英语毕业论文基于受众理论的电影字幕汉译--- 以大学生群体为例(1).doc 26页

'（　2014　届）毕业论文（设计）题目基于受众理论的电影字幕汉译---以大学生群体为例姓　　名：　　王胜　　　　　专　　业：　　英语班　　级：　　　　英语N102　　学号：201045639222指导教师：　　　　罗国华　　教　务　处　制年月日 AStudyofFilmSubtitle’sTranslationfromthePerspectiveofAudiences-concentricTheory-----CollegestudentsastheaudienceAthesisSubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementfortheB.A.DegreeinEnglishlanguageandliteratureByWangShengSupervisor:LuoGuohuaAcademicTitle:LecturerCollegeofForeignStudiesJiaxingUniversity,ZhejiangProvince,P.R.CMay15,2014 诚信声明我声明，所呈交的论文(设计)是本人在老师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我查证，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文(设计)中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。我承诺，论文(设计)中的所有内容均真实、可信。  论文(设计)作者签名：签名日期：年月日 授权声明学校有权保留送交论文（设计）的原件，允许论文（设计）被查阅和借阅，学校可以公布论文（设计）的全部或部分内容，可以影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文（设计），学校必须严格按照授权对论文(设计)进行处理，不得超越授权对论文（设计）进行任意处置。论文(设计)作者签名：签名日期：年月 摘要电影是喜闻乐见的大众娱乐文化，作为文化传播的重要方式它充当着桥梁的角色，日益成为老百姓的生活中不可或缺的一部分。但电影字幕翻译中也存在着不少问题。本文在受众理论的指导下，结合字幕的定义特点，并以大学生群体为主要的受众群体，采用直译、意译和缩减译三种翻译方法提高字幕翻译质量和水平。关键词：电影字幕；受众理论；翻译方法；大学生群体I AbstractMovieisbecomingmoreandmorepopular,anditisanimportantwayforculturaldissemination.Atthesametime,therearelotsofproblemsexistinginsubtitletranslation.Inthisthesis,authortakesAudiences-concentrictheoryastheguidancetheory,andadoptsliteraltranslation,freetranslation,andconstrainedtranslationasmaintranslationmethods.Inaddition,thisthesistakescollegestudentsasmainaudiences,andtheauthorwilllearntheirideasonfilmsubtitlebythequestionnaire.Thisthesisaimstosolvetheproblemsinfilmsubtitletranslationandhelptranslatorstoimprovethequalityoffilmsubtitle.Keywords：Audiences-ConcentricTheory;Filmsubtitle;TranslationIII ContentsAbstractII1.Introduction12.Abriefintroductiontofilmsubtitle22.1Definitionoffilmsubtitle22.2Characteristicsoffilmsubtitle22.3Functionsoffilmsubtitle43.Significanceandproblemsoffilmsubtitletranslation43.1Significanceoffilmsubtitletranslation53.2Problemsexistinginfilmsubtitletranslation63.2.1Improperliteraltranslation63.2.2Misunderstandingoriginallanguage73.2.3Impropersentencestructure84.Audiences-ConcentricTheoryandthesubtitletranslationmethods94.1Audiences-ConcentricTheory104.1.1CharacteristicsofAudiences-ConcentricTheory104.1.2FunctionandadvantageofAudiences-ConcentricTheory114.2Subtitletranslationmethods124.2.1Literaltranslation124.2.2Freetranslation134.2.3Constrainedtranslation145.Conclusion15Appendix16Bibliography19Acknowledgement20III 1.IntroductionFilmwas introducedfromabroad, thefirst screeningofthefilm inChinese historywasin1896 (EmperorGuangxutwenty-three years),atShanghai XuYuan "anothervillage",andatthattime,thefilmwascalled“西洋镜”.Fromthenon,foreignlanguagefilmshaveoccupiedhalfoftheChinesefilmmarket.China’sforeignexchangeshaveexpandedconsiderably,sincethereformandopeningup.Chinese filmIndustryAssociation ResearchCenterissuedtheChinafilmindustrygold-fiveyear’sdevelopmentresearchreport,duringtheperiodof“TwelfthFiveYearPlan”.They madea forecastforthedevelopmenttrendofChinesefilmmarket,from2012to2015, believingthat theinternalboxofficewillbreak3,000,000,000Yuan.Anditwillreach4,000,000,000,attheendof“TwelfthFiveYearPlan”.Inthisthesis,theauthortakescollegestudentsasmainaudiences,usingquestionnairesurveytounderstandtheseaudiences’perceptionandattitudeonfilmsubtitles.TheauthortriestofindoutamodeloffilmsubtitlethatmoresuitabletoChineseAudiencesandsomemethodstosolvetheproblemsinfilmsubtitle.Theauthorfocusesonseveralworkswithhigh boxoffice orgoodreputation,suchas“PresumedInnocent",”You’veGotMail",”NowYouSeeMe",“andForrestGump”,“Avatar”.Inaddition,theauthorwilltakeimproperfilmsubtitlesin“PresumedInnocent",”You’veGotMail",“NowYouSeeMe"asexamplestoanalyze,andfindsomemethodstosolvetheproblems.19 1.AbriefintroductiontofilmsubtitleNowadaysmoreandmorepeoplelikewatchingmovies,sosubtitletranslationislinkedwithusclosely.Thissectionwillintroducethedefinitionoffilmsubtitle,characteristicsoffilmsubtitleandthefunctionoffilmsubtitle.1.1DefinitionoffilmsubtitleGottlieb(1994)pointedoutthatthefilmsubtitle