论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用毕业论文.doc 23页

'B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomics论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用毕业论文CONTENTSAcknowledgements…………………………………………………iiAbstract………………………………………………………….…iiiAbstractinChinese………………………………………………ivIntroduction…………………………………………………………1ChapterOneConversionofWordClasses…………...…………3I.ConversionintoChineseVerbs…………………………………3II.ConversionintoChineseNouns………………………………5III.ConversionintoChineseAdjectives…………………………6IV.ConversionintoChineseAdverbs……………………………7ChapterTwoConversionofSentenceComponents…...………..9I.ConversionintoChineseSubjects………………………………9II.ConversionintoChinesePredicates…………………………10III.ConversionintoChineseObjects……………………………11IV.ConversionintoChineseAttributes…………………………11V.ConversionintoChineseComplements…………………12ChapterThreeConversionofPerspectives……………………14I.ConversionofEnglishImpersonalSubjects…………………14II.ConversionfromtheAbstractintotheConcrete…………….1721 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsIII.ConversionfromtheStativeintotheDynamic………………17IV.ConversionfromthePassiveintotheActive………………18V.ConversionbetweenNegativeandAffirmative………………18Conclusion…………..……………………………….……………20WorksCited……………………………………………………..…21如有三级标题，可以i.ii.iii.iv.编写，为简明，建议目录中尽量不要写三级标题，正文中可有三级标题。注意各级标题大小写，确保目录中的标题、页码与正文中的标题、页码保持对应。21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomics注意每段的首行缩进、行距、字体、字号等要保持全文一致IntroductionIntranslationwemaygothroughmanyprocedurestotranslatethetexttomakeitacceptableforthespecificcommunicativesituation.Thetranslatingprocessisexplainedasfollows:Translationisnotthetranscodingofwordsorsentencesfromonelanguagetoanother,butacomplexformofaction,wherebysomeoneprovidesinformationonatext(sourcelanguagematerial)inanewsituationandunderchangedfunctional,culturalandlinguisticconditions,preservingformalaspectsascloselyaspossible.(Snell-Hornby82)注意引语段格式Accordingtotheexplanation,intranslating,atranslator’staskistoconveythecontentandspiritofthesourcetextandrearrangethemintothetargettextinasmoothandlogicalwayunderthenewspecificsituationsandconditions.Additionally,weshouldrememberthat“anaturalstyleintranslatingisneverthelessessentialtoproducingintheultimatereceptorsaresponsesimilartothatoftheoriginalreceptors”(MaandMiao17).Therefore,effectivetranslationmethodsandtechniquesareundoubtedlyindispensableintranslatingactivities.注意文内引文规范。每个文献须在文末参考书目中出现。Conversion,asagrammaticalphenomenon,hasbeenahotsubjectinthefieldoflinguisticresearch.Sincesourcelanguageandtargetlanguagearequitedifferentinnatureanduse,andthetargettextshouldconveythemeaningofthesourcetextintheclosestnaturalmanner,conversionbecomesoneofthemosteffectivetechniquestoseekinthetargetlanguagetheequivalentinformationofthesourcelanguage.Aclearandcorrectexpressionofthesourcetextiswhatreallymattersintranslation,foritiscrucialintranslationtoseekequivalenceincontentorinformation,butnotabsoluteformalcorrespondence.“Formostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage”(Hu10).Agoodtranslatorwillthereforeemployallpossiblemeanstoreproducethethoughtoftheauthorfaithfullyinanother21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicslanguage.“Conversionhaslongbeenacceptedasoneofthetechniquesessentialtoimprovingthequalityofourversion”(Zhong98),bywhichthemechanicaltranslationcouldbeavoided;thereforeitenablestranslatorstoachieveanaturalandfaithfultranslationwhichnotonlyoffersinformationofthesourcetextbutalsokeepswiththeexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguage.Inthisway,contentsofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguageareinaccordancewitheachother,thoughformsmaybesomewhatchanged.Thethesisarguesthat,becauseofthegreatdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseingrammarandexpressionstyle,conversionbecomesafrequently-usedtranslationtechnique,whichenablestranslatorstoachieveanatural,fluentandaccuratetranslation.InadditiontoIntroductionandConclusion,thethesisconsistsofthreeparts.ThefirstchapterdiscussestheconversionofwordclassesinEnglish-Chinese(E-C)translation.Thesecondchapterfocusesontheconversionofsentencecomponents,whichisusuallycausedbytheconversionofwordclasses.ThethirdchapterexplorestheapproachesofhowtoconverttheEnglishperspectivesintothecorrespondingonesinChinese.21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsChapterOneConversionofWordClassesInE-Ctranslation,itisdifficulttogetanappropriatecorrespondingChinesewordforanEnglishwordofthesameclassallthetime.Ifeachwordinonelanguageisreplacedwithwordsofthesamewordclassesinanother,suchexpressionswouldsoundveryawkwardorevenunintelligibletothereader.Therefore,effectiveuseofwordclassconversioniscrucialandnecessaryinE-Ctranslation.I.ConversionintoChineseVerbsBecauseoneofthemostremarkabledifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseliesintheuseoftheverb,conversionintoChineseverbshasbecomethebasicconversiontechniqueusedinE-Ctranslation.i.ConvertingEnglishNounintoChineseVerbAsforEnglish,“itseemspossibletoexpressideaswithgreaterprecisionandadequacybymeansofnounsthanbymeansofthemorepictorialverbs”(Jespersen139).Thatistosay,“EnglishisalanguageinwhichnounsaremorewidelyusedthanthoseinChinese,whileinChineseverbsaremorefrequentlyusedandoccupyadominantposition”(Zhou391),thereforesomeEnglishnounsareoftenconvertedintoChineseverbsinthepracticaltranslation.注意文内引文规范。每个文献须在文末参考书目中出现。Specifically,anEnglishnounwhichpossessesthepropertyofaverborwasderivedfromaverbisoftenconvertedintoaverbwhentranslatedintoChinese.Hereisanexampletoillustratethispoint.Example1:Theuseofbacteriologicalweaponsisaclearviolationoftheinternationallaw.使用细菌武器显然违反国际法。21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsii.ConvertingEnglishPrepositionintoChineseVerbItisknownthat“thereareabout286prepositionsandprepositionalphrasesinEnglish”(Lian50).PrepositionsorprepositionalphrasesaresowidelyandfrequentlyusedinEnglishthatEnglishissometimescalledprepositionallanguage.PrepositionsinEnglish,whichareveryrichandflexibleinmeaning,haveagreatpowerofexpression;onthecontrary,theChineselanguageisverb-oriented,soitisnotwithoutreasonthatEnglishprepositionsorprepositionalphrasesareoftenconvertedintoChineseverbsorverbalphrasesinE-Ctranslation.Thereisanexamplebelow.Example2:Itisourgoalthatthepeopleintheundevelopedareaswillbefinallyoffpoverty.我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。iii.ConvertingEnglishAdjectiveintoChineseVerbWhenmeetingwithsuchEnglishadjectivesthatoftenindicatethehumanpsychologyorstateofmind,suchasone’sconsciousness,emotionalactivitiesanddesires,translatorsusuallyconvertthemintoChineseverbs.Hereisanexampletoillustratethepoint.Example3:Advancingintothevastnessofspace,manisbecomingfullyawareofthesmallnessofhisplanet.由于进入浩无涯际的太空，人类已充分意识到本星球的渺小。iv.ConvertingEnglishAdverbintoChineseVerbSomeEnglishadverbs,whichhaveanimpliedmeaningofverbs,ifnecessary,areoftenconvertedintoChineseverbs.Thefollowingexampleillustratesthispoint.Example4:TheyfoundMr.Bennettstillup.他们发现班纳特先生还没有睡觉。