03--11年二级《笔译实务》真题及答案.doc 72页

'英语二级笔译2003-2011年真题及部分参考答案2003年12月英语二级笔译实务试题12004年5月英语二级笔译实务试题82004年11月英语二级笔译实务试题142005年5月英语二级笔译实务试题192005年11月英语二级笔译实务试题242006年5月英语二级笔译实务试题312006年11月英语二级笔译实务试题372007年5月英语二级笔译实务试题422007年11月英语二级笔译实务真题452008年5月英语二级笔译实务试题492008年11月英语二级笔译实务试题532009年5月英语二级笔译实务试题582009年11月英语二级笔译实务试题602010年5月英语二级笔译实务试题622010年11月英语二级笔译实务试题652011年5月英语二级笔译实务试题6871 2003年12月英语二级笔译实务试题Section1:English–ChineseTranslation(英译汉)Thissectionconsistsoftwoparts,PartA—“CompulsoryTranslation”andPartB—“ChoiceofTwoTranslations”consistingoftwosections“TopicI”and“Topic2”.ForthepassageinPartAandyourchoiceofpassageinPartB,translatetheunderlinedportions,includingtitles,intoChinese.AboveyourtranslationofPartA,write“CompulsoryTranslation”andaboveyourtranslationfromPartB,write“TopicI”or“Topic2”(60points,100minutes)PartACompulsoryTranslation(必译题)（30points）NowheretoGoForthelatestonthepursuitoftheAmericanDreaminSiliconValley,allyouhavetodoistotalktosomeonelike“Nagaraj”(whodidn’twanttorevealhisrealname).He’sanIndianimmigrantwho,likemanyotherIndianengineers,cametoAmericarecentlyonanH-1Bvisa,whichallowsskilledworkerstobeemployedbyonecompanyforasmanyassixyears.Butonemorninglastmonth,NagarajandahalfdozenotherIndianworkerswithH-1BswerecalledintoaconferenceroomintheirSanFranciscotechnology-consultingfirmandtoldtheywerebeinglaidoff.Thereason:weakeningeconomicconditionsinSiliconValley,“Itwastheshockofmylifetime,”saysNagaraj.Thisisnotanormalbear-marketsobstory.Accordingtofederalregulation,Nagarajandhiscolleagueshavetwochoices.TheymusteitherreturntoIndia,orfindanotherjobinatightlabormarketandhopethattheImmigrationandNaturalizationServices(INS)allowthemtotransfertheirvisatothenewcompany.Andthelawdoesn’tallowthemtoearnapay-checkuntilallthepaperworkwindsitswaythroughtheINSbureaucracy.“HowamIgoingtosurvivewithoutanyjobandwithoutanyincome?”Nagarajwonders.Untilrecently,H-1BvisaswerechampionedbySiliconValleycompaniesasthesolutiontotheregion’sshortageofprogrammersandengineers.FirstissuedbytheINSin1992,theyattractskilledworkersfromothercountries,manyofwhombringfamilieswiththem,laydownrootsandapplyforthemorepermanentgreencards.ThroughFebruary2000,morethan81,000workerheldsuchvisas—butwiththedot-comcrash,manyhavebeengettinglaidoff.That’scausingmassconsternationinU.S.immigrantcommunities.TheINSconsidersaworker“outofstatus”whenhelosesajob,whichtechnicallymeansthathemustpackupandgohome.Butbecauseofthescopeofthisyear’slayoffs,theU.S.governmenthasrecentlybackpedaled,issuingaconfusingseriesofstatementsthatsuggestworkersmightbeabletostayiftheyqualifyforsomeexceptionsandcanfindanewcompanytosponsortheirvisa.Buteventhoseloopholesremainnebulous.TheresultisthousandsofimmigrantsnowfacedimmingcareerprospectsinAmerica,andthepossibilitiesthattheywillbesenthome.“Theyareinlimbo.Itisthegreatestformoftorture,”saysAmarVedaoftheSiliconValley-basedImmigrantsSupportNetwork.ThecrisislooksespeciallybadinlightofalltheheatedvisarhetoricbySiliconValleycompaniesinthepastfewyears.LastfalltheindustrywonabigvictorybygettingCongresstoapproveanincreaseintheannualnumberofH-1Bvisas.Now,withtechnologyfirmsretrenching,demandforsuchworkersisslowing.ValleyheavyweightslikeIntel,CiscoandHewlett-Packardhaveallannouncedthousandsoflayoffsthisyear,whichincludemanyH-1Bworkers.TheINSreportedlastmonththatonly16,000newH-1BworkerscametotheUnitedStatesinFebruary—downfrom32,000inFebruaryoflastyear.Lastmonth,acknowledgingthescopeoftheproblem,theINStoldH-1Bholders“nottopanic,”andthat71 therewouldbeagraceperiodforlaid-offworkersbeforetheyhadtoleavetheUnitedStates.INSspokeswomenEyleenSchmidtpromisesthatmorespecificguidancewillcomethismonth.