给排水毕业设计外文翻译 23页

'Optimumcombinationofwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionincoal-accumulatedbasinofNorthChina中国北方煤炭积聚区的最佳组合排水，供水和生态环境保护资料来源：中国知网设计题目：天一职高办公楼及街区管网给水排水工程设计学生姓名：学院名称：专业名称：班级名称：学号：指导教师：教师职称:学历：2013年03月26日22 Optimumcombinationofwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionincoal-accumulatedbasinofNorthChinaWUQiang(武强)，DONGDonglin（董东林），SHIZhanhua（石占华），WUXiong（武雄），SUNWeidong（孙卫东），YEGuijun（叶贵钧），LIShuwen（李树文），&LIUJintao（刘金韬）1.DepartmentofGeology,ChinaUniversityofMiningandTechnology,Beijing100083,China:2.NanjingMiningCompany,ShanghaiMeishanGroupCompany,Nanjing210045,China:3.EconomicCollegeofShijiazhuang,Shijiazhuang050031,China:4.ChineseBureauofCoalGeology,Zhuozhuo072700,ChinaCorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoWuQiang(email:wuq@mail.cumtb.edu.cn)ReceivedJanuary12,1999AbstractTheconflictamongwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionisgettingmoreandmoreseriousduetotheirrationaldrainageandexploitationofgroundwaterresourcesincoal-accumulatedbasinsofNorthChina.Efficientsolutionstotheconflictaretomaintainlong-termdynamicbalancebetweeninputandoutputofthegroundwaterbasins,andtotrytoimproveresourcificationoftheminewater.Allsolutionsmustguaranteetheeco-environmentquality.Thispaperpresentsanewideaofoptimumcombinationofwaterdrainage，watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionsoastosolvetheproblemofunstableminewatersupply,whichiscausedbythechangeablewaterdrainageforthewholecombinationsystem.Boththemanagementofhydraulictechniquesandconstraintsineconomy,society,ecology,environment,insustuialstructuraladjustmentsandsustainabledevelopmentshavebeentakenintoaccount.Sincethetraditionaland22 separatemanagementofdifferentdepartmentsofwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionisbrokenupthesedepartmentsworktogethertoavoidrepeatedgeologicalsurveyandspecificevaluationcalculationssothatlargeamountofnationalinvestmentcanbesavedandprecisecalculationforthewholesystemcanbeobtained.Inthelightoftheconflictofwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectioninatypicalsectorinJiaozuocoalmine,acasestudyputsforwardanoptimumcombinationscheme,inwhichamaximumeconomicbenefitobjectiveisconstrainedbymultiplefactors.Theschemeprovidesaveryimportantscientificbaseforfindingasustainabledevelopmentstrategy.Keywordscombinationsystemofwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotection,optimalcombination,resourcificationofminewater.1AnalysesofnecessityforthecombinationTherearethreerelatedproblemsinthebasin.Itiswellknownthatthemajormine-hydrogeologicalcharacteristicsofthecoalaccumulatedbasininNorthChinadisplayastereowater-fillingstructure,whichisformedbymulti-layeraquifersconnectedhydraulicallytogetherwithvariouskindsofinnerorouterboundaries.MinewaterhazardshaveseriouslyrestrictedthehealthydevelopmentofcoalindustryinChinabecauseofmorewater-fillingsourcesandstrongerwater-fillingcapacityincoalminesofthebasin.Coalreservesinthebasinarethreatenedbythewaterhazards.InFengfeng,Xingtai,Jiaozuo,Zibao,HuaibeiandHuainancoalminedistricts,forexample,itisestimatedthatcoalreservesarethreatenedbythewaterhazardsupto52％,71.