入N2268.2mol。若空气过剩20%,则烟气中O2为0.2×71.3=14.26mol,N2268.2+53.6+9/28=322.1mol。即若不考虑N转化,则烟气中含CO263.25mol,H2O18.5mol,SO20.28mol,O214.26mol,N2322.1mol。0.2×9/14−41)N2转化率20%,则NO浓度为=3.1×10(体积分数)418.40.5×9/14−42)N2转化率50%,则NO浓度为=7.7×10(体积分数)418.49.5解:C+1C−1按《大气污染控制工程》P361(9-13)(1−Y)(1+Y)=exp(−Mt)将M=70,C=0.5代入1.5−0.5−0.7当t=0.01s时(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,解得Y=0.313;1.5−0.5−2.8当t=0.04s时(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,解得Y=0.811;1.5−0.5−7当t=0.1s时(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,解得Y=0.988。15−11/258400由M=5.7×10TPexp(−),取P=1atm,将M=70代入得T=2409K。T9.6解:1.5−0.5−0.5⎧t=0.01s,(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,Y=0.232⎪1.5−0.5−2.0M=50⎨t=0.04s,(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,Y=0.686⎪1.5−0.5−5t=0.1s,(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,Y=0.955⎩1.5−0.5−0.3⎧t=0.01s,(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,Y=0.144⎪1.5−0.5−1.2M=30⎨t=0.04s,(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,Y=0.487⎪1.5−0.5−3t=0.1s,(1−Y)(1+Y)=e,Y=0.824⎩9.7解: 149×1043400K=exp(−)(R=1.987cal/mol.K)。将所给温度代入公式计算K值,列表134.1×10RT如下:T(K)30010001200150020002500Kp(计算值)5.3×10-317.0×10-92.7×10-71.0×10-54.0×10-43.5×10-3Kp(表中值)10-307.5×10-92.8×10-71.1×10-54.0×10-43.5×10-39.89.9.88解:假设O浓度很小,平衡时O2的浓度仍可近似认为5%。利用O2分解的平衡反应式1/2[O]K2eP,OO→2O及《大气污染控制工程》P360(9-11)式求解:[O]=。因反应2e1/2(RT)前后分子个数不同,平衡常数有量纲,公式中浓度单位为mol/m3,即0.05-431)2000K时,Kp,o=6.63×10,平衡时[O]==0.305mol/m2e0.0224×2000/273[O]1/2K−42eP,O0.305×6.63×10-63故[O]===2.84×10mol/me1/2(RT)8.314×2000-30.0532)2200K时,Kp,o=2.68×10,平衡时[O]==0.277mol/m2e0.0224×2200/273[O]1/2K−32eP,O0.277×2.68×10-53故[O]===1.04×10mol/me1/2(RT)8.314×2200-30.0533)2400K时,Kp,o=8.60×10,,平衡时[O]==0.254mol/m2e0.024×2400/273[O]1/2K−32eP,O0.254×8.60×10-53故[O]===3.07×10mol/me1/2(RT)8.314×24009.9解:取1kg煤计算,排放NOx约8g,在常规燃烧温度下,近似认为NO2浓度很小,NOx均以NO存在。1kg煤中,含C759g,H37g,N9g,S9g,O47g。充分燃烧后,生成CO263.25mol,H2O18.5mol,SO20.28mol,NO0.267mol。需O22333-47=2286g,约71.4mol。0.7914引入N2×71.4=268.8mol。燃烧本身过程中产生N2(9−×8)/28=0.19mol。0.2130即在O2恰好耗尽时烟气含CO263.25mol,H2O18.5mol,SO20.28mol,NO0.267mol,N2269.0mol。0.21x由题意,空气过剩,设过剩空气量为xmol,则=0.06,由此解得x=140.5mol。351.3+x 0.267−4故NOx浓度为=5.43×10(体积分数)。351.3+140.59.10解:燃烧1molC10H20Nx,产生10molCO2,10molH2O,需O215mol,引入N2量56.4mol。