英美概况.《英美概况(二)》练习题及答案docx.docx 7页

'《英美概况（二）》练习题一答案套一、答案I．FillinthefollowingblanksinEnglish1.cotton2.Indians3.Superior;Michigan;Huron;Erie;Ontario;Michigan;Canada4.16075.126.winner-take-all;majority/2707.Vice-Presidency8.18549.private10.Pittsburg11.space12.Scandinavian13.CivilRightsMovement14.88000,1800015.192216.four17.IndependenceII.Ineachofthefollowingquestionstherearefourchoices.Choosethecorrectone1.C2.B3.A4.D5.A6.C7.B8.C9.D10.B11.B12.B13.D14.D15.A16.C17.B18.B19.D20.DIII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]1.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.F7.F8.T9.T10.TIII.Definethefollowingterms1.YaleUniversityisaprivateuniversityinNewHaven,Connecticut,USA,whichwasnamedafterElihuYale,anearlypatronandwascharteredin1701.ItconsistsofYaleCollegeformen,threeotherundergraduateschoolsformenandwomen,andeightgraduateschoolsformenandwomen.2.ItisthelargestandmostfamousAmericanstockmarket.LocatedonWallStreetinNewYorkCity,itcentralizesthetradingofstockofover3000corporations,andhundredsofmillionsofsharesareboughtandsoldthereeachday.3.ThesecondcontinentalcongresswasheldinPhiladelphiainMay1775.ItdecidedtotakechargeofthetroopsaroundBostonandappointedGeorgeWashingtonascommandertofightfortheirfreedomandindependence.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions1.InthepostWorldWar11decade,theUnitedStateswastherichestnationintheworld.Afterabriefperiodofpostwaradjustment,theeconomyboomed.Consumersdemandedgoodsandservices.Businessesproducedmoretomeetthisdemand.With6percentoftheworld"spopulation,theUnitedStatesproducedhalftheworld"sgoods.Asproductivityrose,thelabormarketchanged.Employmentgrewrapidlyintheservicesector,whichincludessaleswork,officework,andgovernmentjobs.FederalforeignaidprogramsprovidedoverseasmarketsforUSbusinesses.Finally,thegovernmentspentlargeamountsofmoneybyprovidingloans,fightingtheColdWar,andfindingsocialprograms.Technologicaladvances,manyachievedwithfederateaid,usheredinnewindustriesandspedupthepaceofproductioninoldones.Governmentspendingplusconsumerdemandledtoaneraofwidespreadprosperity,risinglivingstandards,andsocialmobility…2.ThemasseducationcanprovidefreepubliceducationforallofAmericanchildrenandimprovethewholequalityofAmericancitizenries,whileitalsohascausedseveralproblems.OnecriticismisthatbasiceducationintheUnitedStatescateredtothe“leastcommondenominator”,meaningtheteachergivesattentiontothe slowerlearnerswhilethebrighterstudentsbecomeboredandloseinterestinlearning.Arelatedissueinvolves"mainstreaming",aprogramwhichallowsphysicallyandmentallyhandicappedchildrentoattendthesameclasseswithchildrenwithouttheseproblems.Whileparentsofhandicappedchildrenwanttheirchildrentobeincluded,otherparentsareconcernedthattheirchildrenarenotreceivingthebestpossibleeducationbecausetheteacherspendsagreatdealoftimehelpingthedisadvantagedstudents.Moreover,thecostsforeducatinghandicappedexceedthecostsforeducatingotherchildren.