％40,％,60％,48％and90％oftotalprospectingreservesrespectively.Itisobviousthatun-miningphenomenoncausedbythewaterhazardsisserious.Water-burstingaccidentsundercoallayershaveseriouslyinfluencedsafeproduction.Somestatisticaldatashowthattherewere17water-burstingaccidentswithover1m3/sinflowfrom1985.Waterdrainageisanincreasingburdenoncoalminesthreatenedbywaterhazards:highcostofwaterdrainageraisescoalpricesandreducesprofitsoftheenterprise.Ontheotherhand,itismoreandmoredifficulttomeetthedemandofwatersupplyincoalminedistrictsinthebasin.Thereasonsarenot22 onlyaridandsemi-aridweatherconditions,butalsoalargeamountofwaterdrainagewithdeepdrawdownincoalminesandirrationalwaterexploitation.Thedeteriorationofeco-environmentisanotherproblem.Phenomenaoflandsurfacekarstcollapsecanbefound.Manyfamouskarstsprings,whicharedischargepointsforthewholekarstgroundwatersyatem,stopflowingortheirdischargeratesdecreaseonalargescale.DesertcremophytesinlargeareasinwestChinadiebecauseoffallinggroundwaterlevel.Thesethreeproblemsarerelatedandcontradictory.Inordertosolvetheproblemswhileensuringsafemining,meetingwaterresourcedemandsandslowingdownthepaceofeco-environmentdeterioration,itisnecessarytostudytheoptimumcombinationofwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectioninthebasin.1ThestateoftheartofresearchandtheproblemsAlthoughresearchintothecombinationofwaterdrainageandwatersupplystartedmuchearlierinsomecountries,theirconceptionissimpleandsomeshortcomingsremainintheirstudyonthetheoryandpatternofcombination.China’sresearchhistoryonthecombinationcanbedividedintothreestages.Thefirststageistheutilizationofminewater.Acenturyagominewaterstartedtobeusedaswatersupplyformines.Buttheutilizationscaleandefficiencywerequitelimitedatthattime.Thesecondstageisacomprehensiveone:minewaterwasusedwhilewaterhazardswereharnessed.Greatprogresswasmadebothintheoryandpracticeofthecombination.Forexample,thecombinationofwaterdrainageandwatersupplynotonlymeanstheutilizationofminewater,butalsomeansthatitisatechniqueofpreventingwaterhazards.Itisunfortunate,however,thatthecombinationresearchinthisstageofferedlesssenseofeco-environmentprotection.Optimumcombinationmanagementofwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionisthethirdstage.Mainfeaturesinthisstagearetowidentraditionalresearch,andtoestablishaneconomic-hydraulicmanagementmodel,inwhichsafemining,eco-environmentprotectionandsustainabledevelopmentdemands,etc.aresimultaneouslyconsideredasconstraintconditions.2TrinitysystemThetrinitysystemcombineswaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentquality22 protection.Thewater-collectingstructuresofthesystemconsistoflandsurfacepumpingwellsinthemines,shallowlandsurfacewellingroundwaterrechargeareasandartificialreliefwellsunderthemines.Bothintegrationandcoordinationforthetrinitysystemaredistinguishedaccordingtothecombination.Theintegrationforthesystemmeanstoutilizedrainagewaterundertheminesandpumpwaterontothelandsurfaceaswatersupplyfordifferentpurposeswithoutharmingtheeco-environmentalquality.Thecoalminesarenotonlydrainagesites,butalsowatersupplysources.Thepurposeofdrillingpumpingwellsonthelandsurfaceistoeliminatespecialinfluencesondifferentconsumers,whicharecausedbyterminatingdrainageprocessesundertheminesduetounexpectedaccidentsinmining.Thecoordinationforthesystemmeanstobulidsomewatersupplysourcesfordifferentconsumerswhileensuringeco-environmentalqualityingroundwaterrechargepositions,wherepumpinggroundwaterisquiteeffectiveonloweringgroundwaterheadsinthemineareas.Itinterceptsinadvancetherecharginggroundwaterflowtowardsthemines,whichmaynotonlyprovideconsumerswithgoodqualitygroundwater,achievethegoalofdroppingdowngroundwaterheadsinthemines,butalsoeffectivelyreducethehighcostsofdrainageandwatertreatment,whichareneededbytraditionaldewateringmeasureswithlargedrainageflowratesunderthemines.Thecoordinationchangesthetraditionalpassivepatternofpreventingandcontrollinggroundwaterhazardsundertheminesintothatofactivesurfaceinterception.Bothverydevelopedkarstflowbeltsandaccumulatedgroundwaterrechargeonesunderthegroundarerelativelyidealinterceptive22 coordinationpositionsinthesystem.Fortheintegrationofthetrinitysystem,artificialreliefwellsundertheminesandthelandsurfacepumpingwellsmainlypenetrateintodirectthinbeddedkarstaquifersinterbeddedwiththeminingcoallayers,whileforthecoordinationofthesystem,theshallowlandsurfacewellsmainlypenetrateintoverythickkarstaquifer.Therefore,hydrogeologicalconceptualmodelforthesysteminvolvesthemulti-layeraquifersconnectedhydraulicallybydifferentinnerboundaries.Settingupstereohydrogeologicalconceptualmodelsandcorrespondingmathematicalmodelsisaprerequisiteforsolvingthemanagementalproblemsforthesystem.Managementofthetrinitysystemnotonlyconsiderstheeffectsofloweringgroundwaterheadsandsafeoperationforwaterdrainagesubsystem,butalsopaysattentiontothewaterdemandsforwatersupplysubsystemandqualitychangesforeco-environmentprotectionsubsystem.Theyplaythesameimportantroleinthewholecombinationsystem.Itcontrolsthegroundwaterheadsineachaquifertosatisfytheconditionsofsafeminingwithcertainwaterheadpressuresinthemines,andtoguaranteeacertainamountofwatersupplyfortheminesandnearareas,butthemaximumdrawdownofgroundwatermustnotbeexceded,whichmayresultinloweringeco-environmentalquality.1Economic-hydraulicmanagementmodelInthetrinitysystemmanagement,groundwaterresourcesintheminesandnearbyareas,whichareassessedonthepremiseofeco-environmentqualitiesandsafeoperationinthemines,maybeprovidedaswatersupplyprices,drainagecosts,transportationcosts(includingpipelineandpurchasingthelandcosts)andgroundwaterqualitytreatmentcostsforthethreedifferentwaterconsumers,theoptimummanagementmodelsmayautomaticallyallocatetoeachconsumeracertainamountofgroundwaterresourcesandaconcretewatersupplyscenariobasedoncomparisonsofeachconsumer’seconomiccontributiontothewholesysteminobjectivefunction.Thereforethemanagementstudiesontheoptimalcombinationamongwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectioninvolveboththemanagementofgroundwaterhydraulictechniquesandtheeconomicevaluations,eco-environmentqualityprotectionandindustrialstructureprograms.Inadditiontorealizinganeconomicoperation,theyalsoguaranteeasafeoperationwhichisakey22 pointforthecombinationofthewholesystem.1Themanagementmodelforthetrinitysystemcanreachwatersupplygoalswithdrainagewaterundertheminesandthelandsurfacepumpingwateronthepremiseofensuringeco-environmentalquality.Anditcanmakeuseofonemodeltolaydowncomprehensivelyoptimummanagementscenariosforeachsubsystembymeansofselectingproperconstraintsandmaximumeconomicbenefitobjectiveproducedbymultiplewaterconsumers.Themodelcanraisethesecurityandreliabilityofoperationforthewholetrinitysystem,andthedrainagewatercanbeforecastfortheminesandthemanagementofwatersupplyresourceandtheevaluationofeco-environmentqualitycanbeperformedatthesametimesoastorespectivelystoptheseparateorclosedmanagement,ofdepartmentsofdrainagewater,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionfromgeologicalsurveystagetomanagementevaluation.This,ineconomicaspect,cannotonlyavoidmuchgeologicalsurveryandspecialassessmentworkwhichareoftenrepeatedbythethreedepartments,andsavealotoffunds,butalso,intechnicalaspect,makeuseofonemodeltosimultaneouslyconsiderinterferenceandinfluenceoneachotherfordifferentgroundwaterseepagefieldssoastoguaranteecalculatingprecisionoftheforecast,themanagementandtheevaluationwork.Theeconomic-hydraulicmanagementmodelcanbeexpressedasfollows.2AcasestudyAtypicalsectorischosen.ItislocatedintheeastofJiaozuocoalmine,HenanProvince,China.Itconsistsofthreemines:HanwangMine,YanmazhuangMineandJiulishanMine.Thelandsurfaceisflat,andthewholeareaisabout30km2.AnintermittentriverShanmenflowsthroughthesectorfromthenorthtothesouth.Averageannualprecipitationinthesectorisabout662.3mm.TheprecipitationmainlyconcentratesinJune,July,AugustandSeptembereachyear.StratainthesectorconsistofverythicklimestoneinMiddleOrdovician,coal-bearingrockseriesinPermoCarboniferousandloosedepositsinQuaternary.Therearefourgroupsoffaultedstructures.Thefirstisinnortheast-southwestdirectionsuchasF3andF1..Thesecondisinthenorthwest-southeastdirectionsuchasFangzhuangfault.Thethirdisintheeast-westdirectionsuchasFenghuanglingfault.Thelastisalmostinnorth-south.Thesefaultsareallfoundtobenormalfaultswithahighdegreeofdipangle.22 Fourmajoraquifershavebeenfoundinthesector.Thetoponeisasemi-confinedporousaquifer.Thenextoneisaverythinbeddedlimestonaquifer.Thethirdisathinbeddedlimestoneaquifer.Thelastoneatthebottomisaverythicklimestoneaquifer.Objectivefunctionofthemanagementmodelisdesignedtobemaximumeconomicbenefitproducedbydomestic,industrialandagriculturalwatersupply.Policymakingvariablesofthemodelareconsideredasthedomestic,industrialandagriculturalgroundwatersupplyratesineverymanagementtimestep,andtheyaresuppliedbyartificialreliefflowwellsunderthemines,thelandsurfacepumpingwellsintheminesandtheshallowlandsurfacewellsinthegroundwaterrechargeareas.Allthe135policymakingvariablesarechoseninthemodel,27fordrainagewellsundertheminesinaquifer,27forthelandsurfacepumpingwellsintheminedistrictsinaquifer2722 inaquifer27inaquiferO227fortheshallowlandsurfacewellsinaquiferO2Basedontheproblems,thefollowingconstraintconditionsshouldbeconsidered:(1)SafeminingconstraintwithgroundwaterpressureinaquiferL8.Therearealtogetherthreecoalminesinthetypicalsector,i.e.HanwangMine,YanmazhuangMineandJiulishanMine.Elevationsofmininglevelfortheseminesaredifferentbecauseitisabout88-150minthesecondmininglevelforHanwangMine,and-200minthesecondmininglevelforYanmazhuangMine,and-225minthefirstmininglevelforJiulishanMine.Accordingtominingexperiences,pressure-loadedheightsforgroundwaterheadsinsafeminingstateareconsideredasabout100-130m.Therefore,thegroundwaterleveldrawdownsinthethreemanagementtimestepsforaquiferL8atthreemineshavetobeequivalenttosafedrawdownvaluesatleastinordertopervertgroundwaterhazardsundertheminesandtoguaranteetheirsafeoperation.(2)Geologicaleco-environmentqualityconstraint.Inordertopreverntgroundwaterleakagefromuppercontaminaterporousaquiferintobottomoneandthentoseepagefurtherdowntocontaminatethethinbeddedlimestoneaquiferinthepositionofburiedoutcrop,thegroundwaterheadsinthebottomporousaquifermustkeepacertainheight,i.e.thegroundwaterdrawdownsinitarenotallowedtoexceedmaximumvalues.