英语论文德伯家的苔丝.doc 16页

'从生态女性主义的角度来分析苔丝专业：英语学号：学生姓名：指导老师：摘要托马斯.哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》是英国以及世界文学史上的经典之作。本文主要通过女性生态主义的角度来理解和分析这篇小说。生态女性主义者认为，自然与女性是人类生存和发展的本源，二者均与男性相对立，而且都是资本主义工业化经济扩张过程中的受害者。在小说中，苔丝作为哈代塑造的一位女性，身处在英国工业大肆向农村扩张的时期，同时被男性所欺凌和压迫。同时，她身边的自然环境和生产方式的改变也体现着以男性为中心的社会对于自然界的扩张和侵犯。因此，本文将通过生态女性主义的角度来分析《德伯家的苔丝》。通过生态女性主义的视角分析哈代的自然观、妇女观在作品中的体现和其作品中反映的苔丝与自然的亲密关系以及在男权社会中女权主义的崛起，能给读者以一个新的角度来重新理解这部作品，与此同时，能够对生态女性主义及其发展有很好的了解。关键词：生态女性主义；自然；工业化；男权社会AnalysisofTessoftheD’urbervillesintheLightofEcofeminismAbstractThomasHardy’snovelTessoftheD’urbervillesisagreatclassicworkinEnglandaswellasintheworld.ThisthesiswillanalysisTessoftheD’urbervillesinthelightofecofeminism.Ecofeministsarguesthatnatureandfeministaretheoriginofhumanbeing’sexistenceanddevelopment,thetwoareincompatibletomen.Moreover,arethevictimsintheprocessofcapitalisticindustrializationandexpansivemaleintrusion.Inthenovel,TessisaheroinecreatedbyHardy,whowassettoliveinthetimesofindustrializationapproachtoruralarea.,andbulliedandoppressedbymasculine.Besides,thenaturesurroundingherandthemodifyofproductionstylealsocanreflecttheexpansionaswellastheinvasionendowedbymalecenteredworld.Therefore,thisthesiswillreadTessoftheD’urbervillesbyangelofecofeminism.ThroughAnalysisofHardy’sviewofnatureandwomeninthelightofecofeminismaswellasTess’scloserelationshipwithnatureandtheemergencyoffeminismamongmalechauvinism,whichwillgivereaderanewangeltounderstandthenovel.Meanwhile,wecanhaveagoodunderstandingofecofeminism.KeyWords:TessoftheD’urbervilles;Ecofeminism;Women;Nature;IndusrtilizationCONTENTS 摘要IAbstractIIChapter1Introduction11．1Thewritingbackground11．2ThemaincontentofTessoftheD’ubervilles21．3Literaturereview21.4WhatisnewinmystudyChapter2EcofeminismandItsDevelopment32.1Definiationofspecializedterms32.2TheDevelopmentofEcofeminism52.3Differencesofsocialpsychology10Chapter3AnEcofeminismReadingofTessoftheD’urbervilles103.1Tessandnature113.2Tessandindustrialization113.3Tessandmale11Chapter4Conclusion12References13Acknowledgements14Chapter1IntroductionLiteratureisnotonlyanartbutalsoamirrorofreallife.Whenstudyingaliteraturework,scholarsactuallystudyhistory.Nowadaysanincreasingnumberofscholarshavebegantostudythehistoryofacountry’seconomic,political,cultureandenvironmentformsfromtheperspectiveofliteraturebecausethroughdifferentkindsofliteraryworks,wecanseeallsortsoffeelingssuchasjoy,anger,sorrow.Thefeatureofliteratureisvarious,oneofwhichistragedy.Inthetragedy,itisinevitablethattheheroesorheroinesshouldsufferasetbackordisadvantage,madethemselvesindishonor,experiencehardness.Withabadending,tragedyoftencontainsacertainphilosophyoflife.“TessoftheD’urbervilles“isoneoftheHardy’stragedies,amasterpiecewhichbroughthimintoanumberofliterarycriticsnotice.Itreflectedthewriter’srealsocietysystemandmorals.Sostudyingthisnovelcanhelpustoknowaboutthesystemandconceptofthattime.Therearemanydifferentapproachesfromvariouswaystoanalysisthenovel..ThisessaymainlystudytheTessinthelightofecofeminism,whichconcernsbothfeminismandecologyprinciple.Firstofall,itwillreviewotherpeople’sunderstandingofthenovelTessoftheD’urbervilles.Thenitwilldemonstratestheoriginationanddevelopmentaswellasthetrenditgoes.Thechapterthreewillgettothepoint,thatisapplythetheoryecofeminismtothedetail.AlltheanalysesofTessoftheD’urbervillesarehopedtoenableustoseetherelationshipbetweenwomenandnatureaswellasman. Ecofeminismhasbeenadmittedtoanimportanttheoryofliterature,thoughthetermecofeminismhasonlybeeninuseforarelativelyshorttime.Therefore,analysisingTessoftheD’urbervilles.withecofeminismapproachiscomparativelyyoung.1.1ThewritingbackgroundThomasHardywasthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictoriaages，whichwasanageofgreatchangeandmanydifficulties.Victoriannovelswerefullofsensibilitiesandweretendedtobeidealizedportraitsofdifficultlivesinwhichhardwork,perseverance,loveandluckwinoutintheend;virtuewouldberewardedandsinnersaresuitablypunished.Theytendedtobeofanimprovingnaturewithacentralmorallessonatheart.WhilethisformulawasthebasisformuchofearlierVictorianfiction,thesituationbecamemorecomplexasthecenturyprogressed.Itwasalsoanageofrealismratherthanofromanticism.Realismtriestotellthewholetruthshowingmoralandphysicaldiseasesastheyare.Victorianliterature,ingeneral,truthfullyrepresentedtherealityandspiritofthisagewhichwasthegreatageoftheEnglishnovel—realistic,thicklyplotted,crowdedwithcharacters,andlongarticle.Hardy,whoalsoshownthetruthofthisagewithahighplaceinWesternliteraturewhichcamefromtheturbulenceoflifeanddeterministicofhumanbeing.HistragediesinthehistoryofWesternliteraturewerenotanaccidentforthetragedyconsciousness.ThetragedyconsciousnessinHardy’snovelsoriginatedfromWesterntraditionaltragicspiritwhichwasfullofrationalismandprofoundreflectiononthecontradictionsofhumansociety.Anditalsorevealedanineluctableandinevitableconditionalityoffate.Thatistosay,theheroesorheroineswouldleadtothetragicroadoflifeintheendinWesternliteraturenomatterwhethertheylikedornot.Tragedymostlywastheirfinalarrangement.ThomasHardy’snovelsaredeeplyinfluencedbyGreektragediesandShakspeareantragedies.AndhewasdeeplyinfluencedbySchopenhauer’stragedyconsciousness.Schopenhauerwasafamousphilosopherwhobelievedthatlifewasatragedyandlifewasfilledwithdesire.Schopenhauerdividedtragedyintothreetypes:thetragedycausedbythosewhocommittedheinouscrimes,thetragedyledbytheironyoffateandthetragedycausedbymisunderstandinganddistrustbetweenpersonsineverydaylife.HebelievedthatthelasttragedywasmostterribleonewhichwecanseeinHardy’sworks.Hardybegantocreatingthenovelsintheearly1870s.Inthelate1890s,heturnedtowritepoetry.TheBritaininthisperiodwasundergoingatransitionperiodfromlaisser–fairecapitalismtoimperialism.Thecapitalismthoughtthatthesocialsystemofthisperiodcouldnotbechanged.ButHardy’sworksexactlyclashedwithit,whichreflectedthetremendouschangesofsocietybecauseoftheinvasionofindustrialcapitaltothevillage.HehadexposedthemaskofBritishsocietywhichcanreflectinthenovelTessoftheD’ubervilles.1.2TheMainContentofTessoftheD’urbervillesTessoftheD’ubervillescameintoaconflictwithVictorianmorality.Inthisnovel,Hardy reachestheheightofhisachievementasanovelist.Likemostothernovels,rurallifeisaprominentissueinthestory.Andtheissueoffateversusfreedomofactionisanotherimportantaspectofthisnovel.IttellsthatavillagegirlcalledTesswhowasverybeautiful,pure,plain,honest,butwentthroughamiserablelife.Shewasborninapoorfamilywithmuchconcerntoherfamily.HerfatherwhodranktoomuchandcametounderstandthattheDurbeyfieldfamilycouldverywellbethedescendentsofaroyalfamily.SoherparentssenthertotheD’urbervillemansiontoworkandmarryawealthyman.It’stherethatshewasrapedbytheAlec,thesonoftheD’urbervillesandpregnant.ShefellinlovewithAngelClarebeforelong.Clarelovedherverymuchandlongedtomarryherbutshedelayedtoanswerthisofferofmarriagejustbecauseshedidnotknowhowtotellthetruthofbeingraped.Despitethis,finally,thiskindheartedandsinceregirldecidedtotellhimthisbadthing.However,whenTesstoldhimthetruththatshewasrapedbyAlec.Anglecouldnotforgetherforhavinganotherman’schild.Therefore,AngelabandonedTess.Alecreturnedintoherlifeasa“preacher”.Atfirst,Tessdidn’taccepthimforthepastevils.Afterherfather’sdeathunexpectedly,Tesshadtheburdenofthefamilywelfareonhershoulders,soonwereevictedfromtheircottage.ShedeeplybelievedthatAngelwouldnevercomebackasAlecsaid.TessknewherfamilywouldlivebetterbyacceptingAlec’swealthandpropertyButtohersurprised,Angelreturnedfrombrazil,repentinghisharshness,butonlytofindthatTesslivingwithAlec.TesskilledAlecindesperation.Atlastshewasarrestedandhanged.1.3LiteratureReviewAsforTessoftheD’urbervilles,differentapproachesareavailableafteritpublished.Gose,Jr,ElliottB,in1963forthefirsttimeadoptaDarwinismtoanalysisTessoftheD’urbervilleinhisbookPsychicEvolution:DarwinismandInitiationinTessoftheD’urbervilles,HeholdsthatthebloodimageryinTessismainlyduetotheritualinitiation.GosealsoarguesthatTessstrugglesforpsychicevolution,butisforcedtorevertintoretrogressiveprimitivebehavior.Accordingtoanthropology,primitiveritualtosomeextentisthatmanattemptstocontrolnature.In1966,criticKettlearguesthatmacrocosmicsocialandeconomicforcesarethedeterminersofplotinthisnovel.Changesbroughtaboutbymodernization---thedeclineof“haling”withtheriseofnewmethodsofgoodsdistributionandthemovementofthepopulationfromruraltourbanareas---bringhardshipupontheDurbeyfieldsandleadTesstoAlecD’urberville.AsoneofearlyreviewersofTessoftheD’urbervilles,Johnson,Lionel,Britishwriterandcritic,hecomplainsthatHardydoesnotmakeclearwhoistoblame(nature,god,orsociety).JohnsonobjectstoHardy’stendenciestodenythepowerofconscienceinman,tounderemphasizetheweightofhumanhistoryandcivilizationandtoplacemanuponthelevelofotheranimals’.Inhisopinion,Tessisequaltoananimalwitha“darklingconscience”,whoseunhappinessistheresultofa“vaguesenseofsocialmisdemeanor,ratherfromrationality.In1999,EllenRooneystudiedTessoftheD’urbervilleswithafeministperspectivewhich addressesafewkeyconflictsinthestory.Essentially,RooneyholdsthatHardydescribedTessasaspeakingsubjecttoriskthepossibilitythatshemayappearasthesubjectofdesire.AccordingtoRooney,afigurewithnopotentialasadesiringsubjectcanonlyreinforcethenotionof“Tesstheseductress”Yet,invariousversions,Tessispresentedasaseductress.Hardypresentedreadersmixedmessages,showweseeherasawillingseductress,orasavictimwhomustsufferbecauseofherbody’seffectsonothers?RooneyarguesthatHardynevercomestoaconclusiononthismatter,butenablesTesstogiveoverherbody,utterlysilencedandpurified,notbyHardy’sfailuretoseethatshemightspeak,butbyhisunflictingdescriptionoftheinexorableforcesthatproduceherastheseductiveobjectofthediscoursesofman[1]1.4WhatisnewinmystudyThispaperwilladaptaecofeminissmapproachtoanalysistheTessoftheD’urbervilles.NatureisainevitablesymbolicbackgroundinHardy’snovelsandfemaleishisconstantlyimportantwritinginspiration,thusthewomenareintimatelyrelatetonatureinhisworks.Inhisnovels,therhythmofnatureisofteninaccordancewiththeheroine’sfateandmood.SoistheTessoftheD’urbervilles.Ecofeminismasanewtheoryholdstheoppressionofwomenandthedegradationofnatureastheoretically,symbolicallyandhistoricallyconnected.Hence,thisthesiswillputfocusontherelationshipbetweenwomenandnatureaswellasChapter2EcofeminismandIt’sDevelopment2.1DefinitionofSpecializedTerms2.1.1DefinitionofEcofeminismEcofeminismisanewtheoryfirstappearedinLeFeminismeoulaMortbyFrancoised’Eaubonne.Thecoreofthetheoryisthatwomenandnatureexistsharmoniouslywhileincompatiblecontradictionbetweenthemandmenandthatwomenandnaturebothfallvictimstocapitalism,industrializationaswellasmaleintrusionEcofeminismisbasedontheecologicalprinciplesofthewhole,harmonious,diversified,interdependent,existence.Itmainlycontainsfourpointsasfollows.Firstly,theoppressionofwomenconnectscloselywiththeoppressionofnature.Secondly,tolearntheessenceofthesebondsisnecessaryforabetterunderstandingofwomenandnature‘soppression.Thirdly,thetheoryoffeminismandangelofviewwhicharethenecessityofpractice.Last,solutionofecologyproblemsmustcontaintheviewpointoffeminism.2.1.2DefinitionofPatriarchalInWesternCivilization,patriarchal(ruledbythefather):meansmale–centeredandcontrolled,andisorganizedandconductedinsuchawayastosubordinatewomentomeninallcultrualdomains:familial,religious,political,economic,social,legal,andartistic.[1]Inotherwords,it’saformofsocialorganizationinwhichthemaleisthefamilyheadandtitleistracedthroughthemaleline.It’sfirstusedbyanthologiststodescribeanysocietywhereaneldermalehadauthoritativepoweroverallothers,includingyoungerandminormales.Amongvariouskindsofdefinitionsof patriarchygivenbyfeminists,Walby’sisoneofthemostinfluentialdefinitions.HedescribespatriarchyasasystemofinterrelatedsocialstructuresexploitwomenAccordingtoSexualPolitics,KateMillettpointedthatthepatriarchygrantedthefathernearlytotalownershipoverwivesandchildren,includingthepowersofphysicalabuseandofteneventhoseofmurderandsale.Inotherwords,inthetraditionalsociety,thefemaleisalwaysunderthecontrolofthemalewhoisconsideredtobeabsolutelysupremeinhishousehold.IntheHebrewBibleandGreek,thefemaletendstobedifinedasaribofman’s.Thus,womenaresupposedtolackoftheidentifyingmaleorgan,ofmalepowers,andofmalecharactertraitsthatbepresumed.Inthepatriarchalview,masculineiswidelyidentifiedasactive,dominating,adventurous,rational,creative;whilethefeminine,bysystematicoppositiontosuchtraits,hascometobeidentifiedaspassive,acquiescenttimid,emotional,andconventional.Inthenovel,Tess’sfatherisoneofrepresentativesofmaleparentsofthepatriarchalsociety,whodominatethewholefamily.ThussentTesstoD"Urbervillemansionandmarryawealthyman.AlecandAngelarealsoendowedwiththemalechauvinism,whichmadethemhurtTesspysicallyandmentally.2.2DevelopmentofEcofeminism2.2.1TheOriginofEcofeminismEcofeminismisoriginatedfromLeFeminismelaMortbyFrancoise.D’Eaubonne.Inearly1962,AmericanecologyphilosopherRachelCarsonforthefirsttimeinherbookSilentSpringcriticizedthedestructionofenvironment.Sheisoneoftheearliestfeministswhoconcernedenvironmentproblems.In1974,Franciosed’EaubooneforthefirsttimeusedthetermecofeminisiminherworksLeFeminismelaMort,shearguedthattheimmediatecauseofpresent–daywoesandfuturetreatsisthepatriachalsystem,foundedupontheappropriationofprocreationandfertility,thementalandculturalstructuresofwhichhavepersistedacrossallsuccessivesocialandeconomicdomains.2.2.2DevelopmentofEcofeminismAnotherecofeministKaren‘sbookAWesternPerspectiveonWhatitisandwhyisitMattersisawell-organizedexplicationoftheidelogythatperpetuatesthedominationofwomenandnature.Itwouldmakeanexcellentintroductorytextbookforaclassonenvironmentalphilosophy,feministstudies,orecofeminism.In1995,MarthaMcMahonarguedthattheecofeministimagesoftheindividualandofequitableorethicalrelationshipsbetweenselvesandothersisnotbasedonarequirementofhomogeneity.insteaditisbasedanappreciationofempiricallygivendiversityandthesysteminequalitiesofcare,classandgender.Asforthetrendecofeminismgoes,itisdifficulttopredict.ButasfarasIconcerned,ecofeminismwillbeconstantlyrenewedandperfect. Chapter3AnEcofeminismReadingofTessoftheU’Dberbilles3.1TessandNatureLikemostotherHardy’snovels,rurallifeisaprominentissueinthestoryandthenatureandhumanalwaysmergeintooneorganicwhole,TessoftheD’urbervillesisofnoexception.Inthenovel,therhythmofnatureisinaccordancewiththedevelopmentoftheplot.Tessisrelatedtonatureclosely,herpsychologicalchangesarereflectedinthenatureworld.Thelandscapeandthetitlecharactertakeparallelroutes.Tessseemstobeonewithnatureandpathsofherlifeblendingwithhersurroundings.Tessistheincarnationofnature.Tess’sidentificationwithnatureinallitsguisesgivesanewdimensiontoheraffinitywiththelandandwithanimals.Inthenovel,Flintcomb-Ashisthesceneofaclionformostoftheremainderofthebook,anditsphysicalappearanceissymbolicofthedeclinethatistakingplaceinTess’life.Talbothayswaslush,moist,andfertile,anditsinhabitantswerefriendly;Flintcomb-Ashis,asitsnamesuggests,isflintyinitshardness,dryasashes,stcrile,anditspeopleareunfriendly.Tessspendsthebountifulsummeratthedairy,thebarrienwinterattheturnipfarm.Talbothaysisonabareplateau.Thedairyteemswithlife,Flintcomb-Ashisisa“starve–acreplace”.Tess’saffinitywithnaturetosomeextentrevealsitselfinherknowledgeofnature.Atthesametime,natureisnotmerelyasettingforTess,itisherwork,herlife.Evenasayounggirl,Tessisgoodathaymaking,harvesting,milkingandbuttermaking.Inthedescription,Hardysaysthat“afieldwomanisaportionofthefield;shehassomeonelostherownmargin,imbibedtheessenceofhersurroundings,andassimilatedherselftoit.”[2]Fromthewords,wecanseethroughwomen’semotionalnature,theytendtobegivethemselvesmoreunreservedlytotheirsurroundingsthanmendo.Throughoutthewholenovel,sheisdescribedasathomewiththelandandanimal.“physicallyandmentallysuited”forherwork.Herlifejourneyisinaccordancewiththerhythmofnature,improvingwiththespring,declingwiththeautumn.Foranotherfeatureisthatsheisincompatiblewiththecivilizedsociety.Shehadnofearofshadows,hersoleideaseemedtobeavoidmankind.....orratherthatcoldaccretioncalledtheworldwhich,soterribleinthemass,issoformidableevenpitiableinitsunits.