语境对英语销售合同的影响_英语专业论文.doc 39页

' 2010届本科毕业设计（论文）资料第一部分毕业论文 ContextsImpactonEnglishSalesContractsTranslationByChenPingAthesisSubmittedtotheSchoolofForeignLanguagesHunanUniversityofTechnologyInpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsForthedegreeofBachelorofArtsSupervisedbyLiuNanJune2010 语境对英语销售合同文本翻译的影响摘要语境是人们在交际活动中的各种语言环境，是语言行为所涉及到的客观条件和背景，包括特定的时间、空间，定的情景，特定的人物等。不仅普通文本的翻译脱离不了语境的影响，英语销售合同文本的翻译也脱离不了对语境因素的考虑。本文拟从语境对英语销售合同文本翻译中词的翻译、句子翻译、及文体保持的影响三个方面探讨语境对英语销售合同文本翻译的影响及在语境影响下英语销售合同文本的翻译技巧。关键词：语境，英语销售合同，翻译2929 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文ContextsImpactonEnglishSalesContractsTranslationAuthor:CHENPingSupervisor:LIUNanABSTRACTContextistheenvironmentofaspeechcommunication.It"stheobjectiveconditionandbackgroundofaspeechact,includingaspecificperiodoftime,space，specificscene,andspecificcharacters,etc.Thetranslationofcommondocumentscannotbeisolatedfromcontexts,EtheristhetranslationofEnglishsalescontracts.Thisthesisdiscussesthecontextsimpactonwordstranslation,sentencetranslationandstylemaintainingofEnglishsalescontractstranslation,andsometranslationstrategiesofEnglishsalescontractstranslationundercontextsinfluence.Keywords:context,Englishsalescontract,translation29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文AcknowledgementsFirstofall,IwouldliketogivemyheartfeltthankstomysupervisorLiuNanandMr.Yan,fortheirconstantencouragementandguidance.Theyhavewalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthispaper.Withouttheirconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thispapercouldnothavereacheditspresentform.Secondly,I’dliketogivemysincerethankstoalltheteachersinmyfour-yearcollegestudy.Theyaretheguideswhohaveledmetotheseaofknowledge.Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthepaper.29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文CONTENTS1Introduction12WordsTranslationofEnglishSalesContractsUnderContextsImpact22.1WordsFeaturesofEnglishSalesContracts22.2ContextsImpactonWordsofEnglishSalesContracts62.3HowtoTranslateWordsofEnglishSalesContracts93.SentencesTranslationofEnglishSalesContractsUnderContractsImpact143.1SyntacticFeaturesofEnglishSalesContracts153.2ContextsImpactonSentencesofEnglishSalesContracts193.3HowtoTranslateSentencesofEnglishsalescontracts214.StyleMaintainingofEnglishSalesContractsTranslationUnderContextsImpact244.1StylisticFeaturesofEnglishSalesContracts244.2ContextsImpactonStyleofEnglishSalesContracts264.3HowtoMaintainStyleWhenTranslatingEnglishSalesContracts275.Conclusion28References3029 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文1IntroductionContextistheenvironmentofaspeechcommunication.It"stheobjectiveconditionandbackgroundofaspeechact,includingaspecificperiodoftime,space，specificscene,andspecificcharacters,etc.Theresearchoncontexthasbeenmanyyears.Malinowski(1884-1942),anBritishsocialanthropologistandafounderoffunctionalistswasthefirstonetotakecontextintolanguageresearch.Inhisopinion,thegraspoflanguagemeaningsshouldnotbelimitedinlanguagecontect,butbeconsideredinillocutionarycontextsuchascircumstancesandcultures,etc.Alotofprofessorsandscholarshavedoneresearchesoncontextandlegaldocumentstranslation,SuchasNida(2004),QinXiubai(2001),WangZhiyong(2006),XieQiong(2005),PengHongbing(2007)andWangGuihua(2008).However,whentalkingaboutcontextimpactonlegaldocumenttranslation,notsomanyscholarshavedoneresearchesonit.PengHongbingandZhangXinghongputforwardintheirthesis"PragmaticPrinciplesofECLegalTraslation"(2007)thatbyusingsomestatisticsoflegaltranslationcanhelpusbetterachievethelegaltranslationpurpose.Inthethesis"ContextFactorsandEnglishLegalDocumentTranslation"(2008),HuangChunfanggetstheconclusionthatonthecontextimpact,somewordsinlegaldocumentshavespecificmeaning,whichshouldbepayedattentiontowhentranslating.WangGuihuasaysinhethesis"TheUnderstandingofLegalTermsandTheirTranslation"(2008)thatthetranslationoflegaltermsshouldfollowsomeprinciplesastheirmeaningareinfluencedbycontexts.Untilnow,theresearchofcontextsimpactonlegaldocumentstranslationisnotverymature,butitdohavecaughtmuchattention.Inthispaper,thespecialemphasiswillbelaidonthefollowingfivepoints:Thefirstpartisanintroduction.ItshowsreaderssomethingbriefaboutcontextandEnglishsalescontractandbringsaboutthetopic.ThesecondpartmainlytalksaboutcontextsimpactonwordstranslationofEnglishsalescontracts.ThethirdparttalksaboutcontextsimpactonsentencestranslationofEnglishsalescontracts.Thefourthparttalks29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文aboutcontextsimpactonstylemaintainingofEnglishsalescontracts.Thefinalpartservesasaconclusion.ItdrawsaconclusionthatcontextsinfluencesEnglishsalescontractstranslationonthreeaspects:wordstranslation,sentencestranslation,stylemaintaining,andthengiveasuggestionofhowshouldtranslatorstranslateEnglishsalescontracts.2WordsTranslationofEnglishSalesContractsUnderContextsImpactInsalescontracts,mostideasareexpressedbywords.HowtochooseproperChinesewordstoexpresstherelatedEnglishwordsiswhattranslatorsshouldconsiderseriouslyasthechosenwordsmaygreatlyleaveinfluenceontheideaexpressingandthesalecontractthemselves.Whentranslatingwordsofsalescontracts,translatorsneedtoconsiderthethreefollowingaspects:1.WordsfeaturesofEnglishsalescontracts.2.ContextsimpactonwordschoosingofEnglishsalescontractstranslation.3.HowtochoosewordswhentranslatingEnglishsalecontracts.2.1WordsFeaturesofEnglishSalesContractsSalescontractisakindoflegaldocumentwhichholdslegalrestrictionsoncontractedparties.Sothelanguageofsalescontractsaimsnotatitsartbeauty,butatitspreciselogic,professionalexpressionandclearmeanings.InEnglishsalescontracts,preciseandformality,usageofprofessionalandlegalwords,usageofmay,shall,should,will,maynot,shallnot,etc,andancientwords’usingaretheirtypicalwordsfeatures.2.1.1PreciseandFormality（1）PreciseAssalescontractshavecloserelationshipwitheachparty’sinterest,ambiguous29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文expressingishardlyaccepted.Inordertoavoidambiguity,contractorscarefullychooseeachwordforwhattheyexactlymean.Thefollowingexpressionsrepresentthefeatureofprecise.Firstly,numbersanddates.Insalescontracts,numbersanddatesareclearandprecise.Sometimeseventhewrittenformsarestipulated,suchasEnglishwordsandArabiannumbers.Secondly,abbreviations.Abbreviationisformedbytheinitiallettersofeachword.It’scanonical,concise,andtime-saving.Thirdly,juxtapositions.Twosynonymsareoftenjuxtaposedtomaketheexpressionmoreclearandunambiguous.Fourthly,repeatofthesamewords.TherepeatofthesamewordsinEnglishsalescontracts,butnotusingthepronounslikethis,those,orone,istoavoidambiguity,andmakesuretheexpressionprecise.Eg1.Price:HK＄190percase;Date:25May,2002（王家衡：2006：211）Eg2.L/C=letterofcredit;COSCO=ChinaOceanShippingCo.（杨芳：2004：84）Eg3.madeandenteredinto;anyandall（车丽娟：2008：167-68）Eg4.Termsofpayment:AfterconclusionofbusinesstheBuyersshallopenwiththeBankofChina,ShenzhenBranch,anirrevocableletterofcreditinfavoroftheSeller.Thesaidletterofcreditshallremaininforceuntilthe15thdayaftershipment.（王家衡：2006：212）（2）FormalityThelanguagestyleofsalescontractsissimilartothatoflegaldocuments,verysolemn,plainandserious,withoutrhetoriclikeembellishment,simile,metaphorandexaggeration,andwithouttheverbalexpressionlikedialectsandslang.FormalexpressionisanobviousfeatureofEnglishsalescontractwhichcanbeoftennoticedinEnglishsalescontracts.Eg5.Commence—beginOccasion—causeObtain—getDeliver—sendtoConstrue—explainInaccordancewith—accordingto29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文Priorto—beforeTerminate—end2.1.2UsageofProfessionalandLegalWords（1）UsageofProfessionalWordsFirstly,contractistheproductofthesharedinterestofthecontractedparties.Eachsalescontracthasitspurposetomakeadeal.Asdifferentbusinessesrefertodifferentfields,contractssurelyholddifferentprofessionalexpressionsandhavedifferentprofessionalwords.Eg6.Pigment（颜料）Steelwirerope（钢丝绳）Oil（石油）Photocopypaper（复印纸）Magneticcompasses（磁罗盘）Transistor（晶体管）Secondly,salescontractitselfisauniquefieldwhichconcernsabouttherelativegoods,transportation,andinsurance,etc.So,therearealsoalotofprofessionalwordsaboutsalescontractinginEnglishsalescontracts.Eg7.FOB（到岸价）CIF（离岸价）Inspection（检验）Insurance（保险）Shippingmarks（唛头）Shipment（装运）Packing（包装）UnitPrice（单价）PortofLoading（装运港）PortofDestination（目的港）29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文（2）UsageofLegalWordsAsIsaid,salescontractsisalsoakindoflegaldocuments,whichholdslegalrestrictionsoncontractedparties,Englishsalescontractsofcourseincludealotoflegalwords.Theusageoflegalwordsononeaspectmaketheexpressionformalityandauthoritative,ontheotheraspectmakethestatementaboutrightsandobligationsclear.Eg8.Arbitration（仲裁）Termination（终止）Jurisdiction（管辖）Damages（赔偿金）Negotiations（协商）(车丽娟：2008：)2.1.3UsageofMay,Shall,Should,Will,Maynot,Shallnot,etcWordslikemay,shall,should,will,maynot,shallnotarecommonlyusedinordinaryworks.Butincontracts,thesewordsareofspecificmeaning,whicharenotthesameasordinaryusingandshouldbegivenspecialconcern.a.“May”isusedinthesituationtoexpressrights,power,orprivilegesincontracts.b.“Shall”doesnotsimplyexpressthefuturetense,butoftendenotesobligations,whichcanbeexecutedforciblybylaws.Ifetherpartyfailedtoperformitsobligations,thenitisdeemedtobreachcontracts.Thenacompensationobligationisformed.So,inChinese,shallisoftentranslatedas“应该”or“必须”.Eg9.Thepartiesheretoshall,firstofallsettleanydisputearisingfromorinconnectionwiththecontractbyfriendlynegotiations.Shouldsuchnegotiationsfail,suchdisputemaybereferredtothePeople’sCourthavingjurisdictiononsuchdisputeforsettlementintheabsenceofanyarbitrationclauseinthedisputedcontractorindefaultofagreementreachedaftersuchdisputeoccurs.（车丽娟：2008：165）Inthesentence,negotiationwiththeotherpartyoverdisputesisanobligation.So,shall29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文isusedatfirst.Latter,ifdisputescannotbesettledbynegotiation,theycanbereferredtothePeople’sCourt.ButreferringthemtothePeople’sCourtisnowaright.So,mayisused.c.“Should”isusuallyusedtoexpressaweak-tonesuppose,toprovidesomeaccidencesorexceptions.d.“Will”iscommonlyusedintheconditionthatwithoutlegalforce,onlytoexpressastatementofcommitment.Itstoneandforceisweakerthanshall.e.“Maynot,shallnot”areusedtoexpressforbiddenconducts,meaningmustn’tdosomething.2.1.4AncientWords’UsingTherearealotofancientwordsappearinEnglishsalescontracts.Themosttypicalonesarecompoundedadverbsformedbyhere,there,orwhereplusoneortwoprepositions,suchashereinafter,whereas,thereof,hereto.Thesecompoundedadverbsusuallyroleasattributivesoradverbialsinsentences.Inasalescontract,repetitionofsomenounscanbeavoidedbytheusageoftheseancientwordssoastoavoidtoolongasentence.Otherwise,usageofancientwordsmakestheexpressionofcontractsformal,preciseandconcise.Eg9.ThiscontractismadebyandbetweenAACorporation(hereinafterreferredtoas“theBuyer”)andBBCompany(hereinafterreferredtoas“theSeller”)wherebytheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestosellthiscommodityonthefollowingtermsandconditions:（王依宁：2007：158）2.2ContextsImpactonWordsofEnglishSalesContractsIntheenvironmentofcontexts,wordsarealsoinfluencedbycontext.ThecontextsimpactonwordsofEnglishsalescontractscanbeshownfromthreeaspects:wordsfeatures,29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文wordsmeaningandwordsusage.HereI’dliketodiscussthecontextsimpactonwordsofEnglishsalescontractinfivedetailpoints:1.Contextsdetermineswordsfeatures.2.Contextsleadtoamono-meaning.3.Contextsconcretewordsmeaning.4.Contextssupplementandenrichwordsmeaning.5.Contextschangewordsmeaningandwordsusage.2.2.1ContextsDeterminesWordsFeaturesSalescontractitselfisacontext,whichdetermineswordsincontractsshouldbeprecise,formal,professionalandclear.ThecontextsofEnglishsalescontractitselfmakesthewordsusedincontractsholdthefeaturesofprecise,formal,professional,usageofancientwords,usageofshall,may,should,etc.2.2.2ContextsLeadtoaMono-meaningEventhoughawordmayhaveseveralmeaning,itholdsonlyonemeaninginaspecificcontext.Itistherestrictionofcontextsleadsthewordtoexpressonlyonemeaning.Eg10.Alldisputesarisingfromtheexecutionoforinconnectionwiththecontractshallbethroughamicablenegotiationbetweenbothparties.