《荒野的呼唤》中巴克的多重性格分析毕业论文.doc 36页

'《荒野的呼唤》中巴克的多重性格分析毕业论文ContentsAbstract1Introduction3Chapter1ABriefIntroductiontoTheCalloftheWildandtheNatureofBuck81.1ABriefIntroductiontoTheCalloftheWild81.2NatureofBuckinDifferentEnvironments101.2.1LivingintheLapofLuxury101.2.2FacingRisksfortheFirstTime101.2.3WorkingasaSledDog111.2.4StayingwithThornton12Chapter2GoldenSpiritandAspirationinBuck132.1FightingSpirit132.1.1FacingtheDogTrainer132.1.2WinningtheLeadership142.1.3AttackingBlackBurton 152.1.4FightingintheWild 152.2Down-to-earthSpirit162.2.1DraggingSledforPerrault162.2.2BeingunderScotchHalf-breed’sControl172.3LongingforNewLife182.3.1TakingaPositiveAttitudetotheLifeintheWarmIII Southland182.3.2TakingDelightintheSnow192.3.3LovingtheChallengingWorld192.3.4HearingSoundsMadebytheWildLife192.3.4.1InstinctAlive202.3.4.2RetainedWildness202.3.5ReturningtotheWildafterThornton’sDeath21Chapter3EmbodimentofHumanNatureintheFiendBuck233.1TheNatureofBuckasaFierceAnimal233.1.1DuplicityandCunning233.1.2Dominions243.2LoveandLoyaltytoThornton243.2.1JumpingofftheCliff253.2.2SavingtheLifeofThornton253.2.3HelpingThorntonWintheBet263.2.4TakingRevengeonYeehats263.3ThePhilosophyofMencius27Conclusion28Bibliography31Acknowledgements33III III AnalysisoftheComplicatedNatureofBuckinTheCalloftheWildTangHaokunAbstractTheCalloftheWildisthemasterpieceofJackLondonwhoisoneofthemostrenownedAmericanwriters.Itwaspublishedin1903.ThecomplexcharacteroftheprotagonistdogBuckisthemainfactortocausethenovelperpetual.ThearduouspathsBuckwentthroughwereareflectionofAmericansocialrealityinthe20thcentury,anditreproducedtheKlondikeGoldRushAgeinAmericanhistory.It’sakeypointtostudythewriter’sviewpointsandthesocialbackgroundbyanalyzingBuck’scharacter.AtthebeginningthisthesisintroducesDarwin’sLawofNature—survivalofthefittest.ThenitdescribesBuck’saspirationfornewlife.GentledogBuckwenttothewastelandwhichwasfarawayfromhumancivilizationbutheadaptedtothechallengingenvironmentverysoon.Itunfoldedbeforeoureyesthebrightnessofindividualandspectacularoflifevividlyandincisively.Inresponsetothecallofthewild,BuckgotbacktotheforestfullofmysteryandventurewithouttheslightesthesitationafterTomThornton’sdeath.ThethirdchapterexpoundsthatBuckbearsthenatureofferociousnessandatthesametimehasapassionforsacrifice.WeareconvincedthatitisincumbentupontheFiendBucktoshowresponsibility,loveandloyaltyafterobtaininghumanbeingsequalrespect.ThisgivesexpressiontoMenciusethicalviewthathumansareborngood.KeyWords:Wildness;call;freedom;survivalofthefittest33 中文摘要《荒野的呼唤》是美国著名作家杰克·伦敦于1903年发表的成名作。狗主人公巴克性格的复杂性和多重性是作品长盛不衰的原因之一。巴克艰苦卓绝的生存道路，生动真切地反映了作者所处时代的美国社会的现实，再现了美国历史上的克朗代克淘金热。了解它的性格特征是我们解读作者思想观点和小说社会背景的关键。本文从达尔文的“适者生存”的自然选择思想入手，分析了在不断变幻的生活环境中巴克的性格。第二章重点讲述了巴克对新生活的向往与渴望。驯服的南方狗巴克来到远离人类文明的荒原后很快适应了极具挑战性的生活。桑顿死后，巴克毫不犹豫地响应了森林里新生活的召唤，回到充满神秘与冒险的自由丛林。第三章主要论述了巴克既具有统治者的凶残狡诈的本性同时也富有献身者的无畏牺牲的激情。生性狡诈的巴克在得到人类平等的尊重和爱时表现出的义不容辞的责任、爱以及忠诚着实令人折服。孟子哲学的“性本善”思想在巴克身上得到了充分的体现。关键词：野性；呼唤；自由；适者生存33 IntroductionJackLondonasanAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,essayist,journalist,autobiographer,simultaneously,adramatistwasborninJanuary1876anddiedinNovember1916.Inaway,heisafamousnaturalist.Duringtheprofessionofletters,hecontributedmorethanonehundredandfiftyshortstories,nineteenlongstories,threeplaysandquitealotofessays,etc.Asoneofthegreatestrealistwriters,JackLondon’sworkswhichwereregardedasclassicinAmericanliteraturehavebeenreadallovertheworld.ManyclasscontradictionsofAmericansocietyatthebeginningofthe20thcenturywereshowedinhisworks.What’smore,herevealedthemiserablesituationandrevolutionsofthepeoplewholivedinlowerstatusinothercapitalistcountries.JackLondonwonwiderecognitioninChinagradually.ChinesescholarsbegantostudyJackLondon,andtheyrecommendedandtranslatedhisworksfromthe1920sanditcametoaclimaxinthe1930s.ItiswellknowntoallofusthatLondon’sthoughtscoverDarwinism,socialism,Jungianism,Nietzsche’ssupermanphilosophyandthelike.JackLondonhimselfwasaimedatmanyproblemsofcapitalismbyraisingsocialisttheory.ThiswasinaccordancewiththedevelopmentofChinaatthebeginningofthe20thcentury,soweacceptedhisworkspositivelyanddidalotofstudiesinthisarea.Asweknow,amonghis33 works,TheCalloftheWild,whichwaspublishedin1903,isthemostwell-knownandpopularone.The20thcenturywasaperiodwhenAmericanindustrydevelopedataveryfastspeed,andnaturalismcameintobeing.ThesocialbackgroundaffectedJackLondon’sattitudetowardlife,thesametohisworkstoagreatextent.SobeforeanalyzingtheworksofJackLondon,itisvitalforustoknowsomeinformationaboutthewritingbackground,aswellasthehistoricalandsocialbackgroundofAmericabetweentheendoftheCivilWar(1861-1865)andthebeginningofWorldWarI(1914-1918).Intheearlyperiodofthe19thcentury,Americabegantotransformfromanagriculturalcountrytoanindustrializednation,especiallyaftertheCivilWarwiththeNorthtriumph,thespeedoftransformationtoindustrializationwasaccelerated.Inlessthan50yearsbetweentheendoftheCivilWarandthebeginningofthefirstworldwar,theUnitedStatesdevelopedintoamostheavilyindustrializedurbanizedandcontinentalnationintheworld.PeopleintheUnitedStateshadbeenforcedtocometotermswiththeimplicationofDarwin’stheoryofevolutionaswellaswiththeprofoundchangesinitsownsocialinstitutionsandculturalvalues(HuYintong&LiuShusen1995:229).Machinesinsteadofhandshadcreatedasubstantialincreaseinmanufacturingproduct,thusskilledhandicraftsmenbecameunabletocompetewiththesophisticatedequipmentwhichwasoperatedbysemiskilledlaborers.Withtheboomof33 economyandthespreadofprosperity,unfortunately,therewerestilluptohalfofallindustrialworkersleadingapoverty-strickenlife,manyofwhomwerewomenandchildren(FanYue2006:50).Farmerswereunderthecontroloflandspeculators.Mosturbanlaborsregardedlargecitiesasjungleswhereonlythestrongestcouldsurvive.Bothfarmersandurbanlaborshadnorighttopursuetheirowninterests.TheVastFortunecameintothepocketsofthebankersandindustrialists.Itwastheperiodnamed“TheGildedAge”whichwasfullofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope(WuWeiren1990:2).TheaggregationofcapitalandthegrowthofindustrywentwiththedevelopmentofAmerica’sliterature.NaturalismwasoneoftheliteraryformswhichwasrepresentedbyJackLondonwhobegantopresenttheobjectivityandrealityofsociety.AfterhearingthattherewasgoldminesinKlondike,CanadaJackLondonhimselfasagoldminerwenttherebutcamebackwithhishandsfree.Takingthisexperienceastheliteraturematerial,JackLondoncreatedthemasterpieceTheCalloftheWild.TheCalloftheWildcoverstheupsanddownsofthetamesouthdogBuck.Itwasthegreatestdog-storyeverwrittenandwasatthesametimeastudyofoneofthemostcuriousandprofoundmotivesthatplayedhide-and-seekinthehumansoul(CharlesA.Sanburg1978:254).33 AgreatnumberofscholarsbothathomeandabroadhavemadeastudyaboutTheCalloftheWild.Theiranalysesrangefromthetheme,theimpliedmeaningofBuck,thefeaturesofagetothephilosophyoflifeandsoforth.Butitisreallyapitythatthestudyabouttheprotagonist’scharacterinLondon’sworksseemsnotall-inclusive.LookingbackontheprotagonistdogBuck’sexperienceinTheCalloftheWild,thenatureofitisundoubtedlycomplicated.Itembodiestheaffectionsandqualityofhumanbeingstosomeextent,throughwhichJackLondonhadhisthemeofNietzsche’ssupermanphilosophy,naturalism,socialismandMenciusethicalviewexpressed.What’smore,analyzingthecharacterofBuckcanhelpustostudythesocialrealityandtoday’shumannaturefurther.ThisthesisisintendedtoanalyzeBuck’scomplicatednatureinthreeparts.Chapter1willgiveabriefintroductiontoTheCalloftheWildandanalyzethenatureofBuckindifferentenvironments.Chapter2tellsthatBuckpossessedthefightingspiritaswellasdown-to-earthvitalspark.AndweparticularlydescribeBuck’sadjustmentfornewlifeinthischapter.Buckobeysdifferentlawsthroughhiswholelife.HeadjustshimselfwelltotheNorthlandtosurviveandheunderstandsthatoncedownwilldisappear.Chapter3showstheloveandloyaltyintheFiendBuckwhichrevealsMenciusethicalviewthathumansareborngood.WhenBuckreceivesrespectandlovefromhumanbeingshewilltryto33 findachancetopaythemback.Thisthesisisaimedtotellusthatthespiritoffightingaswellasthatofdown-to-eartharewhatweshouldpossessinsuchacompetitiveworld.Ifyoudonottryyourbest,youwillbedefeated;ifyougiveyourrespectandlovetothepeoplearoundyou,youwillgetthemback.33 