一朵开在冬天的花——剖析《雾都孤儿》中南希的双重性格毕业论文.doc 43页

'学科分类号0502本科学生毕业论文（设计）题目（中文）：一朵开在冬天的花—剖析《雾都孤儿》中南希的双重性格（英文）：AFlowerBlossominginWinter—ExpoundingtheDoubleCharacterofNancyinOliverTwist 毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作者签名：　　　　　日　期：　　　　　指导教师签名：　　　　　日　　期：　　　　　使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。作者签名：　　　　　日　期：　　　　　 湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的本科毕业论文（设计），是本人在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。本科毕业论文（设计）作者签名：二○○七年五月一、湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）开题报告书 论文（设计）题目一朵开在冬天的花—剖析《雾都孤儿》中南希的双重性格AFlowerBlossominginWinter—ExpoundingtheDoubleCharacterofNancyinOliverTwist作者姓名钟玲所属系、专业、年级外语　　系英语专业四年级指导教师姓名、职称潘利锋教授预计字数5000-7000开题日期2006年12月10日选题的根据：1）说明本选题的理论、实际意义2）综述国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解1.狄更斯是19世纪英国最伟大的小说家,批判现实主义的长篇小说《雾都孤儿》是其最杰出的作品之一.通过解读这篇小说中南希的形象,可以感受到作者对人物内心世界的细腻描写,以及在作出抉择时复杂的内心挣扎,同时也可以了解社会环境和人性对小说中南希双重性格形成所造成的影响.2.狄更斯的作品《雾都孤儿》塑造了19世纪的社会形形色色的人物，反映了当时伦敦下层社会黑暗的一面，而其中南希的形象更引人深思。如刘精香副教授的：《雾都孤儿》中南希的形象剖析，从各方面对南希的性格进行了全面的分析，指出南希善良的本性，但并没剖析其性格复杂的原因。因此,本文希望通过对南希双重性格的分析,能使人们更深刻的了解人物复杂的内心活动，以及社会对人物命运所造成的影响.主要内容：引言：南希这一人物形象，大多研究者执否定态度。本文将对人物的双重性格进行分析，从行动描写、语言描写、心理描写等方面对南希的形象进行解读，肯定其为救奥利弗而牺牲自己的精神并对其双重性格的原因进行分析。本文主体分为五部分：第一部分：简单介绍作者、作品的基本情况第二部分：南希双重性格的表现二、2.1对奥利弗的态度在各个阶段不同的表现2.2对赛客斯的态度在各个阶段不同的表现2.3对费金的态度在各个阶段不同的表现第三部分：南希双重性格的成因3.1从社会环境（外部原因）3.2从人性本善（内部原因）第四部分：南希双重性格中无法玷污的美德4.1南希对罪恶的反抗4.2南希对奥利弗的爱第五部分：对本文进行小结，肯定南希的美德 研究方法：本文通过大量文本解读、分析、归纳等方法，利用相关的理论知识就论点展开论述，并引申出自己的观点。完成期限和采取的主要措施：完成期限：1）２００７年4月20日前完成初稿2）２００７年5月10日前完成定稿主要措施：1）在图书馆查阅、借阅各种相关书籍、学术期刊。2）通过于导师交流，加深了解作品。3）在网上搜索有用信息，经自己综合整理展开论证。4）仔细品味作品，形成自己观点。主要参考资料：[1]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.[2]CatherinePeters,CharlesDickens[M].Xi’an:Xi’anWorldPublishinCorporation,1998.[3]DanielH.FrankandOliverLeaman.HistoryofJewishPhilosophy[M],LondonandNewYork:Routledge,1997.[4]JohnKichetti.TheColumbiaHistoryoftheBritishNovel[M].ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPressColumbiaUniversityPress,2005.[5]鲍文.反抗与探索——十八、十九世纪英国孤儿小说人物性格论[J].安徽：安徽教育学院学报编辑部，1997.[6]胡晓华.《雾都孤儿》中的仁爱与暴虐[J]黑龙江：黑龙江农垦师专学报编辑部，2003.[7]刘精香.《雾都孤儿》中南希的形象剖析[J].武汉：中南民族学院学报编辑部，1999.[8]摩迪凯·开普兰.犹太教——一种文明[M].黄福武、张力改译，济南：山东大学出版社，2002.[9]潘明元.《雾都孤儿》的旺盛生命力[J].四川：四川师范学院学报编辑部，1996[10]钱青.英国19世纪文学史[M].外语教学与研究出版社，2001.[11]乔国强.从《雾都孤儿》看狄更斯的反犹主义倾向[J].北京：外国文学研究出版社，2004.指导教师意见：签名：年月日 开题报告会纪要时间地点与会人员姓名职务（职称）姓名职务（职称）姓名职务（职称）潘利锋教授盘群讲师彭长江教授陈碧园讲师胡伶俐讲师会议记录摘要：会议主持人：记录人：　年　月日指导小组意见负责人签名：年月日系部意见负责人签名：年月日 二、湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）评审表论文题目一朵开在冬天的花—剖析《雾都孤儿》中南希的双重性格AFlowerBlossominginWinter—ExpoundingtheDoubleCharacterofNancyinOliverTwist作者姓名钟玲所属系、专业、年级外国语言文学系英语专业2003年级指导教师姓名、职称潘利锋教授字数5000定稿日期2007年5月10日中文摘要《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯第一部重要的反映社会问题的小说。虽为文中的一个次要人物，南希在小说的发展中却有不可替代的作用。从贼窝里唯一的犹太女贼到最后为救奥利弗脱离虎口而命丧黄泉，其灵魂得到了升华，其双重的性格特征也在文中表现得淋漓尽致。本文通过对人物具体描述展示人性的复杂性和那个社会的真实面貌，以及人性和社会环境对南希双重性格形成的影响。关键词（3-5个）南希；双重性格；人性；社会环境英文摘要 CharlesDickenswasthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealist.OliverTwistmarkstheverybeginningofDickensliterarylife.ItreflectsallkindsofsocialproblemsinVictorianperiod.Despiteasasecondarycharacter.Nancyisirreplaceableinthenovel’sdevelopment.FrombeingtheonlyfemalethiefinthegangoftothedeathforescapingOliverfromabyssofmisery,hersoulgetssublimationandherdoublecharacterdisplaysthoroughly.Byconcretecharacter’sdescription,thispaperreflectsthetruthofthesociety,thecomplexityofhumannatureandtheirinfluencetoNancy’sdoublecharacter.关键词（3-5个）Nancy;doublecharacter;humannature;socialenvironment 指导教师评定成绩评审基元评审要素评审内涵满分指导教师实评分选题质量25%目的明确符合要求选题符合专业培养目标，体现学科、专业特点和教学计划的基本要求，达到毕业论文（设计）综合训练的目的。10理论意义或实际价值符合本学科的理论发展，有一定的学术意义；对经济建设和社会发展的应用性研究中的某个理论或方法问题进行研究，具有一定的实际价值。10选题恰当题目规模适当，难易度适中；有一定的科学性。5能力水平40%查阅文献资料能力能独立查阅相关文献资料，归纳总结本论文所涉及的有关研究状况及成果。10综合运用知识能力能运用所学专业知识阐述问题；能对查阅的资料进行整理和运用；能对其科学论点进行论证。10研究方案的设计能力整体思路清晰；研究方案合理可行。5研究方法和手段的运用能力能运用本学科常规研究方法及相关研究手段（如计算机、实验仪器设备等）进行实验、实践并加工处理、总结信息。10外文应用能力能阅读、翻译一定量的本专业外文资料、外文摘要和外文参考书目（特殊专业除外）体现一定的外语水平。5论文质量35%文题相符较好地完成论文选题的目的要求。5写作水平论点鲜明；论据充分；条理清晰；语言流畅。15写作规范符合学术论文的基本要求。用语、格式、图表、数据、量和单位、各种资料引用规范化、符合标准。10论文篇幅文科15000字左右，理科10000字左右。5实评总分成绩等级指导教师评审意见：指导教师签名：说明：评定成绩分为优秀、良好、中等、及格、不及格五个等级，实评总分90—100分记为优秀，80—89分记为良好，70—79分记为中等，60—69分记为及格，60分以下记为不及格。 评阅教师评定成绩评审基元评审要素评审内涵满分评阅教师实评分选题质量25%目的明确符合要求选题符合专业培养目标，体现学科、专业特点和教学计划的基本要求，达到毕业论文（设计）综合训练的目的。10理论意义或实际价值符合本学科的理论发展，有一定的学术意义；对经济建设和社会发展的应用性研究中的某个理论或方法问题进行研究，具有一定的实际价值。10选题恰当题目规模适当，难易度适中；有一定的科学性。5能力水平40%查阅文献资料能力能独立查阅相关文献资料，归纳总结本论文所涉及的有关研究状况及成果。10综合运用知识能力能运用所学专业知识阐述问题；能对查阅的资料进行整理和运用；能对其科学论点进行论证。10研究方案的设计能力整体思路清晰；研究方案合理可行。5研究方法和手段的运用能力能运用本学科常规研究方法及相关研究手段（如计算机、实验仪器设备等）进行实验、实践并加工处理、总结信息。10外文应用能力能阅读、翻译一定量的本专业外文资料、外文摘要和外文参考书目（特殊专业除外）体现一定的外语水平。5论文质量35%文题相符较好地完成论文选题的目的要求。5写作水平论点鲜明；论据充分；条理清晰；语言流畅。15写作规范符合学术论文的基本要求。用语、格式、图表、数据、量和单位、各种资料引用规范化、符合标准。10论文篇幅文科15000字左右，理科10000字左右。5实评总分成绩等级评阅教师评审意见：评阅教师签名：说明：评定成绩分为优秀、良好、中等、及格、不及格五个等级，实评总分90—100分记为优秀，80—89分记为良好，70—79分记为中等，60—69分记为及格，60分以下记为不及格。 三、湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）答辩记录表论文题目AFlowerBlossominginWinter—ExpoundingtheDoubleCharacterofNancyinOliverTwist作者姓名钟玲所属系、专业、年级外国语言文学系英语专业2003年级指导教师姓名、职称潘利锋教授答辩会纪要时间2007年5月20日地点第二教学楼202答辩小组成员姓名职务（职称）姓名职务（职称）姓名职务（职称）潘利锋教授盘群讲师彭长江教授陈碧园讲师胡伶俐讲师答辩中提出的主要问题及回答的简要情况记录：会议主持人：记录人：年月日 答辩小组意见评语：评定等级：负责人（签名）：年月日系学位委员会意见评语：论文（设计）最终评定等级：负责人（签名）：系部（公章）年月日校学位委员会意见评语：评定等级：负责人（签名）：年月日 Contents摘要………………………………………………………………….….ⅠAbstract……………………………………………………….….……ⅡIntroduction……………………………………………………….……11.Nancy’sDoubleCharacterActsinOliverTwist………………...…..41.1 TheAttitudetoOliverinDifferentTime……………………….…41.2 TheAttitudetoFagininDifferentTime....…………………….….61.3TheAttitudetoSikesinDifferentTime……………….…...……..92.TheReasonofNancy’sDoubleCharacter……….………..….........132.1SocialEnvironment’sInfluencetoNancy’sDoubleCharacter..…..132.2HumanNature’sInfluencetoHerDoubleCharacter…..………....173.Nancy’sIncorruptibilityofGoodnessinDoubleCharacter……....203.1Nancy’sResistancetoCrime……….……………………..……..203.2Nancy’sLovetoOliver………………......................................…..22Conclusion………………………………………………………….…....25Notes………………………………..………………………………….....27Bibliography………………………………………………………..…....28Acknowledgements 摘要《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯第一部重要的反映社会问题的小说。虽为文中的一个次要人物，南希在小说的发展中却有不可替代的作用。从贼窝里唯一的犹太女贼到最后为救奥利弗脱离虎口而命丧黄泉，其灵魂得到了升华，其双重的性格特征也在文中表现得淋漓尽致。本文通过对人物具体描述展示人性的复杂性和那个社会的真实面貌，以及人性和社会环境对南希双重性格形成的影响。关键词:南希；双重性格；人性；社会环境 AbstractCharlesDickenswasthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealist.OliverTwistmarkstheverybeginningofDickensliterarylife.ItreflectsallkindsofsocialproblemsinVictorianperiod.Despiteasasecondarycharacter,Nancyisirreplaceableinthenovel’sdevelopment.FrombeingtheonlyfemalethiefinthegangoftothedeathforescapingOliverfromabyssofmisery,hersoulgetssublimationandherdoublecharacterdisplaysthoroughly.Byconcretecharacter’sdescription,thispaperreflectsthetruthofthesociety,thecomplexityofhumannatureandtheirinfluencetoNancy’sdoublecharacter.Keywords:Nancy;doublecharacter;humannature;socialenvironment IntroductionCharlesDickenswasthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealist.OliverTwistmarkstheverybeginningofDickensliterarylife.Itdirectsatthenineteenth-centuryEnglishPoorLawswithabitterinvective.Asanunknownshorthandreporteroftwenty-one,withasingletalejustpublishedinamagazine,hereferredcasuallyto“myproposednovel”inawaythatshowsitmustinconceptionandmaterialshaveresembledthis.Butsinceheknewpublicationwas“hazardous”,writingwasdeferredwhileheconcentratedhisforces(andusedsomeofitsmatter)onsketchesandshortstoriesforvariousnewspapersandperiodicals.“IhaveperhapsthebestsubjectIhaveeverthoughtof….IhavethrownmywholeheartandsoulintoOliver.”[1](p2)Thatitsgeneralpurposewasclearinhismindiseventfromhislatter-writtenpreface: “IwishedtoshowinlittleOliver,theprincipleofGoodsurvivingthrougheveryadversecircumstance,andtriumphingatlast,”[2](p3)Thecompanionsamongwhomhewastobetriedwerethecriminals’miserableworldinLondon.ThebookwasknowntoDickensbycloseobservationandvariousexperience.InOliverTwist,DickensportraysallkindsofcharactersinLondon,especiallythosewholiveinunderworld,suchasOliverTwist,Fagin,BillSikes,theArtfulDogerandNancy.AmajorconcernofOliverTwististhequestionofwhetherornotabadenvironmentcanirrevocablypoisonsomeone’scharacterandsoul.Asthenovelprogresses,thecharacterwhobestillustratesthecontradictoryissuesbroughtupbythatquestionisNancy.Asachildofstreets,Nancyhasbeenathiefanddrinkstoexcess.Thenarrator’sreferencetoher“freeandagreeable…manners”indicatesthatsheisaprostitute.Sheisimmersedinthevicescondemnedbyhersociety,butshealsocommitsperhapsthemostnotableactinthenovelwhenshesacrificesherownlifeinordertoprotectOliver.Nancyhasadoublecharacter,with“soulofgoodnessinthingsofevil.”Nancy’smoralcomplexityisuniqueamongthemajorcharactersinOliverTwist.Thenovelisfullofcharacterswhoareallgoodandcanbarelycomprehendevil,suchasOliver,Rose,AndBrownlow,andcharacterswhoareallevilandbarelycomprehendgood,suchasFagin,Sikes,andMonks.OnlyNancycomprehendsandiscapableofbothgoodandevil. Herultimatechoicetodogoodatagreatpersonalcostisastrongargumentinfavoroftheincorruptibilityofbasicgoodness,nomatterhowmanyenvironmentalobstaclesitmayface.Sheisagoodgirl,thoughshegrowsupinaevilworld.TherearemanyresearchesonOliverTwist,thispoorlittleboy.ThispaperismainlyconcernedonNancy.Oliverdoesnotknowanythingofevil,andhespeaksstandardizedEnglish,thoughhegrowsupinadisguisedkindsociety.ComparingwithOliverTwist,Nancyistrue.Nancyisdifferent,andshecomprehendsvirtueandevil.Byconcretedescription,itreflectsthedarknessofthatsocietyandthecomplexityofhumannature. 1Nancy’sDoubleCharacterActsinOliverTwistWhenOliverseesNancyatthefirstsight,heseesNancy“woreagooddealofhair,fullofcurl-papersin,notveryneatlyturnedupbehind;andwereratheruntidyabouttheshoesandstockings.”Shewasnotpretty,butstoutandhearty.Thissampledescription,suggeststhatNancyisacommontypeofdegradation.NancyisayoungprostituteandoneofFagin’sformerchildpickpockets.SheisalsoBillSikes’slover.HertrusttocriminalassociatesandhersenseofmoraldecencycomeintoconflictwhenOliverisinahugedanger.Despitehercriminallifestylesheisamongthenoblestcharactersinthenovel.Ineffect,shegivesherlifeforOliverwhenrevealingMonk’splots.1.1TheAttitudetoOliverinDifferentTimeAfterOliverwasarrested,bybeingthoughttostealMr.Brownlow,FaginpersuadeNancytogotopolicestationtofindoutwhathappenedtohim.Nancydressesinniceclothing,andatthepolicestationshepretendstobeOliver’sdistraughtsister.ShelearnsthatthegentlemanfromwhomthehandkerchiefwasstolentookOliverhomewithhim.ThenNancykidnapsOliveronthewaytothebookstall,anddragsOliverthroughthedarkstreets AfterclaimingOliver,shestrugglesfiercelyinnerheart.WhenshetalkstheaffairthattheprisonerwashungwithSikes,shesaidthesemenonthegallowsare“fineyoungchaps”.Maybetheyare,iftheyarenotpoor,anddon’tmeetthebadmanlikeFagin.Olivercanfeelherhandtremblingandseesherfacehadturnedadeadlywhite.Inthemoment,Nancymaybeisthinkingherselfmayhavethesameendinginsomeday.WhenNancyshowssympathytothem,shealsofeelsverysadaboutherselffate.Butnow,justforherself,shehelpsthegangtokidnapahelplessboytothemiserableworld.Shefeelsveryuneasyinnerheart.ThiskindoffeelingiscontinuinguntiltheyclaimedOlivertoFagin’sden.WhenOlivercallsforhelpandflees,butSikesthreatenstosethisviciousdog,Bull’s–eye,onhim.NancyleapstoOliver’sdefense,sayingthattheyhaveruinedallhisgoodprospects.ShehasworkedforFaginsinceshewasasmallchild,andsheknowsthatalifeofdisreputeliesinwaitforOliver.OliverhasbeenshotintherobberytoMaylie.FaginrelatesOliver’smisfortunetoNancy.ShecriesthatshehopesOliverisdead,becauseshebelievesthatlivingwithFaginisworsethandeath.NancyeavesdropsthetalkbetweenFaginandMonks,andshebecomesperturbed.MonkswantsOlivertobemadeintoahardenedthief,andheschemestogiveOliverabadreputation,sothathecanclaimtheirfamily’sfullinheritance.Withthedevelopmentofthenovel,Nancyplaysamoreimportant characterthanbefore.AftersheknowsthesecretconversationbetweenFaginandMonks,sherunsintoapredicament.NowshebecomesthekeypersonofOliver’sfate.Tellingorhidingthetruth,itwilldecideOliver’sliveordeath.Butthepeoplearoundheraresoconspicuousandferocious.Anyagitationwillmakeherplanfailevenherdeath.AfterherdecisionofwavingOliver,shealsomakesherselfstandinginamoredangeroussituation.Sikesdoesnotnoticenervousnessuntilafewdayslater.Sensingsomethingunusual,hedemandsthatshesitbyhim.Eventually,Sikesfallsasleepafterthelaudanumhastakeneffect.Shehastenstoahotelinawealthyarea,shebegstheservantstoallowhertospeaktoMissMaylie,whoisstayingthere.Disapprovingly,theyconductherupstairs.NancyconfessestoRosethatsheistheonewhokidnappedOliveronhiserrandtoMr.Brownlow.SherelatesthatoverheardMonkstellFaginthatheisOliver’sbrother.WhenNancyrealizesthatOliverisinadangerousenvironment,shehopesthatMissMayliecouldhelphimescapingfromdanger.NancyrefusesRose’shelpandleaves.1.2TheAttitudetoFagininDifferentTimeNancyisoneofFagin’sformerpickpocket.InthecourseofsearchingOliver,Nancyisselectedtodotheplan.FromthiswecanseeFagintrustsNancyandbelievesshecandoitwell.Astheirexpectation, Nancyfinishesthetaskperfectly.ButwhensheseesSikesandFaginseizingandmistreatingOliver.ShetriesherbesttoprotectOliver,whichdemonstratesherdeepandpassionatesenseofmorality.Thisalsoremindshermiserablechildhood.ItisthefirstcrushwithFagininthenovel.Shecries,“……IthievedforyouwhenIwasachildnothalfasoldasthis!”pointingtoOliver,“Ihavebeeninthesametrade,andinthesameservicefortwelveyearssince.”