（马若飞：2004：110）Word“party”hasseveralmeaning,forexample:1.Anoccasionwhenpeoplemeettogether,toenjoythemselvesbyeating,drinking,dancing,etc.2.Anorganizationofpeoplewiththesamepoliticalbeliefsandaims.3.Agroupofpeoplethatsomeonehasformedinordertogosomewhereordosomethinginanorganizedway,etc.However,intheaboveterm,theword“party”holdsonlyonemeaning,thethirdmeaning.Itisthecontextofacontractandthesentencecontextthatleadittoexpressonlyonemeaning.2.2.3ContextsConcreteWordsMeaningSometimeswordsinasentenceareabstractornotsoconcrete,whichmayleadtosomeimaginationofthewords.Butbyunderstandingthecontexts,readerscanimmediatelyknow29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文whatitexactlymeans.Itisthecontextsthatconnecttheabstractwordswithsomespecificthings,persons,contentsorfeatures,soastoexpressaspecificandconcretemeaning.Eg11.ThisCONTRACTismadebyandbetweentheBuyerandtheSellerthroughfriendlynegotiations,wherebytheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestoselltheundermentionedgoodsonthetermsandconditionsstatedbelow:Nameofthecommodity:ForeverphotocopypaperSpecifications:B4(207*364mm)Quantity:5000casesPrice:HK＄190percasePacking:HardpapercaseCountryoforigin&manufacturer:Malaysia（王家衡：2006：211-12）Intheabovetext,theword“goods”isabstract,butwecaneasilyknowwhatitreallymeansfromthecontexts.ItactuallyisForeverphotocopypaper.Itisthecontextstelluswhatitexactlymeansandleadanabstractwordtoaconcretemeaning.2.2.4ContextsSupplementandEnrichWordsMeaningContextsprovideanenvironmenttosupplementawordmeaningwhichcannotbeexpressedwithoutthecontexts.Contextscanalsogiveweighttoawordsoastoenrichitsmeaning,expressionandfunction.Ineg11,weknowtheexactmeaningof“termsandconditions”cannotbeexpressedbythosesimplethreewords.Itisthecontextstellus,thetermsandconditionsincludethefollowingseveraldemands:nameofthecommodity,specifications,quantity,price,packing,countryoforigin&manufacturer.Thecontextsnotonlysupplementwhatthetermsandconditionsare,butalsoenrichthethreesimplewordstocleardemandsofthegoods.2.2.5ContextsChangeWordsMeaningandWordsUsageIncontexts,somewordsmayusednottoexpresstheirordinarymeaning,sometimesevenusedinaspecialusageornewusage.Thechangeofwordsmeaningorwordsusageis29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文forsomespecificfunctionorexpression.Eg12.Termsofpayment:AfterconclusionofbusinesstheBuyersshallopenwiththeBankofChina,ShenzhenBranch.anirrevocableletterofcreditinfavoroftheSeller.Thesaidletterofcreditshallremaininforceuntilthe15thdayaftershipment.（王家衡：2006：212）Intheabovetext,therearetwowords:“shall”.Botharedifferentfromordinarymeaningandusage.TheynotonlycommittheBuyerswillopenwiththeBankofChina,ShenzhenBranch.anirrevocableletterofcreditinfavoroftheSeller,andkeepthesaidletterofcreditremaininforceuntilthe15thdayaftershipment,butalsoshowthattheBuyershavetheobligationtoperformthetermsofpayment.Itisthecontractcontextsitselfchangesthewordmeaningandwordusageof“shall”.2.3HowtoTranslateWordsofEnglishSalesContractsWordstranslationofEnglishsalescontractsisaproblemwhichtranslatorsconcernalot.Assentencesareconstitutedbywords,thetranslationofEnglishsalescontractsistoadegreethetranslationofEnglishwordstoChinesewords.WhendoingEnglishsalestranslation,translatorsmayfindseveralChinesewordstoexpressasameEnglishword.EventhoughtheseseveralChinesewordsholdthesameorsimilarmeaning,translatorsneedtochoosethemostsuitableone,inconsiderationofthecontexts,function,andotheraspects.WhenitcomestohowtotranslatewordsofEnglishsalescontracts,Ithinktherearefouraspectsweneedtoconcern.Firstly,choosetheformal,professionalandpreciseChinesewords.Secondly,translatetheexactmeaningundercontexts.Thirdly,translatewordslikeshall,may,shouldaccurately.Fourthly,translateancientwordscorrectly.2.3.1ChoosetheFormal,Professional,PreciseChineseWordsThetranslationofEnglishsalescontractsshouldbedoneunderconsiderationofcontextsimpact.AsEnglishsalescontractitselfisacontext,andwordsofEnglishsales29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文contractsholdfeaturesofformality,professional,andprecise,theChineseversionofthesamesalescontractsshouldbethesamerestriction,andthewordsshouldholdthesamefeaturesofformality,professional,andprecise.Otherwise,thetranslationofEnglishsalescontractsshouldbeconsistentwiththesourcetexts.Andinordertoavoidambiguity,translatorsshouldtrytheirbestnottousepronouns,likethey,their,it,one,etc.Eg13.IfanycontractpartyispreventedfromperformingallorpartofitsobligationsowingtoForceMajeure,itshallberelievedalloforpartofitsobligations.合同当事人因不可抗力事件（事故）不能履行（执行）合同的全部或者部分义务的，免除（解除）其全部或部分责任。（马若飞：2004：110）Inthetranslation,weshouldchoosethewords事件,履行，and解除，butnot事故，执行，and解除,becausethepreviouswordsareformalandconformtothelanguagefeaturesandexpressingnormsofsalescontracts.Eg14.USD12perM/TFOBstowedandtrimmedVancouver,totalUSD1,200,000.FOB温哥华每公吨12美元，包括理仓费和平仓费，总值120万美元。