v.ConvertingEnglishGerundintoChineseVerbGerund,alsocalledasaverbalnoun,oftenservesfunctionallyasanounbutretainssomepropertiesofaverbintheoriginaltext.However,thereisnosuchlinguisticform21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsof-inginChinese,soEnglishgerundsaregenerallyconvertedintoChineseverbsinE-Ctranslation.Hereisanexample.Example5:Heatingwaterdoesnotchangeitschemicalcomposition.把水加热不会改变水的化学成分。II.ConversionintoChineseNounsNounsaccountforanoverwhelmingpartofthevocabularynotonlyinEnglishbutinChinese.SomeEnglishwords,forexample,whicharederivedfromnouns,canhardlybetranslatedliterally;theyareusuallyconvertedintonouns.i.ConvertingEnglishVerbintoChineseNounBecausesomeEnglishverbsdescribingthecharacteristicsorpropertiesofthesubjectaredifficulttoexpressinexactcorrespondingChineseverbs,theyareoftenconvertedintoChinesenounssoastoachieveasatisfactorytranslation.Hereisanillustrativeexample.Example6:Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。ii.ConvertingEnglishAdjectiveintoChineseNounSometimesEnglishadjectivesarealsoconvertedintoChinesenounsforthesmoothnessoftranslation.Thefollowingisoneexample:Example7:Everydayexperienceshowsusthaticeisnotasdenseaswateranditthereforefloats.日常经验告诉我们，冰的密度比水小，因而能浮在水面上。Generallyspeaking,a“definitearticle(the)+adjective”constructionindicatespeopleofsomekindorabstractconcepts,sosuchadjectivesareoftenconvertedintoChinesenouns.Example8:21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsHeisalwaysdreamingoflivingalifeastherich.他总是梦想过富人一样的生活。Here,“therich”referringtopeopleofsomekindisconvertedintoaChinesenoun.Example9:Itishighlyimportanttodistinguishbetweenthefalseandthetruth.最重要的是分清是非。Here,“thefalse”and“thetruth”referringtoabstractconceptsareconvertedintoChinesenouns.III.ConversionintoChineseAdjectivesi.ConvertingEnglishNounintoChineseAdjectiveEnglishnounsaremuchmorefrequentlyusedandcontainamoreextendedmeaningthanChinesenouns,andsomeabstractnounsareverycloselyrelatedtotheircorrespondingadjectivesinmeaning.Therefore,itisnecessarytoconvertsuchkindofnounsintoChineseadjectives.Thefollowingisanexample.Example10:Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题很困难。Someabstractnouns,precededbyanindefinitearticle,arealsousuallyconvertedintoadjectivesintranslationforamoreappropriateandnaturaleffect.Thereisanexamplebelow.Example11:Thegarden-partyisagreatsuccess.那个园会真是圆满极了。ii.ConvertingEnglishAdverbintoChineseAdjectiveAsaresultoftheconversionfromsomeEnglishverbsintoChinesenouns,theadverbswhichmodifytheEnglishverbsarenaturallyconvertedintoChineseadjectivestomodifytheChinesenouns.Hereisanexampletoillustratethispoint.Example12:21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsHisspeechimpressedtheaudiencedeeply.他的演讲给听众留下了很深的印象。IV.ConversionintoChineseAdverbsThereareoccasionswhensomepartsofspeechinEnglishmaybeconvertedintoadverbsinChineseinordertomaketheChineseversionmoreexpressive.i.ConvertingEnglishNounintoChineseAdverbTheconversionofEnglishnounsintoChineseadverbsisfarfrombeingauniversalphenomenonintranslation.However,somegoodtranslations,asillustratedbythefollowingone,demonstratethattheconversionofEnglishnounsintoChineseadverbsmakesamorenaturalandsmoothtranslationincertaincontext.Example13:Hehadthekindnesstoshowmetheway.他好心地给我指路。ii.ConvertingEnglishAdjectiveintoChineseAdverbSincetheEnglishnounsmayhavebeenconvertedintoChineseverbs,EnglishadjectiveswhichmodifythenounsareaccordinglyconvertedintoChineseadverbstomodifytheverbsinthetranslatedversion.Hereisanexample.Example14:Weplacethehighestvalueonourfriendlyrelationswithdevelopingcountries.我们高度地珍视同发展中国家的友好关系。Afewadjectiveswhichmodifyoremphasizesomenouns,iftranslatedintoChinese,arealwaysconvertedintoadverbs,althoughthisconversionisnotcausedbytheresultofconversionfromEnglishnounsintoChineseverbs.Illustrativeexamplesareasfollows:Example15:Yourstoryaboutthefrogturningintoaprinceissheernonsense.你的青蛙变成王子的故事完全是胡说。Example16:21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsHedialedthewrongnumber.他拨错了电话号码。TheabovediscussionrevealsthattheconversionofwordclassesisfrequentlyusedtoachieveaccuracyandexpressivenessinE-Ctranslation.Throughconversion,EnglishwordsareoftentranslatedintoChinesewordssimilarinmeaningbutdifferentinwordclasses.Inaddition,theconversionofwordclassesoftenrequirestheconversionofsentencecomponents,whichwillbediscussedinthenextchapter.21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsChapterTwoConversionofSentenceComponentsItisdiscussedinthepreviouschapterthatanEnglishwordisnotnecessarilychangedintoaChinesewordofthesamewordclassinE-Ctranslation.Therefore,inordertoachievethemaximalexpressiveness,conversionofwordclasseshasbecomeamatterofcommonoccurrenceintranslation,whichoftenresultsintheconversionofsentencecomponents.ThischapterwilldiscusstheconversionofsentencecomponentsinE-Ctranslation.I.ConversionintoChineseSubjectsi.EnglishObjectConvertedintoChineseSubjectAssomeobjectsofverbsinEnglisharesubjectsofthesentencesinthelogicalsense,theymayusuallybeconvertedintosubjectsinChinesesoastogiveprominencetotheobjectsinEnglish.Hereisanexampletoillustratethispoint.Example17:Thissortofstonehasarelativedensityof2.7.这种石头的相对密度是2.7。ii.EnglishPrepositionalObjectConvertedintoChineseSubjectThisisactuallyabranchofgeneralobjectswhichareconvertedintoChinesesubjects.Tocompletethephrase,theprepositionusuallyteamsupwithanoun,pronoun,orgerund,whichiscalledtheobjectoftheprepositionandtheyareoftenconvertedintoChinesesubjects.Hereisanillustrativeexample.Example18:Withtheintroductionofthenewmethod,theproductsdecreasedincost.引进了新方法，产品的成本降低了。21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsiii.EnglishPredicativeConvertedintoChineseSubjectInEnglish,thepredicative,especiallythenominalone,maybeinlinewiththesubjectintermsofcontent.Therefore,whenrenderedintoChinese,suchkindofEnglishpredicativeisoftenchangedintothesubjectinthetargetlanguagesothatthetranslationcoherenceisensuredortheimportanceofthepredicativeiseffectivelystressed.Hereisanexampletoillustratethispoint.Example19:Twowidelyusedalloysofcopperarebrassandbronze.黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用的铜合金。II.ConversionintoChinesePredicatesi.EnglishAttributeConvertedintoChinesePredicateInEnglish,adjectivesthemselvescannotserveaspredicates;however,inChinese,theycould.Therefore,theadjectiveattributesinEnglishcanbechangedintopredicatesinChinese;accordingly,insomecircumstances,thecorewordintheadjectivephraseisturnedintosubjectinChinesesothatthetranslationissmoothandidiomatic.Hereisanexampletoillustratethispoint.Example20:Welookforwardtoanever-increasingvolumeofbusinesswithyourfactory.我方盼望与贵方工厂的交易额日益提高。ii.EnglishObjectConvertedintoChinesePredicateIncertaincases,anEnglishverbcannotbetranslatedintothecorrespondingChineseverb,whiletheEnglishobjectconveysthemeaningofaction,suchobjectortheobjecttogetherwiththeverbmayusuallybeconvertedintothepredicateinChinese.Hereisanillustrativeexample.Example21:Physicalchangesdonotresultinformationofnewsubstances,nordotheyinvolveachangeincomposition.21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomics物理变化不会形成新的物质，也不会改变物质的成分。iii.EnglishSubjectConvertedintoChinesePredicateSomenouns,whichservefunctionallyasthesubjectsofthesentenceintheoriginalEnglishtextbutretainsomepropertiesofverbs,areoftenconvertedintoChinesepredicate.Hereisanexampletoillustratethispoint.Example21:AglancethroughhisofficewindowoffersapanoramicviewoftheWashingtonMonumentandtheLincolnMemorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景。III.ConversionintoChineseObjectsActuallythiskindofconversioniscloselyrelatedtothepassivehabitinEnglish,whichisfurtherelaboratedinthenextchapter.As“akindofchangedverbformsinEnglish,”passivevoice“expressesthelogicalverb-objectrelationshipsbetweenpredicateverbanditssubject,”anditssubjectis“actuallythereceiverofthepredicate-verbaction”(Yan116-119).What’smore,“thepassiveisespeciallyusedinEnglishsentenceswhereitisunnecessaryorundesirabletomentiontheagent”(Zandvoort53).BecausesentencesusingthepassivevoicearenotsocommoninChinese,EnglishsubjectsaregenerallyconvertedintoChineseobjects.Hereisanillustrativeexample.Example22:Asthematchburns,heatandlightaregivenoff.火柴燃烧时发出光和热。IV.ConversionintoChineseAttributesi.EnglishSubjectConvertedintoChineseAttributeSincetheremaybecloserelationshipbetweensubjectandobject,ortheobjectitselfispartofthesubject,thesubjectinthesourcelanguageisoccasionallyconvertedintoanattributeforthesakeofnaturalnessofChinese.Therefore,itcanbecoherentin21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsmeaningaswellasinlogicdespitethechangeinthewordorder.Hereisanexampletoillustratethispoint.Example23:Varioussubstancesdifferwidelyintheirmagneticcharacteristics.各种材料的磁特性有很大不同。Here,thesentenceconstructionoftherenderedversionisdifferentfromthatoftheoriginal,butitconveystheexactmeaninginEnglish.ii.EnglishAdverbialConvertedintoChineseAttributeCertainprepositionalphrases,mostlyadverbialsofplaceandtime,serveasadverbialsintheform,buttheyareactuallyconnectedcloselywithcertainnouns.SuchadverbialsmaybeconvertedintoattributesinChinese.Hereisanillustrativeexample.Example24:Throughouttheworld,oilconsumptionisgrowingrapidly.全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增长。V.ConversionintoChineseComplementsItisknownthat,inEnglish,adverbialsmostcommonlytaketheformofadverbs,adverbphrasesorprepositionalphrasestomodifyverbs.However,Chinesesentencesaretypicallyconcernedwiththeresultanddirectionofaverb,whichissometimesreferredtobyWesterntextsasdoubleverbs.Theactiveverbofasentenceisfollowedbyasecondverbwhichindicateseithertheresultofthefirstaction,orthedirectioninwhichittakesthesubject.Acomplementofresultusuallyindicateseitheranabsoluteoutcomeorapossibleoutcome.Toillustrate,intheexpression听得懂(“tobeabletounderstandsomethingyouhear”),theverb听(“tolisten”)willserveastheactiveverb,and懂(“tounderstand”)willserveasthecomplementofresult.Anotherillustrativeexampleisasfollows.Example25:Theattractiveforcebetweenthemoleculesisnegligiblysmall.21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomics分子间的吸引力小得可以忽略不计。Toillustratethecomplementsofdirection,wemaytakeasexamplesthetwosimpledirectionalcomplements,去(“togo”)and来(“tocome”),whichmaybeplacedattheendofaverbtoindicatethatitmovessomehowawayortowardsthespeaker,respectively.Example26:Hewalkedup(towardsme).他走上来了。