“Weareawareofthecutbacks,”shesays.“We’retryingtobeasgenerousaswecanbewithintheconfinesoftheexistinglaw.”PartBChoiceofTwoTranslations(二选一题)（30points）Topic1(选题一)WhatIstheForceofGravity?Ifyouthrowaballup,itwillcomedownagain.Whatmakesitcomedown?TheballcomesdownbecauseitispulledorattractedtowardstheEarth.TheEarthexertsaforceofattractiononallobjects.ObjectsthatarenearertotheEarthareattractedtoitwithagreaterforcethanthosethatarefurtheraway.Thisforceofattractionisknownastheforceofgravity.ThegravitationalforceactingonanobjectattheEarth’ssurfaceiscalledtheweightoftheobject.Alltheheavenlybodiesinspacelikethemoon,theplanetsandthestarsalsoexertanattractiveforceonobjects.Thebiggerandheavierabodyis,thegreaterisitsforceofgravity.Thus,sincethemoonisasmallerbodythanEarth,theforceitexertsonanobjectatitssurfaceislessthanthatexertedbytheEarthonthesameobjectontheEarth’ssurface.Infact,themoon’sgravitationalforceisonlyone-sixththatoftheEarth.Thismeansthatanobjectweighing120kilogramsonEarthwillonlyweigh20kilogramsonthemoon.ThereforeonthemoonyoucouldliftweightswhicharesixtimesheavierthantheheaviestweightthatyoucanliftonEarth.TheEarth’sgravitationalforceorpullkeepsusandeverythingelseonEarthfromfloatingawaytospace.TogetoutintospaceandtraveltothemoonorotherplanetswehavetoovercometheEarth’sgravitationalpull.EntryintoSpaceHowcanweovercometheEarth’sgravitationalpull?Scientistshavebeenworkingonthisforalongtime.ItisonlyrecentlythattheyhavebeenabletobuildmachinespowerfulenoughtogetoutoftheEarth’sgravitationalpull.Suchmachinesarecalledspacerockets.TheirgreatspeedandpowerhelpthemtoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullandgointospace.RocketsThepowerfulspacerocketworksalongthesamelinesasasimplefireworkrocket.Thefireworkrockethasacylindricalbodyandaconicalhead.Thebodyispackedwithgunpowderwhichisthefuel.Itisamixtureofchemicalsthatwillburnrapidlytoformhotgases.Atthebaseorfootoftherocketthereisanopeningornozzle.Afusehangsoutlikeatailfromthenozzle.Alongstickattachedalongthebodyservestodirecttherocketbeforethefuseislighted.Whenthegunpowderburns,hotgasesrushoutofthenozzle.Thehotgasescontinuetorushoutaslongasthegunpowderburns.Whenthesegasesshootdownwardsthroughthenozzletherocketispushedupwards.Thisiscalledjetpropulsion.Thesimpleexperiment,showninthepicture,willhelpyoutounderstandjetpropulsion.Topic2（选题二）BasketballDiplomacyCHINA”STALLESTSOLDIERneverreallyexpectedtolivetheAmericanDream.ButWangZhizhi,a7-foot-1basketballstarfromthePeople’sLiberationArmy,ismakinghistoryasthefirstChineseplayerintheNBA.InhisfirstthreeweeksinAmericathe23-year-oldrookiehasalreadycashedhisfirstbigNBAcheck,presideover“WangZhizhiDay”inSanFranciscoandbecomeimmortalizedonhisveryowntradingcards.He’sevenplayedinfivegameswithhisnewteam,theDallasMavericks,scoring24pointsinjust38minutes.Nowthe71 affableLieutenantWangisjoiningtheMavericksontheirrideintotheNBAplayoffs—andheisintentonenjoyingeveryminute.OnerecenteveningWangslippedintothehottubbehindthehouseofMavericksassistantcoachDonnNelson.Heleanedback,stretchedoutandpointedataplanemovingacrossthestar-filledsky.InbrokenEnglish,hestartedsinginghisfavoritetune:“IbelieveIcanfly.IbelieveIcantouchthesky.”BackinChina,thenation’sotherbasketballphenom,YaoMing,canonlydreamoftakingflight.YaothoughthewasgoingtobethefirstChineseplayerintheNBA.The7-foot-5ShanghaisensationismorehighlytoutedthanWang:the20-year-oldcouldbetheNo.1overallpickintheJuneNBAdraft.ButastheMay13deadlinetoenterthedraftdrawsnear,Yaoisstillwaitingforahordeofbusinesspeopleandapparatchikstodecidehisfate.Lastweek,asWangscored13pointsintheDallasseasonfinale,YaowaswadingthroughastreamofbicyclesonadustyBeijingstreet.YaoandWangaremorethanjustfreaksofnatureinbasketballshorts.Thetwintowersarenationaltreasures,symbolsofChina’sgrowingstatureintheworld.They’realsoemblematicoftheNBA’soutsizedreamsforconqueringChina.TheNBA,strugglingathome,seessalvationinthelandof1.3billionpotentialhoopfans.China,determinedtowinthe2008OlympicsandjointheWorldTradeOrganization,iseagertomakeitsmarkontheworld—onitsownterms.Thetwo-yearstruggletogettheseyoungplayersintotheNBAhasbeenaculturalcollision—thisonefarremovedfromU.S.