（王依宁：2007：158）Thereareseveralprofessionalwordsaboutpriceeveninonlyoneshortsentence.Theprofessionalwordsaboutpriceareformedduringthetradingpractices,andarewidelyacceptedintradingfield.Thesewordsarenotonlyprofessional,butalsoconcise.InEnglishsalescontractstranslation,translators’knowingtheseprofessionalwords’meaningandtheirtranslationisequallyessential.Eg15.AsPartyAdesirestoexportPartyBthegoodsspecifiedhereinandPartyBdesirestoimportthegoodsfromPartyA,PartyAandPartyBherebyagreeasfollows:鉴于甲方愿意向乙方出口本合同中所规定的货物，且乙方愿意从甲方进口上述货物，特此，甲方和乙方同意订立下例条款：（王依宁：2007：158）ThereareseveralPartyA,PartyBs,butnoneofthemisreplacedbyit,they,orwe.Soisinthetranslation.Therepetitionofthesewordsistomaketheexpressionprecise.Otherwise,theword“goods”isrestrictedby“specifiedherein”,soastoavoidambiguity.Thesetwoaspectsofavoidingpronounsandrestrictionbothworkforpreciseoftheexpression.29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文2.3.2TranslatetheExactMeaningunderContextsDifferentsalescontractshavetheirowncontexts.Underdifferentcontexts,translatorsshouldchoosethecorrectandexactChinesewordtotranslateeachEnglishword.Eg16.Nameofthecommodity:Foreverphotocopypaper商品名：富元复印纸（王家衡：2006：211）Inthetranslation,“富元”isofcoursenotthecommonmeaningof“Forever”,neitheristhetransliteration,butthecombinationofboth,andatthesametimechooseaverypropitiousChineseword.It’sagoodtranslationinconsiderationofcontexts.Otherwise,someordinarywordsholdsomespecialmeaninginEnglishsalescontractsorunderdifferentcontexts.Eg17.Whereas,thePurchaserisdesirousofimportingthesaidgoodsforsaleinthesaidterritory.而买方欲进口所述货物在所述地点出售。（操时尧：2004：52）Inordinarystyles,saidisseldomusedasanadjective,butaverb.Itstranslationisaccordinglyadjusted.Followingaresomeotherexamples:Eg18.Allowance—折扣（not允许，津贴）Article—项目；条款（not文章）Deposit—押金、保证金（not存款）（操时尧：2004：53）Prejudice—损害（not偏见）Royalties—特许权使用费；版税（not皇室、主权）Satisfaction—清偿，补偿（not满意）Grace—还款或专利申请的“宽限期”（not优雅）（车丽娟：2008：163）2.3.3Translatewordslikemay,shall,should,maynot,shallnotaccuratelyAswordslikemay,shall,should,maynot,shallnotarecommonlyseeninEnglishsalescontracts,andtheirmeaningandusageisdifferentfromordinaryEnglish,thetranslationoftherespecialwordsisveryimportantandneedsspecialconcern.InEnglishsalescontracts,whichisoflegalrestrictions,theaccuratetranslationofthesewordsisessentialasitmay29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文refertotherightsanobligationsofcontractedpartiedandleavedisputesonbothparties.a.May:Asmayisusedinthesituationtoexpressrights,power,orprivilegesincontracts,it’snotforceful.Commonly,mayistranslatedas“可”，“可以”.b.Shall:Asshallisusuallyusedtoexpressobligations,andit’swithlegalrestrictionandforceful,shallismostlytranslatedas“应该”，“必须”.Sometimesitdoesn’tneedtotranslate.Eg19.Thepartiesheretoshall,firstofallsettleanydisputearisingfromorinconnectionwiththecontractbyfriendlynegotiations.Shouldsuchnegotiationsfail,suchdisputemaybereferredtothePeople’sCourthavingjurisdictiononsuchdisputeforsettlementintheabsenceofanyarbitrationclauseinthedisputedcontractorindefaultofagreementreachedaftersuchdisputeoccurs.双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。（车丽娟：2008：165）Inthetranslation,thewordshallistranslatedas“应”,toexpresstheobligationofnegotiation.TheexpressioneffectisveryclosetoitsEnglishexpression:“shall”.Thewordmayistranslatedas“可”toexpressarighttoreferthedisputetothePeoplesCourt.Infact,thereisalsoarighttogiveupreferringthemtothePeople’sCourt.Bothpartieshavethefreedomtodoornottodoso.So“可”usedinthetranslationisverysuitabletoimplythefreedomofchoice.Eg20.Theformationofthiscontract,itsvalidity,interpretation,executionandsettlementofthedisputesshallbegovernedbyrelatedlawsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。（车丽娟：2008：166）Eventhoughtheword“shall”isnottranslatedintheChineseversion,thelegalrestrictionandforcefulexecutionissoobviousandclear.Inthissituation,theellipsisof29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文“应该”onthecontrarymakestheexpressionoftonestronger.c.Should:Asshouldisusuallyusedtoexpressaweaktonesuppose,toprovidesomeaccidencesorexceptions,itiscommonlytranslatedas“万一”，“如果”or“若”.It’shardlytranslatedas“应该”.Eg21.Shouldallorpartofthecontractbeunabletobefulfilledowingtothefaultofoneparty,thebreachingpartyshallbeartheresponsibilitiesthuscaused.Shoulditbethefaultofbothparties,theyshallbeartheirrespectiveresponsibilitiesaccordingtoactualsituations.由于一方过失，造成合同不能履行或不能完全履行时，由过失一方承担违约责任。若属双方过失，则根据实际情况，由双方分别承担各自应负的违约责任。（车丽娟：2008：170）d.Will:Aswilliscommonlyusedintheconditionthatwithoutlegalforce,onlytoexpressastatementofcommitment,andit’stoneisweak,willismostlytranslatedas“将”.Eg21.IfPartyAinsistedonitsoriginalquotation,PartyBwillhavetocoveritsrequirementselsewhere.如果甲方坚持原报价，乙方将只能从其他渠道购进所需之货物。（车丽娟：2008：171）e.Maynot,shallnot:Asmaynotorshallnotareusedtoexpressforbiddenconducts,theyareusuallytranslatedas“不得”，“不可”，“无权”.Eg22.…thePurchasershallthereuponbedeemedtohaveacceptedthetitleoftheVendorandshallnotbeentitledtoraiseanyrequisitionorobjectioninrespectofanyofthemattersaforesaid.买主即被认为已接受卖主的所有权，并无权在上述任何问题方面提出任何要求或反对。（李克兴：2007：134）2.3.4TranslateAncientWordsCorrectly29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文AncientwordsplayanimportantroleinEnglishsalescontracts.Usageofancientwordsmakescontractsformal,preciseandconcise.Inthetranslationofancientwords,weneedtocareaboutthesefeaturesofancientwordsusing,andtryourbesttotranslatethemcorrectlyandcoherently.Followingaresomecommonlyusedancientwordsandtheirmeaning.Eg23.Hereafter—今后Hereby—兹Herein—此中，于此Hereon—于是，关于这个Hereinafterreferredtoas—下文称Thereafter—以下，在下文Thereby—由此，在那方面Aforementioned—上述的Thereof—其中的Whereas—鉴于Whereby—由是，凭那个Wherein—在其中Forandonbehalfof—代表Whereon—关于那，在其中Inwitnesswhereof—特此为证Hitherto—迄今Forthwith—立即，毫不拖延（车丽娟：2008：164）3.SentencesTranslationofEnglishSalesContractsUnderContractsImpactSentencesformtexts.ForEnglishsalescontracts,it’sthesame.Intextstranslation,sentencestranslationisamainandimportanttask.However,sentencesinEnglishsalescontractsarecommonlylongandwithdifferentfeatures