wasaunique formoftranslationandheusedfivewordstodefinitethesubtitling:written,additive,immediate,synchronous,poly-media.Healsobelievedthatthe subtitleturningthe verbalinformationfromfilmsintoadifferent language.Thisideaisveryimportant.Fromhisview,weneedtoknowthatfilmsubtitleisdifferentfromothertranslations.Accordingtohisview,itisnothardtofindoutsomecharacteristicsoffilmsubtitle,andthosecharacteristicswillhelpustochooseabettertranslationmethod.Someotherscholarsalsogivetheirownunderstandingofit:filmSubtitlecanbedefinedasaprocessofprovidingsynchronizedcaptionforfilm.Andfilmsubtitlereferstocaptionsoffilm,transcriptionsoffilm.Allinall,filmsubtitleisthebridgebetweenaudiencesandthefilms.Theaudiencescanunderstandthecharacterinthemoviebywatchingfilmsubtitleonthescreen.1.2CharacteristicsoffilmsubtitleIn1998,ProfessorZhangChunbai(1998)summedupthecharacteristicsoffilmlanguage:immediacyandmass-based nature,andthenProfessorQianShaochang(2001)pointoutthefilmsubtitleisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantin translationfield.Heputforwardfivemajor characteristicsof filmsubtitle:Colloquialism,Comprehensiveness,Instantaneousness,Popularity,andSynchronization.Bymeansofsummaryandinduction,wefindoutthefourmainfeaturesoffilmsubtitlewhicharedifferentfromotherscreentranslation.Firstly,HuangShenqi(2007)alsopointedoutthatfilmsubtitleiscolloquialism-based.Accordingtoherpaper,theauthorfoundthatcolloquialismhaving19 somecharacteristics：1.Abundance：thecontentiswidelyfrommanysourcesoflanguage．2.Vividness：thesubtitlemayusevividwordsandsentences．3.Flexibility:itisflexiblefortranslatorstochoosewordandmakesentences.Dad：You’dbetterfindajobsoon,you,youstartingtolookold.Hereisasentencethatafathersaystohisdaughter．Thesentencestructure“youstarting”isnonstandard，butwecanunderstanditbecauseitisthelanguagewereallyuseinourdailylives．Fromtheexampleabove,wecanknowthatfilmisreflectingthedailylivesofpeople，what’smore,theaudiencescomefromvariousages,genders,levelsofeducation.Sothelanguageofdialogueinfilmstendstobeshortandsimple.To ensuremostaudienceswillenjoythefilmwithease,thewordsandsentenceshouldbeclosetoaudiences‘lives.ItshouldbeaccordancewithChinesecultureandChineselanguage.Asthesayinggoes“DoinRomeasRomedo”.InChinesemarket,itneedstoconformtoChineselanguagehabits.Onlyinthisway,theaudiencewilllikeyourworks,andtheywillpayforthetickets.Thismeansthetranslatorneedstomaketheaudiencesunderstandthemeaningofthesentencesimmediately.Meanwhile,thesubtitlegetsclosetothesourcetextasmuchaspossible,becausewecannotlose theoriginalmeaning.Secondly,thefilmsubtitles’styleshouldsuitthecharacteroftheplayerinthefilm.Inanotherway,weneedtokeepthestyleoforiginalmovie.Inthisway,theaudienceswillunderstandthefilmsbetterandeasier.Thirdlythefilmsubtitleshouldhavefinesynchronicity.Inthefilm,subtitlesshouldcomeupwithsoundssynchronously,andcorrespondtotheactionofplayers.Ifthefilmsubtitleshowsfastorslowly,itmaydisturbtheaudience’swatching.Itisnotgoodforahighqualityfilm,ahighqualityshouldhavehighqualityfilmsubtitle.Thelastfeatureisthelengthoffilmsubtitleislimitedinthefilm.Becauseofsynchronicity,thesubtitlesshouldshowsynchronouslywithpictures,sounds,andcorrespondtotheactsofplayersasmuchaspossible,sothespaceandlengthofsubtitleislimited.Fromthischaracteristic,thesentencesinfilmsubtitleshouldbeshort.Fourcharacteristicshowsthatgoodfilmsubtitleshouldbeeasytounderstandandclosetoaudiences’lives.19 