-Chinabickeringoverspyplanesandtradeliberalization.Ifitworksout,itcouldbe—inbasketballparlance—theultimategive-and-go.“ThisisjustlikePing-Pongdiplomacy,”saysXiaSong,asport-marketingexecutivewhorepresentsWang.“Onlywithamuchbiggerball.”Twoyearsagoitlookedmorelikeaballandchain.Wang’sArmybossesweremiffedwhentheMaverickshadthenervetodrafttheirstarbackin1999.NelsonremembersflyingtoBeijingwiththethenownerRossPerotJr.—sonoftheeccentricbillionaire—tohammeroutadealwiththestone-facedcommunistsofthePLA.“Youcouldhearthemthinking:‘WhatisthisNBAteamdoing,tryingtolayclaimtoourproperty?’”Nelsonrecalls.“WetriedtoexplainthatthiswasanhonorforWangandforChina.”Therewasnodeal.Wanggrewdespondentandlosthisedgeoncourt.ThisyearYaobecametheanointedone.HeeclipsedWanginscoringandrebounding,andevenstoleawayhiscovetedMVPawardintheChineseBasketballAssociationleague.ItlookedasifhisShanghaiteam—adynamicsemicapitalistclubinChina’smostopencity—wouldgetitsstartotheNBAfirst.ThencametheMarchmadness.WangbrokeoutofhisslumptoleadtheArmyteamtoitssixthconsecutiveCBAtitle—scoring40inthefinalgame.AdaylaterthePLAscoredsomepointsofitsownbyannouncingthatWangwasfreetogoWest.Whatinspiredthechangeofheart?NodoubttheMavericksworkedtobuildtrustwithChineseofficials(eveninvitingnational-teamcoachWangFeitospendthe1999-2000seasoninDallas).TherewasalsothesmallmatterofChinesepride.Thenationalteamstumbledtoa10th-placefinishatthe2000Olympics,afterplacingeighthin1996.Eventhemostintransigentcadrecouldseethattheteamwouldimproveonlyifitsentitsstarsoverseastolearnfromtheworld’sbestplayers.Section2:Chinese-EnglishTranslation（汉译英）Thissectionconsistsoftwoparts,PartA—“CompulsoryTranslation”andPartB—“ChoiceofTwoTranslations”consistingoftwosections“Topic1”and“Topic2”.ForthepassageinPartAandyourchoiceofpassageinPartB,translatetheunderlinedportions,includingtitles,intoEnglish.AboveyourtranslationofPartA,write“CompulsoryTranslation”andaboveyourtranslationfromPartB,write“Topic1”or“Topic2”(40points,80minutes)PartACompulsoryTranslation（必译题）（20points）中华民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值。还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，唯人为贵”71 ，一切社会的发展和进步，都取决于人的发展和进步，取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。中国共产党领导人民进行革命、建设和改革，就是要实现全中国人民广泛的自由、民主和人权。今天中国所焕发出来的巨大活力，是中国人民拥有广泛自由、民主的生动写照。中国在公元一世纪人口就已达到过六千万左右，众多人口的衣食住行，几千年来一直是中国历代政府所要解决的首要人权问题。今天的中国是一个有十二亿多人口的发展中大国，仍然必须首先保障最广大人民的生存权和发展权，不然一切其他权利都无从谈起。中国确保十二亿多人的生存权和发展权，这是对世界人权进步事业的重大贡献。PartBChoiceofTwoTranslation（二选一题）（20points）Topic1（选题一）艾滋病艾滋病是一种威胁生命的疾病，它侵袭人体内的自然免疫系统，破坏人体的自卫能力。艾滋病本身并不致命，但是，由于人体的免疫系统遭到破坏，病人几乎没有能力低于其他许多疾病的侵袭，例如，肺炎、癌症、致盲性疾病和精神错乱。艾滋病毒存在于人的体液中。这种病毒可以通过性生活或共用静脉注射器传播，也可以通过血制品传播，并且可以从患艾滋病的孕妇身上传播给她的妊娠婴儿。有关艾滋病传播的许多说法是错误的。与艾滋病患者一起工作或上学不会传染上艾滋病，触摸他们用过的饮水杯或其他东西也不会传染上艾滋病。专家们说：没有人因为与艾滋病患者一起生活、照料艾滋病患者或触摸艾滋病患者而染上艾滋病。Topic2（选题二）时间之谜如果你能够看懂时钟，你就可以知道一天的时间。但是谁也不知道，时间本身究竟是什么。时间是看不到、摸不着、听不见的，我们只能记录时间消逝的办法才知道时间的存在。虽然我们成功的测量了时间的分分秒秒，但时间仍然是宇宙间及其神秘的现象之一。思考时间的一个方法是设想一个没有时间的世界。那样，就不可能有运动了，因为时间和运动是不可分开的。一个没有时间的世界只有在没有变化的情况下才能存在。因为时间和变化是联系在一起的。当某件事发生变化时，你知道时间已经流逝。在现实世界里，变化是永无止境的，有一些变化，如月食，只发生在瞬间，而另一些变化则反复出现，比如日出和日落。人们一直注意那些反复出现的自然现象，在人们开始计算这些现象时，他们就开始测定时间了。参考译文Section1:汉译英（60分）PartA必译题（30分）[参考译文]无家可归这不是正常的有市场疲软而引发的悲剧故事。