,whichmakethesentences29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文translationofEnglishsalescontractsadifficulttask.Inordertofinishthistaskofsentencestranslationwell,whatshouldtranslatorsdo,andwhichaspectsshouldbepaidattentionto?Here,I’dliketodiscussitfromthefollowingthreeaspects:1.SyntacticfeaturesofEnglishsalescontracts.2.ContextsimpactonsentencesofEnglishsalescontracts.3.HowtotranslatesentencesofEnglishsalescontracts.3.1SyntacticFeaturesofEnglishSalesContractsInsentencesofEnglishsalescontracts,clausesarecommonlyseen,whichisusuallyusedtodefine,analyses,restrictorsupplementthemainclauses.Theusageofclausesontheonehandimpliesthesolemnstyle,thestrictstructure,andtheclearlogicofcontracts,ontheotherhandavoidsambiguitiesanddisputesowingtothemsoastoprotectbothparties’legalrights.ThesyntacticfeaturesofEnglishsalescontractscanbeexpressedasthefollowingsixpoints:1.Longsentences.2.Conditionalclauses.3.Declarativesentences.4.Passivesentences.5.Parallelandparatacticsentences.6.Parenthesizes.3.1.1LongSentencesTakingaglanceatacontract,wecaneasilynoticetheremustbemanylongsentences.Inordertodefineclearlyeachparty’srightsandobligations,avoidingambiguitiesanddisputes,Englishsalescontractstendtoadoptlongsentencesandclauses,whichcanmakethedescriptionmorepreciseandlogical.Alongsentencecanexpressarathercomplexidea,acleardescription,oralogicalargument.InEnglishsalescontracts,mostly,atermisexpressedinasentence.Sometimesaverylongdescriptionisinfactinonlyonesentence,withseveralclauses,butthelogicisclear.Eg24.ShouldthequalityandspecificationofthegoodsnotbeinconformitywiththeContract,orshouldthegoodsprovedefectivewithintheguaranteeperiodasstipulatedinClause14foranyreason,includinglatentdefectsortheuseofunsuitablematerials,theBuyershallhavearrangeforasurveytobecarriedoutbyCCIB,andshallhaverightto29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文lodgeaclaimagainsttheSelleronthestrengthoftheSurveyReport.3.1.2ConditionalSentencesEnglishsalescontractsaresignedmainlytostipulatetherightsandobligationsofbothparties.Buttheperformingofrightsandexecutingofobligationsisundercertainconditions,whichmakesconditionalsentenceswidelyusedinEnglishsalescontracts.Otherwise,duringexecutionofobligations,someaccidentslikebreachment,ForceMajeure,orNegligencemayoccurandpreventtheexecutionofobligations.Thesettlementofproblemsunderthesesituationsalsoneedsspecialstatements,whichalsomakesconditionalsentencesnecessary.Thereareseveralkindsofconditionalsentences,mostofthetime,theyareledby:if,intheeventof/that,incase(of/that),should,provided(that),subjectto,unlessotherwise,etc.Eg25.ForceMajeure:Iftheshipmentofthecontractedgoodsispreventedordelayedinwholeorinpartbyreasonofwar,earthquake,flood,fire,storm,heavysnoworothercausesofForceMajeure,theSellersshallnotbeliablefornon-shipmentorlateshipmentofthegoodsornon-performanceofthiscontract.However,theSellershallnotifytheBuyersbycableortelexandfurnishthelatterbyregisteredairmailwithacertificateissuedbytheChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTradeattestingsucheventorevents.（傅似逸：1999：83-84）Eg26.IncasetheContractterminatesprematurely,theContractAppendicesshalllikewiseterminate.如本合同提前终止，则合同附件也随之终止。（车丽娟：2008：170）Eg27.ShouldtheSellerfailtohavethegoodsreadyforloadingwhenthevesselarrivesattheportofshipmentontime,theSellershallbeliableforanydeadfreightordemurrage.（徐美荣：2002：197-98）Eg28.Itshouldbereturnedtothebuyerswithintheguaranteeperiod,unlesswiththewrittenagreementforthebuyers.（吕昊：2005：75）29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文3.1.3DeclarativeSentencesThefunctionofEnglishsalescontractsistodefinetherelationshipofcontractedparties,andclearlystatetherightsandobligationsofcontractedpartiesinrelatedactivities.Asthestatementincontractsneedsthedescriptionprecise,clear,strict,unambiguous,andjust,declarativesentencesarewidelyaccepted,butnotquestions,imperativesentencesorexclamatorysentences.Withthehelporclauses,declarativesentencescanpreciselydefinetherightandobligationrelationshipofcontractedparties,andavoidambiguities.Eg29.WithreferencetoContractNo.…(hereinafterreferredtostheContract)signedon(date)betweenyourCorp.(hereinafterreferredtoastheBuyer)and…(hereinafterreferredtoastheSeller)concerningthesupplybytheSellertotheBuyeroftheCommoditiesundertheContractNo.…amountingtoUSD…,we,BankofChina,Cheng-duBranch,attherequestoftheSeller,herebyopenanirrevocableLetterofguaranteeNo.…infavoroftheBuyeramountto(10%)tenpercentoftheContractprice…（王依宁：2007：159）Intheabovearticle,theobligationoftheSellerispreciselydefinedbytheclause“withreferenceto…”,whilethemainsentenceclearlystatestheobligationoftheBuyer.3.1.4PassiveSentencesAsEnglishsalescontractsisakindofwritwhichstatestherightsandobligationsofcontractedparties,thedescriptivetoneshouldbejust,objective,solemnandprecise.Asaresult,passivesentencesarewidelyusedinEnglishsalescontracts,especiallyinthetermsofpacking,shipment,insurance,payment,inspection,arbitration,etc.However,passivesentencesarenotsocoincidentwithChineseexpressionhabits.So,inthetranslationofpassivesentences,theycanbetranslatedintoactivevoice.Eg30.ShippingAdvice:Immediatelyaftershipmentiscompleted,theSellershallnotifytheBuyersbycableofthecontractnumber,invoicevalue,quantity,nameofvesselanddateofshipment.（傅似逸：1999：83）29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文3.1.5ParallelandParatacticSentencesInEnglishsalescontracts,parallelandparatacticstructuresareratheroutstanding.Theparallelandparatacticstructurescanbewords,phrases,clauses,paragraphs,etc.theuseofparallelandparatacticsentencesisforthepurposesofclearexpressing,forceequality,precisestatement,andlogicalstructures.Eg31.CompletesetsofthefollowingtechnicaldocumentsintheEnglishlanguageshallbepackedanddispatchedwitheachconsignment.a.Foundationdrawings.b.Writinginstructions,diagramsofelectricalconnections.c.Instructionsandmanufacturingdrawingsofeasilywornparts.d.Sparepartscatalogues.e.QualitycertificateasstimulatedinClause15(1).f.Instructionmanualsforerection,operationandmaintenance.