1.1FunctionsoffilmsubtitleInrecentyears,translatorsandresearchershavepayedattentiontofilmsubtitle,becausethefilmsubtitlehasseveralimportantfunctions.Thissection,theauthorwilllistthefunctionsoffilmsubtitleasbelow:Firstofall,filmsubtitlecanhelpaudiencesconquerlinguisticbarriers.Becausepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,theymayhavedifferentwayofthinking.Sometimesthemeaningofforeignfilmcan’tbeacceptedbyChineseaudiencestotally,butwecanconquerthisproblemthroughfilmsubtitle.Secondly,filmsubtitlecanhelpthedeaftoenjoythefilm.Thedeafcan’thearthesoundsinfilm,buttheyseethewordsonscreen.Sothefilmswithsubtitlecanhelphearing-impairedpeopletoenjoythefilms.Lastly,watchingfilmsubtitleisperfectmethodforpeopletolearnEnglish.Nowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeopleprefertolearnEnglishthroughwatchingforeignfilm.Allinall,filmsubtitlesubtitlescanprovidesomeinformationwecannotgetfromthebooks.Wecannotlistallfunctionsoffilmsubtitle,butthesefunctionslistedinthispapershowingthatfilmsubtitleisofgreatimportance.Andthesefunctionhavesomethingcommon,theyallhavesomethingtodowiththeaudiences.Thefirstfunction,itcanhelpaudiencesconquerlinguisticbarriers.Thesecondfunction,itcanhelpaudiencetoenjoythefilms.Thethirdfunction,itcanhelpaudiencetolearnEnglishandimprovetheirspokenEnglish.Allthesehaveexpressedtheinformationthattranslatorsneedtopayattentiontoaudiences.2.SignificanceandproblemsoffilmsubtitletranslationMovieshaveplayedanimportantroleinculturetransmission,andplayedasignificantroleintheculturecommunication.Thefilmtranslationisagoodmethodtoexpressculture,sothequalityofsubtitletranslationisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.Withthedevelopmentoffilmeconomy,thereareagreatnumberofforeignlanguagefilmscomingintoourcountry,butbecauseofdifferentculturalbackgrounds19 anddifferentwaysofthinking,thetruemeaningofthefilmcan’tbeexpressedtoChineseaudiencestotally.Andthereareseveralproblemsinfilmsubtitletranslation,suchas,translatorsuseliteraltranslationwronglyandimproperly,translatorsmisunderstandtheoriginallanguage,andstructureofsentenceisimproper.1.1SignificanceoffilmsubtitletranslationThissectionofthesiswillshowthesignificancesoffilmsubtitletranslation.Firstly,WatchingEnglishfilmsarebecomingmoreandmorepopular,especiallyamongsomepeoplewhowanttostudyEnglish.TherearealargenumberofpeoplethinkingthatwatchingoriginalfilmswithfilmsubtitleisagoodmethodtostudyEnglish.Inthisway,theycanpracticetheirlisteningability,andtheycanlearnsomethingaboutforeignculture,suchas,thewayoftheirspeaking,thetoneoftheirspeaking,andtheslangtheyused.Allofthosecanbegainedfromtheoriginalfilm,Secondly,audiencesprefertowatchfilmswithsubtitle.Thereisaquestionnaireonthewebsiteshowingthatmorethan87percentofpeopleprefertowatchsubtitledfilms,only14percentofpeoplelikedubbedfilms.Becausefilmsubtitletranslationcankeeptheoriginalflavoroffilmsinthelargestextent,andfilmsubtitletranslationwillnotchangeanymusic,scene,anddialoguesinfilm.Theinformationandcontentinfilmcanbesavedinthelargestextent.What’smore,wecantotallyreceivetheemotionoftheplayer,andfeelthespiritoffilmbyourmind.However,inthedubbingfilmwecannotfeelthetrueemotionoftheplayer,becausethedubbedpeoplewillgivesomeemotionbythemselves,anditwillmakesomechangeofthefilm.Thirdly,thefilmproducersalsolikethesubtitledfilmsbetter,wehavelistedsomereasonstoexplainthisphenomenona:1.Filmsubtitletranslationischeaper.Whentheproductionmanagertriestomanageafirm,heorsheshouldtryhisorherbesttosavethemoney,soatthisrate,lotsofproductionmanagerschoosefilmsubtitletranslation.2.Itwillsavetimewhentheychoosethesubtitletranslation.Evidenceshowsthatasameone-hourfilmtranslateintodifferentkindsoftranslation,theproductiontimeforfilmsubtitletranslationlastsforonlyfourworkingdays;however,ifwetranslateintodubbing,weneedtwoorthreeweeksatleast.Asaresult,filmsubtitle’stranslationis19 preferable.Inaword,boththeaudiencesandfilmproducerlikethefilmswithsubtitlebetter,andhighqualityfilmsubtitleisveryimportant.ItwillhelpaudienceslearnEnglishandhelpfilmproducersattractmoreaudiences.1.1ProblemsexistinginfilmsubtitletranslationGoodsubtitletranslationhelpsaudiencesunderstandthefilmbetter.Buttherearealotofproblemsexistinginfilmsubtitletranslation.Afteranalyzingthequestionnaire,searchingontheinternetandreadingbooks,wehavefoundoutsomephenomena and