空气过剩50%,则总氮气量为56.4×1.5=84.6mol,O2量为7.5mol。0.5x−6由题意,=230×10,解得x=0.05220+84.6+0.5x+7.50.052×14因此氮在油中的最大含量为×100%=0.52%。0.052×14+120+209.11解:1)以热值为6110kcal/kg的煤为燃料,每日排放NOx量约107t,其中NO210.7t,NO96.3t。反应方程式为:4NH+4NO+O→4N+6HO8NH+6NO→7N+12HO3222322244×3086×46==33x0.9×96.3×10y0.9×10.7×10解得x=2889kmol,y=279kmol7612生成N2(2889+×279)=3133kmol,H2O(×2889+×279)=4752kmol848-6因此残留氨量为(3133+4752)×5×10=0.04kmol,可忽略。故每天消耗氨的量为(2889+279)×17/103=53.9t。2)以热值为10000kcal/kg的重油为燃料,每日排放NOx量约85t,其中NO28.5t,NO76.5t。反应方程式为:4NH+4NO+O→4N+6HO8NH+6NO→7N+12HO3222322244×3086×46==33x0.9×76.5×10y0.9×8.5×10解得x=2295kmol,y=222kmol7612生成N2(2295+×222)=2489kmol,H2O(×2295+×222)=3776kmol848-6因此残留氨量为(2489+3776)×5×10=0.03kmol,可忽略。故每天消耗氨的量为(2295+222)×17/103=42.8t。3)以热值为8900kcal/m3的天然气为燃料,每日排放NO量约38.2t,其中NO3.8t,NO34.4t。x2反应方程式为:4NH+4NO+O→4N+6HO8NH+6NO→7N+12HO3222322244×3086×46==33x0.9×34.4×10y0.9×3.8×10 解得x=1032kmol,y=99kmol7612生成N2(1032+×99)=1119kmol,H2O(×1032+×99)=1696kmol848-6因此残留氨量为(1119+1696)×5×10=0.01kmol,可忽略。故每天消耗氨的量为(1032+99)×17/103=19.2t。9.129.9.1212解:甲烷燃烧方程式为:CH+2O→CO+2HO4222取1mol甲烷进行计算,则理论耗氧量为2mol,生成CO21mol,H2O2mol。当空气过剩10%0.79时,烟气中还含有O20.2mol,N2×2.2=8.32mol。故烟气总体积3+8.32+0.2=11.52mol。0.21其中,NO量折合成NO为:46×11.52×300×10-6=1.59×10-4kg。x2甲烷燃烧热值为802.3kJ/mol,故浓度转化结果为:−41.59×10kgNO/GJ=0.198kgNO/GJ。−622802.3×10通用公式的推导:假设燃料组成为CxHyOzNmSt(适用于大部分燃料),空气过剩系数为α,燃料的热值Q(kJ/mol)。yz11燃烧方程为CHONS+(x+t+−)O→xCO+yHO+tSO+mN,故xyzmt222224222取1mol燃料进行计算,则产生CO2xmol,H2Oy/2mol,SO2tmol,N2m/2mol。耗氧(x+t+y/4-z/2)mol,考虑空气过剩系数,引入氮气3.76α(x+t+y/4-z/2)mol,剩余O2(α-1)(x+t+y/4-z/2)mol。因此烟气总体积为(x+y/2+t+m/2)+3.76α(x+t+y/4-z/2)+(α-1)(x+t+y/4-z/2)mol。若产生NOx(以NO2计)浓度为F,则生成NO2质量为0.046F[(x+y/2+t+m/2)+3.76α(x+t+y/4-z/2)+(α-1)(x+t+y/4-z/2)]kg因此浓度转化结果为0.046F[(x+y/2+t+m/2)+(4.76α−1)(x+t+y/4-z/2)]kgNO2/GJ-6Q×10-6将x=1,y=4,z=0,m=0,t=0,Q=802.3kJ/mol,α=1.1,F=300×10代入上式可得题目所给甲烷燃烧时的结果为0.197kgNO2/GJ,与计算结果吻合。ChapterCChapterhapter91.SolutionSSolutionolution:46lbNOlbNO22E=0.46lbNO?