(3)GroundwaterheadconstraintattheshallowlandsurfacewellsinaquiferO2,TheshallowlandsurfacewellsshouldpenetrateinaquiferO2inordertoavoidgeologicalenvironmenthazards,suchaskarstcollapseanddeepkarstgroundwatercontamination.GroundwaterheaddrawdownsinaquiferO2fortheshallowlandsurfacewellsarenotallowedtoexceedcriticalvalues.(4)IndustrialwatersupplyconstraintforthegroundwatersourceinaquiferO2.Therateofindustrialwatersupplyneededbytheplannedthermalpowerplantinthenorthofthesectorisdesignedtobe1.5m3/saccordingtothecomprehensivedesignofthesysteminthesector.Inordertomeetthedemandsofwater,therateindustrialwatersupplyforthegroundwatersourceinaquiferO2ineverymanagementtimestepmustbeequivalentatleastto1.5m3/s.22 (1)Maximumamountconstraintofgroundwaterresourceavailableforabstraction.Inordertomaintainthebalanceofthegroundwatersysteminthesectorforalongtimeandtoavoidanyharmfulresultscausedbycontinuousfallingofgroundwaterhead,thesumofgroundwaterabstractionineachmanagementtimestepisnotallowedtoexceedthemaximumamountofgroundwaterresourceavailableforabstraction.Sincethereisnotonlywaterdrainageinthemines,butalsowatersupplyinthewholecombinationsystem,managementperiodforthemodelisselectedfromJune1,1978toMay31,1979,inwhichannualaveragerateofprecipitationisabout50％.Managementtimestepsfortheperiodaredividedintothree.ThefirstoneisfromJunetoSeptember,thesecondfromOctobertonextJanuary,andthelastonefromnextFebruarytoMay.Accordingtocomprehensiveinformationaboutactualeconomicability,economicdevelopmentprogramandindustrialstructureadjustmentinthesectoratpresentandinthenearfuture,anddifferentassociationformsofwatercollectingstructuresamongthelandsurfacepumpingwells,theshallowlandsurfacewellsandartificialreliefflowwellsunderthemines,thispaperdesigns12managementscenarious,allofwhichtakethesafeoperationinthetrinitysystemasthemostimportantcondition.Aftermakingcomparisonsofoptimumcalculationresultsforthe12scenarious,thispapercomestoaconclusionthatscenariosisthemostidealandapplicableoneforthetypicalsector.Thisscenarionotonlyconsiderstheeffectivedewateringadvantageoftheartificialreliefflowwellsundertheminesandsafestablewatersupplyadvantageofthelandsurfacepumpingwells,butalsopaysattentiontothedisadvantageoflowsafeguarantyrateforthereliefflowwellsundertheminesforwatersupplyandoflargedrillinginvestmentinthelandsurfacepumpingwells.Meanwhile,ehshallowlandsurfacewellsinaquiferO2inthisscenariowouldnotonlyprovidewatersupplyforthethermalpowerplantasplanned,butalsoplayanimportantroleindewateringthebottomaquifer,whichismajorrechargesourceofgroundwaterforthemines.Ifthedrainagesubsystemundertheminesrunsnormally,thisscenariocouldfullyoffertheeffectivedewateringfunctionsoftheartificialreliefflowwellsunderthemines,andmakesthetrinitysystemoperatenormally.Butifthedrainagesubsystemhastostopsuddenlybecauseofunexpectedaccidents,thescenariocouldstillfullyutilizethelandsurfacepumpingwellsandtheshallowlandsurfacewells,andincreaetheirpumpingratesinordertomakeupfortemporaryshortage22 ofwatersupplyforthetrinitysystemandtomakeitseconomiclossesreducedtoaminimumextent.Increasinggroundwaterabstractionrateforthelandsurfacepumpingwellsandtheshallowlandsurfacewells,infact,isveryfavorableforharnessingthewater-accidentsundertheminesandforrecoveryproductionofthemines.Tosumup,thisscenariosetsupanewpatternforthecombinationofwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotection.Itsolvesquitewelltheconflictsbetweenthelowsafeguarantyrateandtheeffectivedewateringresultfortheartificialreliefflowwellsunderthemines.Itmakesfulluseofbeneficialaspectoftheconflicts,andmeanwhilecompensatesfortheunbeneficialonebyarrangingthelandsurfacepumpingwellsinthecoalminedistricts.Therefore,thisscenarioshouldbecomprehensiveandfeasible.Inthisscenario,HanwanMine,YanmazhuangMineandJiulishanMinearedistributedoptimallyfor22 certainamountofdomesticandindustrialwatersupply,butnotformuchagriculturalwatersupply.Thelandsurfacepumpingwellsarealsodistributedfordifferentpurposesofwatersupply.Thewatersupplyforthethermalpowerplant(1.5m3/s)isprovidedbytheshallowlandsurfacewells.Comprehensiveeffects,producedbytheabovethreekindsofwatercollectingstructures,completelysatisfyalloftheconstraintconditionsinthemanagementmodel,andachieveanextremelygoodeconomicobjectiveof16.520551millionRMByuanperyear.Inordertoexaminetheuncertaintyofthemanagementmodel,12managementscenariosarealltestedwithsensitiveanalysis.1Conclusion(1)Theoptimumcombinationresearchamongwaterdrainage,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionisofgreattheoreticalsignificanceandapplicationvalueinthebasinofNorthChinaforsolvingunbalancedrelationbetweenwatersupplyanddemands,developingnewpotentialwatersupplysourcesandprotectingweakeco-environment.(2)Thecombinationresearchisconcernednotonlywithhydraulictechniquemanagementbutalsowithconstraintsofeconomicbenefits,society,ecology,environmentquality,safeminingandsustainabledevelopmentinthecoalmines.(3)Thecombinationmodel,forthefirsttime,breaksuptheclosedsituationexistingforalongtime,underwhichthegovernmentdepartmentsofdrainagewater,watersupplyandeco-environmentprotectionfromgeologicalsurveystagetomanagementevaluationworkrespectively.Economically,itcansparetherepeatedgeologicalsurveyandspecialassessmentworkdonebythethreedepartmentsandsavealotoffunds;technically,onemodelismadeuseoftocovertheinterferenceandinfluenceeachotherfordifferentgroundwaterseepagefieldssoastoguaranteeahighcalculatingprecisionoftheforecast,themanagementandtheevaluationwork.(4)Themanagementscenariopresentedinthecasestudyisthemostidealandapplicableforthetypicalsector.Thisscenarionotonlymakesfulluseoftheeffectivedewateringadvantagesoftheartificialreliefflowwellsundertheminesandsafestablewatersupplyadvantagesofthelandsurfacepumpingwells,butalsopaysattentiontothedisadvantagesoflowsafeguarantyrateforthereliefflowwellsundertheminesforwatersupplyandoflargedrillinginvestment22 forthelandsurfacepumpingwells.References1.Investigationteamonmine-hydrogeologyandengineeringgeologyintheMinistryofGeologyandMineralResources.InvestigationReportonKarst-water-fillingMines(inChinese).Beijing:GeologicalPublishingHouse,19962.LiuQiren,LinPengqi,YuPei,Investigationcommentsonmine-hydrogeologicalconditionsfornationalkarst-water-fillingmines,JournalofHydrogeologyandEngineeringGeology(inChinese),19793.WangMengyu,Technologydevelopmentonpreventingandcuringminewaterincoalminesinforeigncountries,ScienceandTechnologyinCoal(inChinese),19834.Coldewey,W.G.Semrau.L.MinewaterintheRuhrArea(FederalRepublicofGermany),inProceedingsof5thInternationalMineWaterCongress,Leicestershire:QuornSelectiveReproLimited,19945.Sivakumar,M.Morten,S,Singh,RN,Casehistoryanalysisofminewaterpollution,inProceedingsof5thInternationalMineWaterCongress,Leicestershire;QuornSelectiveReproLimited,19946.YeGuijun.ZhangDao,FeaturesofKarst-water-fillingminesandcombinationbetweenwaterdrainageandwatersupplyinChina,JournalofHydrogeologyandEngineeringGeology(inChina),19887.TanJiwen,ShaoAijun,ProspectanalysesonCombinationbetweenwaterdrainageandwatersupplyinkarstwaterbasininnorthernChina,JounnalofHebeiCollegeofGeology(inChinese),19858.XinKuide,YuPei,Combinationbetweenwaterdrainageandwaterforseriouskarst-water-fillingminesinnorthernChina,JournalofHydrogeologyandEngineeringGeology(inChinese),19869.WuQiang,LuoYuanhua,SunWeijiangetal.Resourcificationofminewaterandenvironmentprotection,GeologicalComments(inChinese),199710.GaoHonglian,LinZhengping,Regionalcharacteristicsofmine-hydrogeologicalconditions22 ofcoaldepositsinChina,JournalofHydrogeologyandEngineeringGeology(inChinese),19851.JiangBen,AtentativeplanforpreventingandcuringmeasuresonminewaterincoalminesinnorthernChina,GeologyandProspectingforCoaofield(inChinese),199322 中国北方煤炭积聚区的最佳组合排水，供水和生态环境保护武强董东林石占华武雄孙卫东叶贵钧李树文刘金韬1.地质系，中国矿业大学，北京100083，中国；2.南京矿业公司，上海眉山公司，南京210045，中国；3.石家庄经济学院，石家庄050031，中国；4.中国煤田地质局，涿州072700，中国；请致函吴强（电子邮件：wuq@mail.cumtb.edu.cn）于1999年1月12日摘要为了开采中国北方煤炭资源丰富的区域，不合理的排水使排水、供水和保护生态环境之间的冲突日趋严重。有效的解决冲突的方法是保持地下水丰富的盆地的输入和输出之间长期的动态的平衡，并努力提高煤矿水的资源化。所有解决方案必须保证环境质量。本文提出了一种有关于优化排水、供水和环境保护之间的组合，以解决不稳定水流的问题，从而引起引流水变化的整个组合系统的新的理念。管理液压技术和限制经济，社会，生态，环境，工业结构调整与可持续发展已被考虑到。这个系统可以通过不同部门的共同努力打破不同部门之间独立管理排水、供水和保护环境的传统，避免了重复的地质调查和具体的评价计算，使国家可以节省大量的投资和精确计算。鉴于排水，供水和保护生态环境之间的冲突的一个典型的部门在焦作煤矿，一案例研究提出了一种优化组合方案，目的是最大经济效益能够受到多种因素的制约。该方案奠定了一个寻找可持续发展战略非常重要的科学基础关键词组合系统的排水，供水和保护生态环境，优化组合，矿井水资源化1分析相结合的必要性22 在盆地中有三个相关的问题。众所周知，在中国北方流域积累的煤矿的主要的水文地质是立体充水结构，它是由于液压与各类内、外边界的连结液相连的多层含水层。在中国煤炭储量丰富、矿井数目多的盆地，由于注水和更强的注水能力得到应用，矿井水严重制约了煤炭工业的健康发展。据估计总矿储量分别是52%，71%，40%，60%，48%和90%的峰峰、邢台、焦作、淄博、淮北和淮南的盆地煤矿区遭受到了破坏。很明显，不能挖掘的现象所造成的危害是严重的。透水事故严重影响安全生产。一些统计数据表明从1927年到1985年有17个超过1立方米/秒流速的透水事故发生。排水对煤矿水灾害的威胁是一个日益沉重的负担；排水成本提高引起了煤炭价格的上升和企业利润的减少。盆地的煤矿区的供水需求越来越难以得到满足。其原因一方面是干旱和半干旱的气候条件，另一方面是大量煤矿排水的不合理开发。另一个问题是环境恶化。地表上喀斯特地貌崩溃的现象可以被发现。许多著名的对整个卡斯特地下水系统非常重要的卡斯特泉水，已经停止了流动或者出流速度大规模的降低。在中国西部占有者很大面积的克拉玛依沙漠由于地下水位的下降正在走向死亡。这三个问题既是相关的又是矛盾的。为了解决盆地中的这一问题，同时确保安全开采、满足对水资源的需求和减缓环境的恶化，去研究排水、供水和环境保护之间的最佳组合是非常重要的。2研究行业的现状及问题虽然一些国家对于排水和给水的组合的研究比较早，其概念简单，在他们的理论与组合模式仍然有着很多缺点。中国对于组合排水研究的历史可以分为三个阶段。第一阶段是利用矿井水。一个世纪前的矿井水开始被用来作为矿井供水。但在那个时候利用规模和效率都非常有限。第二个阶段是全面的：矿井水被用来水灾害治理。在理论和实际上都取得了非常大的进步。例如，排水和给水的组合不仅意味着矿井水能够得到利用，也意味着防止水害成为了一种科技。然而不幸的是在这一阶段的组合研究对环境保护投入了太少的关注。优化管理排水，供水和保护生态环境的组合是第三阶段。在这个阶段的主要特点是拓宽传统的研究，并建立一个经济水压管理模式，同时把安全开采，生态环境保护与可持续发展和发展需求等作为约束条件。3三位一体系统22 三位一体系统结合了排水，供水和生态环境保护。集水系统的结构由矿井地表水的抽吸、地下浅地表水的在灌注和矿井下的人工救援水组成。根据这种组合三位一体系统中的整合和协调显得非常重要。一体化的系统意味着利用矿井下的排水然后用水泵把水抽到地表作为不同目的的供水同时不会损害生态环境质量。煤矿不仅是排水源，同时也是供水源。从地表抽水的目的是消除为了防止矿井下的意外事故发生而引起的排水终止的事情对不同的人造成的特别的影响。当抽取地下水作为一种非常有效地矿区降低地下水水头措施时，系统的协调意味着对于不同的消费者去建立一些供水源头，同时确保地下水灌注时生态环境质量的状态。。流向矿山的灌注水的增长截距，不仅能够提供给消费者高品质的地下水，实现降低矿山地下水水头的目的，还能够有效地降低在矿山下提供大流速的传统的排水措施的高成本。这种协调的方式改变了传统的被动的预防模式和限制了矿山下地下水的危害迅速的向地表扩散。在系统中非常发达的卡斯特流域和地下积累了大量水的区域是相对理想的协调位置。对于这个三位一体系统的整体来说，地下的人工救援水和表层抽取的水主要是直接的渗透进地下薄弱的卡斯特层状蓄水层和煤矿层，同时为了协调这个系统，煤矿的浅层必须穿透比较厚的卡斯特地下蓄水层。因此，水温地质概念模型的系统包括由液压连接的不同的内外边界的多层含水层。建立立体水文地质概念模型和相应的数学模型的先决条件是解决系统的管理问题。22 三位一体系统的管理不仅需要考虑到降低地下水水头的效果和排水系统的安全运行，同时要考虑到排水和供水系统对生态环境保护系统的影响。他们在整个组合系统中发挥了同样重要的作用。它控制了在满足安全开采条件的具有一定水头压力的矿井的各含水层的水头，并在矿井及其附近区域有一定量的供水，但是必须不能超过可能导致生态环境质量降低的地下水的最大水位降低量。4经济水压管理模型在三位一体管理系统中，生态环境质量和安全运行评估的前提是矿山及其周边的地下水资源可提供水供应价格，排水费用，运输费用（包括管道和购买土地的费用）和地下水质量检测的费用的三种不同的消费者优化管理模式，自动的分配给每一个消费者一定数量的地下水资源和水供应的情况下进行每一个消费者的目标函数对整个系统的经济贡献。因此，管理和研究排水，供水和环境保护之间的最佳组合涉及地下水液压管理技术和经济评价。