problemsofsubtitletranslationinfilmsubtitletranslation.Andtheseproblemswillaffecttheenjoymentofaudiences,makingthemconfusions.Oneofthepurposesissolvingproblemsexistinginfilmsubtitletranslation,sotheauthormakesalistofproblemsasbelow:1.1.1ImproperliteraltranslationAsweknow,theliteraltranslationisalsocalleddirecttranslation.Itismethodthatthetranslatormaytranslatetheoriginallanguageintoanotherlanguagedirectly.Itisalsocalledas"Words-for-words",expressingthe sense oftheoriginaltextdirectly.Thetranslationisbasedonoriginalcontent,andcompliedwiththeoriginalstructure.Theliteraltranslationdoesnotdistortthemeaningoftheoriginaltextandtoembodythespiritoftheoriginal.Itisaverycommontranslationmethod,butmanytranslatorsmayusetheliberaltranslationwronglyandimproperly.HereisexampleinPresumedInnocentYou"reapal！Thesubtitletranslationinfilms:你是一个朋友。Thecorrecttranslation:你真够哥们！Thisisaclassicprobleminsubtitletranslation,thetranslatortranslateditdirectly.Fromthisexample,wecanknowthatthetranslatortranslated“pal”as“朋友”,andhejustexpressedthesuperficialmeaning.Hedidn’tpayattentiontomovieplot,andthis19 kindofsubtitletranslationwillmakeaudiencespuzzled.Ifthetranslatorcantranslateitas“够哥们”，itwillbebetter.Therearesomereasonstoexplainwhythisproblemexistsinfilmsubtitle:1.Thelimitoftranslator’sability,sometranslatorsmaybenotprofessional.SotheymaynothavegoodknowledgeofEnglish.Especially,theydonothavegoodknowledgeoftranslationmethods.2.Lotsoftranslatorsdidn’tpayattentionthemovieplot,andtheyjusttranslatethesubtitlewordsforwords.3.Thetranslatormisunderstandstherealmeaningofsentences.Accordingtothesereasons,wecanfindoutsomesolutiontosolvethisproblem.Forexample,translatorsneedtoimproveabilityofEnglishandtranslation.Whentheytranslatethesubtitle,theyneedtopayattentiononmovieplotandunderstandtherealmeaningoforiginalcontent.Thetranslatorsalsoneedtoshowtheirresponsibilities,andtakeaudiences’feelingintoaccount.1.1.1MisunderstandingoriginalcontentInmostforeignlanguagefilms,theoriginallanguageisEnglish.Andonewordmayhavemanydifferentmeanings,soitiseasytomisunderstandoriginallanguage.Hereisanexample,thetranslatormisunderstandstheoriginallanguageandmakesamistake.Hereisanexamplein“You’veGotMail”.Iaminthebookbusiness.Thesubtitletranslationinfilm:我在书本生意里面。Thecorrecttranslation:我是从事图书生意。Thereisanobviousmistakeinthissubtitletranslation,thetranslatormisunderstandtherealmeaningof“Iaminthebookbusiness”.Hedidn’tknowaboutthegrammars,sohetranslateditas“我在书本生意里面”,butrealmeaningofthissentenceis“我是从事销售图的”.Thereareseveralreasonstoexplainwhythisproblemexistsinfilmsubtitle.1.BecausethesameEnglishwordhasdifferentmeanings,translatorscanmisunderstandthesentencesveryeasily.19 2.MosttranslatorsareChinese,andlotsofthemhavenotbeentoAmericaorothercountries.Sotheymaynotunderstandtheconversationhappenedinfilm,andthethoughtsofforeignactors.3.TherearelotsofdifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandAmericanculture.Differentculturebackgroundmakestranslatorsmisunderstandoriginallanguage.Accordingtothosereasons,translatorsneedtoconquerlanguagebarrierwhentheytranslatethesubtitle.Oncetheymeetthewordthattheycan’tensurethemeaningofword,theyshouldlookthewordupinthedictionary.Theyalsoneedtolearnmorebackgroundinformationofforeigncountries,theirculture.Inthisway,somemistakeswillbeavoided.1.1.1ImpropersentencestructureAsisknowntoall,ChinesesentenceisdifferentfromEnglishsentence,afterreadingbooks,wefoundoutthreemaindifferencesasbelow:Firstly,theChinesesentencespayattentiontoparataxis,butEnglishsentencespayattentiontohypostasis.Forexample,Englishsentencesmayuse“soasto,because…”toconnectwithdifferentsentences.However,Chinesesentencesdependonthecontext.Secondly,Englishsentenceshavegrammaticaltense,butChinesesentencesdon’thavethischaracteristic.suchas,thissentence,”我昨天去银行了”.IfwetranslatedintoEnglish,verbwillchangeitstense.Thirdly,theChinesesentencesgetthesubjectandobjecttogether,butEnglishsentencestakesubjectfirst.Hereisexamplethatstructureofsentenceisimproper(Nowyouseeme):IhaveanordinaryspoonfromMel’sDeli,righthereinBrooklynThecorrecttranslation:这是一把普通的布鲁克林勺子Thesubtitletranslationinthefilm:现在在布鲁克林，我有一把普通的来自Mel’sDeli的勺子.Fromthisexampleabove,wecanfindoutthatthestructureofsentenceisimproper.BecausethisstructuredoesnotmatchesthestructureofChinesesentence.Andthiskindofsentencewillmakeaudienceconfused;inaddition,itcannotexpressrealmeaningoffilmplot.ThemainreasonofthisproblemisthedifferencebetweenChinesesentenceand19 