[3]Tessdoesnottrytogetworkintownandthusbefreefromdependenceonseasonalfarmwork.Theanswersthatshefearstownsandtownlifeandmannersbecauseshehadnoexperienceinanythingbutaruralenvironmentandalsobecauseallherhardshipshavebeeneducatedandhavehadallthe“advantages”ofmoderncivilization.ThecloserelationshipbetweenTessandnatureshowsTessbeingassociatedandidentifiedwithnature.Accordingtotheecofeminists,oneidentificationofwomenwithnon-humannatureliesintheearlyhumansocialpatternsinwhichisaacknowledgementasachildbearer.Intheprimitivesocialpatterns,themainresposibilityisproducerandmaintenance.Womendidmostoftheworkinvolved withchildcare,foodproductionandpreparation,makeofclosing,basketsandotherartifactsfordailyusing.Therefore,inpatriachaldualism,womenareassumedtobeclosertonaturethanmen.3.2TessandIndustrializationEcofeminismprimarilyopposeddevelopment,sinceitcriticizeddevelopmentasameasurementmalecasted..Intheiropinion,developmentisapassiveaccepmentofWesterncolonialismadvancementpattern.Developmenttheoryassumedthatmodelscanbeenappliedtothewholeworld.Thusdevelopmentisacontinuationofdeclonization,whichbasedonoppressionorostoucismandexploitationofothercultures.Developmentalsocancausethedevastationofnature,womenandthecultureinabadstate.ThenovelissetatthetimeofVictorianAgewhenindustrializationbegantoencroachuponthecountrysiderapidly.Withthefurtherdevelopmentofcapitalism,Withthefurtherdevelopmentofcapitalism,manysocialchangestookplaceintheruralareaofsouthernEngland;thepeasantslosttheirlandandbecameworkersoffactories.Manyofwhomwereimpoverished,strugglingallyeartomakeanlivingforexistence.Besides,thenewlyrisingbourgeoisideascametoclashwiththeoldcustoms,traditionalconventionsandmoralconcepts,religiousbeliefsthatstillremainedincountryside.Inthistransitionalperiod,manyoffarmerswereunderecnomicpressure.TheprotagonistTessissetinthistime.Fromher,itreflectstheimpoverishedconditionandtragicfateofthepeasantsthattime.Herfather’sinabilityandalargefamilycausethefamilyalwaysinaleanttime.Tess,astheelderchildofthefamily,naturallyshouldsomeresponsibilities.Theoldhorse’sdeathmadeherguiltyandfindajobinAlecD’urbervilles.It’sherfamilythatmakessheisrapedbyAlecaswellaslaterhardship.Forthesamereason,shereturnstoAlecforwhichcauseherdeath.Therefore,thebankruptcyofagricultureandthedestructionofthepeasantsaretheveryrootofthetragedyandherfamily.Wealsocanseetheobjectionofindustrializationfromthenovel.WhenTessandIzzarriveattherisk,theyseethe“redtyrant”theyhave“cometoserve“–thethreshingmachinewhich,whilstitwasgoing,”keptupadespoticdemandupontheenduranceoftheirmuselsandnerves”[4]Alittlewayfromthemachinestoodtheengingewhichsuppliedthepowerforthethresherandnexttoitstoodtheengineman.Hetravelswithhisengineandthresherfromfarmtofarmandhasabsolutelynoconcernwithinterestinthefarmsheworkson;hecaresaboutnotingbuthismachines.[5]Inthenovel,Hardyindicateswhatseemstohimthebasicallyinhumannatureofthemodernmachineage.Thethresherisa“despot”,a“tyrant”theengineiscalledthe“primummobile“(Firstcause,God)ofthislittleworld”.Theengine-manisdescribedashavingthe“appearenceofacreaturefromTophet”,thatis,fromHell.Hardy’sideasonmachineryandmordenlifecantosomeextentcan reflectTess’sincompatibletoindustrialization.3.3TessandMaleInpatriarchaldulismthemaleisidentifiedwiththemind,culture,spiritandGod;thefemalewiththebodynature,matter,andearth.Justasthemindisrationalandthebodyirrational,soit’sbetweenmanandwoman;malerationalityissetoveragainstfemaleirrationalityThusmenarewiseandsuperiortowomen,andthewomenmustbesubordinatetohimandservehim.ThisnovelissettingattheVictorianAge,soamancouldliveadissipatinglifeashehadoncedonewhileawomancouldnot.Inthemalecenteredsociety,mancandominatewomanandwomanhadtosuffertheunfairnessofman–madelaw,thelawbywhichmanandwomanwerenoteaquallytreatedintermsofmorality.Atthatage,themaledemandforpurifyinwomanandtheusethedoublestandardinsexualmattersweretheessentialfeatures.TheseunfairrulesdetereminedbytheChristianityandcharacterizedbypatriachy.Throughtthewholenovel,Tessisrelatedtotwomen:AlecandAngel,oneisStan,theprinceofdarknessandanotherisAngel,neitherofwhomcouldbebetterthantheother.Itseemsthatthatshenowjumpsoutofthefryingpanandthenintoanotherone.It’sthemthatcausedTess’sdestruction.AlecisrepresentedhypocriticalreligionwhileAngelrepresentedChristianmoralityandbourgeois.It’sthetwobeliefsthatmadeTesshurtphysicallyandmentally.AlecasthefirstmaninTess’slifewhohurtTessbypossessherbodybytheadvantageofclassandgender.HerevealshisfeelingsofsuperiorityinitiallyontherideintheChase.WhenTesswipeshercheekafterAlec’skiss,heexclaims:Mightysensitiveforafarmgirl![6]Fromwhathesaid,wecanconcludethatheassumesculturalrightbecauseofclassandgenderadvantagetohaveTess’sbody.Actually,Tessisofthetrue,“instinctive”nobility,whileAlecis“mightyinsensitive”.Becauseheisill—manneredthanTess.AndLater,whenheproposedtoTess,henotshowanylovefeelingrathersaid:Iwasyourmasteronce!Iwillbeyourmasteragain.