Theabovediscussionshowsthat,alongwiththeconversionofwordclasses,theconversionofsentencecomponentscanhelpachievethenaturalnessandaccuracyinE-Ctranslation.Translatorsshouldbeflexibleinchangingthesentencecomponents.Actually,conversionofwordclassesandsentencecomponentsaresubjecttonotonlydifferencesinlinguisticsfactorsbutalsodifferencesinculturalperspectives,whichwillbeanalyzedinthefollowingchapter.21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsChapterThreeConversionofPerspectivesAsdiscussedinthepreviouschapters,itisnotdifficulttofindthatconversionofwordclassesandconversionofsentencecomponentsareactuallysubjecttothevastdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,whichoftenproducebarriersforinterculturalcommunication.Attimespeoplefromdifferentculturesapproachthesamethingfromdifferentperspectives,soitisnecessarytoexplorethetranslationtechniqueofconversionbyfocusingondifferentperspectivesinEnglishandChinese.I.ConversionofEnglishImpersonalSubjectsItisassertedthat“formalwrittenEnglishlanguageoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyle,i.e.,oneinwhichthespeakerdoesnotreferdirectlytohimselforhisreader,butavoidsthepronounsI,you,we”(LeechandSvartvik25).Thisphenomenonisalsovividlydescribedbysomescholarsas“thewriterandthereadersareoutofthepicture,hidingthembehindtheimpersonallanguage”(Lian76).WhileChineseareactuallygoingwiththepersonalstyle,itisnecessaryintheE-CtranslationtoconverttheEnglishimpersonalstyleintotheChinesepersonalone.i.ConvertingImpersonalSubjectsintoPersonalorOtherSubjectsTherearemoreimpersonalsubjectsinEnglishthaninChinese.AlthoughEnglishsentenceswithimpersonalsubjectssoundobjectiveandfair,theyareoftenrhetoricallyflavoredwithpersonificationoreuphemism;therefore,convertingEnglishimpersonalsubjectsintoChinesepersonalorothersubjectsisnecessaryintheE-Ctranslation.Example27:Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.我兴奋地什么话也说不出来。21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsExample28:Fridaystartedwithamorningvisittothemoderncampusofthe22000-studentUniversityofMichiganinnearbyAnnArbor,wheretheChinesetabletennisteamjoinedstudentsinthecafeterialineforlunchandlaterplayedanexhibitionmatch.星期五那天，中国乒乓球队一早就到安亚伯附近去参观拥有22000名学生的密歇根大学现代校园。他们和该校学生在校内自助餐厅一起排队取午餐，然后举行了一场表演赛。ii.ConvertingImpersonalSubjectsandSplitEnglishSimpleSentencesintoChineseComplexSentencesInEnglish,impersonalsubjectsandsimplesentencesareverycommon,butinChinesetherearefewersimplesentences.Furthermore,sometimes“EnglishmodifiersaretoolongtobeplacedbeforethewordbeingmodifiedintheChineseversion”(Xu164),soitisnecessarytoconvertimpersonalsubjectsandsplitEnglishsimplesentencesintoChinesecomplexsentences.Hereisanillustrativeexample.Example29:Theimageofasuddenwallofdarkwatercarryingthemanandhiscarawayinaninstantisstillimprintedonmymind.顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水像堵墙一般压了下来，一股脑儿连人带车都冲走了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。iii.ConvertingImpersonalSubjectsintoChineseAdverbialsorPrepositionalPhrasesImpersonalsubjectslendsimplicityandvividnesstotheEnglishsentence.Nounsindicatingtime,placeornaturalphenomenonareoftenusedinthiskindofsentences,servingastheimpersonalsubjects.Example30:March1940foundmeworkinginasmallconstructionfirm.1940年3月，我在一家小型建筑公司工作。Here,thesubjectintheoriginalEnglishsentenceisconvertedintotheChineseadverbial.TheformoftheChineseversionisquitedifferentfromthatoftheEnglishone,butthetranslationfullyconveysthecontentofthesourcelanguageandexpressesit21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsinalegiblewayinthetargetlanguage.Example31:NocityonAmericansoilhadknownsuchdestruction.在美国国土上，没有一座城市曾经遭受过如此严重的破坏。Here,thesubjectintheoriginalEnglishsentenceisconvertedintotheChineseprepositionalphrase,whichprovidesinformationabouttheplacewheretheeventhappened.Thusasuccessfultranslationisachievedthroughthereorganizationofthesentence.iv.ConvertingImpersonalSubjectsandSplitEnglishSentences,SimpleorComplex,intoChineseCompoundorRun-onSentencesAsweknow,acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoresimplesentences.Additionally,arun-onsentenceinChinesereferstorunningtogetheroftwoindependentclauseswithoutaconjunctionorevenpunctuation,thoughtheso-calledrun-onsentencesareconsideredasincorrectformsinEnglish.