根据联邦政府的规定，纳加拉吉和他的同事有两个选择：要么立即回印度，要么在供过于求的劳动市场找到一份新工作，然后寄希望与移民规划局把他们的签证转到他们的新公司去。在法律上，他不能有收入，除非他办完移民局所有的手续之后。“没有工作，没有收入，我怎么生存呀？”纳加拉吉愁眉不展。71 不久前，H-1B签证还是硅谷各公司解决当地程序员和工程师短缺问题的香饽饽。H-1B签证始于1992年，移民局希望通过签发这种签证来吸引其他国家的熟练工人来美工作。他们中的许多人带着妻儿，落地生根，并申请有永久居住权的绿卡。截止到2000年2月，大约有8.1万名工人持有这种签证。但随着网络经济的崩溃，许多人遭到解雇。这导致了在美国移民社区的很大不安。当一个工人丢了饭碗，移民局就认为他“没有身份乐”，在理论上，你可以认为他必须卷起行李回家了。由于今年工人被解雇幅度太大，美国政府近来有所让步，宣布了一系列模糊不清的政策，暗示如果他们符合某些特例并能找到一个公司为他们担保签证的话，他们还可以留下来。这一政策的结果就是数以千计的移民在美国面临着暗淡的不确定的前景，甚至被突然遣送回家。“他们生活在地狱的边缘，这也许是最痛苦的。”坐落在硅谷的移民互助网络组织的阿玛·维达这样认为。在过去的几年里，硅谷的公司对这种H-1B的作用大肆吹捧，导致现在的情况更加糟糕。不久前，它们刚刚成功说服国会增加每年的H-1BQ签证的签发数量。但现在技术公司的紧缩使这一需求减慢。今年，硅谷的大公司如英特尔﹑思科和惠普都宣布裁员上千人，其中有许多H-1B签证持有者。移民局上个月声称今年2月份有大约16，000名H-1B工人来到美国，大大低于去年2月份的32，000人。上个月，了解到问题的严重性的美国移民局通知H-1B签证持有者“不要惊慌”，在他们被迫离开美国之前，会有一个宽限期。移民局的女发言人埃仑·史密斯表示：“我们对裁员很清楚，这个月将有更多的导向性的政策出台。我们将在现有法律允许的范围里采取更宽容的政策。”PartB二选一题（30分）选题一[参考译文]什么是重力？假如你把一个球往上抛，它还会掉下来。球为什么会掉下来呢？球掉下来是因为球被吸引或拉向地球。地球对所有物体都施加吸引力。离地球较近的物体所受的吸引力，比远离地球的物体所受的吸引力大。这种吸引力通常叫做重力。作用于地球表面上物体的引力，叫做物体的重量。空间所有的天体，如月球﹑行星和星星，对物体也都有吸引力。物体越大﹑越重，其引力也就越大。既然月球比地球小，因此，月球对月球表面上一物体施加的力，将比地球对地球表面上同一物体施加的力要小。实际上，月球的引力只有地球引力的六分之一。这就是说，地球上一个重120公斤的物体，在月球上会只重20公斤。因此，在月球上你能举起的重量，将是你在地球上所能举起的最大重量的六倍。地球的引力或拉力，使我们和地球上别的任何东西都不致漂浮到空间中。要飞向空间并到月球或其他行星去旅游，就必须克服地球的引力。进入空间怎么才能克服地球的引力呢？科学家们为此进行了长期的研究。直到最近，他们才能够制造出足以克服地球引力的强有力的机器。这种机器就称为宇宙火箭。宇宙火箭的巨大速度和强大的动力，帮助它挣脱地球的引力而进入空间。火箭强大的宇宙火箭的工作原理和简单的烟火火箭是一样的。烟火火箭有一圆柱形壳体和一锥形头部。壳体内充填黑色火药作为燃料。它是一种化学品的混合物，能迅速燃烧形成炽热的气体。火箭的底部有一个通道，即喷口。从喷口伸出一根尾巴似的引信。沿壳体装着一根长棍，用以在引信点着以前确定火箭发射的方向。当黑色火药燃烧时，炽热的气体，即燃气从喷口急速排出。只要黑色火药还在燃烧，燃气就不断急速排出。当这些燃气通过喷口往下喷出时，火箭就被向上推进。这就叫做喷气推进。图中所示的简单实验，可以帮助你了解喷气推进。选题二71 [参考答案]篮球外交姚和王不仅仅是篮球队员中的奇人。这两座塔是国家的财富，是中国在世界上地位提高的象征。他们也是NBA梦想征服中国的象征。NBA，还在国内争斗的时候，就看到了在13亿潜在篮球迷的国土上的前景。中国——志在夺取2008年奥运会主办权和加入世界贸易组织——正急于在世界上留下标记，当然是按照自己的条件。两年来，让这些年轻球员加盟NBA的斗争已经演变成一场文化冲突——这种冲突被美中之间关于侦察飞机和贸易自由化的争吵大大淡化了。如果成功的话，它可能是——用一句篮球术语来说——最终的二人配合。“这就像乒乓外交，”夏松，一个代表王的体育市场经理人说，“只不过球个大些。”两年前，这件事情更像是锁链。当小牛队早在1999年要挑选他们的明星时，王所在部队的头头们非常恼火。尼尔森仍记得与当时（小牛队）的拥有人罗斯·小皮劳特——那个行为古怪的亿万富翁的儿子——一块飞往北京，同面孔古板的人民解放军干部敲定一项交易的情景。“你能听见他们所想的：‘这个NBA球队在干什么，想对我们的财产提出要求吗？’”尼尔森回忆道。“我们试图解释这对王和中国都是一件光荣的事。”交易没达成。王变得十分沮丧，失去了场上锋芒。这年，姚成为选定球员。他在得分和挣抢蓝板球方面超过了王，甚至在中国篮球协会联赛中夺走了他垂涎已久的MVP（最有价值球员）奖。表面看来，似乎他所在的上海队——一个中国最开放城市中充满活力的半资本主义俱乐部——将首先把它的球星送进NBA。后来，3月巅峰来临。王打破消沉，率领八一队连续第六次摘取联赛桂冠——他在决赛中独得40分。一天以后，人民解放军宣布王可以自由地去西方，又为自己赢了不少分。是什么因素导致了这种变化？毫无疑问，与小牛队致力于与中国官员建立信任的努力密不可分（甚至邀请国家队教练王飞在达拉斯度过1999-2000赛季）。当然还有一些小小的中国人的自尊心因素。国家队在2000年奥运会结束时踉踉跄跄地挤到第10位，而在1996年列第8位。即使是最顽固的干部也会明白，只有把自己的球星派到海外向世界最优秀的球员学习，才能提高球队的水平。Section2:汉译英（40分）PartA必译题（20分）[参考译文]TheChinesenationhasalwaysvaluedhumandignityandvalue.Evenintheancientdays,ourancestorscameupwiththeideaofpeoplebeingmostimportant,believingthat“manisthemostvaluableamongallthethingsthatheavenfosters.”Progressanddevelopmentofasocietyhingeonhumanprogressanddevelopmentanddependonhowwellhumandignityismaintainedandhowmuchhumanvalueisrealized.TheCommunistPartyofChinahasledtheChinesepeopleincarryingoutrevolution,developmentandreformpreciselyforthepurposeofensuringtheentireChinesepeoplebroadfreedoms,democracyandhumanrights.TheimmensevitalitydisplayedbyChinatodayisavividreflectionofthebroadfreedomsanddemocraticrightsenjoyedbytheChinesepeople.China’spopulationreachedaround60millionasearlyasinthefirstcentury.Forseveralthousandyears,tomeetthepeople’sneedforfood,clothes,housingandtransporthasallalongbeentheprimaryhumanrightschallengeforsuccessivegovernmentsinChinesehistory.Intoday’sChina,whichisalargedevelopingcountrywithapopulationofover1.2billion,toppriorityshouldstillbegiventoensuringthegreatestpossiblemajorityofitspeopletherightstosubsistenceanddevelopment.Otherwise,therewouldbenootherrightstospeakof.Tohavebeenabletoensureourpeopletheserightsisinitselfamajorcontributiontotheprogressoftheworldhumanrightscause.PartB二选一题（20分）选题一[参考译文]AIDSAIDSisalife-threateningsicknessthatarracksthebody’snaturaldefensesystemagainstdisease.Itcan71 