Englishsentence.Inaddition,thetranslatordoesn"thaveagoodabilityoftranslating.Accordingtothosereasons,wefoundoutconstrainedtranslationisagoodmethodtosolvethisproblem.Becausewhenthetranslatorusesconstrainedtranslation,heneedstomakethesentencesshort,anddeletesomeuselesssentences.Asweallknow,theshortsentenceiseasytotranslate.1.Audiences-ConcentricTheoryandthesubtitletranslationmethodsTherearealotoftranslationmethods,andalotoftranslationtheories.Thosetranslationtheoriesonlypayattentiontothetranslation,buttheyignoretheimportantfact--audience.Iftheaudiencesdon’tlikethefilm,theywon’twanttowatchit,andthiskindoffilmisuseless.Inotherwords,films‘successisdependedontheaudiences.Accordingtothisreason,thisthesisadoptsAudiences-concentrictheoryasguidancetheory.What’smore,thequestionnaireshowsthatmostoftheaudienceswillpayattentiontothesubtitles,76%ofthemwillwatchthesubtitlecarefully,whichmeanstheytakethesubtitlesasanimportantpartofafilm.Inotherwords,thequalityoffilmsubtitleswillimpacttheaudienceswhentheywatchthefilm.24%ofaudiencessaidtheywillfocusonthewonderfulsubtitleandtheyprefertowatchthefilmwithwonderfulsubtitle;thissignalshowsthatthequalityofsubtitletranslationcaninfluencethefilm"sreputationandboxofficedirectly.Sometimestheaudiencesmaynotaccesstotheoriginallanguagetext,sotranslatorshouldbecarefullytochoosetranslationmethods.Thereare66%ofaudiencessaidthequalityofsubtitlewillaffecttheirevaluationofthefilm.Withthedevelopmentoffilm’smarket,audiences’feelingsarebecomingmoreandmoreimportant,sothetranslatorsshouldpaymoreattentiontotheaudiences’feelings.Agoodtranslatorshouldhavegoodknowledgeofthefilm,especially,theoriginalcultureandoriginallanguage.Allinall,nowadays,thequalityofsubtitletranslationisbeginningto comeintonotice,sothetranslatorsneedtopaymoreattentiontoaudiences’feelings,anditwillbe19 goodforimprovingthequalityoffilmsubtitle.Sotheauthorcombinestheaudience-concentrictheorywiththreetranslationmethods,inordertosolvetheproblemsexistinginfilmtranslation.1.1Audiences-ConcentricTheoryIntheearlydays,theAudiences-ConcentricTheorywasusedincommunicationscience.InAudiences-concentrictheory,theaudiencesareputintothefirstplace.Intheprocessofculturetransmission,theaudiencesarethe participants,whojoininthewholeprocessoftransmission,andtheaudiencesarethe activesubjectwhoneedstheinformation.What’smore,theaudiencesaretherealmasters ofculturalmarket.Thistheoryisnotveryold,butitmatchesthedevelopmentoffilms.Theso-calledaudiencemeanstherecipientofinformation,includingthereadersofnewspapersandbooks,radiolisteners,filmviewers.Somescholarsproposeda"bullettheory”.Thistheorytakesaudienceaspassiveinformationrecipient.Withthedevelopmentofresearch,somescholarshavefoundthattheaudiencesarenotsimpleandpassive.Differentaudiencesforthesameinformationwillproducedifferentreactions.What’smore,theaudiencedon’tacceptmessagepassively,insteadtheywillseekforinformationactively.1.1.1CharacteristicsofAudiences-ConcentricTheoryFrombooks,wefindouttwocharacteristicsofAudiences-concentrictheory:Universalityofaudience,andaudiencefirst.1.UniversalityofaudiencesThischaracteristicmeansthataudiencescanrefertoallkindsofpeopleovertheworld.Regardlessofrace,gender,age,theyallcanbetheaudiences.Inthispaper,itmeansthateveryonewhogoestothecinema,andwatchesfilmistheaudience.Nomatterwhomyouare,nomatterhowoldyouare,nomatteryouareChineseorAmerican.2.AudiencesfirstThedetailcharacteristiccanbeshownasfollows:1.Theaudienceisthefinal interpreteroffilmsubtitle,andthismeansnomatter19 