“AsMr.LvShuxiangindicates,therearemanyrun-onsentencesinChinesespokenlanguage,withonesmallsentenceafteranother,andevenmanypartscanbebroken”(Wang141).Therefore,bymeansofconversion,wemayconvertEnglishimpersonalsubjectsintoChinesepersonalonesandsplitEnglishsentences,simpleorcomplex,intoChinesecompoundorrun-onsentences.Example32:Thehappiness—thesuperioradvantagesoftheyoungwomanroundabouther,gaveRebaccainexpressiblepangsofenvy.(W.Thackeray:VanityFair)丽贝卡看见她周围的小姐那么福气，享受种种优越的权利，却又说不出的眼红。v.ConvertingImpersonalSubjectsintoChinese“Extra-positionElements”InChinese,sometimes,twowordsorphraseswhichmeanthesameareputapartintwoplaces,withoneasthesentencecompositionandtheotheroutsidethesentence,andtheoutsideoneisoftenapronouncalledextra-position.Nevertheless,thisphenomenonisnotfrequentlyseeninEnglish.Therefore,someelementsofEnglishsentencesareusuallyconvertedintotheextra-positioninChinese,asisshowninthefollowing21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsexample.Example33:TheabuseofbasichumanrightsintheirowncountryinviolationoftheagreementreachedatHelsinkihasearnedthemthecondemnationoffreedom-lovingpeopleeverywhere.他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，这已受到各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。II.ConversionfromtheAbstractintotheConcrete“Anexcessiverelianceonthenounattheexpenseoftheverbwill,intheend,detachthemindofthewriterfromtherealitiesofhereandnow,fromwhenandhowandinwhatmoodthethingwasdone,andinsensiblyinduceahabitabstraction,generalizationandvagueness”(Gowers79).Englishpeoplearegoodatabstractthinking,andtherefore,abstractnounsaremorefrequentlyused.Chinesepeople,however,paymoreattentiontoimage;soalargenumberofconcreteimagesareusedtoillustrateabstractconcepts.JustasnotedbyFlesch,“whileEnglishpeoplefilltheirtalkwithmassesofemptysyllablesandwords,Chinesekeeptheirfeetonthegroundandsayseverythinginthemostconcrete,specificwords.Theyhaveto;therearenootherwordsinChinese”(15-16).Therefore,conversionfromtheEnglishabstractintotheChineseconcreteoftenseemsnecessary.Hereisanillustrativeexample.Example34:Whattheywantedmostwasanendofuncertainties.那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。III.ConversionfromtheStativeintotheDynamicChinesetendstouseverbsinthecaseofactivity.Onthecontrary,Englishismorepronetoemploymorenouns,especiallyabstractnouns,prepositions,adjectives,gerundsandsomeothermeanstoreplaceverbsandexpressthemeaningofaction.21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsBroadlyspeaking,nounscanbecharacterizednaturallyas“stative”inthattheyrefertoentitiesthatareregardedasstable,whethertheseareconcreteorabstract.Attheoppositepole,verbscanbeequallynaturallycharacterizedas“dynamic”:theyarefittedtoindicateaction,activityandtemporaryorchangingconditions.(Quirk48)Actually,thissectioncanberegardedasanotherexaminationoverthecontentsofthefirstsectioninchapterone,whichanalyzestheconversionfromotherEnglishwordclassesintoChineseverbs.Anotherrepresentativeexampleisgivenhere.Example35:Theoriginalityofthesebuildingsliesintheapplicationofadvancedbuildingtechniques.这些建筑的创新之处在于使用了先进的建筑技术。IV.ConversionfromthePassiveintotheActiveAlthoughactiveandpassivevoicesareusedinbothChineseandEnglish,thefrequenciestheypresentthemselvesinthetwolanguagesarequitedifferent.