destroythebody’sabilitytoprotectitself.AIDSitselfdoesnotkill.Butbecausethebody’sdefensesystemisdamaged,thepatienthaslittleabilitytofightoffmanyotherdiseases,suchaspneumonia,cancer,blindnessandmentaldisorders.TheAIDSvirusiscarriedinaperson’sbodyfluids.Theviruscanbepassedsexuallyorbysharinginstrumentsusedtotakeintravenousdrugs.ItalsocanbepassedinbloodproductsorfromapregnantwomanwithAIDStoherdevelopingbaby.ManystoriesaboutthespreadofAIDSarefalse.YoucannotgetAIDSbyworkingorattendingschoolwithsomeonewhohasthedisease.Youcannotgetitbytouchingdrinkingglassesorotherobjectsusedbysuchpersons.ExpertssaynoonehasgottenAIDSbylivingwith,caringforortouchinganAIDSpatient.选题二[参考译文]MYSTERYOFTIMEIfyoucanreadaclock,youcanknowthetimeofday.Butnooneknowswhattimeitselfis.Wecannotseeit.Wecannottouchit.Wecannothearit.Weknowitonlybythewaywemarkitspassing.Foralloursuccessinmeasuringthetiniestpartsoftime,timeremainsoneofthegreatmysteriesoftheuniverse.Onewayofthinkingabouttimeistoimagineaworldwithouttime.Thentherecouldbenomovement,becausetimeandmovementcannotbeseparated.Aworldwithouttimecouldexistonlyaslongastherewerenochanges.Fortimeandchangearelinked.Whensomethingchanges,youknowtimehaspassed.Intherealworld,changesneverstop.Somechangeshappenonlyonceinawhile,likeaneclipseofthemoon.Othershappenrepeatedly,liketherisingandsettingofthesun.Peoplehavealwaysnotednaturaleventsthatrepeatthemselves.Whenpeoplebegantocountsuchevents,theybegantomeasuretime.71 2004年5月英语二级笔译实务试题Section1:English-ChineseTranslation（英译汉）（60point）PartACompulsoryTranslation（必译题）（30points） ThefirstoutlineofTheAscentofManwaswritteninJuly1969andthelastfootoffilmwasshotinDecember1972.Anundertakingaslargeasthis,thoughwonderfullyexhilarating,isnotenteredlightly.Itdemandsanunflaggingintellectualandphysicalvigour,atotalimmersion,whichIhadtobesurethatIcouldsustainwithpleasure;forinstance,IhadtoputoffresearchesthatIhadalreadybegun;andIoughttoexplai-nwhatmovedmetodoso.      Therehasbeenadeepchangeinthetemperofscienceinthelast20years:thefocusofattentionhasshiftedfromthephysicaltothelifesciences.Asaresult,scienceisdrawnmoreandmoretothestudyofin-dividuality.Buttheinterestedspectatorishardlyawareyethowfar-reachingtheeffectisinchangingtheimageofmanthatsciencemoulds.Asamathematiciantrainedinphysics,Itoowouldhavebeenunaware,hadnotaseriesofluckychancestakenmeintothelifesciencesinmiddleage.Ioweadebtforthegoodfortunethatcarriedmeintotwoseminalfieldsofscienceinonelifetime;andthoughIdonotknowtowhomthedebtisdue,IconceivedTheAscentofManingratitudetorepayit.      TheinvitationtomefromtheBritishBroadcastingCorporationwastopresentthedevelopmentofscienceinaseriesoftelevisionprogrammestomatchthoseofLordClarkonCivilisation.Televisionisanadmirablemedium-forexpositioninseveralways:powerfulandimmediatetotheeye,abletotakethespectatorbodilyintotheplacesandprocessesthataredescribed,andconversationalenoughtomakehimconsciousthatwhathewitnessesarenoteventsbuttheactionsofpeople.Thelastofthesemeritsistomymindthemostcogent,anditweighedmostwithmeinagreeingtocastapersonalbiographyofideasintheformoftelevisionessays.Thepointisthatknowledgeingeneralandscienceinparticulardoesnotconsistofabstractbutofman-madeideas,allthewayfromitsbeginningstoitsmodernandidiosyncraticmodels.Thereforetheunderlyingconceptsthatunlocknaturemustbeshowntoariseearlyandinthesimplestculturesofmanfromhisbasicandspecificfaculties.Andthedevelopmentofsciencewhichjoinstheminmoreandmorecomplexconjunctionsmustbeseentobeequallyhuman:discoveriesaremadebymen,notmerelybyminds,sothattheyarealiveandchargedwithindividuality.Iftelevisionisnotusedtomakethesethoughtsconcrete,itiswasted.PartBOptionalTranslations（二选一题）（30points）Topic1（选题一）   