套二、答案I.Ineachofthefollowingquestionstherearefourchoices.Choosethecorrectone1.B2.A3.B4.C5.A6.C7.B8.B9.C10.D11.B12.B13.C14.D15.A16.B17.C18.B19.B20.DII.Explainthefollowingterms1.TheBostonMassacretookplacebeforetheAmericanWarofIndependence.In1768someEnglishtroopsweresenttothecoloniestohelptax-collectors.Thepeopleofthecolonieshatedthesesoldiers.Inthespringof1770inBoston,asoldierwashitbyaclubandatlastsomeofthetroopsfiredandkilledfourpeople,withmanywounded.ThisisknownasBostonMassacre.Aftertheevent,Bostonwasinanuproar.Abigmeetingwascalled,demandingthattheEnglishtroopsshouldberemoved.ThisshowedthatthepeopleinthecoloniesbegantheirstruggleagainsttheBritishrule.2.ThisisakindofprincipleinAmericanPresidentialelection.Ifthevotersofastatechoosepresidentialelectors,theyhavetochoosebetweenaDemocraticlistandaRepublicanlistbecauseoftheAmericantwo-partysystem.Ifthecandidatesofapartyfor“electors”inagivenstatereceiveamajorityofthetotalvote,thenthepartyisentitledtohavealltheelectoralvotesforthatstate,eventhoughapresidentialreceivesonlyslightlymorethanelectoralvotesofthatstate.Thissystemisknownasthe“winner-take-all”principle.3.InAmericanpoliticalsystem,theAmericanConstitutiondividesthepowersofthegovernmentintothreebranches—theExecutive,theLegislativeandtheJudicial.AccordingtotheConstitutionthepowersofthethreebranchesshouldbeseparatedandkeptbalanced.TheConstitutionlimitsthepowersofeachbranchandpreventsanyonebranchfromgainingunduepower.Thisbalanceisalwayskeptamongthethreebranchesandthisiscalledthe“systemofchecksandbalances”.4.TheAmericanCivilRightsMovementmainlyreferstotheAmericanblackpeople"sstruggleagainsttheracialdiscriminationin1960s.Asearlyasin1950s,theblackpeopleoncestruggledagainstsegregationinschools.In1960,theblacksin20statesheldalarge-scalesit-indemonstrationprotestingagainstracialsegregation.In1961theblacksheldafreedom-ridesagainstsegregationonbuses.UndertheoutstandingleaderMartinLutherKing,theCivilRightsMovementwentstillfurtherinmid-1960s.TherewasamarchonWashingtonfor“JobsandFreedom”.Soin1964theCivilRightsActwaspassed.ThismovementshowstheAmericanblackpeople"sbraveryandconfidenceintheirstrugglesforequalrightsandliberty. 5.WallStreetisastreetinlowerManhattan,NewYork.WallStreetwasthenorthernlimitofNewYorkin1653,whentheDutchbuiltawoodenpalisadeheretoprotectthecolonyfromIndianattack.Nowitisthecenterofoneofthemostimportantfinancialdistrictsintheworld,andthenameWallStreetisoftenusedtomeantheStockExchangeorAmericanfinanceingeneral.WallStreetisthesymbolofAmericanmonopolycapitalism.III.Answerthefollowingquestions1.DuringAmericanCivilWar,AbrahamLincolntooktwoimportantmeasures,oneisthe“HomesteadBill”,theotheristhe“EmancipationProclamation”.Duringthefirststageofthewarfrom1861to1862,theNorthwasinanunfavorablecondition.TheNortharmycouldnotgetmuchsupportfromfarmersandNegroes,becausemanyfarmershadnotgotenoughlandandNegroeshadbeenstillenslaved.Sotheyhadnointerestinthewar.Inordertogetsupportfromthebroadmasses,Lincolntookthesetwomeasures.InMay1862LincolnissuedtheHomesteadBill,andthisstimulatedthedevelopmentofcapitalistagricultureintheSouth,greatlyencouragedfarmers.InSeptember1962,Lincolnissuedthefamous“EmancipationProclamation”,freeingagreatnumberoftheslavesintheSouthandpermittingthemtojointhearmedforcesoftheNorth.Afterissuingthetwomeasures,Lincoln"sarmybecamemuchstrongerandgotmoresupportfromthebroadmasses.FinallyLincolnwonthewar.2.IntheU.S.governmenttherearethreebranches:theexecutive,thelegislativeandthejudicialbranches.TheexecutivebranchisheadedbythePresident,consistsofelevendepartmentsandmanyindependentagencies,includingthepostalservice.ThePresident,asthechiefexecutive,performsmanyfunctions.Heistheheadofthegovernmentandchiefofstate.ThePresidentcannegotiateforeigntreaties,appointgovernmentofficials