“……itismyliving,andthecold,wet,dirtystreetsaremyhome;andyou’rethewretchthatdrovemetothemlongago;andthat’llkeepmethere,dayandnight,dayandnight,tillIdie!”[3](p98)Thisisanindictmentofbloodandtear.Fromthesewordswecanimagineamiserablechildhood.Oliverisonlyabouttenyearsold,andNancyisoppressedtobeathiefnomorethatfiveyearsoldandhasdonethisfortwelveyears.IfshedoesnotobeyFagin’sorder,shewillbemaltreatedasOliver.ComparedwithOliver,shehasamoremiserablechildhood.Itisimaginablethathowmanynightmareshappenonthisgirl’slife.FaginissoconspicuouspersonthathecannottrustNancycompletelyaftershesavedOliverfromtheclobber.IntheirplotofrobbingMaylie’shouse,Sikesneedsasmallboyforthejob.Faginoffers Oliver’sservicesandarrangesNancytodeliverOlivertohishouse.FaginwatchesNancyforanysignsofhesitation.DespiteherearlierprotestsagainsttrappingOliverinalifeofcrime,shebetraysnofurthermisgivings.Afterhisobservation,hemutteredtohimself,“Theworstofthesewomenis,thataverylittlethingservestocallupsomelong–forgottenfeeling,andthebestofthemis,thatisneverlasts.”[4](p125)Fromhere,wecanseeFaginbeginstotrustNancyagain.HebelievesNancysavingOliverlasttimejustwasoutburst.Itdoesnotlastforalongtime.BillSikesisillwithafeverandverypoornow.Faginandhisfriendspretendstodropin.Infact,hejusthasnewtask.BecauseheknowSikesiswillingtodothingforlivingatagreaterrisk,insuchahardtime,“Ihaveneverforgotyou,Bill,neveronce!”Faginsaid.“No,I’llpounditthatyouhan’t,”repliedSikes,“Youareschemingandplottingaway,everyhourthatI’velaidshiveringandburninghere;andBillwastodothis;andBillwastodothat,andBillwastodoitall,dirtcheap,assoonashegotwell;andwasquitepoorenoughforyourwork.”[5](p120)SikesunderstandstheyhavenotanyvalueinFagin’seyes.Sikes, NancyandotherchildrenwhoservicesforFagin,iftheycannotdothingsforhim,theyarenothingtohim.TheyareonlytoolsservingforFagin.WhenNancyisabouttogetmoneyfromFagin,shecomesacrossMonks.Nancyfollowsthemandoverhearstheirconversation.FaginnoticethatNancy’sfaceissopale.NancypretendstobealarmedandFagindoesnotaskanymoreaboutthis.MaybeFaginbegintodistrustwhatthegirlsays,becausehetakessomuchnoticeonherfromthenon.Onthenight,NancytriestoleaveforLondonBridge.FaginisvisitingSikes,BothFaginandSikesnoticeNancyisveryuneasy.WhenFagindeparts,heasksthatNancyconducthimdownstairs.HewhisperstoherhewillhelpherleavethebruteSikesifshewants.HehopestopersuadetomurderSikesandbringhernewloveintohisgang.Faginalwaysmakeeverychancetoknowothers’information.Therebyhecansolidifyhiscontroloverher.FaginsendsNoahtowatchNancyandknowsthedetailsofhermeetingwithRoseandMr.Brownlow.FaginandNoahrelatethedetailsofNancy’strip.FaginpurposelydoesnottellSikesthatNancyinsistedthatherassociatesnotgetintotrouble.Inarage,SikesrusheshomeandbeatsNancytodeathwhileshebegsformercy.1.3TheAttitudetoSikesinDifferentTimeWhenNancyandSikesdragOlivertoFagin’sden,theyseesome peoplearehungongallows.NancysaystoSikes,“Iwouldn’thurryby,ifitwasyouthatwascomingouttobehung,thenexttimeeighto’clockstruck,Bill,I’dwalkroundandroundtheplacetillIdropped,ifthesnowwasontheground,andIhadn’tashawltocoverme,”“Andwhatgoodwouldthatdo?”inquiredtheunsentimentalMr.Sikes.[6](P96)ItisNancy’sloyaltytoSikes,butSikesdoesnotcareaboutitatall.WhenSikesfallsillwithafever,Nancystilltakesgoodcareofhimdespitehisirritablemanner.“Suchanumberofnight,”saidthegirlwithatouchofwoman’stenderness,whichcommunicatedsomethinglikesweetnessoftone,eventohervoice;’suchanumberofnightsasI’vebeenpatientwithyou,nursingandcaringforyou,asifyouhadbeenachild……”[7](P245)Itisawoman’sloveexpressiontoaman,althoughthemanissuchaviciousperson.Inherpitifullife,shecannotfindanyothercomfortbesidesgivingherbrokenhearttoamanandbeingloyaltohim.Asawoman,loveishighestspiritualsupport.WhereNancylivesdetermineswholoves.Inherworldshehasnotchoicebesidesbeingloyaltoamaninherway. Inother’seyes,itisunreasonable.InthemeetingwithRose,NancyrefusesRose’shelpherescapeherfromhercriminallife.RosecannotunderstandandasksNancy,.“….Whatfascinationisthatcantakeyouback,andmakeyouclingtowickednessandmisery?”Thegirlreplied,“…setourrottenheartsonanyman,andlethimfilltheplacethathasbeenablankthroughallourwretchedlives,whocanhopetocureus?Pityus,lady-pityusforhavingonlyonefeelingofthewomanleftandhavingthatturned,byaheavyjudgment,fromacomfortandaprideintoanewmeansofviolenceandsuffering.”