（徐美荣：2002：198-99）Intheaboveterm,inclearlyandlogicallypresentswhattechnicaldocumentsintheEnglishlanguageshallbepackedanddispatchedwitheachconsignment.Theparallelandparatacticphrasesalsotellustheyarethesameimportancewitheachother.3.1.6ParenthesisSometimesinEnglishsalescontracts,parenthesisareusedfollowingnouns,aimtodosomesupplementaboutthesentencemeaning,orbetweenpredicatesandmodalsorauxiliaries,toprotrudetheparenthesis.Eventhoughit’sonlyaparenthesis,it’sveryimportanceinthesentenceandcouldn’tbedeleted.Eg32.TheSellershallwithinoneandahalfmonthsaftersigningtheContractdeliverallexistingstandardsandcodesoftheSeller’scountryforthedesignoftheContractPlant.（肖云枢：2000：51）Intheaboveterm,theparenthesisissoimportantthatanythingwrongliketimelimitortimeunitmayleadtoagreatdispute.Here,theparenthesis“withinoneandahalfmonths29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文aftersigningtheContract”placebetweenmodal“shall”andpredicate“deliver”makesitsonoticeable,whichontheotherhandattachesimportancetothetimelimit.3.2ContextsImpactonSentencesofEnglishSalesContractsMostideasareexpressedbysentence.InEnglishsalescontracts,sentencesarealsoinfluencedbycontexts.ContextsimpactonsentencesofEnglishsalescontractscanbeshownfromthefollowingfiveways:1.Contextsdeterminesentencestructures.2.Contextsdeterminesentencesmeaning.3.Contextsexplainandconfirmsentencesmeaning.4.Contextssupplementandenrichsentencesmeaning.5.Contextsrestrictandadjustsentencesmeaning.3.2.1ContextsDetermineSentenceStructuresThedeterminationofsentencestructuresbycontextscanbediscussedfromtwoaspects.Ontheonehand,thecontextofEnglishsalescontractitselfdeterminesthestructuresoflongsentences,conditionalsentences,declarativesentences,passivesentences,parallelandparatacticsentences,andsentenceswithparenthesisareverypopular.Asthepopularityofthosesentencesisverynoticeableandwehavediscusseditintheprevioussection,wewillnotdiscussithereanymore.Anyway,ontheotherhand,differentcontextsincontractsdeterminesentencestructuresaswell.Forexample,contractnumber,dateplace,contractedparties,price,etc.shouldbestatedclearly,precisely,andconciselyinshortsentences.Termsofinspectionshouldbestateddescribedpreciselyinlongsentences.Termsofarbitrationmaybeexpressedinconditionalsentencesforsomeaccidentsorbreachmentofcontractmayhappen.Somedemandsofthegoodsmaybeenumeratedinparallelstructures.3.2.2.ContextsDetermineSentencesMeaningAsamesentencemayexpressseveraldifferentmeaning.Butinacontext,itcanonlyexpressonemeaning.It’sthecontextsthatnarrowdowntheimaginationofthemeaningand29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文leadtoaspecificidea.Forexample,inmanyEnglishsalescontracts,wecanseeatthefirstseverallines,“No.***,Date:***,Place:***”aredisplayed.Ifwithoutacontext,wemayhavemanyimaginations:Telephonenumber?Dateofmarriage?Travelingplace?Butinacontract,andbecauseofthenormofacontract,itcanonlyexpressonemeaning:Contractnumber,Dateofsigning,Placeofsigning.3.2.3ContextsExplainandConfirmSentencesMeaningContextisthebasicconditionfromwhichwecanclearlyknowwhatitmeans.InEnglishsalescontract,therearesomespecialnorms.Someideasinthenormsinfactarenotcompletelyexpressedbywords.Butweknowwhatitmeans.That’sthecontextshelpexplainandconfirmthemeaningofthosesentences.Eg33.TheSellers:HAICHENGIMP/EXPCO.LTD4/FXingwangBuilding,110HaichengRoad,XiamenTelNo.(0592)5678453FaxNo.(0592)5678987（傅似逸：1999：82）EventhoughthedescriptionsoftheSellersarenotincompletesentences,butratherconcise,wecanstillknowthattheSellerisandcorporationcalledHAICHENGIMP/EXPCO.LTD,thesecondlineexpressesthelocationofthecorporation,thethirdandfourthlinesarethetelephonenumberandfaxnumberoftheSellers.3.2.4ContextsSupplementandEnrichSentencesMeaningSometimes,inasentence,eventhougheachwordmeaningisclearandnotchanged,themeaningofthewholesentenceisstillnotcomplete.Atthismoment,itneedsthehelpofcontextstosupplementandenrichthesentencemeaning.Eg34.NameofCommodity:FrozenChinesePUDShrimps……TotalValue:USDollars65850.00……29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文PortofLoading:XiamenPort……Insurance:TobeeffectedbytheSellersfor110%ofInvoiceValueagainstAllRisksandWarRisks.（傅似逸：1999：82-83）Infact,theaboveinformationcanbasicallybeunderstood;however,thehiddeninformationstillmakesreadersalittleconfused.Forexample,whatisthetotalvalueof?Fromthecontextsandcontractwecanknow,it’sthetotalvalueoftradedgood:FrozenChinesePUDShrimps.Andwhat’stheportofloadingfor?Forshippingofthegoods.Soistheinsurance.3.2.5ContextsRestrictandAdjustSentencesMeaningSometimestheliteralmeaningofasentencemaybesomethingdifferentfromsalescontracts,buttherestrictionandadjustmentfunctionofcontextswilldragandlimitthemeaningtosomethingaboutsalescontractsinEnglishsalescontractstexts.3.3HowtoTranslateSentencesofEnglishsalescontractsTranslationisakindofcommunicationwithpurposedandintentions.Ittransmitsboththeintentionsoftheauthorandtheinformationofthetext.Ifthetranslationcanbedoneinconsiderationofcontexts,notonlytranslatorswillunderstandtheinformationbetter,butalsotheirtranslationworkswillbebetter.Inmyopinion,thesentencestranslationofEnglishsalescontractsundercontextsimpactcanbedoneinconsiderationofthefollowingfouraspects:1.Literaltranslation.2.Supplementarytranslation.3.Partitiontranslation.4.Functionalequivalenttranslation.3.3.1LiteralTranslationIncontextstranslation,eventhoughtherearesomeculturaldifferencesbetweentwolanguages,mostofthetimetranslatorsstilltranslatethesentencesliterarily.That’sforthe29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文considerationofmaintainingthefeaturesofsourcetexts.Butthebasisisthatthemeaninghasn’tbeenchangedbetweentwoculturesandreadersshouldbeabletounderstandit.InEnglishsalescontracts,literaltranslationiswellacceptedandlargelyadoptedbecauseofthesimilarfeaturesofEnglishandChinesesalescontracts.Eg35.ContractNumber:990150合同号：990150Date:25May,2002日期：2005年5月25日Signedat:Shenzhen签约地点：深圳TheBuyer:ShenzhenImport&ExportCorporation买方：深圳进出口公司TheSeller:HongkongWelcomeCompany卖方：香港惠康公司ThisCONTRACTismadebyandbetweentheBuyerandtheSellerthroughfriendlynegotiations,wherebytheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestoselltheunder-mentionedgoodsonthetermsandconditionssatedbelow:本合同由买卖双方通过友好协商达成，买方同意购买而卖方也同意出售下列商品。