whatyouwanttoexpress,theeasierthebetter.2.Theaudienceisthe participant,whojoinsinthewholeprocessoftransmission.3.Theaudienceisthe activesubjectwhoneedstheinformation;4.Theaudience istherealmaster ofculturalmarket.Accordingtothesecharacteristics,weknowmoreaboutwhatAudiences-concentrictheoryrealis,anditskeythought.Theaudiencesaretheinterpreteroffilmsubtitle,sothetranslatorsneedtranslatetheoriginalsimply.Theaudiencesarethe participants,sothetranslatorsneedtopaymoreattentiontothem.Theaudience isthe activesubjectwhoneedstheinformation,sofilmsubtitleshouldgetclosetotheaudiences.Thesecharacteristicsalsoshowmainideaofthisthesis:thetranslatorsneedtopayattentiontoaudience.1.1.1FunctionandadvantageofAudiences-ConcentricTheoryThemainfunctionofAudiences-Concentrictheoryishelpingtranslatorstogetclosetoaudiences.Totranslators,theywilllearnaboutaudiences’ideas.Toaudiences,theywillunderstandfilmsubtitleeasily,andaudienceswillenjoyfilms.Audiences-concentricTheorycanbeusedinmanyfields,suchastheadvertisement，books,newsmedia.Advertisement,booksornewsmedia,theyhavesomethingincommonthattheaudienceswillgetinformationfromthem.Inthistheory,audienceis amajorfactor,whichmeanstranslatorsneedtopaymoreattentiononaudiences.Takingadvertisementasexample,thefunctionofadvertisementistellingbuyersabouttheinformationofproducts.Throughtheadvertisement,thebuyerswillgetsomeinformationabouttheproducts.Withthiskindoffunction,theAudiences-concentrictheoryhasitsownadvantage.TheadvantageofAudiences-concentrictheoryisthattheAudiences-concentrictheoryhasawideapplicability.What’smore,itmatchesthedevelopmentofage.Especially,itmatchesthedevelopmentofChinesefilmindustry;soitcanbeusedinfilmsubtitletranslation.Asweallknow,alotoftranslatorsonlynoticethefilms,buttheydon’tfocusonaudiences’feeling.Basedonthissatiation,therearesomeproblemsinfilmsubtitletranslation.Theauthorhasmadelistoftheseproblemsinthepaperbefore,andhopedtofindabetterwaytosolvethoseproblemsundertheguidanceofAudiences-concentrictheory.19 1.1SubtitletranslationmethodsSubtitletranslationmethodshavecaughttheattentionofsomescholars:ProfessorZhaoChunmei(2005)putforwardthetranslationmethodsofSemantic synchronizationandthecoherence;ProfessorZhangGuangfa(2006)analyzedthreeaspectsofSubtitling Synchronization.(1)Adjustthelevelofvocabulary;(2)Adjustthestatementlevel;(3)Adjustthediscourselevel.ProfessorChaiMeiping(2001)proposedthepointofusingthereconstructionrepairandothermethodstodealwiththeculturalimageinfilm.ZhangGuangfa(2006)analyzedhowtohandleculturalimagesinfilmtoo.OnthebasisofAudience-ConcentricTheory,theauthoradoptsthreetranslationmethods:literaltranslation,freetranslationandconstrainedtranslation.Thesethreemethodsarepopular,andtheyareadoptedbytranslatorscommonly.Inthissection,theauthortakesthesubtitlesfromForrestGumpandAvatarasexamples.1.1.1LiteraltranslationTheliteraltranslationisalsocalleddirecttranslation.Itismethodthatthetranslatormaytranslatetheoriginallanguageintoanotherlanguagedirectly.Itisalsocalledas"Words-for-words",expressingthe sense oftheoriginaltextdirectly.Thetranslationisbasedonoriginalcontent,andcompliedwiththeoriginalstructure.Theliteraltranslationdoesnotdistortthemeaningoftheoriginaltextandtoembodythespiritoftheoriginal.Accordingtoliteraturewefoundoutseveralcharacteristicsofliteraltranslation:1.Thetranslationrespectstheoriginalcontent,anditexpressestheauthor"semotionsdirectly.2.Thetranslationretainsthe sentencestructure oftheoriginalcontent.Thesecharacteristicsmaycausesomeproblems,forexample,theproblemlistedabove.Thetranslatorsusetheliteraltranslationimproperly,andtheaudiencescan’tunderstandit.Thefunctionofliteraltranslationisgettingclosetooriginallanguageassoonaspossible,butthisdoesn’tmeantheaudiencecanbeignored.Hereisacorrectexampleofusingliteraltranslation,theliteraltranslationshowsinAvatar:Heresheis，Cinderellabackfromtheball．19 这会儿，灰姑娘参加舞会回来了。