[8](P259)SikesandNancy,thefirstletteroftheirnameare‘S’and‘N’,theystandforthetwopolesoftheearth,implyingtwodifferentcharacters,buttheycannotlivewithouteachother.NancyrefusesMr.BrownlowandRose’shelp,butshesaysthatsheischainedtohercriminallife.Nancyiscompassionateandintelligent,WhileSikesisabrutalprofessionalburglarbroughtupinFagin’sgang.HetreatsNancywithanoddcombinationofcrueltyandgrudgingfamiliarity.HismurderofNancyisthemostheinousofmanycrimethatoccurinthenovel.AftermurderingNancy,SikesfleesLondon,onlytofindthathisconsciencewillnotlethimescape.TheentireaccountofSikes’sflightisalsoamongthemostpsychologicallysophisticatedpassagesinthenovel.Upuntilthispoint, Sikeshasbeenapurevillain.Inhisguilt,however,hebecomesrealisticallyhuman.Pursuedbyhisguiltyconscienceandanangrymob,heinadvertentlyhangshimselfwhiletryingtoescape.Nancy’sloveforSikesexemplifiesthemoralambiguityofhercharacter.AssheherselfpointsouttoRose,devotiontoamancanbe“acomfortandapride“undertherightcircumstancesButforNancy,suchdevotionis“anewmeansofviolenceandsuffering”-indeed,herrelationshipwithSikesleadshertocriminalactsforhissakeandeventuallytoherowndemise.Thesamebehavior,indifferentcircumstances,canhaveverydifferentconsequencesandmoralsignificance.InmuchofOliverTwist,moralityandnobilityareblack-and-whiteissues,butNancy’scharactersuggeststhattheboundarybetweenvirtueandviceisnotalwaysclearlydrawn. 2TheReasonofNancy’sDoubleCharacterEnglandinthe1830swasrapidlyundergoingatransformationfromanagricultural,ruraleconomytoanurban,industrialnation.IntheextremelystratifiedEnglishclassstructure,thehighestsocialclassbelongedtothe“gentleman,”anaristocratwhodidnothavetoworkforhisliving.Thegrowingmiddleclasshadachievedaneconomicinfluenceequalto,ifnotgreaterthan,thatoftheBritisharistocracy.Manymembersofthemiddleclasswereanxioustobedifferentiatedfromthelowerclasses,andonewaytodosowastostigmatizethelowerclassaslazygood-for–nothings.VictoriansocietyinterpretedeconomicsuccessasasignthatGodfavoredthehonest,moralvirtueofsuccessfulindividual’seffortsand,thus,interpretedtheconditionofpovertyasasignoftheweaknessofthepoorindividual.Thepoorwerenaturallydestinedforlivesofdegradationanddesperation.Livinginsuchasociety,althoughNancyhopessomedifferencewillhappenonher,thesocietyishardtomakeherdreamcometrue.2.1SocialEnvironment’sInfluencetoNancy’sDoubleCharacter Nancyhasbecomeachildpickpocketfromaveryyoungage.Itishardtoknowherbirthbackgroundfromthenovel.ShemaybealovechildasOliver.Whatmakeshertoseek“help”fromFagin?WhenOliverseesFagin’sact,hefeelsitisveryinteresting.InayoungeragethanOliver,Nancycan’trecognizewhatisvirtueorevil.BothofthemaresubjectedtothepaternalauthorityofFaginandaredependentuponhimfortheirfoodandshelter.Whilesuchafamilyprovidescompanionshipandameansforsurvival,itisnotultimatelynurturingormorallyhealthy.AlthoughafterwritingOliverTwist,Dickensdeniedthatanti-semitismhadinfluencedhisportraitofFagin,theJewishthief’scharacterizationdoesseemtoowemuchtoethnicstereotypes.Heisugly,simpering,miserlyandavaricious.Constantreferencestohimas“theJew”seemtoindicatethathisnegativetraitsareintimatelyconnectedtohisethnicidentity.However,Faginismorethanastatementofethnicprejudice.Heisarichlydrawn,resonantembodimentofterrifyingvillainy.Attimes,heseemslikeachild’sdistortedvisionofpureevil.Heissuchaconnivingcareercriminal,whotakesinhomelesschildrenandtrainsthemtopickpocketsforhim.Heisalsoabuyerofotherpeople’sstolengoods.Herarelycommitscrimeshimselfpreferringtoemployotherstocommitthem---andoftensufferlegalretribution–inhisplace.AlthoughFaginclaimstobeinpartnershipwithhisassociatesprotectingtheminexchangefortheirloyalty,intheend,Fagin manipulateshisassociates,sothathisownself-interestisbetterserved.Hewatchesthepeoplearoundhimwithspecialcareandtranslateshisinformationintopower.AprimeexampleofthisstrategyishishopetouseNancy’spossiblelovetocontrolherthroughblackmail.Evenmore,afterheknowsthemeeting,herevealsNancy’sbetrayaltoSikes.ButFaginpurposelydoesnottellSikesthatNancyinsistedthatherassociatesnotgetintotrouble.HedescribesheractioninsuchawayastoinspireSikes’smurderousrageHavingNancykilledisatleastasbeneficialtoFaginastoSikes,butFaginisunwillingtomakeariskofdoingthedeedhimself.InsteadheuseshisknowledgeaboutofNancyandaboutSikescharactertomanipulateSikesintocommittingthehorriblecrime.Nancyregretsherlifeofvice,butsherefusesRose’soffertohelpherchangeit.Nancy’sloveforSikesismorecrucialtoherdecisiontoreturntoheroldlifethananybeliefthatshehasstrayedtoofarfromthepathofmoralgoodness.ThedifferentlightinwhichsocietytreatsNancy’sandRose’sromanticattachmentsrevealstheextentofitsprejudicesagainstthepoor,itisconsideredavirtuewhenRoseisunconditionallyfaithfultoarespectableyoungmanlikeHarryMaylie.YetwhenNancydisplaysthesamefidelitytoadreadfulfellowlikeSikes,itbecomes“anewmeansofviolenceandsuffering.”Thiscontrastdemonstratesthatsocioeconomicstatushasthepowertocolorallaspectsofanindividual’slife,eventheprivateemotionsofloveandsentiment. InOliverTwist,thereisarelationshipbetweenclothingandidentity.WhenNancytriestogetinformationfrompolicestation,shedisguisesherself.ThewearsrevealskeydifferencesbetweenthemiddleandlowerclassesinVictoriansociety.Becauseshedisguisesherselfasamiddleclasswoman,thelegalsystem,intheformofthepolicestation,recognizesherasanindividualworthhearing.Intheattireofmiddleclass,shegainsbothsocialvoiceandsocialvisibility.Shebecomesanindividualratherthanamemberofthepennilessmob.Inthelaterchapter,whenNancyknowstheplotsbetweenMonksandFagin,shewantstogotothehotelwhereMissMaylielives.Shewearspauper’sclothing,nobodyiswillingtohelphertosendmessage.JustasNancyassumesamiddle-classidentitybychangingherclothing,Olivershedshisidentityasapickpocketorphanwhenheleavesbehindhispauper’scloths.OliverandNancybothgainavoicethemomenttheyshedtheirpauperclothinglikeNancyandOliver,Bumblelearnsoftheinfluencethatclothingexercisesuponidentity.Thepoweranddignityofprivilegedrolesarenotqualitiesinherentinthemenwhooccupythem.Theyare,likeclothing,merelypurchasedandworn,andtheycanbetakenoffaseasilyastheywereputon.WhenNancywearspauper’sclothing,it’simpossibletoliveinthesociety.Nancy"sdecisiontomeetBrownlowandRoseonLondonBridgerevealsthesymbolicaspectofthisbridgeinOliverTwist.Bridgesexistto linktwoplaceswouldotherwisebeseparatedbyanimpassablechasm.ThemeetingonLondonBridgerepresentsthecollisionoftwoworldsunlikelyevertocomeintocontact---theidyllicworldofBrownlowandRose,andtheatmosphereofdegradationinwhichNancylives.Onthebridge,Nancyisgiventhechancetocrossovertothebetterwayoflifethattheothersrepresent,butsherejectsthatopportunity,andbythetimethethreehaveallleftthebridge,thatpossibilityhasvanishedforever.WaitingforNancyisonlyanendlessmiserableworld.2.2Nancy’sHumanNatureInfluencetoHerDoubleCharacterNancy,aprostitute,embodiesforDickensallthedegradationintowhichpovertyforceotherwisegoodpeople.Rose,ontheotherhand,representsallthepuritythatcomesfromgoodbreeding.BothwomenembodythefemininecompassionthatcompelsthemtohelpOliver.Thatfemininecompassion,maternalandsisterlydirectedtowardOliver,isalsowhatbindsNancytohervice-loverSikes.ThesameloyaltytoalovedonethatwouldbeavirtueinRoseisaself-destructiveforceforNancy.HerloveforSikesandhercompassionforOlivertogethercompelhertosacrificeherownlife.ThoughDickensclearlyapprovesofthesecondemotionformorethanthefirst,itislikelythattheystemfromthesameimpulseinNancy’scharacter.ThemeetingbetweenRoseandNancyisoneofthemost emotionallyheightenedsituationinthenovel.It"sthefirsttimetheymeet.Theycomefromtwodifferentworlds.Onestandsforvirtue,otherstandsforvice.Beforesuchaprefectperson,Nancyfeelssoburdenedwiththesenseofherowndeepshame.It"satormentforhertopresentbeforesuchadecentladylikeRoseMaylie,foritmakesherimagineherselfdisreputablelife."Sheraisedhereyessufficientlytoobservethatthefigurewhichpresenteditselfwasthatofaslightandbeautifulgirl;andthen,bendingthemontheground,tossedherheadwithaffectedcarelessness."SheevendoesnotdaretoseeRosedirectly."It"sahardmattertogettoseeyou,lady.IfIhadtakenoffence,andgoneaway,asmanywouldhavedone."[9](p258)Nancyhasbeenfamiliarwithharshbehavior,sheunderstandsnobodylooksherasanormalgirl,andiswillingtotalkwithher.Justbeforeshemeetsthegirl,somanyservantsdownstairsevenarenotwillingtosendmessageforher.SowhensheheardRose"skindanswer,shefellssosurprised.Itseldomhappensinherlife.SheconfessessheistheonewhodraggedOliverbacktoFagin"s.Shefellsregretfulforit.ShesaystoRose. "Iamtheinfamouscreatureyouhaveheardof,thatlivesamongthethieves,andthatneverfromthefirstmoment.IcanrecollectmytyesandsensesopeningonLondonstreetshaveknownanybetterlife,orkinderwordsthantheygivenme""[10](p259)Itiseasytoimaginethathowhardtimesthisgirlhaveeverexperienced,“……thealleyandthegutterweremine,astheywillbemydeath-bed.Nancyknowsthelifeshelivesiscriminalandviolent.HoweverwhenshemakesherdecisiontotellthenewsaboutOliver,fromthatmoment,shebecomesagreatperson."Iamabouttoputmylife......Inyouhand."SherealizesrevealingtheplotstoRosemaybeleadherdeath.However,inordertosavingOliver,aboyshehardlyknows,sheforgetsherself,evenherlife.ComparedwithRose,sheismorerespectableforshemaysacrificeherselfinhelpingOliver,whileRosewillnotloseanything.Indeed,savingOliverfromsuchacriminalworldisnotaneasything. 