,commandthearmedforces,sendandreceivediplomaticofficials.Infacthemakesforeignpolicy.HealsoineachyearsubmitstoCongressa“StateoftheUnionMessage”,budgetmessageandotherreports.HemayintroducelegislativebilltoCongress.ThePresidenthasgreatpowerinthegovernment.ThelegislativebranchreferstoCongress.OnlyCongresshastheright;tomakelaws.Itisthesupremelegislativebodyofthenation,Itismadeoftwohouses—thesenateandtheHouseoftheRepresentatives.ThejudicialbranchreferstotheSupremeCourtandsomeinferiorcourts.TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtofthewholelandandhasthesolerighttointerprettheConstitutionandreviewlawstoseewhethertheyareinagreementwiththeConstitution.TheSupremeCourtisheadedbyaChiefJusticeandeightotherjustices.套三、答案I.Fillinthefollowingblanks.1.Harvard,2.theendofAmericanCivilWar,3.OrthodoxEasternChurch,4.Louisiana,5.arrowandheart.6.patriotism;Americanideals,7.individuals,8.NewYear’sDay;SantaClaus;NorthPole;ChristmasEve;sleigh;reindeer;ChristmastreeII.Ineachofthefollowingquestionstherearefourchoices.Choosethecorrectanswer.(10%) 1.A2.C.3.D4.B5.C6.D7.B8.A9.A10.DIII.Explainthefollowingterms.1.WhenFranklinD.RooselveltwaselectedAmericanPresidentin1982,AmericanwasintheGreatDepression.Inordertosavethesituation,hemadeaprogramtodealwiththeeconomicemergency.Thisprogramisknownasthe“NewDeal“.Accordingtothe“NewDeal”,Roosevelttookeffortstoconsolidatetheoldmarkeratabroadandalsotoconquernewones.Athome,manypublicproject,werelaunchedtocreateemploymentthroughahugeincreaseingovernmentresponsibility.Cropsweredestroyedandagricultureproductionwascutdowntostabilizethefallingfarmprices.Thebigindustrieswerecompelledtomakereforms.Rooseveltalsotooksomemeasuresof“socialsecurity”,payingpensiontotheold,unemployedandtheinjured.The“NewDeal”relaxedtheeconomiccrisis,madesomeconcessionstotheworkingpeople.ThemoreimportantthingisthattheRooseveltGovernmentcarriedoutaprogressiveforeignpolicyagainstfascistaggressionandwars.2.ItisthelargestlibraryintheUSA.Itservesasareferencelibrary.In1800CongresspassedlegislationfoundingtheLibraryofCongressinWashington,D.C.,whichwasinitiallyestablishedtoservetheneedsofthemembersofCongress.Sincethen,thisextraordinarycollectionhasbecomeoneoftheworld’sgreatlibrariesandadepositoryforeveryworkcopyrightedintheUnitedStates.Thelibraryisopentothepublicandmaintainsmajorcollectionsofpapers,photographs,films,maps,andmusic.3.Inbrief,themassmedia,includingthepress,radio,TVandInternet,isthemethodsofcommunicationforthepeople.Theyoffergeneralandnarrowaudienceswithideas,informationandentertainment.4.VoiceofAmericaisthemostfamousoftheradiostationsoftheAmerica.ItisstartedontheairinWashingtonD.C.in1942intheSecondWorldWarasaspeakerforwarinformation.VOAprogramsincludenews,commentary,popularmusicandfeaturesaboutAmericanculture.Owingtoitsexternalservicefunction,nowithas16broadcastingstations,andabout40foreignlanguageswereusedbesidesEnglish,rangingfromAlbaniantoChinese.Someadvancedtechnologysuchasrelayfacilitiesandsatellitesareusedtosendprogramsoverseas.5.AfamousnovelwrittenbyHarrietBeecherStowein1852.Thenoveldescribedthecruelthingsthatmighthappentoaslaveunderacruelmaster.Ithadaverystronginfluenceandarousedagreatanduniversalhatredforslavery.