Chapter1ABriefIntroductiontoTheCalloftheWildandtheNatureofBuckTheCallofthewildisthemasterpieceofJackLondon.Itwaspublishedin1903.ThecomplexcharacteroftheprotagonistdogBuckhasdrawnmanyscholars’attention.It’sakeypointtostudythewriter’sviewpointsandthesocialbackgroundbyanalyzingthenatureofBuck.BeforeanalyzingBuck’scharacter,itisnecessaryforustoknowthegeneralideaaboutthework.1.1ABriefIntroductiontoTheCalloftheWildTheprotagonistsleddogBuckoriginallylivedinSantaClaraValley,anunkissedhouse,enjoyingaluxuriouslife.Atthesametime,theGoldenRushmadethousandsofmenrushintotheNorthlandbutBuckhadnosenseofthat.Unfortunately,hewassoldbyManuelwhobetrayedhistrustandwastransitedtoDyeatodohardworkforthegolddiggers.Therehesawhisfirstsnow;helearntthelawofclub;hewasbeatenbutwasnotbroken(ZhongYong2005:013).Hebegantosetfootinaworldwithoutcivilization.Hewasclearaboutthatoncedownhewoulddiesoheshouldstruggle.Inthedaytimehewasforcedtofollowtheinstructiontodragtheshed,andinthedarkhestruggledalongonthevergeofstarvation.Toallayhunger,helearnttostealfoodandleavetheawkwardoneasthescapegoat.Tokeepwarm,helearnttodigholesinthesnow33 field.Themoralnatureinhimwasdisappearing,insteadhebecamefullofguile.Thatwaswhathehadtochoosetosurviveinthewasteland.Withtheancientsongsurgingthroughhim,hebegantoretrogradeandthedominantdesirewascalledfromhisbody.Butheadjustedhimselfsowelltothenewlifeandhehadthedown-to-earthspirit.Thoughhecompelledhimselfnottopickfights,theclashforleadershipseemedinevitable.Buck,theheroatlastwontheleadershipinthebloodychallengeresorttohisduplicityandinstinct.Hemanagedhisteamingoodorder,thusbuiltupitssolidarityagain.Unfortunately,therewasanotherturnforBuckafterheandhisteammatesbrokeahunky-doryrecord.TheteamwastakenoverbyahalfbreedScotchanditseemedmoreseriousthattheywereforcedtodocoolietocarrywordforthepeoplewhosoughtgoldeveryday.Whatshockeduswasthatthedogsdidn’tquit,andinadditionDavesacrificedhislifeinthehardtrip.Beforethetoilended,theteamwereinagonyofpainthustheycouldn’tundertakethetaskanymore.Buckandhisteammateswerereplacedbyotherstrongerteamofdogsandsoldagain.Thistimehesufferedevenmorethanbefore;histeammateslefthimonebyone,however,thegreedygolddiggerswerediscontentwiththem.Atlast,Buckcouldn’tgetupanymore.HemanagedtoriseunderHal’swhipbutfailed.Hecouldsensetheimpendingdoombuthismasterinsistedon.Whenhewasbeatentodie,Thorntonsavedhislife,hereinheenjoyedthekindnessand33 humanitywhichhehadn’tgotforalongtime.HeforthefirsttimefeltgenuinelovewhichwasarousedbyJohnThornton.Inreturn,BuckgaveThorntonendlessloveandfirmloyalty.HenotonlysavedThornton’slifeinaripcurrent,butalsohelpedhimrealizehisdream.Butheretainedhiswildnessandwilinessasathingofthewildandwasattractedbyamysteriouscalling(ZhongYong2005:096).AfterThornton’sdeath,hereturnedtothewildinanswertothecallingwithouttheslightesthesitation.1.2NatureofBuckinDifferentEnvironmentsThenatureofBuckchangedwiththeenvironmentwherehelived.Thatgoesthesametoourhumanbeingsintoday’ssociety.1.2.1LivingintheLapofLuxuryBuck,thechildofahugeST.BernardandaScotchshepherddogwasborninJudgeMiller’sbighouseandenjoyedahappylife.HeplayedwiththeJudge’schildrenandprotectedthemwhentheywereout.Hewassohugeadogthatinhiseyeshiscompanionscouldnotevencount.Itseemedthatheruledthewholehouse.Hetookprideinhimselfasifhewerethesignificantoneinthefamily.ItwasrightBuck.HewasanappleoftheJudge’seye,proud,intelligent,white-headedandwithatamednature.1.2.2FacingRisksfortheFirstTimeWhenherealizedthathewasbetrayedbyManuelformoney,he33 becameangryanditwasaturnofhisFortune"swheel.Hebegantoattackthestrangerswhopulledhimevenhiswasingreatpain.Whenhefoundthathiseffortswereinvain,heconfusedanddidnotknowwhatwouldhappentohim.Hisheartwasbroken.HewishedhecouldseetheJudgeortheboys.Whenhisself-esteemwashurtherefusedtoeatordrink.Heevenexpressedhisoutragetothepostman.ItwasthefirsttimeBuckhadeverfacedsuchawfulcondition.Hecouldfindnowayoutbutwasindignantatallthestrangers.Hecouldnotdistinguishfairorfoul.1.2.3WorkingasaSledDogMoneyexchange,again.BuckwastransitedtothecoldNorthlandandwassettoworkashorses.Hisdignitywassorelyhurtbutheunderstoodthatitwasnouserebelling.Heshouldobey.Ifherevoltedhewouldbewhipped.Theoverwhelmingforcemadehimquicklylearnhowtodragthesledtopleasehismasters.Inthecoldwasteland,Buckhadtolearnaseriesofmethodstokeephislife.Diggingholesattheshiveringwindynightmadehimhaveasoundsleep.Atthesametime,herealizedthatifhewasparticularaboutthefood,hewouldsufferfromhungerorstarvation.Tostruggleforexistence,Bucklearnthowtostealfoodfromotherssecretlytomeethisownneeds.Heknewthatifherobbedopenly,hewouldbebeatenbytheclubs.Hismoralnaturewasdisappearing,however,hehadnochoice.33 