3Nancy’sIncorruptibilityofGoodnessinDoubleCharacterAlthoughNancyisasecondaryroleinOliverTwist,sheplaysaveryimportantroleinOliver’sfate.Nancyhasbeenathiefsincechildhood,shedrinkstoexcess,andsheisaprostitute.Asafemalethiefinthegang,shehardlycausesOlivertobecomeathiefinthegang.Despitehertaintingbehavior,however,sheisincrediblyvirtuouswherethemostimportantmatters,thoseoflifeanddeath,areconcerned.HerdecisiontorevealtheinformationtoMonks’plotmaycauseherdeath.Nancy’shonorableactdirectlycontradictsVictorianstereotypeofthepoorasfundamentallyimmoralandignoble.Hercharactercomprehendsvirtueandevil.Intheend,thevirtueprevailsovertheevil.Sheisanoblepersoninthenovel.3.1Nancy’sResistancetoCrimeWhenOliverwastakentoFagin’sden,hetriestoescape.Sikessendshisviciousdogonhim.“Keepthedog;he’llteartheboytopieces.”“Thechildshan’tbetorndownbythedog,unlessyoukillmefirst.”[11](p99) WhenSikessendshisdogtopursuingtheboy,thegirlcries.Inthatmoment,Nancyforgetsherselfsafety.Sikesissuchahot-temperedhousebreaker.Itishardtopredictwhathewilldonextminute.WhenFaginwantstogiveaclobbertoOliver,Nancystandsoutandstopit.“Iwon’tstandbyandseeitdone,Fagin,”criedhegirl,“You’vegottheboy,andwhatmorewouldyouhave?Lethimbe-lethimbe,orIshallputthatmarkonsomeofyou,thatwillbringmetothegallowsbeforemytime.”[12](p100)InordertosaveOliver,Nancyneglectsherownsafety.Facingwithsuchviciouspeople,wheredoescouragecomefrom?ItnotonlycomesfromhersympathytoOliver,itrathercomesfromherwrathtothecriminallife.Shecan’tbearthemeananddirtylifeanymore.Whenshecries,“……IthievedforyouwhenIwasachildnothalfasoldasthis!”pointingtoOliver,“Ihavebeeninthesametrade,andinthesameservicefortwelveyearssince.”[13](p98)ShethinksallofhermisfortuneisFagin’sfault.Ifhedoesnotcheatherandmakeherbecomeathief,shemaydieinayoungage.Whenshe hearsOliverhurtintherobbery,shesaysshehopesOliverhasdied.BecauseshebelievesdeathisbetterthanlivingwithFagininsuchadespicableway.WhenNancyshowsgreatirritationtoherlife,Faginsaystoher,“You’redrunk.”“AmI?”criedthegirl,bitterly.“It’snofaultofyours,ifIamnot!You’dneverhavemeanythingelse,ifyouhadyourwill…”[14](p154)Infact,underFagin’scontrol,Nancyalwayslivesadrunklife.Shemayusewinetopalsiesherself.Ifsheisclearinmind,shemayrealizehowdisreputablelifeshelives.3.2Nancy’sLovetoOliverThegirlisalwaysoppressedtodothethingssheisunwillingtodo.WhenFaginandSikesmakea“notableplan”,theyneedaslimboy.Oliveristheverypersontheyneed.TheysendNancytotakeOliver.OliverstillremembersitisNancysaveshimfromFagin’shand.Inthegang,sheistheonlyonewhogiveshelptohim,althoughsheisalsotheonewholethimbeclaimed.HehopesNancycanalsohelphimtoescapefromherethistime.Nancyiscontradictory.ItisthesecondtimeshetakesOlivertothe miserableworld.ShedoesnotdaretodisobeyFaginandSikes’order.Itisadamp,dirtyroomanditisverycoldoutside.Leavethe“damp,dirtyroom”,thentheywillgototheanotherroom,whichismuchworsethanthis.TherearethreefemalecharactersinOliverTwist.TheyareNancy,RoseMaylieandAgnesFleming.Roseisayoungladyofgoodbreedingandperfectchastity.Nancy,incontrast,isagirlraisedonthestreetandaprostitute.Agnes,asayounggirlofgoodbreedingwhononethelesscommittedafatalsexualindiscretioninheraffairwithMr.Leeford,standssomewhereinbetweenRose,amodelofpurity,andNancy,amodelofsin.Eachwoman’ssocialstandingiscloselyboundtohersexualhistory.NancysacrificesherlifeforthesakeofOliver,aboyshebarelyknows.Agnesgivesherlifetosakeherfamilyfromherownillrepute.Onalesserscale,evenRosemakesagreatsacrificewhensherefusestomarryHarryMaylie,fearingthatherdubiousbirthwillharmhischancesforcareeradvancement.DickensdisplaysathoroughlyVictorianfondnessforhumilityandself-sacrificeinwomen.Theidealwoman,itwouldseem,mustbeprepared,andevenglad,toliveanddieforothers.NancyandAgnes,theycommitsexualindiscretionsatsomepointintheirlives,buttheyinonewayoranotherredeemthemselves,displayinggenerosityandloveaswellasrepentance.AlthoughDickensgoesto