()0.1lbNO=0.613+0.1=0.732630lbNO10Btu2.SolutionSSolutionolution: Heatlosstostack___=(nCDT)/(nHD)pcHeatinput_mol_gas7Btu�Btu=(12.56)()(750-70)F/(21,50216?)0.1737�molmethanelbmolF_molinFigure12.7bthecorrespondingquantityisHeatlosstostack___12.567(250-70)==0.046Heatinput_2150216´sothattheincreaseinthermalefficiencyisD=h0.1737-0.046=0.128=12.8%0.128onecouldalsosayD=h=15.5%10.1737-3.SolutionSSolutionolution:FromFigure12.3itappearsthattheNOexpressedasNOisabout140g/GJ.IfalltheNinX2thecoalwereconvertedtoNOtheemissionfactorwouldbe2lb460.015´6lb14454gBtu10KEF=?1641/gGJ13006Btulb/lb1.055KJGthus,theemissionfactorreportedinFigure12.3is140/gGJFraction==8.6%1631/gGJ 作业习题解答第十章挥发性有机物污染控制10.110.10.11解:见《大气污染控制工程》P379图10-1。10.210.10.22解:B。由Antoine方程lgP=A−可分别计算得到40C时t+C苯的蒸汽压P1=0.241atm;甲苯的蒸汽压P2=0.078atm。P10.241P2因此y=x=0.3×=0.0723,y=x=0.0546。苯苯甲苯甲苯P1P10.3解:pρlA列式A×0.5t=,故PM3−35ρlP1.0×10×1.0×101.01×10t=2⋅=2××s=120Y−3−4Mp400×101.333×1010.4解:取温度为100oF=310.8K进口甲苯浓度:1m3气体中含1000mg,则体积为−310000×10310.8−33×0.0224×=2.772×10m,即浓度为2772ppm。92273同理可计算出口甲苯浓度为41.6ppm。《AirPollutionControlEngineering》P366Example10.14选择C14H30作吸收剂,但本题出口甲苯浓度过低,分压41.6×10-6atm,小于CH100oF时分压47×10-6ppm,因此不能选择1430C14H30,而应该选择蒸汽压更低的吸收剂,此处选择C16H34,在100oF下蒸汽压约10-6×10atm,分子量M=226。*Py1atm**xtoluene==y=14.3y,取xibottom=0.8x=0.8×14.3×0.002772=0.032,p0.07atmtolueneLyib−yit2772−41.6因此===0.085。Gx−x0.032−0ibit又G=20000m3/h=784.3kmol/h=13.93lb/s=28.8lbmol/min。 故L=0.085G=0.085×28.8=2.45lbmol/min,即吸收剂用量251.2kg/min。由CRCHandbookofChemistry查得100oF下,CHρ=48lbm/ft2,µ=2.4cp,1634LL"ρG0.5LMLρG0.52260.0710.5ϕ=0.75。β=()=()=0.085××()=0.008;G"ρGMρ9248LGL2代入logα=−1.6798−1.0662logβ−0.27098(logβ)中解得α=0.23。20.2G"FϕµαρLρGg00.23×48×0.071×32.22由α=得G"===0.75lb/ft⋅s0.20.2ρLρGg0Fϕµ50×0.75×2.4mgas13.932取75%,则G’=0.56lb/ft2.s,故A===24.9ft,G"0.564AD==5.63ft=1.72m。π−1yT(1−HG/PL)−(H/P)xB+(HG/PL)yB传质单元数N=ln[](1−HG/PL)y(1−HG/PL)−(H/P)x+(HG/PL)yBBBH/P=0.07/1=0.07,HG/PL=0.07/0.085=0.824,1-HG/PL=0.176。代入上式解得N=13.3。NL13.3×2.45h==×60=19.6ft=6mKaPA4×1×24.910.5解:m废气中苯的含量y=20000×3.0×10-3=60m3/h,由气体方程PV=RT得1M5−3PVM1.01×10×60×78×10m===191.5kg/h。RT8.314×298根据去除要求,实际去除量为m’=191.5×99.5%=190.5kg/h190.5×88461.53则一个周期所需活性炭量为=8468.1kg,体积V==14.6m0.1858010.6待求。10.710.10.77解:实际需O21.25×5×100=625mol,空气量625/0.21=2976mol。ChapterCChapterhapter1011001.SolutionSSolutionolution: -5Dtlnpln1022===1.58;-4Dtlnpln(710)11D=t1.58s2.Solution;SSolution;olution;1ln()ln(1/)p0.005K===10.6;sDt0.5sK=Aexp(-ERT/)-ER/�T==1001K=1342FLNKA(/)3.SolutionSSolutionolution:-33Dr(10cm)(1/gcm)0D=t==0.5s32v2(0.001/gcm×s)4.SolutionSSolutionolution:3D0r(0.2mm)(1.2/gcm)cm-32g==?610gcms/i2Dt2s10mm 习题作业解答第十一章城市机动车污染控制11.1111.11.1解:s100汽车行驶100km耗时t===1.25hv80若发动机转速为2000r/min,则1min内喷油1000次,1.25h内喷油7500次。