英语论文 飘的生态女性.pdf 6页

'论文代写-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语论文翻译-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语论文修改-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语代写作业代做考试题考卷-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语英语论文作文报告申请书文章等代写-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语AnEcofeminismInterpretationofGonewiththeWind研究计划书代写-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语西班牙语意大利语论文代写翻译修改论文发表-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语添加时间:2012-11-1218:46:16来源:作者:点击数:917Abstract:Intheworldofliterature,MargaretMitchellisoneofthefewwriterswhosefamesarebuiltononlyone英语Englishbook.SincethepublicationofGonewiththeWind,ithas日语日本語韩语한국의becomethefocusofstudiesofmanyscholars.TheEco-法语Françaisfeministspointoutthatnatureandfemalesareintertwinedand德语Deutschcloselyrelated.Theirlinkscoverthreeaspects—thesymbolic,俄语Pусский西语Españolexperientialandthestatus.Natureandfemalesarealso意语Italianomutuallyrepresented,symbolizedandmutuallysupportedanddependedon.BasedonthetheoreticalfoundationandthroughtheexplorationofGonewiththeWind,indetail,theauthorattemptstostudythecloserelationshipbetweennatureand·英语论文·日语论文·韩语论文·德语论文females,whicharemutuallycomplementary,represented,symbolized,dependentonandsupportedinGonewiththe·法语论文·俄语论文Windtoenrichandexpandthestudy.Thisthesiscomprisesthreechapterswithoneintroductionandaconclusion.TheintroductionscansthepreviousstudiesonGonewiththeWindathomeandabroadandthentheauthorputsforwardthecentralargumentofthe名称：智尚工作室thesis.InChapterTwo,theauthorwill,firstly,presenttheriseofEco-feminismandthedifferentschoolsofEco-电话：0760-86388801feminism.Afterthat,theeco-feministliterarycriticismwillbeputforwardwhichinturnsetsupthetheoretical传真：0760-85885119手机：13380876598foundationfortheclosetextcritiqueofGonewiththeWind.InChapterThree,theauthorwillfocusontheirmutual地址：广东中山市学院路1号dependence—femalesarecaretakersofnaturewhilenatureistheheavenforfemales.Theconclusionsummarizesthe网址：www.zsfy.orgE-Mail：enpaper@163.comviewsofthisthesisandsuggeststhatGonewiththeWindshouldbetakenasapotentialtargetofEco-feministic商务QQ：875870576studies.KeyWords:eco-feminism;females;nature;intertwinedrelationship《飘》的生态女性主义解读摘要：在世界文学史上，美国女作家玛格丽特·米切尔是少有的凭借一部作品就名扬天下的作家之一。她唯一的一部长篇小说《飘》自问世以来，在学术界一直是学者们关注的焦点。生态女性主义批评指出，女性与自然是交织融合，密切联系的，这种联系包括符号上或象征的、经验上或地位上的联系。《飘》中女性与自然也是密切联系的：女性是自然细心的呵护者，而大自然是女性的避难所和力量的源泉，他们相互慰籍，又互相依赖。由此，本论文试图从具体文本出发，试图展现和探讨女性和自然的密切关系，两者相互慰籍，又相互依赖的关系，以期能丰富、扩展对《飘》的研究。本论文由三个章节及一个引言和结语组成。引言部分在综述国 内外批评界对《飘》评论的基础之上提出本论文的中心论题。第一、二章对生态女性主义批评的兴起、生态女性的多元理论中的主要流派和生态女性主义文学批评进行梳理，由此提出论文的理论基础为下文的具体文本分析提供理论指出。第三章具体分析《飘》中女性与自然的密切联系：符号上的、经验上的和地位上的联系。关键词：生态女性主义；女性；自然；密切联系IntroductionGonewiththeWindisoneofMargaretMitchell’smostmatureandoutstandingworksinEnglishliterature.Ithasneverhaltedtodrawfavorableorunfavorableattentionsinceitspublicationin1891.Somecriticshavelookedcarefullyatitselementsofnarrative,imagery,philosophy,andtheassociationbetweentheauthorandherheroine.Somehavereadthenovelfromtheperspectiveofsociology.Othershavedebatedthenovel’sfatalismandpessimismthemes.Afewhaveexploreditsgenderandclassissues.Nevertheless,itisstillanewrealmofstudytoexploreGonewiththeWindfromtheecofeministpointsofview.SothetheoryofecofeminismwillbeappliedtotheanalysisofMargaretMitchell’smasterpiece—GonewiththeWind.Enjoyingthebenefitsofscientificachievementsandtechnicalinnovations,wearealsofacingtheunprecedentedenvironmentalchallenges.Nowadays,peoplecometorealizethattheirover-exploitationofnaturehasledtoecologicalcrisis,suchasthepollutionofsoil,waterandair;theglobalwarming;theozonedepletion;theendangeredspeciesanddeforestation.Environmentalproblemshavegrowntobeglobalconcerns.Forthesakeofpreventingenvironmentaldegradation,specialorganizationshavebeenestablishedandtheword"ecology"hasbeenproposedtomakeabalancebetweenhumanactivitiesandnature.Inrecentyearsecocriticismemergesandquicklybecomesahotissueinthefieldofliteraryandculturalstudies.Itanalyzestherolethatthenatureplaysinthecivilizedsociety,studyingtherelationbetweentheenvironmentandliterature,andhowtheconceptof"nature"isdefined.Womenarethefirsttonoticetheharmfuleffectsofenvironmentalpollution.Theyfindthattheirhealthandlivelihoodaredirectlyconnectedwithenvironmentalqualityandthedeteriorationofnatural.Thedeepconcernabouttheirfuturegenerationshasmotivatedwomentolaunchcampaignsagainstecologicalcrisis.Theirroleinthecampaignisunneglectable.Regardlessoftheirraces,ages,professionsandclasses,women,intheirstruggleagainsttheenvironmentaldeterioration,cometorealizethatenvironmentisafeministissue.Withfeministwritersandtheoriststakingpartinthesecampaigns,ecofeminismfindsitsexpressioninliteraryworks.Astheunionoffeminismandecocriticism,ecofeminismstudiestheconnectionofnatureandwomeninliteraryworksandencouragesafeministwritingofnature.Ecofeministsarefullyawarethatthroughoutthehumanhistory,bothnatureandwomanhavebeeninastatusofbeingsuppressedanddominatedbyman.1MargaretMitchellandhermasterpieceWhenGonewiththeWindwasfirstPublished，itstirredthewholecountryandattractednumerousreaders.Until1949，thisbookhasbeentranslatedintoeighteenlanguagesandmorethaneightmillionvolumeshavebeensoldinfortycountries.1.1MargaretMitchellandGonewiththeWindMargaretMitchell(1900-1949),theauthoroftheenormouslypopularnovelGonewiththeWind(1936),wasborninAtlanta.Hermother--MaryIsabell"Maybelle"Stephens--wasasuffragistandherfather--EugeneMuseMitchell--wasaprominentattorneyandpresidentoftheAtlantaHistoricalSociety.Whenshewasyoung,MargaretMitchellwasfascinatedbystoriesaboutoldAtlantaandthebattlesthathadtakenplacethereduringtheAmericanCivilWar.Havingsufferedmuchinthosedays，herparentsstressedtheimportanceoftheirchildren"seducationandinsistedthatthechildrenshouldbedistinguishedfromtheirPeersinAtlanta.Asanewstudentin1906，Mitehellwasbattlingwithhermotheroverwhyshehadgotoschool.MaybelleStePhenstookheronatouroftheremainsofdevastatedAtlantaandPointedoutthatifMitehelldidnothaveanyweapontomeetthenewworld，herworldwasgoingtoexplodeunderhersomedayjustastheworldofthosewhohadlivedthereexplodedunderthemovernight.Inheryouth,Mitchelladoptedhermother"sfeministleaningswhich wereincontradictionwithherfather"sconservatism.From1926to1929,MargaretwroteGonewiththeWind,whichissetagainstthebackgroundoftheAmericanCivilWarof1861–1865,aboutwhichshehadheardsomuch.Asanovelofathousandpagesandoneofthegreatestlovestorieseverwritten,GonewiththeWindwaslatercomparedwithTolstoy"sWarandPeace.1.2ReviewsonGonewiththeWindathomeandabroadEventhoughGonewiththeWindbrokethesalesrecordandwasawardedthePulitzerPrizein1937,ithadbeenneglectedbycriticsduetosomecontroversialquestions."Questionsaboutthebook"sliterarystatus,racism,historicalviewanddepictionoftheKuKluxKlan,(whichhadmanysimilaritiestoD.W.Griffith"s,filmTheBirthofaNation),ledtoacriticalneglectwhichcontinuedwellintothe1960s"[1].Despitethelackofcriticalattentionfortheverybeginningperiodofitspublication,GonewiththeWind,hasneverlackedtheattentionofthereaders",ithassold28millioncopiessinceitspublicationin1936andhasbeentranslatedintoatleast30languagesworldwide.Moreover,sincethe1960s,GonewiththeWindhasbecomeafocusofstudiesworldwide.ThelateststudiesofMargaretabroadareenormousandfruitful.Thesestudiesmainlyfocusonthefollowingaspects:firstly,thebooksontherelationshipbetweenMargaretMitchellandherworkshavebecomemorefruitful,especiallyintheUnitedStates.JaneEskridge"s"BeforeScarlett:GirlhoodWritingsofMargaretMitchell"isabookconsistingofalltherecentlyfoundshortstories,fairytales,journalentries,essays,andaone-actplay.JulianGranberrycompiledallthelettersofMargaretandpublishedthemunderthetitleof"LettersfromMargaret."2ThetheoreticalbasisofEcofeminismIntherealmofliterarycriticism,ecofeminismcanberegardedasanapproachaboutenvironmentalproblemsandconcernsfromafeministpointofviewand,viseversa,asacomplicationoffeminismcomingfromecology.Ecofeminismstudiesbothenvironmentalethicsandanalternativefeminism.Oneofthesignificantprinciplesisthat,ecofeminismdrawsfromthecombinationoffeminismandecocriticism.Inthischaptersomeofthemainconceptswillbepresentedanddiscussed,andimportanttheoreticalsourceswillbereviewedandliterarytermswillbedefinedandillustrated.2.1Feminism"Feminism"hasbeenabuzzwordforalongtime,andithasbeenappliedtoavarietyoffieldsoflearning,suchaspolitics,economics,socialandculturalstudies,etc.Withtheessentialtasktoachieveworldwideequalitybetweenmenandwomen,feminismiscommittedtoeliminatethediscriminationssufferedbywomeninsocial,politicalandeconomicaffairs.Traditionally,feminismisoftenaccompaniedwithwomen"smovement,andisseenaswomen"sdemandsforequalrightsunderthecontrolofmen.Currently,feminismhasprofoundimplications,forithasdevelopedintomanybranches.Buthereinthisthesisthistermwillbeappliedmainlyasaliterarytermforthepurposeofdiscussionandanalysisofliterature.2.1.1ThedefinitionofFeminismAswomen"sliberationmovement,feminismfirstappearedinthelatenineteencenturyinFrance,laterinBritain,Americaandothercountriesaroundtheworldsuccessively.InEnglish,thewordfeminismderivesfrom"feminine",however,thesetwowordsdifferfromeachothertoagreatextent.Feminismcriticizesandobjectsto"feminine"and"fulloffemininity",whichispresentedbymalechauvinistculture.Althoughfeminismsucceedsthefemininewordsoutwardly,itisembodiedwithanti-traditionalreferentandsignifierwhichnotonlyincludestheearlyfeministmovementanditssocialstruggleswiththepurposeofpoliticalrights,butalsocoverscriticalandconstructionaltheoryresearchonlaw,education,andculture.Thesourcesofbiasagainstwomenhavelongbeenimplantedinwesternculture.Womenhavenorightsinsocietyandtheirsocialstatusesarealsoignored.Thetraditionalmalesupremacyhasputwomenintothesecond-classstatusinthepatriarchyculture.Feminismisaproponentofwomen"srights,however,whichdoesnotindicatethatwomen"sstatuswillbehigherthanmen.Inotherwords,itseekstheequalitybetweenmenand