greatlengthstoestablishthatthesefallenwomenarestillhumanbeingworthyofforgivenessandredemption,everyoneofthemeitherdiesoristransportedbytheendofthenovelinwhichsheappears.AswithNancy,manyofthesefemalecharactersareofferedthechancetorejecttheirpastsandstartover,butthisnewbeginningisnevertobe.ItisasifDickensadvocatesinprincipletheideathatsexuallytaintedwomencouldbereconciledwithrespectableEnglishsociety,buthecannotactuallybringhimselftoimagineascenarioinwhichthissocialrebirthactuallyhappens.Thisleadstotheunavoidabletragedyonthesefemale’sfate. ConclusionInOliverTwist,DickenspresentstheeverydayexistenceofthelowestmembersofEnglishsociety.Hegoesfarbeyondtheexperiencesoftheworkhouse,extendinghisdepictionofpovertytoLondon"ssqualidstreets,darkalehouses,andthieves"dens.Hegivesvoicetothosewhohadnovoices,establishingalinkbetweenpolitiesandliteraturewithhissocialcommentary.Throughoutthenovel,Dickensconfrontsthequestionofwhetherterribleenvironmentshedepictshavethepowerto"blacken[thesoul]andchangeitshueforever."Byexaminingthefatesofmostofthecharacters,wecanassumethattheansweristhattheydonot.Certainly,characterslikeSikesandFaginseemtohavesustainedpermanentdamagetotheirmoralsensibilities.YetevenSikeshasaconscience,whichmanifestsitselfintheapparitionofNancy"seyesthathauntshimafterhemurdersher.MosttellingofallisNancy,who,thoughsheconsidersherself"lostalmostbeyondredemption,"Endsupmakingtheultimatesacrificeforachildshehardlyknows.AlthoughmostmajorcharactersinOliverTwistareeitherparagonsofgoodness,likeOliverandMr.Brownlow,orembodiesofevil,likeMr.Bumble,Fagin,andSikes,Nancy’sbehaviorspansmoralextremes.Mostother“good”characterswemeetaregoodbecausetheyhavenofirsthand experiencewithviceanddegradation.Nancyknowsdegradationperfectlywell,yetsheisgood.Nancyislikearoseblossominginwinter.Itisarosewiththrone.Blossominginwinter,itdecidesitsshortlife.Shelivesinanadverseenvironment,whichisfullofcrimeandguilty,butsheremainshergoodnessinsuchaworld.Inhershortlife,weseetheroseblossomingintheend.Despitethecoldweather,itblossomsthenwithers.Althoughsheonlyblossomsforaveryshorttime,sheremainspeopleendlessrespectandthinking.Inthismaterialsociety,wewillfeelpuzzledwhenwefaceallkindsofattraction.WehopewecanmakerightchoiceasNancynomatterhowmanyobstacleswemeet. Notes[1][2]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.(IntroductionPage2&Page3)[3][11][12][13]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.(Chapter16Page98&Page99&Page100)[4]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.(Chapter20Page125)[5]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.(Chapter19Page120)[6]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.(Chapter15Page96)[7]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.(Chapter39Page245)[8][9][10]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.(Chapter40Page258&Page259)[14]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.(Chapter26Page154) Bibliography[1]CharlesDickens.OliverTwist[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress,1992.[2]CatherinePeters,CharlesDickens[M].Xi’an:Xi’anWorldPublishingCorporation,1998.[3]DanielH.FrankandOliverLeaman.HistoryofJewishPhilosophy[M],LondonandNewYork:Routledge,1997.[4]JohnKichetti.TheColumbiaHistoryoftheBritishNovel[M].ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPressColumbiaUniversityPress,2005.[5]鲍文.反抗与探索——十八、十九世纪英国孤儿小说人物性格论[J].安徽教育学院学报,2003,(1):13-15.[6]胡晓华.《雾都孤儿》中的仁爱与暴虐[J].黑龙江农垦师专学报2001,(2):11-15.[7]刘精香.《雾都孤儿》中南希的形象剖析[J].中南民族学院学报,2005,(2):12-19.[8]黄福武、张力改译.摩迪凯·开普兰.犹太教——一种文明[M].济南:山东大学出版社,2002.[9]潘明元.《雾都孤儿》的旺盛生命力[J].四川师范学院学报,1996,(4):35-39.[10]钱青.英国19世纪文学史[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001,57-69. AcknowledgementsIwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmygratitudetoallthepeoplewhohaveeverhelpedmeinthisproject.MysincereandheartythanksandappreciationsgofirstlytoProfessorPanLifeng,mysupervisor.Itishewhomademebelievethatlcanexertmyabilitytoworkonthisstudy.Itishewhotaughtmesomuchknowledgeforthisstudyandcalledattentiontomymistakes.Itishissuggestionandencouragementthathavegivenmemuchinsightintothisstudy.Ithasbeenagreatprivilegeandjoytostudyunderhisguidanceandsupervision.Furthermore,itismyhonortobenefitfromhispersonalityanddiligence.Ifthisworkcanbeofanymerits,itisbecauseofhim.IamdeeplyindebtedandgratefultoallthecourseteachersintheschoolofForeignLanguages,ProfessorPengChangjiang,andothersteachers’wonderfullecturesandintellectualdiscussion.Finally,Iamgratefultoallthosewhodevotemuchtimetoreadingthisthesisandgivememuchadvice,whichwillbenefitmeinmylaterstudy.'