WhenGracegetsdownfromtheexperimentalconnectiondevice,thestaffsaysittoremindothers.Forthetranslation,thetranslatoradoptsliteraltranslation.Itistranslatedas"Cinderellabackfromtheball”,becausetheChineseaudiencesalsoknowabout“Cinderella”.Ifitistranslatedas“Gracefinishedtheexperimentandgotback”.Inthisway,itmakestheatmospherelivelier,andcharactersmorevividandinteresting.What’smore,ifthetranslatorusestheliteraltranslationcorrectly,theproblemmentionedabovewillbeavoided.Thisexampleshowsthatthetranslatorspayedattentiontotheaudiences.AndthismatchesthemainideaofAudiences-Concentrictheory,thecharacteristicsofAudiences-Concentrictheory.1.1.1FreetranslationFreetranslationisanalternativeapproach.Itconveysthemeaningandspiritoforiginalcontext,withouttryingtocopyitssentencepatterns.Freetranslationusuallycanbeusedinsentencetranslationorphrasetranslation.Nowadays,itcanbeusedinsubtitletranslation.Becauseitcanbeusedwhentherearesomebigculturaldifferencesbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Inaddition,whenwecan’tfindcorrespondingwordstoexpresstheoriginalmeaningofthesourcelanguage,wecanusefreetranslation.Somelanguagecomponentsmustbetranslatedthroughfreetranslation,suchasidiomsandproverbs.Becausetheyaregreatlyaffectedbyculture,sotheycannotbetranslateddirectly.Accordingtoliterature,wefoundoutseveralcharacteristicsasfollows:(1)Targetlanguagefirst;(2)Inordertomakethetranslationnaturalandsmooth.Itisveryclearthatthecharacteristicsandfunctionoffreetranslationisgettingclosetotargetlanguage,keepingstyleoforiginallanguage.Butweneedtoavoidmisunderstandingtheoriginallanguageandusingwrongwords.HereisanexampleoffreetranslationshowinginForrestGump:Gump:(offscreenvoice)fromthatdayon,wewasalwaystogether.JennyandIwerelikepeasandcarrots.19 阿甘:从那天开始，我们一直在一起，我和珍妮形影不离….Ifthe"peasandcarrots"istranslatedas"likepeasandcarrots",itwillmakeChineseaudiencesincomprehensible,because thereisnoculturalimageas“peasand carrots”existing in China culture.Thetranslatorchoosesabetterway,hetranslateditas"followlikeashadow",andthissubtitletranslationgetsclosertoChineseaudiences.Freetranslationstrivestopreservetheforeignflavorasmuchaspossibleinordertotransferthesourcelanguageandcultureintothetargetone.Fromtheexample,wecanknowthatfreetranslationwillmakethetranslationgetclosetoChineseaudiences.ButthetranslatorneedstoknowmoreaboutChinesecultureandwesternculture,inadvance.ThisshowsthecharacteristicofAudiences-Concentrictheoryandthetranslatorshouldputaudiencesintofirstplace.Inthisway,audienceswillunderstandthefilmsubtitleeasily.1.1.1ConstrainedtranslationConstrainedtranslationisusedinfilmsubtitletranslation,whenthetranslatorusesit,theyshoulddeletesomeuselesssentencesandturnthecomplexsentencesintosimplesentences.Duetotherestrictionoftimeandspace,thesubtitletranslatoroftenadoptsthemethodofconstrainedtranslation.Theconstrainedtranslationwillkeepthemainmeaningoforiginalcontext,anddeletetheuselesssentences.Itisgoodmethodforsubtitletranslation,becausethelengthoffilmsubtitleislimited.Whentheconstrainedtranslationisusedinfilmsubtitle,itcanbedividedintothreedetailtypes:simplification,reductiveparaphrasinganddeletion.Accordingtothreetypes,wesummedupitscharacteristicsasfollows:1.Tomakethetargetlanguageshorter.2.Toexpresstheoriginalcontentwithsimplesentences.3.Toexpressmainideaoforiginalcontent.Thesecharacteristicsofconstrainedtranslationaresuitableforsubtitletranslation.Becauselengthofsubtitleislimitedinthefilm,sothetranslatorneedstodeletesome wordsandsentence.Anditisagoodwaytosolvetheproblemthatstructureofsentenceisimproper.Thereisanexampleofusingconstrainedtranslationcorrectly,as19 bellowing:TheConstrainedtranslationshowsinForrestGump:ForresttalkedaboutJenny’spoorlivingconditions.——shelivedinahousethatwasasoldasAlabama.——她住在一间很旧的屋子里。