It’snotthatweareafraidofseeinghimstumble,ofscribblingamustacheoverhiscareer.Sure,thenicepartofuswantsMiketoknowweappreciatehim,thathestillreigns,atleastinourmemory.Thetruth,though,isthatwedon’twanthimtocomebackbecauseevenforMichaelJordan,thiswouldbeanactofhubrissomonumentalastomakehistrademarkconfidencetwistintoconceit.Wedon’twanthimbackonthecourtbecausenoonelikesashow-off.Thestumbling?Thatwillbefun.      Butwearenicepeople,weAmericans,with225yearsofoptimismatourbacks.DaysagowhenM.J.saidhehadmadeadecisionaboutreturningtotheNBAinSeptember,wegotexcited.Hehadsaidthedaybefore,“Ilookforwardtoplaying,andhopefullyIcangettothatpointwhereIcanmakethatdecision.It’sO.K.,tohavesome71 doubt,andit’sO.K.tohavesomenervousness.”ATime/CNNpolllastweekhasAmericans,2to1,sayingtheywouldlikehimonthecourtASAP.Andonly21percentthoughtthatifhecamebackandjustcompletelybombed,itwoulddamagehislegend.Infactonly28percentthinkathletesshouldretireattheirpeak.      SourcesclosetohimtellTimethatwhenJordanfirsttalkedaboutacomebackwiththeWashingtonWizards,theteamJordanco-ownsandwouldplayfor,someofhistrustedadvisersprivatelytriedtodiscouragehim.“Buttheysayiftheytrytostophim,itwillonlyfirmuphisresolve,”saysanNBAsource.      TheproblemwithJordan’sreturnisnotonlythathecan’tpossiblyliveuptothestorybookendinghegaveupin1998—earninghissixthringwithalast-secondchampionship-winningshot.Theproblemisthatthemotivesforcomingback—needingtheattention,needingtoplayevenwhenhis38-year-oldbodydoesnot—violatetheverymythofJordan,themythofabsolutecontrol.BabeRuth,the20thcentury’sfirststar,wasagustoffatbravadoanddrunkentalent,whileJordanendedthecenturybyprovingtheeleganceofresolve;Babe’spointingtothebleachersreplacedbythecharmofabackpedalingshouldershrug.Jordansymbolizedsuccessbynotsullyinghisbrandwithhispolitics,hisopinionorsuperstarpersonality.TobeaJordanfanwastobeafanofclassinessandconfidence.      TocomebackwhenheknowsthatplayingforWizardswon’tgethimanywherenearthesecondroundoftheplay-offs,whenheknowsthathewon’tbetheleaguescoringleader,that’salossofcontrol.      Jordandoesnotcarewhatwethink.Friendssaythathetakesarticlesthattellhimnottocomebackandtacksthemallonhisrefrigeratorasinspiration.Sowhybotherwritingsomethingtellinghimnottocomeback?HeisstillMichaelJordan.Topic2（选题二） EvenafterIwastoogrown-uptoplaythatgameandtoogrown-uptotellmymotherthatIlovedher,IstillbelievedIwasthebestdaughter.Didn’tIrunallthewayuptotheterracetocheckonthedryingmangopickleswheneversheasked?      AsIenteredmyteens,itseemedthatIwasbecominganevenbetter,morelovingdaughter.Didn’tIdropwhateverIwasdoingeachafternoontogotothecornergrocerytopickupanyspicesmymotherhadrunoutof?      Mymother,ontheotherhand,seemedmoreandmoreunlovingtome.Somedaysshepositivelyresembledawitchasshethreatenedtopackmeofftomyseconduncle’shomeinprovincialBarddhaman—afateworsethandeathtoacoolCalcuttagirllikeme—ifmygradesdidn’timprove.Otherdaysshewouldsitmedownandtellmeabout“GirlsWhoBroughtShametoTheirFamilies”.Therewereapparently,amillionwaysinwhichonecoulddothis,andmymotherwasdeterminedthatIshouldbecautionedagainsteveryoneofthem.Onprinciple,shedisapprovedofeverythingIwantedtodo,fromgoingtostudyinAmericatopermingmyhair,andherfavoritephrasewas“overmydeadbody.”ItwasclearthatIlovedherfarmorethanshelovedme—thatis,ifshelovedmeatall.      