Atthemomenthesetfootintheworldwithoutcivilization,hedidallhecouldtoaccepttherealitywithoutrebellion.Heputdownhisstatusandgaveupthecultivationthushecouldsurvive.1.2.4StayingwithThorntonFortunately,BuckwassavedbyThornton.What’smore,Thorntonwasaperfectmasterinhismind.ItseemedthatBuckwentbacktoacivilizedsociety.Hewastakengoodcareofandaspecialloveinhisbodywasawaken.Hiscompanionswerenotjealousofhim.TheysharedthebenevolenceandtoleranceofThorntonwhichwasdifferentfromthatofJudgeMiller.HehadcomethroughsomanymastersfromPerraulttotheScotchhalf-breed.Whenheenjoyedthewell-beinglife,hewasafraidthathisThorntonwouldleavehimoneday.Therefore,healwayskeptThorntonathiselbow.HeshowedhisloveandloyaltytoThorntonincisivelyandvividly.ItseemedthatBuckwentbacktoacivilizedsociety.However,lifeisalwaysfullofvariables.Buck,asacommoncreaturecannotforeseethefutureworld.Ifhecanhewillsafeguardhisloverwhereverhegoes.ThelifewithThorntonwaswonderfulandhecherisheditcarefullyuntilhewascalledbyamysteriouscalling.33 Chapter2GoldenSpiritandAspirationinBuckThepreciousspiritinBuckmanifestsacompletereflectionoftoday’sworld.Thefightingaswellasdown-to-earthspiritisvitalforBuckanditisalsoverysignificantforthepeoplelivinginmodernsociety.Competitionisbecomingmoreandmorefurious,weshouldkeeponkeepingon.Atthesametime,weshoudyearntowardsbetterlife.AspirationmakesBuckpursuenewlife.Intoday’ssociety,aspirationencourageustoworkhardtomakegreatachievements.2.1FightingSpiritBuckpossessedaspiritaspreciousasgold.Hisloveforfightingwastostruggletosurvive.Asweknow,intheworldfullofcompetitiononlythestrongestcansurvive.Survivalofthefittestisauniversaltruth.2.1.1FacingtheDogTrainerWhenhewasabouttobeletoutofthecage,hebehavedfullofwrathtostruggle.Heattackedthestrongmanwithhissharpteeth.Nevertheless,allhisendeavorswereinvain.Buthedidnotquitandcontinuedadozentimes.Hedidthelastrushwithhisendeavor;unfortunatelywasbeaten.Hewassoproudthathedidn’twanttogiveup.Thoughhewasblackandbluebuthewasnotbroken.Buckwasnotscaredinfrontoftheformidabletrainer.Heroseupinresistance.Evenhecouldnotresistanylonger,hedidnotmakea33 compromise.Thestrongerpeoplecandefeathimbutcannotdestroyhim.2.1.2WinningtheLeadershipWhenBuckwasforcedtodocoolietodragthesledwithhisteammates,hewascheerfulnomatterhowhardtheworkwas.ThematterwasthathewasenragedatSpitz’sconductthefirstdayonthebeachandCurly’sdeathgavehimagreatshock.Spitzhappenedtobetheleaderoftheteam.Buck,though,grewastrongdominantunderthedonkeywork,hedidhisutmosttocontrolhimself.However,whenSpitzbecameawareofBuck’sthreatenhegraspedeverychancetorideroughshodover Buck.HewantedtosendBucktothefieldofdeath.HetookadvantageoftheoccasiontooccupyBuck’swarmnest.ThebehaviorcompelledBucktofightagainstthedevilSpitz.WhatsurprisedSpitzwasthatBuckwasnotatimiddog.Hehadcourageinhisblood.ActuallyBuckwasaferociousdog.Theconflictbetweenthemwasinevitable,becauseBuckbegantothreatenopenlytheleadershipofSpitz.Hewantedtobetheleadingdog.Chancearrivedatlast.Theteamwerechasingasnowshoerabbit,includingBuckandSpitz.Aftertherabbitwaskilledbythewhitesharpteeth,alife-and-deathstrugglebegan.TheprimordialdominanceinBuckwasencouraged.Withtheinstinctandwisdom,Buckbecamethechampion.33 Hefoughtfortheleadershipcourageouslyandoccupiedthedominantpositionsuccessfully.2.1.3AttackingBlackBurtonBucklovedThorntonsodeepthatheaccompaniedThorntondayandnightwhereverThorntonwent.Oneday,Thorntonwenttoabar.Ithappenedthatafiery-temperedmancalledBlackBurtonwasprovoking.Thorntontriedtomediateasettlement.However,BurtonblewhisstackonthespotandgaveThorntonapunchheavily.Atthatmoment,Buckwaslyingonthefloorandwatchinghismasterbealleyes.Abruptly,heroseupintheairandwentatthethroatofBurton.ThefirsttimeBuckdidnotsucceedandhestartedanotherassault.Burtondidnotplaybigluckthesecondtimeandhisthroatwastornopen.IfsomeonethreatenedthesecurityofBuck’sloverwithinhissight,hewouldstandout.2.1.4FightingintheWildThorntondecidedtofindalostmine.Buckandtheotherdogsaccompaniedhimandtheirjourneywasfilledwithdanger.Theymadegreatefforts.EventhoughtheydidnotfindtheLostCabinwhichwasjustalegend,theystumbleduponamineraldepositandtheymadeuptheirmindsnottoseekanylonger.Thus,theysettleddown.Lifewasleisurelyandcarefree.Buckwasevokedbythepastmemories.Therewasamysteriouscallingforhim,andhewasattracted.33 