详见条款如下：（王家衡：2006：211）Thisisatypicalexampleofliteraltranslation.Inbothversions,theexpressionsareconcise,preciseandclear.Eventhoughthelastsentenceseemsalittleredundantinbothlanguages,theyconformtothecontractfeaturesofformal,precise,strictandsolemn.Otherwise,theexpressionofChineseversionisveryclosetotheEnglishversion.3.3.2SupplementaryTranslationAfterall,translationisacommunicationbetweentwolanguagesandcultures,theremustbesomeculturalvacancieswhichmaycausedifficultiestounderstandanotherexpression.So,somesupplementofthesourcetextswhentranslatingisusefulandnecessary.SupplementinEnglishsalescontractstranslationisverypractical,whichnotonlyhelpstargetreaderstruthfullyunderstandthetexts,butalsohelpsmaintainthecompletenessoftheideas.Eg36.Payment:ByirrevocableL/Catsighttoreachtheseller30daysbeforethetimeofshipment.支付：买方应当在装船前30天将不可撤销的即期信用证开到卖方。29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文（车丽娟：2008：172）Inthetranslation,a“买方应当”issupplemented,soastomakethestatementintegrityandcomplete.ThesupplementontheotherhandmakestheobligationoftheSellerclear,whichrepresentsthecontractsfeatureofpreciseaswell.3.3.3PartitionTranslationAslongsentenceisasentencefeatureofEnglishsalescontracts,theremustbealotoflongsentencesinEnglishsalescontracts.TheEnglishsentencesstructurecanmakeitanendlesssentence,whichhoweverisnotthehabitofChinesesentences.So,inE-Ctranslationofsalescontracts,partitiontranslationisunavoidable.Fromtheconsiderationoftranslationversion,it’salsogoodforreaderstounderstandthecontractbetteranditobeysChineseexpressionsaswell.Eg37.TheclaimsmentionedaboveshallberegardedasbeingacceptediftheSellerfailstoreplywithin30daysafterreceivingtheBuyer’sclaim.如果卖方在收到上述索赔要求30天内不作答复，就将别认为是接受了索赔条件。（徐美荣：2002：201）Inthesourcetext,theonesentenceisdividedintotwoshortsentencestotranslate.TheformeroneconformstotheEnglishexpression,andthelatteronecomplieswiththeChineseexpression.Bothareclearinideastatement.2.3.4FunctionalEquivalentTranslationAsEnglishandChinesebothhavetheirownprejudicesofexpressionhabits,there’snoneedtochangetheirownhabittofollowtheother.So,whattranslatorsneedtodoistofollowtheirownwaysofexpress,justmakesuretheideasarecorrect,complete,andcoherent.Forexample,frequentusageofnounsisatypicalfeatureofEnglishexpression.ButinthetranslationtoChinese,translatorscanchangethemintoverbs.Otherslikelongsentencescanbechangedintoshortsentence.Passivesentencescanbechangedintoactivestructures.29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文Rg38.TobeshippedonorbeforeDecember31,2003subjecttoacceptableL/CreachesSellersbeforetheendofOctober2003,andpartialshipmentsallowed,transshipmentallowed.2003年12月31日前装运，但要以卖方2003年10月底以前收到可接受信用证为条件，容许分批装运及转运。（吕昊：2005：137）4.StyleMaintainingofEnglishSalesContractsTranslationUnderContextsImpactAfterdiscussedaboutthetranslationaboutwordsandsentencesofEnglishsalescontracts,wenowcometothestylemaintainingofEnglishsalescontractstranslation.AsEnglishsalescontracthasitsspecialstyle,thetranslationofitneedsspecialconcernsaswell,forthemaintainingofthestyle.Englishsalescontracthasitsspecialfeatures,whichmakeitratherdifferentfromotherstyleslikeliteratures,lettersornarratives.It’sundoubtedthatstylemaintainingwhentranslatingisveryimportant.So,keepingthestylisticfeaturesofEnglishsalescontractwillsurelyhelptranslatorstranslateEnglishsalescontractswell.Still,don’tforgetcontexts.Anytranslationisdoneincontexts.4.1StylisticFeaturesofEnglishSalesContractsSalescontractsserveasawarrantwithlegalforcetourgecontractedpartiesexecutetheirobligationssoastoguaranteethingsgooninexpectedways.InanEnglishsalescontract,somestatementaboutgoods,contractedparties,insurance,inspection,arbitration,etc.havebeenamust.Untilnow,somespecificstylisticfeaturesofEnglishsalescontractshavebeenformed.Here,I’dliketodiscussthefollowingfourstylisticfeaturesofEnglishsalescontracts:1.Purposefulcontents.2.Normativeformat.3.Indirectappellations.29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文4.1.1PurposefulContentsFirstly,thesalescontractitselfispurposeful.Thesigningofacontractisbecauseofaspecificagreement,aimingatsomecertainactions,interestorgaining.Anditonlyreferstothecontractedpartiesandsomerelatedpersons.Secondly,eachtermorarticleinEnglishsalescontractsaimsataspecificcontent,forexample,termsofpaymentaimatpayingofthetradedgoods,portofshipmentaimsatthestipulationoftransportationport,insuranceaimsatthesafetyofthegoods.4.1.2NormativeFormatSalescontractisakindoflegaldocumentwhichhasitsspecialandformalformat.Theformatofsalescontractsincludesthreesections:preface,body,andthelastterms.Prefacestatesthenamesofcontractedparties,purposesandprinciplesofthecontract.Bodyclearlyprovidestherightsandobligationsofthecontractedparties,claimsforbreachment,arbitration,governinglaws,etc.Thelasttermsareaboutthelegaladdressofthecontract,restrictingareas,effectiveconditions,signatures,etc.Thenormativeformatstrengthensthelegalforceofsalescontracts,andshowsthefeatureofformalityofthedocuments.4.1.3IndirectAppellationsInordertoshowthejustnessandobjectivenessoflegaldocuments,Englishsalescontractsseldomusedirectappellationslikeyou,we,ordirectlywritethenameofthepartiesintermsorarticles.Forexample,insometerm,partyAandPartyBsarerepeatedlyseen,butnoneofthemisrepeatedbyyouorwe,orthenames.That’salsoawaytoexpresspoliteness.Eg39.ThisContractismadebyandbetweentheSellersandtheBuyers,wherebytheSellersagreetosellandtheBuyersagreetobuytheundermentionedcommodityaccordingtothetermsandconditionsstipulatedbelow.