生态环境质量保护与产业结构程序。为了实现经济运营，他们同时也保证了一个安全的操作，这对整个组合系统而言非常重要的关键点。三位一体系统的管理模式可以达到供水，排水和地表水时确保生态环境质量安全的目标。它可以通过选择适当的限制和通过多种水资源消费者产生的最大经济效益为每个子系统制定一个最适宜的全面的优化管理模式。这种模式可以提高三位一体系统运行的安全和可靠性，预测矿井的排水量，管理供水资源和评价生态环境质量的可以同时执行，以终止管理排水，供水和保护生态环境地质调查评估的各个不同部门之间的独立的和封闭的状态。这样，不仅可以避免三个部门之间许多往往是重复了的地质调查和评估工作，在经济方面，节约了大量的资金，而且可以在技术方面利用一个同时考虑不同区域的之间干扰和相互影响的模型保证地下水渗流计算的精度，预测，管理和评价工作。这种经济水压管理模式可以表示如下：22 5案例研究一个典型的部门被挑选了出来。它位于中国河南省焦作市东部的一个煤矿。它由三个煤矿组成：汉王矿，演马庄矿和九里山矿。土地表面平整，整体面积约30平方公里。一个叫做山门的断断续续的河流从北流向南。年平均降水量大约为662.3mm。降水主要集中在每年的六月，七月，八月和九月。该区域的岩层中包括中层中非常厚的陶系石灰岩，含煤石岩和第四纪的松散沉积物。有四组断裂构造。首先是在东北和西南方向如F和F1。第二是在西北-东南方向例如方庄的故障。第三是在东-西方向的凤凰岭等故障。最后几乎是在南-北方向。这些故障都发现了具有高倾斜度角的正断层。22 该部门已经发现了四个主要的含水层。第一个是一个半封闭的孔隙。第二个是薄层灰含水层。第三是一个薄层灰岩含水层。最后一个是一个很厚的在底部的灰岩含水层。目标函数管理模式是为国内经济效益最大化的工业和农业用水供应而设计的。决策变量模型被认为是每时每刻同步管理的家庭，工业和农业地下水供给速率和他们所提供的地下矿井人工救援，地表矿山抽水和矿山浅表层区域的地下水。该模型涵盖了135个决策变量，地下矿井含水层有27个，矿井地表抽水区域有27个，27个L2,27个O2，矿上浅表层O2有27个。针对这些问题，应考虑以下约束条件：（1）安全开采时地下水含水层压力为L8。在该部门共有三个典型的煤矿，i.e汉王矿，演马庄矿和九里山矿。由于汉王矿为88-150米的二类开采水平，演马庄矿为-200米的二类开采水平，九里山矿为-225米一类开采水平，所以这些矿山的水平是不同的。根据开采经验，国家规定的安全开采压力加载地下水头高度为100-130米。因此，为了阻止矿山下地下水的危害和保证其安全运行，矿山地下水位在三个时间管理阶段可以被认为是正常的降落值。（2）地质环境质量约束。为了防止底部多空含水层进一步向地下水渗漏，污染薄层灰岩含水层中的地下水，多空层的顶部必须保持一定的高度，不允许超过地下水亏损的最大值。（3）地下水位限制了煤矿浅地表曾中的氧气。煤矿浅地表层中的氧气应该避免像卡斯特崩溃和卡斯特地下水污染地下含水层等地质环境灾害。煤矿浅地表层中的氧气不允许超过临界值。（4）工业用水供应限制地下水含水层中的氧气。根据该部门中系统的总体设计，热电厂北面的工业供水的速率为1.5立方米每秒。为了满足供水需求，工业供水中地下含水层中氧的检测必须至少为1.5立方米/秒。（5）可利用地下水资源的最大化是抽象的。为了部门中地下水系统能够在很长一段时间里保持平衡和避免任何有害的结果所造成的地下水头降低，每个管理时间里抽取的地下水不得超过抽象的最大量的地下水资源。22 由于既有煤矿中的排水，还有整个组合系统的供水，该模式的管理时间为占有年平均降水量的百分之五十的1978年的六月一日到1979年的三月三十一日。管理周期分为三个时间阶段。第一个是从六月九月，第二个从十月到次年一月，而最后一个从明年二月到三月。根据实际经济能力全面的信息，经济发展计划和产业结构调整现状和未来，煤矿地表水，浅层地表水和矿山下人工救援水收集的不同的组织形式，共设计了12个以三位一体系统安全运行为首要条件的管理情况。在计算和比较了这12中情况后，本为提出了情节是这些典型部门最理想和最适用的结论。这种情况不仅考虑了把降水作为矿山地下人工救援用水和矿山地表水源的供水，还关注了煤矿地下人工救援水和投资在矿山地表的大型钻井安全保证率底的缺点。同时，对于矿山地表含水层中氧气不仅能给计划中火电厂供水，还在含水层脱去作为矿山地下水主要补给来源的含水层中发挥了重要的作用。如果矿山的排水系统正常运行，这种情况下它完全可以最为煤矿地下人工救援水使三位一体系统正常运转。如果意外事故使排水系统突然停止，该方案仍能充分利用矿山下和浅地表中的水泵，并提高他们的抽水率为三位一体系统供水短缺提供临时补充，使其经济损失降到最低程度。事实上，提高矿山地表水和浅地表水的抽水率是对于治理矿山下的透水事故和恢复煤矿的生产时非常有利的。总之，这种情况下提出了一种结合排水、供水和保护生态环境的新的模式。它很好的解决了煤矿下人工救援水的低安全保证率和有效地脱水效果之间的冲突。它充分利用冲突中有利的一面，同时补偿煤矿地表水泵不利的一面。因此，这种情况下它是全面的和可靠的。在这种情况下，汉王矿，演马庄矿和九里山矿能够分配到一定量的家庭和工业用水供应，但不多的农业用水。煤矿地表抽水也分配了不同的供水目的。火电厂（1.5立方米/秒）是由煤矿浅地表层供水的。综上，在满足所有约束条件下运行的管理模式时，这三种集水结构能够取得16.520551百万人民币/年的极高的经济目标。为了审查的不确定性的管理模式，12种情况必须经过所有的测试与敏感性分析。6结论（1）优化排水，供水和环境保护之间的组合的研究对于解决中国北部盆地供水和需求之间的不平衡的关系，开发新的潜在水资源和保护脆弱的生态环境具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。（2）22 这个组合的研究不仅仅覆盖了液压管理技术还限制了煤矿的经济，社会，生态，环境质量，安全开采和可持续发展效益。（1）这种组合模型，第一时间打破了封闭的政府各个部门之间长期存在的分管排水，供水和保护生态环境地质调查评价工作的状态。经济上，它可以为进行反复地质调查和评估工作三部门节约大量的资金；技术上，一种模式可以排除不同区域地下水渗漏所造成的相互干扰，以保证预测，管理和评价工作的较高的计算精准度。（2）最理想，最适用于典型部门的管理情况是个案研究。这种情况不仅有效地充分利用矿山下人工救援和矿山地表抽水安全稳定的脱水的优势，还注重了煤矿地下人工救援水和投资在矿山地表的大型钻井安全保证率底的缺点。参考文献1.地质矿产部水文地质学和工程地质学调查队。充满含水层的卡斯特矿山的调22 查报告（中国）。北京：地质出版社，19961.刘启仁，林彭其，俞培，对于国家充满含水层的卡斯特煤矿的水文地质状况的调查评论。水文地质和工程地质学报（中国），19792.王梦雨，国外对于防止和治煤矿矿井水的科技发展，科尔的科学与技术（中国），19833.克尔·高德维，w.g.semrau.L.矿井水在鲁尔区（联邦德国），第五届国际矿山水大会，莱斯特郡附近的选择性繁殖有限公司，19944.斯瓦库马尔，m.马顿，S，辛格，护士，矿井水污染病历分析，第五届国际矿山水大会，莱斯特郡；附近的选择性有限公司，19945.叶贵军。张刀，充满含水层的卡斯特煤矿的特征和中国排水和供水之间的组合。水文地质和工程地质学报（中国），19886.谭计文，邵爱君，中国北部盆地卡斯特水的排水与供水的之间的组合的前景分析，河北地质大学杂志（中国），19857.鑫奎德，俞培，中国北方充满含水层的卡斯特煤矿的排水和供水组合，水文地质和工程地质学报（中国），19868.武强，罗元华，孙魏江等。矿井水资源化和环境保护，地质评论（中国），199710.高红莲，林正平，中国煤炭矿床矿井水压状况的区域特色，水文地质和工程地质学报（中国），198511.蒋本，中国北方煤矿矿井水预防和治理的初步计划，煤田的地质勘察（中国），199322'