Fromthisexample,wecanknowthetranslatordeletedsomewordswhentheytranslatedthissentence,”shelivedinahousethatwasasoldasAlabama”.Ifthetranslatortranslatedas“她生活在一间和阿拉巴马州一样老的房间里”,thesentencewillbelonger,anditmaymakeaudiencefeelconfused.BecausemostofChineseaudiencesdon’thaveknowledgeofAlabama,theydon’thowitis.Thefunctionofconstrainedtranslationisnotonlymakingthesentenceshorter,butalsoexpressingtheideaclearly.Sowhenthesentenceisverylongandcomplex,thetranslatorscanusetheconstrainedtranslation.Itcanhelptranslatortoavoidsomeproblems,Suchasthestructureofsentenceisimproper,becausetheshortsentenceiseasytohandle.Thiskindoftranslationisgettingclosetoaudiences,andthismatchesAudiences-Concentrictheory.1.ConclusionInshort,Movieshavebecomeanimportantcarrierofculture,andplayedanimportantroleinthecross-culturecommunication.Andthequalityofsubtitletranslationhasbecomemoreandmoreimportant,atthesametime,therearealotofprobleminfilmsubtitletranslation,soitisverynecessarytodothisresearch.Thequestionnaireshowsthatmostaudienceswillpayattentiontofilmsubtitleandtherearesomeproblemsinfilmsubtitle.OnbasisofAudiences-ConcentricTheory;theauthoradoptsthreetranslationmethodsasmainmethodstosolveproblemsinfilmsubtitle.Inthisway,wecanusewhathadlearnedfromclasstosolvetheprobleminpractice.Wewilllearnmoreusefulthingsbothinfilmsubtitletranslationandtranslationmethods.Suchas,howtousethetranslationmethodsbetter,thedetailknowledgeoffilmsubtitle.Whenweusetheliteraltranslation,weshouldpayattentiontotheaudience,we19 shouldiftheaudiencescanunderstandthetranslation.Thefreetranslationcanhelpthefilmsubtitlegetclosetoaudiences,butweshouldpayattentiontodifferentculturebackground,andavoidmisunderstandingtheoriginalcontent.Constrainedtranslationisgoodwaytosolvetheproblemthattheoriginalcontentistoolong.Inaddition,thisthesispaysattentiontoAudiences-concentricTheory,becauseitissuitabletheoryforsubtitletranslation.Underthistheory,theauthorusetranslationtosolveproblemsexistinginsubtitletranslationsandhelptranslatortochooseappropriatetranslationmethods.Lastly,therearesomanytranslationsmethodsandproblemsinsubtitletranslation.Wecan’tlistallofthem,andwecan’tsolveallkindsofproblemsinsubtitletranslation.Buttheauthorhopesitisagoodstart,andmoretranslatorswillpaymoreattentiontoaudiences,andimprovetheirtranslation.AppendixAnalysis questionnaire surveyQuestionnairesWillyouwatcheverysubtitlecarefully?A.YesIwillB.FocusonwonderfulpartC.IgnoreditcompletelyDoyoufindsomeobviousmistakeorsomefunnythingswhenyouwatchmovies(incinemaoronplayer)?A.Yes(inthecinema)B.Yes(onplayer)C.NOSuchas:Doesthequalityofsubtitleaffectyourevaluationofthefilm?A.Yes19 B.NoHaveyoueverfacedthesatiationthatyoucannotunderstandthesubtitle?A.YesB.NoC.NevernoticedHowoftendoyougotothecinema?A.OnceaweekB.SeveraltimesaweekC.OnceamonthWhichonewillyouchoose?CinemaOnlineDVD/CD19 Bibliography[1]GottliebH.Subtitling:diagonaltranslation[J].Perspectives:StudiesinTranslatology,1994(1).[2]VenutiL.Thetranslator"sinvisibility:Ahistoryoftranslation[M].NewYork:Routledge,2008.[3]Mark,Shuttleworth,andCowieMoira.Dictionaryoftranslationstudies[J].Manchester:St.JeromePub,1997(1).[4]柴梅萍.电影翻译中文化意象的重构、修润与转换[J].苏州大学学报,2001(4).[5]黄琛琪.从目的论角度对英汉电影字幕翻译的试探性研究[D].上海：上海交通大学，2007.[6]马会娟.对奈达的等效翻译理论的再思考[J].外语学刊,1999(03).[7]钱绍昌.影视翻译--翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域[J].中国翻译,2001(1).[8]王建国.关联翻译理论研究的回顾与展望[J].中国翻译,2005(07).[9]张春柏.影视翻译初探田[J].中国翻译,1998(2).[10]张广法.电影翻译中文化意象的处理闭[J].平原大学学报,2006(2).[11]赵惠康.徐园“又一村”——中国电影起源新探究[J].当代电影,2011(11).[12]赵春梅.论译制片翻译中的四对主要矛盾阴[J].中国翻译,2002(4).[13]赵速梅,黄金莲.影视翻译的语言特点及翻译技巧[J].合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(3).19 AcknowledgementAttheveryfirst,Iamhonoredtoexpressmydeepestgratitudetomydedicatedsupervisor,Mr.LuoGuohua,whohelpsmetofinishthisthesis.Heofferedmevaluableideas,suggestionsandcriticismswithhisprofoundknowledgeandrichresearchexperience.Hispatienceandkindnessaregreatlyappreciated.Ihavelearntalotofknowledgefromhim;Iamverymuchobligedtohiseffortsofhelpingmecompletethedissertation.Thanksarealsoduetomyroommates,whoneverfailedtogivemegreatencouragementandsuggestions.SpecialthanksshouldgotoChenHao,LinZengyi,andPanChihao,ChenBinfortheirhelpandsuggestions.19'