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Bytheendofthe19thcenturytheUnitedStateshadgrownintoahighlydevelopedindustrialcountryandreachedthestageofimperialism.Thenitbeganitsoverseasexpansion.Hawaiifellintohercontrolin1893.In1898U.S.CongressdeclaredwaronSpain.ItinvadedChinabymeansofbothforceandculture.In1906itputdowntheCubanuprising.Duringthetwoworldwars,theU.S.alsoextendeditseconomicandmilitaryinfluencesoverFarEast,EuropeandthePacificRegion.Afterthewar,theU.S.startedits“ColdWar”,andestablishedNATOagainsttheSovietUnion.In1950itinvadedKorea.In1964theU.S.startedlongyear"sVietnamWar.In1990stheU.S.attackedIraqandKosovo.Inaword,theUnitedStatesneverstopsitsaggressionandexpansion.2.(1)ThesystemoftheGulf:TheMississippiRiveranditstributariesformanimportantinlandnavigationand irrigationsystem.(2)ThesystemoftheAtlantic:TheHudsonRiver,linkedbycanalswiththefiveGreatLakes,isoneofthemainarteriesforinlandwatertraffic.TherearealsoPotomacRiver,St.LawrenceRiverwhichservesasaninternationalriverformingpartoftheboundarybetweenU.S.andCanada.(3)ThesystemofthePacific:twomajorrivers,theColumbiaRiverandtheColoradoRiverwhicharerichinpotentialwaterpower.3.Americanindustryisdevelopingsorapidlythatithasbeenintheleadingpositionforthepastcentury.Manymanufacturegoodsrankthefirstthreeintheworld.Itsmajorindustryincludesaircraft,computers,chemicals,electronics,motorvehicles,textiles,etc.Therearemanybigcompaniesandsmallenterprises…《英美概况（二）》练习题二答案套四、答案I.Fillinthefollowingblanks.1.1607,17762.ChristopherColumbus3.Plymouth4.Philadelphia5.17836.Missouri,Ohio7.St.LawrenceRiver8.ColoradoRiver9.Appalachian10.Potomac11.three12.State13.BillofRights14.HouseofRepresentatives15.DemocraticII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]1.[F]2.[T]3.[F]4.[T]5.[T]6.[F]7.[F]8.[T]9.[F]10.[F]III.Explainthefollowingterms.1.TheDemocraticPartygrewoutofthe“Anti-Federalists”thatappearedafter1787.Itwasfoundedin1828,ledbyagroupofplantersandcapitalistsandaconsiderablenumberofsmallfarmers.ThomasJeffersonwastheleader.2.ThepartiesintheUnitedStateschoosealltheircandidatesforelectionat“primaryelections”,whichisheldinspring.“Primaryelections”areconsideredthefirststepandpartoftheformalvotingprocessandithasmanyforms.Oncethepartycandidateshavebeenchosen,theprimarycampaignbetweenthepartiesbeginsSometimesalotofmoneyisneededforaprimarycampaign.3.ThewarwasstartedunderEisenhowerandendedinJanuary1973.ItendedwithavictoryoftheNorthVietnamesepeopleandathoroughfailureoftheUnitedStates.TheVietnamWarwasanexampleofAmericanimperialismforthebenefitoftheAmericancorporatemilitaryinterests.4..theCivilRightsMovementcarriedbytheblackstogetthecivilrightsin1950"sto1960"sandtofightagainst racialsegregation.Astheresultoftheirstruggle,theCivilRightsActwaspassedin1964.AndtheVotingRightsActwaspassedin1965.5.MartinLutherKingwasanoutstandingleaderoftheCivilRightsMovement,aBaptistclergyman.Heupheld“non-violence”struggle.Hesetupaboycottofthebuslines.Healsoledthelargestcivilrightsrallyin1963.SotheCivilRightsActwaspassedin1964.Heprotestedagainstvoting-rightsrestriction.In1964theVotingRightsActwaspassed.From1965-1968hisstruggleturnedtothediscriminationandinjusticeintheNorthandprotestedagainsttheVietnamWar.HewasassassinatedinApril1968.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Becauseathome,therewaswartimescarcity,highwages,accumulatedsavingsandindustrialexpansion.Therewasapent-updemandforconsumergoods.Theestablishmentofnewfactories,theexpansionofinternalandexternalmarketsandtheincreasingemploymentallaccountfortheprosperity.AtabroadGermany,JapanandItalylosttheircapacityforcompetitionwithAmerica.Theyreliedgreatlyupontheaidandproductsfromthe.U.S.Butthisprosperitydisappearedsoquicklybecauseitwasbaseduponthewartimeeconomy.2.