8−4故每次喷入气缸油量V"=L=1.067×10L750001−5单缸喷入V=V"=2.67×10L。411.2解:设MTBE添加质量x,C8H17含量为y,则16xx⋅=(x+y)2.7%解得P=×100%=14.85%。88x+y设燃料100g,则含C8H1785.15g,C5H12O14.85g由CHO+7.5O→5CO+6HOCH+12.25O→8CO+8.5HO512222817222887.511312.25=解得n1=1.27mol=解得n2=9.23mol14.85n85.15n12则需O21.27+9.23=10.5mol,则含N23.76×10.5=39.5mol。空气质量10.5×32+39.5×39.5=1442g,则空燃比AF=14.42。11.3111.31.3解:RR燃烧前取温度为293K,由T=T(V1)Cp−R=293⋅73.5R−R=638K21V2开始燃烧时,按《AirPollutionControlEngineering》P48613.11式:mfuel∆hcombustion1×19020。∆T===3629F=2016KmCp15.88×0.33combustionproducts通常取85%的升高温度,则T3=T2+2016×0.85=2352K1×19020。燃烧完成∆T==4607F=2559K15.88×0.26同样取85%,则T4=T2+2559×0.85=2813K。 11.4解:NOx在高温时易生成,而理论空燃比附近燃烧充分,温度较高,因此NOx产生量最大。11.5111.51.5解:RRT=T(V1)Cp−R=2352(1)3.5R−R=1080K21V72怠速时可燃混合气处于空气过剩系数小于1的状态,残余废气系数较大;发动机转速低,气缸压缩比小,燃烧很不充分,易形成失火;壁面淬熄效应对火焰迅速冷却,因此造成温度下降。11.6111.61.6解:4)燃油箱和化油器(《大气污染控制工程》P448)11.7111.71.7解:2)进气歧管(《大气污染控制工程》P442)11.8111.81.8解:1)减少废气中HC含量ChapterCChapterhapter1111111.SolutionSSolutionolution:1y(1+)(137.28)A(x+y/4)(32+3.7628)4x==F12x+y12+yx/thepossiblerangeforconventionalfuelsisnotverybroad.Forbenzene(y/x=1)itis13.2,forbutane(y/x=2.5)itis15.42.SolutionSSolutionolution:mcombustiongal60mihrmin2r13.765l=×××××(toeachcylinder)×25mihr60min2000rcombustion4galcc=0.03785combustionForatypicalgasolinedensityof0.75g/cm3thisisabout0.0285g.Anordinarychemistrylaboratoryburetproducesabout20dropsperg,oranaveragemassof0.05g/drop.Thustheamountpercylinderpercombustionisabouthalfthevolumeofatypicaldropfromatypicallaboratoryburet. 3.SolutionSSolutionolution:(a)0lnP(psia)11.724(5236.5R)/T=11.724-(5236.=−5/560);P=11.73psiaY(gasoline)=10.73/14.7=0.73;gasoline=80(assumed)V(molar)=359.02(560/492)=408.6ft3/lb.mol=3056gal/lb.mol12galn(expelled)=n(expelled)==0.00393lb.mol1.78mol=3056gal/lb.molgasoline(expelled)=1.78mol*0.73*8g/mol=104g(b)Theestimatedcapacityofthecanisteris700g*0.3=210g.Thisislessthanthevalueestimatedabove,suggestingthatthereisprobablyenoughcapacity.Thecurrentcanisterisdesignedofverylowflowrates.Itmightneedseriouschangestoaccommodatethe=10gal/minofairexpelledfromthegasolinetankduringfueling.Thesolutiontothenextproblemsuggeststhateventhisneednotbeseriousproblem.4.Solution4.4.SolutionSolution:a.theparticlediameter=0.125inch=0.00317m,Thediameterandlengthareroughly11cmand16.5cm,thus2150(1m-e)DxD=pV23SDeP-52(150)(1.810kgms/)(0.7)(0.1647)mPa=?V562V-322ss(3.1710´m)(0.3)ms/3Q10gal/min0.003785mmina.for10gal/minV===0.066ms/sAp2gal60s(0.1098)m4pb.aD=p560?0.066ms/37P=0.148inHOa2ms/ 作业习题解答第十二章大气污染和全球气候12.112.12.11解:a.吸收法净化尾气应选择石灰浆液、Ca(OH)2等,或利用双碱法Na2SO3溶液吸收。b.通过植树造林,吸收单位CO2成本降低;但绿化工作完成需一定时间积累和人力物力投入。12.212.12.22解:由于温室气体能够吸收红外长波辐射,而臭氧层能够有效防止紫外线辐射。相比之下,大气层中几乎没有吸收可见光的成分,因此可见光对应于太阳辐射最大值。12.312.12.33解:设温度升高前海平面高度h1,升高后海平面高度为h2,则h2=h1(1+α∆t)∆h=h−h=hα∆t=1000×0.00012×1=0.12m21112.4解:4520×101)单位换算1hm2=2.47英亩。每年每公顷雨林减少CO2的排放量=2.71t。40×480002.71则每英亩减少=1.10t2.471.102)每年每亩产生木材×12×2=0.6t440.63)每年每棵树木材产量=0.0015t4004)设煤热值6110kal/kg,设耗煤mkg,则有0.35×6110×4.18×103m=800×106×365×0.7×3600×24,m=1.98×106t。因此产生CO2量为1.98×106×2.83=5.6×106t(假设1t煤燃烧产生CO22.83t)。12.512.12.55解:(a)详细性质可参见http://unit.xjtu.edu.cn/unit/epes/webteaching/refrigeration/zlff/wzxbzl/zqyszl/zqys-zlj-1.htm(b)主要替代物含氢氯氟烃HCFC。12.612.12.66解:-1- +2+简化考虑认为CaCO+2H→HO+CO↑+Ca322湖泊H+消耗量(10-4.5-10-6.5)×107×103=3.13×105mol5-6故可求得1年投加CaCO3的量为0.5×3.13×10×100×10t=15.65t。ChapterCChapterhapter1211221.SolutionSSolutionolution:a.theonlyalkaliavailableonthatscaleislimeorlimestone.HowevertomakeitalkalineCOmustbedrivenoff.Ifwewantedtodothat,wewouldwanttoproducethelimein2plantswheretheCOwasproducedinconcentratedform,andthendisposedofsomeway2b.Thatisaninterestingshorttermsolution.Howeveroncethenewvegetativecoverisestablished,somewherewherethereisnone,thusremovingasuitableamountofCOfrom2theatmosphere,thevegetationatsteadystatewillreturnasmuchCOtotheatmosphereas2itremoves.Ifthevegetationisharvestedandburnedforfuel,therebyreplacinganequivalentmassoffossilfuels,thenthiswouldhavepositiveeffectsontheglobalCObalance.22.SolutionSSolutionolution:D=xxcD=t(1000)(0.00012/mC)(1C)=12cm3.SolutionSSolutionolution:logp=A-BT/(+C);T+C=B/(A-logp)1010For10mmHgT+C=9845.4/(7.829-log10)=1442.13K104.Solution:10-12a.pc=3.71010=0.037/dsl1/2ln2-0.37-ln2dcdt/=-kc;t=ln2/t;dcdt/=-()c=1/2ts3.83.8243600s0.0374c=?1.7510atomsln23441.7510atomsL/-18b.y==2.810RDOND236.02310´atoms/24.055L-2-'