AfterIfinishedgraduateschoolinAmericaandgotmarried,myrelationshipwithmymotherimprovedagreatdeal.Thoughoccasionallydubiousaboutmychoiceofawritingcareer,overallshethoughtI’dshapedupnicely.Ithoughtthesameabouther.Weestablishedarhythm:She’dwritefromIndiaandgivemeallthegossipandsendcarepackageswithmyfavoritekindofmangopickle;I’dcallherfromtheUnitedStatesandtellherall71 thethingsI’dbeenuptoandsendcarepackageswithinstantvanillapudding,forwhichshe’ddevelopedagreatfondness.Welovedeachotherequally—orsoIbelieveduntilmyfirstson,Anand,wasborn.      Myson’sbirthshookupmyneat,organized,in-controladultexistenceinwaysIhadn’timagined.Iwentthroughsixweeksofbeingshroudedinanexhaustedfogofpostpartumdepression.AsmyhusbandandIwalkedourwailingbabyupanddownthroughthenight,andIseriouslycontemplatedgoingAWOL,IwonderedifIwascutouttobeamotheratall.Andmotherlove—whatwasthatallabout?Thenonemorning,asIwaschangingyetanotherdiaper,Anandgrinnedupatmewithhistoothlessgums.Hmm,Ithought.Thislittlebrownscrawnythingiskindofcuteafterall.Thingsprogressedrapidlyfromthere.BeforeIknewit,I’dmovedtheextrabedintothebaby’sroomandwasspendingmanynightsonit,bondingwithmyson.Section2:Chinese-EnglishTranslation（汉译英）（40point）PartACompulsoryTranslation（必译题）（30points）奥林匹克运动的生命力和非凡魅力在于在奥林匹克运动中居核心地位的奥林匹克精神。体育的目的在于追求人类身心全面发展，并在此基础上促进社会的发展和进步。现代奥林匹克运动的创始人顾拜旦（PieeredeCoubertin）认为体育是全人类的一项伟大事业。他将奥林匹克运动的目标设定为促进不同国家、不同文化之间的相互理解，从而促进和维护世界和平，推进人类文明。这一理想使奥林匹克运动得以经百年而不衰。作为全世界奥林匹克大家庭成员的一个盛大聚会，奥林匹克运动已经成为促进世界和平、进步与发展的一只重要社会力量。PartBOptionalTranslations（二选一题）（20points）Topic1（选题一）   近年来，中国经济保持快速发展，为世界经济发展注入了活力。实践证明了中国在加入世贸组织之前的预言：中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展需要中国。未来20年，在全面建设小康社会的进程中，中国一定会对世界经济的发展和实现全人类的共同进步做出历史性的贡献。为此，中国将继续扩大外贸，大力实施西部大开发战略，进一步改善投资环境，为外商提供更大的商机。同时，中国将引导和支持更多有比较优势的企业对外投资，开展平等互利、形式多样的经济技术合作。中国将进一步加强双边、多边和区域经济合作，实现世界各国各地区的共同发展。Topic2（选题二） 移动电话正在成为21世纪一个主要的技术领域。在几年之内，移动电话将会发展成为多功能的通信工具，除了语音之外，还可以传输和接收视频信号、静止图像、数据和文本。个人通信的新纪元即将到来。在一定程度上多亏了无线网络的发展，电话正在与个人电脑和电视融合起来。不久之后，配有高分辨率显示屏的轻巧手机便可以与卫星连接。人们可以随时随地通话，收发电子邮件或者参加视像电话会议。这种手机也许还会吸收电脑的许多主要功能。移动通信工具有望带来一些互联网所能提供的新服务，如股票交易、购物及预订戏票和飞机票。71     电信革命已在全球范围内展开。不久之后，用一台装置就可以收到几乎任何形式的电子通信信号。最有可能的是一部三合一手机。在家里它可以用作无绳电话，在路上用作移动电话，在办公室里用作内部通话装置。有些专家甚至认为移动视像电话将超过电视，成为主要的视频信息来源。参考译文Section1:英译汉（60分）PartA（必译题）（30分）《人类的进程》一书的提纲初稿是1969年7月完成的，影片的最后一部分是在1972年12月拍摄的。像这样大的一个项目，虽然异常精彩，令人激动，却并不是轻易上马的。它要求我保持旺盛的脑力和体力，专心致志地投入工作。我必须确保持之以恒，并从中得到乐趣；比方说，我不得不停下已经开始的研究工作；我还应当说明一下，究竟是什么促使我承担这项工作的。二十年来，科学的发展趋势发生了深刻的变化：关注的焦点已经从自然科转移到生命科学。结果，便把科学越来越吸引到个体特征的研究上来。然而感兴趣的旁观者几乎没有意识到此事对于改变科学塑造的人的形象产生了多么深远的影响。我是一个研究数学的人，以前学过物理学，若不是中年有幸有几次机会涉足生命科学，我也不会有所认识。我应当感谢我交的好运，是它使我在一生中参与了两个启发性的科学领域。尽管我并不知道应该向谁表示感谢，我编写了《人类的进程》一书，以表示我的感激之情。英国广播公司邀请我做的是通过一套电视节目来表现科学的发展过程，以与克拉克勋爵制作的关于文明的电视节目相匹配。通过电视来进行解说有几大好处：它有力、直观，能使观众身临其境或亲身参与所描述的过程，它的语言亲切，能使观众觉得他所看到的是人们的行动而不是事件。这些优点之中，我认为最后一点最为突出，它是一股最大的动力促使我同意以电视散文的方式从个人的角度来讲述各种思想的发展史。重要的是知识总体，尤其是科学知识不是由抽象的思想构成的，而是由人的思想构成的，自有知识开始直到现代千奇百怪的模式莫不是如此。所以介绍打开自然界之门的基本思想，必须表现出它们很早就已产生，而且是产生在人类最淳朴的文化之中，产生于人类基本的、具体的感官之中。同时还必须表现出使种种思想形成越来越复杂的结合体的科学的发展也同样是人类的贡献：种种发现都是人的产物，而不仅仅是头脑的产物，因此它们都是有生气的，而且具有个人的特色。如果电视未能把这些思想表现得很具体，那岂不是浪费！PartB二选一题（30分）选题一[参考译文]不是因为我们害怕看到他会因失误而给他辉煌的生涯画上遗憾的一笔。从善意的角度说，我们想让迈克知道，我们仍然欣赏他，至少在我们的记忆中，他仍然是英雄。事实上，我们不想让他重返球场，即使他是迈克尔·乔丹。我们觉得这是个贸然之举，我们不想看到自信的商标蜕变成一种自负的象征。我们不想让他重返球场，因为没有人喜欢卖弄。失误呢？那将会很有趣。但是我们是有着225年乐观历史的美国人，我们都是好心人。当乔丹几天前宣布他将在九月重返NBA时，我们曾为之一振。宣布的前一天，他说过：“我盼望能打球，并希望事情能如愿以偿。有些人怀疑，有些人紧张，都属正常。”《时代》周刊和美国有线新闻网上周做的一项民意调查表明，每两个美国人当中就有一个人希望乔丹尽快重返赛场。只有21%的人们认为，如果他的重返导致一场彻底失败，将会损害他的传奇。事实上只有28%的人认为运动员应该在他的运动巅峰时期引退。与乔丹关系密切的人告诉《时代》周刊，当乔丹第一次谈到重返它与其他人共同拥有的华盛顿奇才队并为之效力时，一些他最信任的顾问试图私下打消他的愿望。“但他们说，如果试图阻止他，只能鉴定他的决心，”一位NBA人士如是说。71 乔丹复出所产生的问题不仅仅在于他不可能重现1998年的神话，那一年，他以一个精彩的最后一秒投篮，使球队赢得了冠军，也为自己赢得了第六只金指环。问题是他重返的动机——他需要人们的关注，需要在38岁体力不支时，仍然打球。