women.Oneofthemainpurposesoffeminismistoimprovewomen"ssocialcondition,whichhastoundergohardshipsandstruggles.2.1.2ThedevelopmentofFeminismForagesinhistory,itisthemanwhocontrolsthesocialroleandsocialstatusofwomen,men"svoicescontinuetodominate.Untilthelate1700s,afaintwoman"svoiceagainstpatriarchalopinionsappearedandstartedtobeheard,shecriedamongthehighvolumeofmen"svoice.Believingthatwomenshouldhavetheirownvoicesinthepublicalongwithmen,MaryWollstonecraftpublishedAVindicationoftheRightsofWomen.Inthisbook,sheinsistedthatwomenmuststrugglefortheirrightsandnotallowthemale-dominatedsocietytodetermineagoodwoman"scharacters.Womenthemselvesmusttaketheleadandfindoutwhatroletheywillplayinpublic.Moreover,inthepatriarchalsociety,womenmustresisttheassumptionthattheyareinferiortomen.Inthenineteenthcentury,anincreasingnumberofpeopleconsideredthatwomenwerebeingtreatedunjustly,whichstimulatesfeminismtobeanorganizedmovement.Thisfeministmovementwasinitiatedintheprogressivecampaigns,especiallyinreformmovementsofthenineteenthcentury.Startingfromapoliticalmovement,feministmovementhasagreatimpactoncultureandsociety.Withtheparticipationofnumerousfemaleintellectsandtheirtheoreticalandpracticalwork,themovementhasmadeinfluentialandfar-reachingaccomplishments.Theorganizedmovementwentbacktothefirstwomen"srightsconventionin1848atSenecaFalls,NewYork.Inthisconvention,ElizabethCadyStantondraftedtheDeclarationofSentimentsandResolutions.BasedontheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence,theSentimentsdemandedequalitywithmenbeforethelaw,ineducationandemployment.Therewasalsothefirstpronouncementdemandingthatwomenshouldbegiventherighttovote.Theprimalrequestsofthewomen"smovementwereforequalpay,equaleducationandjobopportunities,legalandfinancialindependence,andthengraduallyexpandedintodiscriminationagainstlesbiansandtherightofallwomentodefinetheirownsexualities.Afteryearsofeffortsandstruggles,womenfinallyobtainedtheirrightstovote,markingthefirstclimaxofthefeminismmovement.AccordingtoMaggieHummandRebeccaWalker,thehistoryoffeminismexperiencesthreewaves.Thefirstwaverangefromthenineteenthcenturytotheearlytwentiethcentury,thesecondisinthe1960sand1970s,andthethirdextendsfrom1990stothepresent.Thefirstwaveisalsonamedthefirstgenerationofwesternfeminism,whichlastedfromthesecondhalfof19thcenturytotheearlytwentiethcentury.Originallyitconcentratedonthepromotioninaspectssuchasequalcontractandpropertyrightsforwomenandtheoppositiontochattelmarriageandownershipofmarriedwomen(andtheirchildren)bytheirhusbands.However,bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,strivingforequalitywithmeninpoliticsandtherightofwomen"ssuffragebecamethemaintargetofthisphrase.TheinfluentialworksofthiswaveincludesLeoTolstoy"sAnnaKareninaandHenrikIbsen"sADoll"sHouseandthemainfruitsarethebirthoftheInternationalWomen"sDayandtheEqualPayCampaignleadedbyClaraZetkin.WriterssuchasVirginiaWoolfareassociatedwiththeideasofthefirstwaveoffeminism.InherbookARoomofOne"sOwnWoolf"describeshowmensociallyandpsychicallydominatewomen".Thesecondwaveofwesternfeminismismodernfeminismrangedfromtheearly20thcenturyto1960s.IntheUnitedStates,modernfeminismwasanothernewfeminismliberationmovementincontactwiththeBlackLiberationMovement,theGayLiberationMovementandtheStudents"Movement.TheMayStorminFrancealsoreflectedthisnewfeminism.WhentheWorldWarIIbrokeout,themenallwenttothefrontandwomenaccessedtothecommunityfromhome,fillingthevacancyofmen"s.Factsprovedthatwomenhadabilitiestodowhatevermencoulddo;however,withtheendingofthewar,mencamebackfromthebattlefieldandtheywouldtakeoverthestationswhichhavebeenheldbywomen.Thisclashtriggeredthesecondwaveofwomen"sliberationmovement,theypresentedtheslogan"refusetogohome,refusetodomother."ThepublicationofSimonedeBeauvoir"sTheSecondSexformedthefoundationforthewomen"smovementofthisperiod,which