[7]ComparedwithAlec,Angeliskinderandmorerationalthanhim.ButhisChristianmoralityhurtTessinheartdeeply.WhenTesstoldAngelthatshewasthedecendantofnobility,AngelsaidIthoughtyouwerethenewdaughterofnature,butunpreparedyouwerethearistocratsindecline.[8]Thesewordsrevealedthathistrueintentions,sincehethoughtTessisapurifiedgirl,whocompletelyconformitywithhisstandardsforaspouseaswellasthemoralofVictorianAge.Althoughhewasrebelliousinsomeaspects,hestillusethemoralstandardstojudgeTess.Aftertheymarried,Tess’sconfessagainshowAngel’sbeliefs.Hetellsherofthetimewhen,besetbyreligiousdoubtsanddespair,hehadgongtoLondonand spenttwodaysin“dissipationwithastranger”Afteritwasover,herealizedtheerrorofhisways,andknewhewouldneverdoanythinglikeitagain.Hefeels,howeverthatTessoughttoknowofit,andheisgladhehasconfessed.Heaskshe:“Doyouforgiveme?”Shepressedhishandtightlyforananswer.Now,ofcourse,Tessfeelsthatherconfessionhasbeenmadeeasier,andsaysthatsheinturnhassomethingtotellaswell.Angelcannotbelieveitisserious.[9]Angelfinallyabandonsherforher“impurity”.Therefore,Tessisavictimofinjustices.Tessisboundtoconfrontatragicfateintheunfaircapitalistsociety.Chapter4ConclusionTessoftheD’urbervillesisHardy‘sthegreatestwork.Hardyputgreatenergytodescribethecapitalismindustrializationexpansioncasteddepredationonpeacefulcountrysidelife.AlthoughthenovelmainlytellTess’stragedyfateActually,itreflectsallthepeasants’miserabledestiny.Thisthesistakesaviewfromecofeminism,challengedtheformertheories.Itarguesthatthemastersheetclearlyshowthatfeminists’intimacywithnatureandmasculine’soppositiontonature.Tess,asarepresentativeoffemale,iscompletelyateaseinthenaturearea.Whilemenwererunningcountertothenature,theyjustgivethemselvestoexpandandinvade.Meanwhile,natureisnotthemerevictims,sowerewomen.Humanbeingdiscoverthelawsofnaturemerelyforreconstructingnature.Theaimofmen’scontrolbymeansofapplyingcodeofethicsisalsoforinsultandpossessionbythemselves.Ecofeminismbelievethatthereiscloserelationshipbetweenthedominationoverwomenandtheexploitationofnature.Asbothformsofdominationandallothersthatconformtothispatternareboundbythesameconceptuallogicofhierarchalvaluedulisms,eachmustbeaddressedinordertoaddresstheothers.ReferencesAcknowledgementsTheaccomplishmentofmydissertationowesgreatlytoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthefouryearsatNanchangUniversity.IwouldliketotakethischancetoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorZhuYarongforherpatienceandguidanceforthisthesis.Shehasprovidedmewithinstructiveguidanceandconstructivesuggestions.Iamalsogratefultomanyofmygoodfriendsandclassmatesfortheircommentsandsupport.IthasbeenagreatexperiencetostudyatNanchangUniversity.Ienjoythebeautifulcampusandlovethenicepeoplethere. .外文资料原文AnalysisofTessoftheD’urbervillesThomasHardy"sTessOfTheD"Urbervillesisanovelinwhichhisprotagonistandothercharactersareconfrontedbyanalmostendlessarrayofmoralandsociallyacceptablechoices.ThomasHardymakesthereadertotakeacriticallookatthecharacter"ssituation,thecharacter"sthoughtprocessandtheimpactofthecharacter"sdecisionmakinginthesocietyinwhichtheylive.ThomasHardypresentshisreaderwiththreemajorcharacters.TheyaretheprotagonistTessDurbeyfield,AngelClare(Tess"slongtimeloveandhusband)andAlecD"Urberville(Tess"sseducerandhusband).ItisthesethreemajorcharacterswhomHardychoosestoplaceinthemostprecariousmoralandsocialdilemmas.ItisthroughthesecharactersandtheirdilemmasthatThomasHardydisplaysthesocialissuesfoundinTessoftheD"Urbervilles.Hardy"sprotagonistseemstohavebeenborninadilemma.Tesswastheoldestofaverylargefamilyandshehadtheresponsibilityofcaringforheryoungersiblings.YoungTesshadmanyconcernstocopewithinherlife.HerfatherwhodranktoomuchcametounderstandthattheDurbeyfieldfamilycouldverywellbethedescendantsofaroyalfamilyknownasD"Urberville.Motivatedbygreedofbecomingpartofahigherclass,withnothoughtforTess,hermotherandfathermadetheconsciouschoicetosendTesstotheD"Urbervillemansiontoacquireworkandmarryawealthyman.WhileemployedattheD"Urbervillemansion,TesswasconfrontedwithherfirstmajorsocialdilemmawhosenameisAlecD"Urberville.TheyoungAlecisportrayedasaspoiled,almostevilperson;ahighclasssnob.FromthefirsttimehelaideyesonTess,hebeginstoseduceher.Hardy"suseofAlecD"UrbervilleandhisrelationshiptoTess,setsthestandardforthecrueltyofsocietyinthisnovel.We(thereader)cometoknowthatAlecD"UrbervilleisthecauseofTess"ssocialproblems.Thatis,hehasnoconscience,nomoralsandaboveallfeelsnoremorseforhisactionsanditreflects