Hemadeadashtotheforestonenightafterhearingthecall.Thistimehedidnotattackthewolfandtheybecamefriends.Afterwards,thecallinthewildseemedmoreimperious.Buckwasrestlessforthesecondtime.Hebegantowanderinthewoodstofindhiswildbrother.Duringthatperiod,hekilledabigblackbearandtwowildwolves.Thewildinhisbloodburstout.Hecouldkillwhateverwildanimalsifhewouldlike.Once,hespentfourdayschasingandkillingachiefbull.Hehadpatience,determinationandperseverance.Afterthat,hefoundthathismasterThorntonwaskilledbytheYeehats.Hehadtorevenge,sohekilledthemen.Thorntonlefthimforever.Atthesametimethecallgrewlouder.Hereturnedtothewildcompletelyandhebegantofightforexistence.Heunderstoodclearlythatifhefailedhewouldbecomeacorpse.Sohemustwin,andhemadeit.Theworldisfulloffrustrationsanditbelongstothosewhoarestrongenough.2.2Down-to-earthSpiritThereisanothervaluablespiritinBuckwhichmakeshim.Withoutsuchdown-to-earthspirit,hemaybebeatentodeath.Itrevealsthatinthemodernsocietyweshouldworkhardtogainafoothold.IfnotyouwillbeapoorfishwholivesonSocialAssistance.2.2.1DraggingSledforPerraultThelazyandhappytimesweregone.WhatBuckhadtoconfront33 wasaWildNorth.Whenherealizedthattherewasnopointinrebellinghemadeuphismindtodoallthathecouldtoworkforhismasters,withpassionandfaithfulness.InthiswayhegainedpraisefromhismasterFrancoisandPerraultonceinawhile.Underthedifficultenvironment,heinsisted.Herealizedthevalueofhislifeasasleddog.Dayafterday,heworkedveryhard.Theirteammadeconcertedeffortandsetupanewrecord,whichpleasedtheirmaster.Itisthesametoourhumanbeings.Sometimes,weshouldworkhardtogetrewards.2.2.2BeingunderScotchHalf-breed’sControlThoughBuckworkedhardenoughandhismasterwashappy,unfortunately,thiscouldnotchangehisfate.Intheworldwithoutcivilization,Buckwastheweak,sohecouldnotrebelbeforehegotpower.HewassoldtotheScotchHalf-breedandforcedtodocooliejustasbefore.HemadeoutallhisefforttodragthesledwhichloadedthewordsfortheGoldminers.TheyhadtoreturntoDawson.ThoughBuckdidnotlikeit,hemanagedtobearandtookprideinit.Hehaddreamsbuthadtofacetherealworld.Theheavysledtorturedhimaswellashisteammates.Thishardtripalmostcosthimhishead.WhentheyreachedDawson,theywereshortofweight.Buckwastiredenough,however,itwasDavewhosufferedmostandintheendsacrificedhislife.Davedidnotleavetheteamuntilthelastminuteofhis33 life.Theotherdog’sconditionwasnotverygood.Whentheteamcouldnotworkanymore,theyweresold.Thejourneywasfullofupsanddowns.Buckandhisteammateswereexhaustedbuttheyhadtoholdon.Theydidnotquituntilthelastmoment.Itembodiesthedown-to-earthspiritthoroughly.Afterwards,theyworkedfortwoAmericansheartandsoul.2.3LongingforNewLifeEverytimewhenBuckcomesupagainstsomesetbacks,healwayshasathirstforthebettercondition.Heispositiveandenergetic.2.3.1TakingaPositiveAttitudetotheLifeintheWarmSouthlandBuckwasborninanaffluentfamilyinthewarmSouthland.Hecoulddowhathewantedbuthetriednottolosehisnaturetobeaspoileddog.Hewasneitherahousedognorakenneldog(ZhangYong2005:003).Hehuntedinthewildandpaidmuchattentiontohishealth.InJudgeMiller"shousehewasthekingwhopredominatedoveralltheanimalseventhehumansthere.Buthiscircleoflifewassosmallthathedidnotknowwhatwaschanginghisfate.Buckwasoriginallypurethathetrustedinallthepeoplearoundhimincludingthegardenerinthebighouse,unfortunatelyhewasbetrayedbythemeanyardman.Thisinsinuatesthelittlepotatoesthatarenotabletocontrolthewheeloftheirownlifeintheworld.Buttheymayaswellenjoytheir33 