(1)Itachievedprominentbreakthroughsinthethreefieldsofatomicenergy,electroniccomputersandspacenavigation.(2)OrganandLimbtransplantsweretriedsuchashearttransplants.(3)Newdrugsandpreventativeswerediscoveredsuchaspoliovaccine,vaccinationsetc.套五、答案I.FillinthefollowingblanksinEnglish1.fiveGreatLakes2.Atlanticcoast3.NewYorkStockExchange4.theAssociatedPress(AP)5.spacesatellite6.DeclarationofIndependence7.atombomb8.DesertStorm9.GrandCanyon10.DeathValley11.HarrietBeecherStowe12.GreatDepression13.PearlHarbor14.SecondWorldWar15.MidwayIsland16.three17.300018.Baptist19.Detroit20.“do-it-yourself”21.11722.privately23.LaborDay24.advertising25.HalloweenII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]1.[F]2.[T]3.[T]4.[T]5.[F]6.[T]7.[F]8.[T]9.[F]10.[F])III.Definethefollowingterms1.ThefirsttenamendmentsputintotheConstitutionin1791,whichincludefreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleandotherdemocraticrights.2.TheSecondContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiainMay1775.ItdecidedtotakechargeofthetroopsaroundtheBostonandappointedGeorgeWashingtonascommandertofightfortheirfreedomandindependence.3.InApril1945forty-eightcountriesattendedtheconferenceatSanFranciscoinAmericatoorganizeapeacetime,permanentorganizationintheworld.ThustheUnitedNationswasfounded. 4.TheConstitutionlimitsthepowerofeachgovernmentbranch,andpreventsanyonebranchfromgainingunduepower.Thisbalanceisalwayskeptamongthethreebranches.5.isthelargeststateintheUSA.ItwaspurchasedbytheUSAfromRussiain1867.Thetotalareais1500000squarekilometers,muchofwhichismountainous.ItscapitalisJuneau.Itschiefindustriesareoil,naturalgasandfishing,especiallysalmonfishing.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions1.(1)Withthewarover,theUnitedStatesagainachievedastablepoliticalenvironment.Bothforeignanddomesticcapitalbecameavailableforinvestment.(2)Blackslaveswerefree,andthewavesofEuropeanandAsianimmigrantspouredintotheUS,sotherewasenoughlaborsupplyforthedevelopmentofindustries.(3)Scienceandinventionsplayedaveryimportantrole.Newthingwereinventedoneafteranother.(4)Thefederalgovernmentputhightaxesonforeignimports.ThisencouragedAmericanstobuyAmerican-madegoods.(5)TheUnitedStateswasrichinnaturalresources.TheseadvantagestogethercontributedtothedevelopmentoftheUS.2.Thebondistheborrower’swrittenpromisetorepaytheloanonacertaindateandalsotopayacertainrateofinterestontheborrowedmoney.Theindividualwhobuysbondsdoesnotshareinthecompany’sprofits,butneitherdoesheruntheriskoflosingmoneyifthestockgoesdowninvalue.Corporationmayissuebondstoobtainmoneyforexpansion.Stateandlocalgovernmentsissuebondstoraisefundforcommunityimprovementssuchashighway,bridges,schools,andhospitals.3.FirstabillintroducedbymemberofCongressissenttoanappropriatelegislativeCongressworks.Thecommitteeisformedandholdshearingonit.ThentherecommendationsofthebillarereportedtotheHouses.Thebillisdebatedonthefloorofeachhouse.Thenthevotesbegan.Afterthemajorityapprovalbybothhouses,theproposallawgoestothepresident.Iftwo-thirdsofeachhouseofCongressapprovesit,thebillbecomeslawinspiteofpresident"sveto.'