（徐美荣：2002：194）29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文4.1.4LogicalExpressionsTheexpressionsinsalescontractsareverylogical.Thelogicoftheexpressionscanbeshownfromtwoaspects:1.Logicsofthecontractstructures.2.Logicsinsentences.Firstly,therearemanytermsofarticlesinasalescontract.Thesetermsareusuallydisplacedparalleledinthecontract.Buttakealookatthem;theyarenotfreelyplacethere,butwithspeciallogics.Usually,themostimportantoneareputatthebeginning.Secondly,eveninatermorasentence,theexpressioninsalescontractsarewithlogics.Thesesentencesstatesideasclearlyandprecisely,nomatterhowlongitmaybe.4.2ContextsImpactonStyleofEnglishSalesContractsContextsleaveimpactevenonstyleofEnglishsalescontracts.ThecontextsimpactonstyleofEnglishsalescontractscanbesummarizedinthreeaspects:1.ContextsdeterminethestyleofEnglishsalescontracts.2.Contextsdeterminestylisticfeatures.3.Contextsdeterminetheexpressionstyle.4.2.1ContextsDeterminetheStyleofEnglishSalesContractsEnglishsalescontractsmainlystatetherightsandobligationsofcontractedpartiesandholdlegalrestrictions,whichdetermineitshouldchoosethestyleofcontract.Inacontract,theformatisalreadysetandunchangeable.Sothewritingofacontractneedstofollowtherules,format,andcontentsofcontract.Ibelieve,acontractwritteninessayorletterformatmustberidiculous.4.2.2ContextsDeterminesStylisticFeaturesInanEnglishsalescontract,thestylisticfeaturesmustbecompliancewiththefeaturesofsalescontract,whichdeterminesEnglishsalescontractspresentthestylisticfeatureslikepurposefulcontents,normativeformat,indirectappellations,andlogicalexpression.29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文Withthesestylisticfeatures,theforcefulnessandpowerfulnessofcontractsareclearlyshown.4.2.3ContextsDeterminetheExpressionStyleAssalescontractsbelongtolegaldocuments,theexpressionsincontractsshouldbeformal,precise,clear,logical,andprofessional.Itshouldfollowthelanguagefeaturesoflegaldocuments.4.3HowtoMaintainStyleWhenTranslatingEnglishSalesContractsInordertoreachthetranslationprincipleofloyalty,thestyleofEnglishsalescontractsneedsalsobekeptinthetranslationversions.Astheculturaldifferences,thestylemaintainingofEnglishsalescontractsisnoteasy.Butitdoeshaveitsstrategies.Here,I’dliketodiscussthemaintainingofEnglishsalescontractsstyleinthreeways:1.Maintainthesourcestyleofsalescontracts.2.Maintainthestylisticfeaturesofsourcecontracts.3.Maintaintheexpressionstyleofsourcecontracts.4.3.1MaintaintheSourceStyleofSalesContractsAsthesourcecontractisasalescontract,thetranslationneedstokeepitstillasalescontract.ButinChineseversion,itshouldfollowtheChinesestructuresofsalescontract.Makesurethetranslationstilllookslikeandcontract.FollowthenormsandformatofChinesesalescontracts.4.3.2MaintaintheStylisticFeaturesofSourceContractsIntranslationwork,themaintainingofstylisticfeaturesofsourcecontractsmakesthetranslationoutstandingfromothers.Intwodifferentlanguages,theremaybesomesimilaritiesanddifferentstylisticfeaturesforbothversionsofcontracts.Intranslation,29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文translatorsshouldadoptthestylisticfeatureofEnglishsalescontractsintotheChineseversionifthestylisticfeaturescompliancewithChinesecontracts.However,alltheseshouldbedoneunderthefoundationofmeaningunchanged.4.3.3MaintaintheExpressionStyleofSourceContractsAnotheraspecttomaintainstyleofEnglishsalescontractsisusingthesimilarexpressionsstyleinChineseversion.Forexample,iftheexpressioninEnglishsalescontractsisprecise,thenfollowitinChineseversion.Ifitisconcise,dothesame.Soissomeotherexpressionstyleorwayslikeprofessional,formal,conditionalsentences,parallelstructures,etc.5.ConclusionHavingintroducedthefunctionaltheories,surveyedsomeissuesofEnglishsalescontractsandthewordsfeatures,sentencesfeatures,andstylefeaturesofEnglishsalescontracts,exploredthecontextsimpactonwords,sentenceandstyleofEnglishsalescontract,andhowshouldtranslatortranslatewords,sentencesofEnglishsalescontractsandhowshouldtranslatorsmaintainstyleofEnglishsalescontractwhentranslating,wearenowinapositiontomakeaconclusionofthewholepaper.Contextsresearchhasaratherlonghistoryandattractsmuchattentioninthefieldoftranslation.Mosttranslationworksaredoneinconsiderationofcontexts,soareEnglishsalescontract.Recently,alotofscholarstakeresearchesoncontextsimpactoninterpretations,literaturetranslations,evenlegaltranslations.Englishsalescontractsarealsolegaldocument,whichmakeitpracticaltotakeastudytoconfirmwhethercontextsinfluenceEnglishsalescontractstranslation.Thewholepaperopenswiththeintroductiontheoryofcontext,whichisintroducedtobereasonableguidanceforEnglishsalescontracttranslation.Afteracomprehensive29 湖南工业大学本科毕业论文analysisofthecontextsimpactonwordstranslation,sentencestranslation,andstylemaintaining,someadvicesaboutwordsandsentencetranslationofEnglishsalescontract,andstylemaintainingofEnglishsalescontractsaregivenineachsection.ThispaperendeavorstoapproachEnglishsalescontractstranslationundercontextsimpact,whichgivesabasistothepaper.Basedonthesurveyoftheirsofotherscholars,thepaperproposesthatcontextsalsoleaveimpactonEnglishsalescontractstranslation.29References[1]E.A.Nida.TowardaScienceofTranslating[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignI 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