currentcarefreelife.Butitisverysignificantforthemtohaveastrongvigilance,thustoinsuretheirownsafety.2.3.2TakingDelightintheSnowWhenBucksawthesnowforthefirsttime,heseemednottohaveanyideawhatsnowwas,howeverheshowedgreatinterestinit.ItrevealsthatBuckisacreaturelongingfornewthings.HeiscuriousabouttheStrangeWorld,becauseinhisdeepheartheisnotalwaystoetheline.Thoughhedon’tknowwhatwillhappenwhenhegetsintouchwiththesnowheisveryoptimistic.Ittellsusthatwhenwearenotsureaboutthefutureworldweshouldkeepapositiveattitude.2.3.3LovingtheChallengingWorldThereisnodoubtthatBuckfellinlovewiththechallengingworldafterrealizingtherewasnopointtorebel.Perhapsitistheclub,thebeatortheruggedenvironmentthatmadehimacceptthereality.Thecompetitionwastoughbuthemanagedtoadjusttoit.Thenatureofwildinhisbodywaswakenupbitbybit,thusheactuallybecamealoverofthewasteland.Thefactwasthathemadehimselfasuccessfulleader.Thelonginginhisnatureneverlethimstophisfeet.Heshouldfightforsurvival,fightforabrand-newlife.Lifeisarealhardnuttocrack,soeveryoneofusshouldkeepmoving,keepchasing.2.3.4HearingSoundsMadebytheWildLife33 ThecallarousedBuck’snatureasawildanimal.Intheend,hewenttothewildinanswertoit.2.3.4.1InstinctAliveNotonlydidBucklearnbyexperience,butinstinctslongdeadbecamealiveagain(ZhangYong2005:030).Whenthedomesticatedgenerationsfellfromhimlittlebylittle,heintendedtomakeastrategytoconcealsomething.Evenso,hewasconsideredas“twodevil”intheeyesoftherulers.What’sworse,hewasthreatenedbythestrongerinallplaces.Togetridoftheinferiorposition,hebiddefiancetotheleader.Resorttohisjudgment,quickthinkingandquickactinghewontheleadership.Hislongingforanewconditioniscrucialforhissuccess.Itteachesusthatsuccessbelongstoawillingheart.Keeplongingisaperpetualtopic.2.3.4.2RetainedWildnessItseemedthatthesecondtimetoenjoythecivilizationmadelittleBuckextraordinarilycherish.Buthewasscaredwhenherealizedthewildnessandwilinessretainedinhisbody.Hebelongedoriginallytothewild.EspeciallyafterheaccompaniedThorntontotheEasttoseekgold,theidlelifemadehimlostinthoughtforlonghours.Thevisionoftheshort-leggedhairymancametohimmorefrequentlyandlefthimaderangedmindjustlikedreams(ZhangYong2005:116).Closelyakintothevisionsoftheshort-leggedhairymanwasthesoundsoundinginthe33 depthsoftheforest.Hewaslikelytobeseizedbyanirresistibleimpulse.Eventually,hecouldnotgetcontrolofhimself,andsprangthroughthesleepingcamponenight.Hewaswidelyglad.Herealizedthathewasatlastansweringthecallandoldmemorieswerecominguponhim(ZhangYong2005:121).ItwashisfirsttimetoleaveThornton.Afterwards,hewascontrolledbysomethingwildandbegantosleepoutofcampatnight.Hislongingforthewildespeciallyforbloodbecamestrongerthaneverbefore.Hegraduallyimmersedhimselftotallyinthefighting.Theheroicdeedsofhimembodiedakindofintensepatience.Unfortunately,whenhechasedhispreydayandnighthelostThorntonforever.Whenwearepursuingourneworbetterlifeweexertourselvesandgetwhatwewantbutatthesametimewemaylosesomethingelse.It’swellknownthatyoucannothaveacakeandeatittoo.Beforeyoumakeachoice,thinktwice.2.3.5ReturningtotheWildafterThornton’sDeathJohnThorntonwasdead.TherewasnoneedforBucktobeconcernedforThorntonanymore.ManandtheclaimsofmannolongerboundBuck(ZhangYong2005:134).WhatwerelefttoBuckwerememories.Buckransidebysidewiththewildbrotherandbegantoliveacompletelynewlifeinthewastewild.Inourtruelifewearesometimes33 boundbyaffection,worldliness,povertyordiseasethuswecannotmakedecisionsfreely.LikeBuck,afterthetietohimwasbrokenhecansearchforhisnewlifewithoutanyinterference.33 Chapter3EmbodimentofHumanNatureintheFiendBuckBuckwasaferociousdogwithcomplicatednature.Theloveandloyaltyinhimdeservesourstudymost.BeforeBuckwasobligedtotheprimitivehelivedacare-freelifeandhemanagedtoprotecthishosts.AfterhewentthroughthewasteenvironmentwithoutcivilizationhecameacrossJohnThorntonandthusthegoodnessinhimwasaroused.IholdthatthenatureofBuckisgood.AndMenciusconsidersthatallhumansareborngood.3.1TheNatureofBuckasaFierceAnimalAsaFierceAnimal,Buckisduplicityandcunning.3.1.1DuplicityandCunningAfterBuckexperiencedmaltreathelearntthelawofclubandfang.Inordertosurviveinthewastelandwithouthumancivilization,Buckhadtoadjusthimselftotheharshenvironment.Thushewasforcedtolearntobeduplicityandcunning.WhenBuckwasexpelledfromthewarmtentforthefirsttimehelearnttoavoidthechillywindbydiggingholesinthesnowlandundertheguidanceofhisfriendlyteammate.Bucknotonlyhadtogiveuptheoldcustomhecultivatedbefore,buthehadtolearnnewrules.Hestolethefoodoftheotherstofilluphisownstomach.Thefirsttheft,theintentiontofleefromthedefenseofamoralconsiderationmarkedthatBuckwasfittosurviveinthehostileNorthlandenvironment(Zhang33 