wascommendedas"Bible"bywesternwomen.Inthisbook,theauthoranalyzesboththephysicalandpsychologicalgrowthofwomenandcausesofwomen"ssecondaryposition.Italsoillustratesthewayforwomentosetupindependentqualityandalter"otherness"position,reachingtheirownliberation.Thethirdwesternfeminismwaveisalsoregardedaspostmodernfeminism,beginningfrom1970s,1980sandhasbeendevelopinguntiltoday.Thecharacterofthisperiodaboutfeminismisdiversified,suchastheThirdWorldFeminism,Ecofeminism,LesbianFeminismandPostmodernFeminism.Feminismhaswitnessedasuccessionofinternaldebatesanditalsoneedstobeintegratedandimproved.2.2EcofeminismEcofeminismtheoryoriginatesfromfeminismandecocriticism,whichbelievesthatthereisapowerfulaffinitybetweennatureandwomen.Onaccountofthepatriarchalsociety"sdominationofthenatureandtheoppressionofwomen,bothofthenatureandwomenarevictims.Theecofeministsthinkthattheoriginalreasonofwomen"stragedyrestswiththepatriarchalideassuchasgrowth,developmentandproduction.Developmentisvirtuallytherootofdestroyingnaturalresources.Acomparisonofmenandwomeninrespectofeconomicresources,employmentandincomerevealsthatwomen"sstatushavebeenlowered,whiletheirworkloadisreverselybeingincreasedwithintheworldwide.Women"shealth,nutritionandeducationarealsoweakened.Theycallsuponthereconstructionoftheharmonioussocietywiththeprinciplesofecologyandfeminism,wherethenaturecanbreakawayfromdepredationandwomencangetcompleteliberation.2.2.1ThedefinitionofEcofeminismInfact,thereisnocentraldefinitionofecofeminism,itisusuallyconsideredasafeministapproachtoenvironmentalethics.Ecofeminismisthesocialmovementwhichseestherepressionofwomenandthedominationofnatureasinterrelated.Atpresent,ecofeministtheoristshaveextendedtheirstudiestotheinterassociationsbetweensexism,thedominationofnature(includinganimals),aswellassocialandracisminequalities.Theyexploitastructurethatconfrontsissuesofgender,class,race,andnature.Ecofeministshaverealizedthedominationandsubordinationofbothwomenandnatureinthewholehumanhistory.Thehistoryofhumankindcanbetreatedasahistoryofmen"shaughtycontrolanddominanceoverwomenandnature.Naturecanonlybedegradedtonaturalresources.Whenmenexploitnaturetomeettheirneedsandpurpose,theyalsoplacethemselvesintheadvantageousandsuperiorpositionoverwomen.Reviewingthehistoryofmen"spredominationoverwomenandnature,examiningthepatriarchaldualisticframework,ecofeministsfindoutthereareintercommunitiesbetweenfeminismandecologicaltheories.Theoppressionoverwomenandnaturederivefromthesamesource,i.e.,thepatriarchaldualisticframework.Ecofeministsholdthatthetwinrepressionsofwomenandnatureareculturallyanalogous.Bynaturalizingwomenandfeminizingnature,thepatriarchalideologysubordinateswomenandnature.Womenareoftenscriptedbyanimals,suchasbitches,chicks,cows,pussycats,serpents.Thus,ecofeministsquestionthepatriarchaldualismandchallengethesituationaboutmen"ssuperiortowomenandnature.Theycallforthewell-beingoftheearth,whichisunderminedbypatriarchalrulesofmasteringandconqueringnature.AccordingtoValPlumwood,ecofeminismisthethirdwaveoffeminism,whichaimsatcombiningenvironmentalprotectionwiththeliberationofwomen.Asitsnameimplies,ecofeminisminterwindsthereflectionoffeminismandecocriticism.SturgeonmakesanexcellentdefinitionofecofeminisminEcofeministNatures.Hearticulatesecofeminismisamovementthatmakesconnectionsbetweenenvironmentalismsandfeminisms,itcomesdowntoinjusticesgroundongender,classandrace,whichareboundupwiththeideologiesthatpunishthedegradationoftheenvironment.Ecofeminismputsemphasisontheconnectionbetweenthepatriarchalsuppressionofwomenandthehumansubordinationofnature.Inotherwords,ecofeminismimpregnatestheinsightsoffeminismandecologymovement.Asanecofeministonceadvocatedthatecofeminismconnectsbioregionaldemocracyoreco- anarchismwithanintenseidealoffeminism.Insometendencies,typicallyitsdeclaresemphasizemovingbacktosmalleco-villagesof100to140people,whichstudiesinanthropologyarguehistoricallyformthemoststableandprevalenttypeofhumansociety.Ecofeminismstudiestheintegrationbetweentheoppressionanddominationofwomen,theexploitationanddeteriorationofthenaturalworldsoastoreassessesthetraditionalliteraryworksinaccordancewithecofeministsstandardofvalue.Thatistosay,ecofeminismorecologicalfeminismisasocialandpoliticalmovement.Itshowstherelevancebetweentheoppressionofwomenandthedegradationofnature.Theecofeministsareexpectedtoresearchtheinterconnectionofgenderandracialdiscrimination,dominationofnatureandotherkindsofsocialinequalities.2.2.2ThedevelopmentofEcofeminismThepastfewdecadeshavewitnessedatremendousinterestinthewomen"smovementaswellastheecologymovement.Insuchcontext,ecofeminismemergedasasocialmovementwhichreckonsenvironmentalismandfeminismasinteracted.In1962,SilentSpringwasissuedbyRachelCarson,anAmericanecologist.Inthisthought-provokingbook,sheshowsherdeepconcernfortheenvironmentalproblemsintheUnitedStates,concentratingherattentiononindiscriminateusesanddeadlyeffectsoftoxicchemicalsinthecountryside,aswellasthewidespreaddestructionofwildlifeinAmericacausedbypesticides,fungicidesandherbicides.SincethepublicationofSilentSpring,campaignsandprotestsspreadallovertheworldtoprotectthedegradingenvironment.Inthe1980s,findingthatthedumpingofchemicalwastesleadtotheirchildrentosufferfromseriousdiseases,Americanwomenhadobjectiontothesewastes.Thesemotherslaunchedboycottsandcampaignstofightagainstusingpesticideinagriculture,whichmightcausehandicapsanddisabilitiesoftheirchildren.Withthisactivistbackground,duringthe1970s,thewomen"smovementwasthuspermeatedwiththeenvironmentalmovement.Historicallyspeaking,ecofeministthoughtshavestrengthenedinthethreewavesofthefeministmovement.Thefirsttwofeministwavestookplaceinthemiddleofnineteenthcenturytotheearlytwentiethcenturyandthe1960srespectively.Inthe1970sfeministmovementhadundergoneathirdwave,whichcanbecalledNaturalFeminism.Itsucceedsthetheoreticalideasoftheprevioustwowaves,andthenfurtherinitiatesnewresearch,thatis,makingdeepgoingandcomprehensivediscussiononthepatriarchy.Inordertofightagainstpatriarchyandbuildnewassociationbetweenmanandwoman,humanandnature,feministsdotheirutmosttoseekaspecialkindofconnectionbetweentheoppressiononwomenandnature.Somefeministsbegantorealizethatthedominationofwomenandexploitationofnaturearecloselylinkedwitheachother.YnestraKingisoneofthesignificantoriginatorsofAmericanecofeminism,shetreatsecofeminismasathirdwaveofthewomen"smovement.Shestatesecofeminismas"ajoiningofenvironmental,feminist,andwomen"sspirituality智尚简介|诚聘英才|联系我们|友情链接版权所有：@2007-2009智尚代写联盟电话：0760-86388801客服QQ：875870576地址：广东中山市学院路1号邮编:528402技术支持：安徽三户网络皖ICP备10002124号'