“Ourmassed,scientific,andbureaucraticsocietyissoaddictedtothepassivevoicethatyoumustconstantlyalertyourselfagainstitsdrowsy,impersonalpomp”(Baker121).ThepassivevoiceisquitecommoninEnglish,butnotinChinese.Chineselanguagecarrieswithitastrongpersonalconsciousness.Actioninasentenceisdonebythesubject“man,”while“things”or“objects”generallydonottaketheplaceofthedoerortheagent.ThethirdsectionofchaptertwohasillustratedthattheconversionfromEnglishsubjectsintoChineseobjectsiscloselyrelatedtothepassivehabitinEnglish.Anotherillustrativeexampleisasfollows:Example36:Herplansforamoviecareerarebelievedtohaveallbeenmerelyapipedream.有人认为她当电影明星的计划不过是黄粱美梦。V.ConversionbetweenNegativeandAffirmativeItisoftenseenthatwhatisaffirmativeinEnglishmaycorrespondwithsomethingnegativeinChinese,andviceversa.NativespeakersofEnglishhavetheirownwayof21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsexpressingnegativeimplications,whichisquitedifferentfromthatoftheChinese.InE-Ctranslation,onehastobasethetranslationonthesourcetextandproducetheidiomatictargetone.i.EnglishNegativeConvertedintoChineseAffirmativeThenegativeformismorecommoninEnglishthaninChinese.Themainfunctionofnegativesentenceistostrengthenthepositiveexpression.Hereisanexampletoillustratethispoint.Example37:Thedoubtwasstillunsolvedafterhisrepeatedexplanation.虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。ThereisanotherspecialbranchofEnglishnegativeform—doublenegation.“Doublenegationsmakeoneaffirmative.Negativessuchasno,nottogetherwithno,but,without,unless,untilandsolikeillustrateanaffirmativemeaning”(LiandPeng100).Thefollowingisoneexample:Example38:Thereisnorulethathasnoexception.任何规则都有例外。ii.EnglishAffirmativeConvertedintoChineseNegativeSuchcasesarealsofoundinarelativelywiderangeofexpressions,inwhichwhatisaffirmativeinforminEnglishmeanssomethingnegativeinChinese.Example39:Theykeeptheirthoughtsandfeelingstothemselves.他们的思想和感情不外露。TheaboveanalysisshowshowtheconversionofperspectivesworksinE-Ctranslation.Conversionofperspectives,whichreflectsdifferentthinkingpatternsandculturalbackgrounds,isoneofthemostimportanttechniquesleadingtoadequatetranslation.Itcanbeseenasoneofthemosteffectivemeasurestoseektheequivalentinformationofthesourcelanguageinthetargetlanguage.Inthisway,afaithfultranslationisachievedbyfocusingprimarilyonaccurateconveyingofideasratherthanmechanicalchangeoflinguisticforms.21 B.A.ThesisofShandongUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsConclusionItisstressedthat“translationtheory’smainconcernistodetermineappropriatetranslationmethods”(Newmark19),andthisthesishasmadearelativelycomprehensivestudyofthemajortranslationtechnique—conversion.Analysisandexamplesintheabovechaptersshowconvincinglythat,thegreatestenemytoanappropriateandreadabletargettextinE-Ctranslationistherigidadherencetothesyntaxoftheoriginallanguage.Variouskindsofconversionmethods,suchasconversionofwordclasses,conversionofsentencecomponentsandconversionofperspectives,areeventuallyaimedattheaccuracyandexpressivenessofthetargettext.Agoodtranslatoraimstomakethesourcetext’smeaningaccuratelyunderstoodbythetargetreaders.Therefore,theeffectivetransferoftheoriginalcontentorspiritshouldbepriortothatoftheoriginalformorstructure.Conversion,asoneofthemostfundamentalandcrucialtranslationtechniques,canhelptranslatorsbreakawayfromtherigidboundofthesourcelanguage,avoidmechanicalandunacceptabletranslation,andachieveanaturalandaccuratetranslationwhichnotonlyconveysthesourcelanguage’sinformationbutalsofitstheexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguage.21 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