Yong2005:029).UnderthelawofloveandfriendshipBucksurelywouldnotdosuch,butunderthelawofclubandfanghehadto.Itistruethatsurroundingsmaychangeourfate.Aperson’snatureiscloselyrelatedtowhereheis.Alittlebabywasgoodandhonestwhenitwasborn.However,ifyouputhiminanuncivilizedcircumstanceandgivehimcompletefreedomwithoutanymoralrestrictionhewillbecomeilljustlikeBuck.3.1.2DominionsThedominantinBuckwasstrong,especiallyunderthefierceconditionsoftraillife.Bucktriedhisbesttocontrolhimselfbutitseemedthathisenemydidnotwanttolethimoffandneverlostanyopportunitytostartafight.Buckwasnotatimiddog.Whenthelandinhismindwasbrokeninto,hewouldrouseupinresistance.Togetthedominantpositionintheteam,Buckdefeatedhisenemy.Thedominanceinhimwasstimulatedbytheparticularenvironment.Justasthehumansunderthefiercecompetitiontoday.Ifyoudon’twanttobedominatedjustdominateothers.Whenasoldierdoesnotwanttobeageneral,hemaynotbeanexcellentsoldier.Underthecircumstancesfullofchallenge,thedesiretodominateisprobablyawonderfulthing.3.2TheLoveandLoyaltytoThorntonWhenBuckwassavedbyThornton,thenatureofgoodnessrousedfromhisbody.HeshoweddeeplovetoThorntonaswellasloyalty.33 3.2.1JumpingofftheCliffBucklovedThorntonfromthebottomofhisheart.ThereisnodoubtthatThorntonalsolovedBuckdeeply.ButonedayThorntoncommandedBucktojumpoffthecliffwithoutthinking.Thorntonthoughtthesightwassplendid.BuckdidwhatThorntonsaidimmediatelyandheachievedit.Inanidealconditionofrest,harmony,stability,orjoywhatweneedwassomethingextraordinary.Sacrificeforlove.Ourbehaviorwillfillouruneventfullifewithcolorandinspiration.TosomeextentBuckwasanartist.3.2.2SavingthelifeofThorntonBuckdidwhathecouldtoprotectThornton.Forhim,Thorntonwasthewholeworld.WhenThorntonwasindangerhewouldbethefirsttosaveforhim.Inafall,Thorntonwascarrieddownstreamtowardtheworstpartoftherapids.ItwasBuckthatsavedhimirrespectiveofhisownsecurity.Buckstruggledinthewaterbuthedidnotquit.ThespiritinBuckshookmyheartdeeply.Buckwassuchamanwithwillingnesstosacrificeforhislover.Inourdailylife,wemayalsobewillingtosacrificeforourdearsorfriends.Atthesametime,theremaybesomeonewhoisrighttherewaitingforusandmanagestoprotectus.JustastheChinesesayinggoes:33 Totheworldyoumaybeoneperson,buttoonepersonyoumaybethewholeworld.Inoursociety,agreatnumberofpeopleholdthatmoneyissupreme.Theyworkhardonthewaytowealthyetneglecttheaffectionorrelationship.IthinkifBucklivesinourtruelifehewillbeourmodel.Hewillabandontheintendedbusinesstoprotecthisloverandtheotherpeople.3.2.3HelpingThorntonWintheBetThorntonhadadream,however,hewouldbeincapableofrealizingitonhisown.BuckrealizedthatandhetriedtohelpThorntontowinabettogetmoney.ItwasThornton’slovethatmadehimsuccess.BeforeBuckstartedhistask,Thorntonkneltdownbyhissideandwhispered“asyouloveme”.“Asyouloveme”,justthissimplefourwordsbutitwasenough.Buckdiditsowellthateveryonewassurprised.ItwaslovethatmadeBuckhelpThorntonrealizehisdream.Itislovethatmakestheworldgoaround.Nothingisimpossible.Whatweshoulddoiskeepingmovingon.Thestrengthofloveisinfinity.3.2.4TakingRevengeonYeehatsTheendingwasThorntondiedwhenBucklefthimtochasehisprey.TheotherdogswereallkilledbytheYeehats.WhenthishappenedBucksensed.InhisheartThorntonwassosignificantthathecouldsensethecalamityofThornton.Unfortunately,itwastoolateforhimtofindThornton.Yeehatshuntedthespruce-boughlodgeferociously.33 BuckcouldnothelpattackingtheevilYeehats.Hisheartwasalmostbrokenwhenhesawtheenemy.TrulyBuckwastheFiendincarnateandherevengedontheIndiansbykillingthem.Hetookprideofhimself.Buckthoughtiftherewerenospearsandclubinthehandsofmenhecouldkillthemeasier.ThefactwasthatthehumanskilledthehumansatfirstandBuckjustrevenged.IfThornton’slifehadnotbeenthreatenedBuckwouldnothavelosthistempertoendthepreciouslifeofhumans.Inthedailylifeifwedonottrespassonotherspropertywecansometimesavoidunnecessarytrouble.Weshouldlearntorespectothersthustogainrespect.Everyonewasborngoodbutheorshewouldchangeinthesociety.3.3ThePhilosophyofMenciusMencius,Kebyname,wasagreatthinkerandeducatoraswellasarepresentoftheConfucianschoolintheWarringStatesPeriod.ThephilosophyofMenciusrevealshumannature.Hethoughthumannaturehadfourstates.Theyarecompassion,senseofshame,respectandhumilityandmoralsense(WangYaohui2003:17).Heinsistedthathumanwereborngood.BuckwassuchacreatureinTheCalloftheWild.Hewasborngoodbuthadtolearntogiveupthegoodnaturetosurviveinthewastelandwithoutcivilization.Whenhereturnedtothewarmworldhegotridofthebadhabitsagainandheenjoyedthehappinessofthenature.Buckwasgoodinhisnature.33 