uponTess.HisseductionofherresultsinherpregnancyandshechoosestoleavetheD"Urbervillemansion.HardytellsthereaderthatthemoralsinwhichTesshasexperiencedistabooinhersocietyandshebecomestheobjectofridiculeandrejection.Althoughsheisa"fallenwoman",shemaintainsherhighmoralstandardsaswellasherbeautyandinnocence.Inanalyzingtheabovementionedscenario,canthereaderholdTesscompletelyblameless.Wasshenotaconsciousparticipantinherownseduction?Theansweriscertainlyyes,however,Hardydoesawonderfuljobofexoneratingherandhersocialsins.Hardy(ifnotAngelClare),isconvinced,notonlyofherpuritybutalsoofhercapacityforascendancy.Althoughhersocietychastisedsuchbehavior,HardybestowsuponhisprotagonisttheabilitytoovercomethemoralandsocialstigmaandthusTessmaintainsherdignityandsenseofself.Throughwhatcouldbelabeled"divineintervention,"herbabydies.ThepriestwouldnotgiveitaproperChristianburialbecauseofthesocialrulesregulatingreligion.Thebabyhadnotbeenproperlybaptisedatbirth.Thepriestsaysthatifitwereuptohim,hewould,buthemustfollowthesociallawssurroundinghim.Theyearspassandwefindourlovely,innocentprotagonistonceagaincanvassingthecountrysideinsearchofserenityandwork.SheishiredasamilkmaidonalargedairyfarmanditisherethatHardyplaceshisprotagonistaswellasherfuturehusbandintheirmosttroublesomeanddisturbingmoralandsocialdilemma.Whileworkingonthedairyfarm,TesshappenstomeetAngelClare,themanshewilleventuallymarry.AngelandTessfallinloveandmakeplansfortheirmarriage.Astheircourtshipcontinues,TessknowsinherheartthatshemusttellAngelaboutherpast.However,shefailstodosoforfearoflosinghim.ShefeelsthatthemoralsinthatshehasexperiencedwillmostcertainlydriveAngelawayfromher.Onecanarguethatthereisnoevilinthisdeception,onlyayounggirl"sfearoflosingherthemanshelovesandherfuturehusband.Thequestionhereisthatofsociety"sacceptanceofthisunion.WouldAngelaccepthereventhoughsheisnotacceptedinsociety?Thenovelnowtakesaveryinterestingturn.ConcerningTess"srelationshipwithAlecandthemoralandsocialsinscommited,Angelfeelsthatthesinsarenotonlysinsagainstman,butalsoGod.ThereaderwouldmostcertainlystatethatAngelsreactiontohisdilemmaplacedmuchpainandhardshiponhiswife.Hardyisexposingthehypocrisyofhistimebypointingoutthatamancoulddivorcehiswifeforcommittingadultery;however,awomencouldnotdivorceherhusbandforit.Herethereadercanseewhatiswronginnineteenthcenturysociety"snormsandvaluescomparedtothoseoftoday.AlecD"Urbervillereturnsintoherlife,thistimenotasaspoiledyoungman,butasa"preacher."HeexplainedtoTessthathehadreceivedacallingfromGodandwascompelledtopreachthegospeltothesinnersaroundhim.HepretendstorealizewhathehaddonewrongandnowwantsTesstoforgivehimandreturntohim.TessconfessestohimabouttheirchildandalsoabouthermarriagetoAngel.Alec,whohasalreadybeenperceivedasthesocialevil,literallyhauntsheruntilsheagreestomarry him.HerseductionbyAlecisslowandmethodical,muchlikehisseductionofherearlyinthenovel.HeusedhisprofoundartofpsychologicalmanipulationtopersuadeTessthatAngelhasleftherforever.Hefurtherenhancedtheseductionbytellingherthatevenifherhusbandreturned,sheshouldneverlookuponhimasahusband.Thereader,nomatterhownaive,nowknowsthatAngelwillreturnandattempttofindhisbelovedwifeTess.AngelsearchesdiligentlyforTessandfindsheratherhomewithherhusbandAlec.TessreactstoAngelinamannerofangerandresentment.However,TessknowsinherheartofheartsthatsheisstillinlovewithAngelanddecidestoconfessherloveforhimtoherhusbandAlec.AlecdoesnottakethenewsverywellandproceedstocastinsultstowardTess.Tess,inafitofemotionalpassionkillsAlecwithaknifeandfleestheareawithAngel.Forthefirsttimeinthisnovel,Hardyhasourprotagonistcommittingadeliberateactofsocialevil.Shehastakenahumanlife.EvennowafterTesshascommittedmurderthereaderasks,butwasthemurdernotcommittedforthesakeoflove?Coulditnotbejustified?ThereaderrememberstheinnocenceofTessDurbeyfield.ThereaderunderstandsthesacrificesshemadeforherbelovedAngel.ThereaderknowswhatanevilmanAlecD"Urbervillewas,butsocietydoesnotcare.Wouldnotlove,innocenceandpurityjustifythetakingofahumanlife?ThomasHardyhasexposedTessD"Urbervilletomanyevilsofsocietyandofmankind.Hehasplaceduponhereveryconceivablemoralandsocialdilemmathatmankindcouldexperience.Throughallofhertrialsshehasremainedasaint,apillarofvirtue,spiritandself-reliance.Tessisnotevil,thosearoundherwereevil.Byplacingtheirmoralandsocialevilsuponher,herdemisewasthemurderofahumanbeing.Thenovelreachesit"sclimaxwhenTessandAngelreachtheareaknownasStonehenge,aheathentempleknownforitsimmensehealingpowers.HowironicthatHardywouldhavehisheroinandheroinescompletetheirlife"ssocialjourneyatsuchamysticaltemple.ForTess,thesiteisadestination,asanctuary,andtheancientcourtseemstopassjudgementandabsolveher,forsheawakenscompletelyatpeace.Tessisapprehendedbythelocaltownspeopleandsubsequentlyexecutedforheractofmurder.Hardy,throughmoralandsocialmanipulationplacesTessinsituationsthatweallhaveexperienced.Canweashumanbeingsconfesstomaintainingthehighstandardsofdignity,purityandinnocencethatTessD"Urbervilleheld?WouldwehavenotsoughtrevengeonAlec,Angelorevenourparentsforthewrongtheyhaddonetous?Tessisnotatfaultinherstory.ThefaultliesintheconstantmoralandsocialdemandsplaceduponherbyHardy"speripheralcharactersandtheirrolesinsociety.外文资料译文分析德伯家的苔丝 在托马斯.哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》中，主人公和其他人物都几乎面临到一系列不计其数的的道德及社会方面的认可的选择。托马斯.哈代让读者从批判的角度来看人物所处的情境，人物的思维过程及人物在当时他们生活的时代里所做决定的影响。托马斯.哈代向读者呈现了三个主要角色。他们分别是主人公苔丝.德伯，安吉尔.克莱尔（苔丝为时甚久的爱人及丈夫）和亚历克.斯托克.德伯（苔丝的诱奸者和丈夫）。哈代选择这三个人物发生在一个最不稳定的道德及社会窘境中。通过这三个角色以及他们左右为难的困境，托马斯.哈代展示了在德伯家的苔丝中发现的社会问题。哈代小说中的主人公似乎出生在一个矛盾中。苔丝是一个大家庭里的长女，有责任和义务去照顾年幼的弟弟和妹妹。年轻的苔丝在生命中有太多对家人的牵挂。她爸爸酒醉后从牧师那了解到德伯家族实际上是古老显赫的贵族德伯氏的后裔。因为贪欲所激发想成为贵族的一支，她父母都不替苔丝着想，有意决定让苔丝到德伯家的庄园去干活然后嫁个有钱人。当亚历克在到德伯家的庄园干活时，她面临到她第一次的重大抉择，他的名字是亚历克.斯托克.德伯。那个年轻的亚历克被描述成一个坏人，甚至道德败坏的上层势利小人。从第一次见到苔丝，就把目光盯在了苔丝身上，开始诱骗她。哈代利用亚历克.斯托克.德伯与他和苔丝的关系，设置了小说中当时社会的残酷。读者接下来将知道亚历克是造成苔丝社会问题的原因。那就是说他没有良心，没有道德，最重要的是他没有为他的行为以及对苔丝的影响所忏悔。他对她的诱奸使得她怀孕了所以她选择离开德伯家的庄园。哈代告诉读者苔丝所经历的道德过失是她那个时代社会的禁忌。于是她成为被嘲笑和不能接纳的对象。尽管她是一个“沉沦”的女人，她仍然保持着她高标准的道德以及她的美丽和纯洁。在分析以上情节时，读者会认为苔丝完全是无可责怪的吗。在诱奸中她不是一个有意识的参与者吗？答案是肯定的。哈代在为苔丝开脱罪责时写得非常不错。哈代确信不仅是苔丝的纯洁而且是她能力的优势。尽管她当时的社会反对这种行为，哈代授予他的主人公一种克服社会耻辱的能力，因此苔丝保持着她的尊严和自我。通过被称作上帝的干扰，她的孩子死了。由于社会制约着宗教礼仪，牧师不愿意给它进行正式的洗礼。那个孩子出生时没有进行正式的洗礼。牧师说如果他有权决定给孩子进行洗礼，他会很乐意这么做，但他必须遵循当时社会的法律。岁月如梭，几年过后，我们发现我们可爱的，纯洁的主人公再次寻思着在着乡下找份原离闹市的活。她在一个大牛奶场做挤奶工作。正是在这里，哈代把主人公以及将来的丈夫置于一个最令人烦恼，不安的道德和社会困境之中。在牛奶场工作期间，苔丝碰巧遇到安吉尔. 克莱尔，那个终于结婚的人。安吉尔和苔丝开始相恋并且计划着结婚。尽管安吉尔坚持向苔丝去求爱，苔丝在内心里知道她必须告诉安吉尔她的过去。然而，由于害怕失去安吉尔，她没有告诉他。但是她感觉到内心经受着道德上的谴责，这迟早会让安吉尔离开她。这只是一个善意的谎言。因为这个年轻的女子害怕失去她心爱的人，也就是她未来的丈夫。这里，问题是社会是否会接受他们的结合。即使社会不接受苔丝安吉尔是否会接受她。小说开始了一个有趣的转折。关于苔丝和亚历克的关系以及道德和社会方面所犯的罪，安吉尔认为这些罪孽不仅是有悖于人类的，而且是有悖于上帝的。大多数读者当然认为安吉尔在矛盾中的反应会给他妻子带来很大的痛苦和使她感到非常艰难。通过描述一个男人可以因为妻子通奸而与之离异，然而，女人却不能因为同样的原因与丈夫离婚。哈代以此揭露了他所处的那个年代的虚伪。在这里，读者可以看到和现在相比，在19世纪，社会制度和观念上存在着什么问题。亚历克又回到苔丝的生活里。这次不是以一个坏人出现的，而是一个伪善的牧师。他向苔丝解释听到了上帝的召唤必须向周围有罪恶的人们传播福音。他装作意识到了过去的错误，想让苔丝原谅他，回到他身边。苔丝把关于他们的孩子及她和安吉尔的婚事告诉了亚历克。他已经觉察到在苔丝的心中他始终是罪恶的，实际上却经常出没在苔丝身边直到她答应嫁给他。她被亚历克诱奸是那么有条不紊，在很大程度上和小说早期的诱奸一样。他用诡异的心理艺术操纵来劝说苔丝安吉尔永远离开了她。他进一步加强诱奸的企图，告诉苔丝即使她丈夫回来了，她也不应该接受他。读者，不管多幼稚，现在都知道安吉尔将会回来并试图找到他深爱的妻子，苔丝。安吉尔辛苦地寻找着苔丝却在她家发现她和亚历克在一起。苔丝愤怒的，怨恨的对安吉尔的出现做出了反应。然而，从内心来说，苔丝知道她仍然爱着安吉尔并且决定向丈夫亚历克坦白她对安吉尔的爱。安吉尔亚历克没有好好对待安吉尔回来的消息，继续侮辱苔丝。苔丝一气下用刀子杀死了亚历克与逃跑了。在小说中，哈代第一次让我们的主人公蓄意犯罪，夺去了一个人的生命。即使在苔丝犯了谋杀罪后，读者不会问难道她不是因为爱而犯罪吗？难道不是事出有因吗？读者会想起苔丝的无辜。读者能理解她为心爱的安吉尔所做出牺牲的。读者也会知道亚历克是怎样一个恶棍。但是社会却不体谅。难道爱情，清白和纯洁不能解释杀人的理由吗？托马斯.哈代已经让苔丝接触到人类和社会的许多罪恶。他把她置于可想象出来的人类可能经历的道德和社会困境之中。通过一系列的考验，苔丝仍然是一个圣人，一个富有美德，精神和独立自强的人。苔丝的道德没有败坏，那些她身边的人才是。把他们的道德和社会罪恶置于她，她只能以谋杀来去结束。苔丝和安吉尔到达了被称作悬石坛的地方时， 小说到达了高潮，一个因强大的治愈力量而有名的庙宇。哈代把男女主人公置于这么神秘的庙宇去完成他们生命的社会之旅是多具有讽刺意味。对于台丝来说，这个地点是终点，是避难所。这似乎是古老的法庭似乎给予通过审判宣布她无罪。因为她从平静中醒来。苔丝被当地镇上的人给逮捕了，随后因判谋杀罪而判死刑。哈代，通过设置道德和社会操作，置苔丝于我们都经历过的处境中。作为人类，我们能不承认苔丝所拥有的高标准的尊严，清白和纯洁吗？如果是我们，我们难道不会向亚历克，安吉尔或者曾经使甚至我们受委屈的父母因去报复吗？苔丝在这个故事中没有错。错在于哈代所设置的她外围的人物及他们的角色不断地向苔丝提出的道德和社会要求。'