ConclusionLiteratureisaspecialmeanstounderstandsocietyandhistory.TheCalloftheWildasoneofJackLondon’smasterpiecedeservesthescholars’study.ThisthesisanalyzesthecomplicatednatureofBuckfromthreeaspects.Inthefirstpart,weholdtheviewthatthenatureofBuckindifferentenvironmentsisthesametoushumansinaway.Soitbearsthecharacteristicsoftimes.Intoday’ssociety,peoplewillexperiencedifferentcircumstancesandhavetolearntoadaptthemselvestothesurroundings.Whenweliveahappylifeweshouldnotenjoythepleasurewithoutmeasure.Weshouldcherishourlifeandsetahighvalueonourtime.Whenwerunintoastonewallweshouldnotgiveupandwemustkeepstruggling,persistinfighting,andpursuingournewlifeallalong.Thewheelofhistorywillneverstopsoweshouldkeepmoving.Itiscrucialthatwemustlearntoadjustourselvestodifferentenvironments.However,whenweareconfrontedwithgreatdifficultiesweshouldkeepanoptimisticmindjustlikeBuck.Ifwearetorebelwemustgetthechance,otherwisewehavetochangeourselves.Thelawoflifeisthatonlythestrongcansurvive.Buckbecomesmatureunderthelawofclubandfang,wegrowupinthelawofcompetition.33 Inthesecondpart,wecansensethegoldenspiritandaspirationinBuck.Thefightingaswellasdown-to-earthspiritdeservesourlearning.Buckinsistedonfightingsohegottheleadership.Ifwesticktofightingwemayachievegreatsuccess.Ifnotwewouldgetnothing.Societyisfullofcompetitionandcontend,weshouldkeeponfightingtogainourownplace.Withoutfightinghumanbeingswouldstoptheirstepsthusourworldwouldnotmakeprogress.Thedown-to-earthspiritalsoplaysanimportantroleinourdailylifeespeciallyinChinesehistory.Theworkingclasswiththedown-to-earthspiritintheancienttimescreatedalotofmiracles.Thehistoricalandculturalheritagecreatedbythemhadchangedouroutlookonmanythings.Theworkingpeoplehadparticipatedintheconstructionofspiritualcivilizationandfurtheredthestabilityofhumansocietyandtheadvancementoftechnology.Inthemodernworld,peoplewiththedown-to-earthspiritworkhardintheircommonplacesandachievetheirdreamsthroughhardwork.Lastbutnottheleast,thisthesisrevealsthathumanswereborngood.Buckwaskindandhonestywhenhewasborninthejudger’shouse.Buttheenvironmentchangedhim.Thecomplicatedsocietyforcedhimtoabandonmoraltoadapttothesurroundings.Thushebecamecunningandsophisticated.However,whenhereturnedtothecivilizationthegoodnessinhisnaturewasarousedandhemanagedtoprotectthepeoplearoundhimandshowedthemhisloveandhonesty.ThenatureofBuckisthe33 reflectionofthatofourhumans.What’smore,thephilosophyofMenciusgivesexpressiontoitperfectly.Inthepresentworld,peoplemaylosetheirinitialpurityandhonestyinfrontoftheuncheckedmaterialisticpursuit.Theymaybecomeduplicityandshifting.IthinkBuckcouldreturntoapureworldifwegivehimanopportunitybutthepointisthathehimselfmustbewillingtocatchit.Offenders,criminalsandthecorruptofficialsshouldlearntoturnoveranewleafafterrealizingthemistakesbutmoreoftentheydonot.Wecannotreceivethemeventhoughtheyhavechangedthemselves.IhavetoadmitthatThorntonwasagreatman.HereceivedBuckandtookgoodcareofhim,lovedhimandtrustedhim.BuckcouldfeelthegentlelovesohereturnedThorntonthesameloveandloyalty.Itisaglorioussceneifwecanforgivethepeoplewhohasmademistakesbeforeandprovidethemchancestofindtheinitialpurity.Humanswereborngood.33 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AcknowledgementsFirstandforemost,Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisor,MissMaYuxiaforhercarefulandinstructiveguidance,herconstantencouragementandhelp.IamalsodeeplyindebtedtoProfessorLiRongxuan,ProfessorChenShanminandMissLiXiaohongfortheirlecturesfromwhichIobtainedlifelongbenefitsinmyfouryearsofB.A.study.Iwouldalsoliketothankmyfriendswhoonceofferedmetheirhelpinmystudyandlife.Specialthanksshouldalsogotomyfamilyfortheirencouragementandsupport.33'