这一切都有悖于他所创造的神话——一个展示绝对控制力的神话。如果说二十世纪的第一个球星巴比·鲁斯是一个身材魁梧肥胖的鲁莽之夫和酒鬼天才，乔丹则证明了刚毅所能带来的优雅风度，并以此结束了二十世纪。巴比对观众的颐指气使被乔丹无奈耸肩的魅力所取代。乔丹代表着成功，因为他的名字没有被他的政治倾向、他的观点或是他的超级明星个性所玷污。乔丹迷就是典雅和自信迷。明明知道加盟奇才队他将不可能进入联赛第二轮赛事，明明知道他将与联赛最佳投手无缘，他的重返赛场就是一种失控。乔丹并不在乎我们在想什么。他的朋友说：他把所有奉劝他不要复出的文章都贴在冰箱上作为激励。那么，我们为什么还要喋喋不休地告诉他不要复出呢？他依然是迈克尔·乔丹。选题二[参考译文]即使我长大些，不再适合做这样的游戏，不再对母亲说我爱她，我仍然相信自己是世上最好的女儿。难道不是吗？每当母亲吩咐，我不是总一路跑着到阳台去查看晒在那儿的腌芒果？当我步入少年，我好像变成了一个更乖更可爱的女儿。难道不是吗？每天下午，当妈妈需要新的调料，我不是总放下手头的工作去街角的杂货店帮她买？另一方面，我的母亲对我的爱却好像越来越少。有时她活像个巫婆，因为她威胁如果我的学习成绩还没有起色，就要把我送到远在巴哈马乡下的二叔家——这对于像我这样心高气奥德加尔各答女孩而言，将是比死亡更悲惨的命运。有时她又会让我坐着听她讲有关“带给家庭耻辱的女孩”的故事。显然一个人会面对许多变坏的可能，因此母亲决心让我对每个可能都保持警惕。基本上，她对我想做的每一件事都持反对意见，从去美国学习到烫头发。她的口头禅是“除非我死了”。很明显，我对母亲的爱远远超过了她对我的爱——如果她爱我的话。当我结束了在美国的研究生学习并结了婚，我和母亲的关系改善了许多。虽然偶尔她还对我的当作家的选择表示怀疑，但总的来说她认为我做的事情还算不错。对于她我也这样认为。我们之间建立起一种循环：她从印度写信给我，告诉我各种趣闻，并寄来我最喜欢的腌芒果；我从美国打电话给她，告诉她我都忙了些什么事情，并寄去她最喜欢的香草布丁。我们的爱是对等的——至少在我的儿子阿南德出生前，我是这样认为的。儿子的降生一下子打乱了我的平静、规律、有秩序的生活，使我措手不及。出院后的六周里，我一直被产后抑郁症的阴影包围着。当夜里我和我的丈夫抱着哭闹不止的儿子，走来走去哄他睡觉，我开始认真考虑是否要“撤退”。我怀疑自己是否适合做母亲。母爱——究竟是什么？有一天清晨，我在为阿南德换尿布，他突然咧开没有牙的嘴，冲我笑起来。那一刻我在想，这个褐色的瘦弱的小东西毕竟还是很可爱的。之后事情就进展得很顺利了。不知不觉之间，我已在婴儿室里添了一张床并在很多天晚上睡在那儿，陪着我心爱的宝贝。Section2:汉译英（40分）PartA（必译题）（20分）[参考译文]ThevitalityandspecialappealoftheOlympicGameslieintheOlympicspirit,whichisthesoulofthesouloftheGames.Thegoalofsportsistopursuecomprehensivephysicalandmentaldevelopmentand,onthebasisofthis,toacceleratesocialprogress.PierredeCoubertin,founderofthemodernOlympiad,consideredsportsagreatundertakingofhumanity.ThegoaloftheOlympicMovementdefinedbyhimistopromoteundertakingamongdifferentcountriesandcultures,maintainworldpeaceandadvancehumancivilization.Thisidealhasenabledthe71 OlympicGamestothriveformorethanacentury.TheOlympicGameshavebeenagrandgatheringofmembersoftheOlympicfamilythroughouttheworld,andtheOlympicMovementhasbecomeamajorsocialforcetopromoteworldpeace,progressanddevelopment.PartB二选一题（30分）选题一[参考译文]Inrecentyears,China’seconomyhasmaintainedrapiddevelopment,injectingvigorintoglobaleconomicgrowth.FactshaveconfirmedthepredictionmadebyChinabeforeitsWTOaccession:China’sdevelopmentcannotbesustainedwithouttheworld,andworlddevelopmentneedsChina.Inthecoming20years,Chinaisboundtomakehistoriccontributionstoglobaleconomicdevelopmentandtothecommonprogressofmankind,whilebuildingawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway.Toachievethis,Chinawillcontinuetoexpandforeigntrade,energeticallyimplementitswestdevelopmentstrategy,furtherimproveitsinvestmentenvironment,andprovideoverseasinvestorswithgreaterbusinessopportunities.Meanwhile,itwillguideandsupportcompetitiveenterprisestoinvestoverseasandcarryoutdiverseformsofeconomicandtechnologicalcooperationonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit.Chinawillfurtherintensifybilateral,multilateralandregionaleconomiccooperation,soastoachievecommondevelopmentinallcountriesandregionsintheworld.选题二[参考译文]Thecellphoneisbecomingoneofthemajortechnologiesofthe21stcentury.Withinafewyears,itwillbecomeamulti-functionalcommunicatoroftransmittingandreceivingnotonlysound,butalsovideo,stillimages,dataandtext.Aneweraofpersonalcommunicationisontheway.Thanksinparttothegrowthofwirelessnetworks,thetelephoneisconvergingwiththepersonalcomputerandthetelevision.Soonlight-weightphonesoutfittedwithhigh-resolutionscreenswillbeconnectedtosatellites.Peoplecantalk,sendandreceivee-mail,ortakepartinvideoconferencesanytime,anywhere.Thesephonesmightalsoabsorbmanyofthekeyfunctionsofcomputers.MobiledevicesareexpectedtobeidealforsomeofthenewservicesthatareavailableviatheInternet,suchastradingstocks,shoppingandbookingtheaterandairlinetickets.Thetelecommunicationrevolutionisdevelopingaroundtheglobe.Itwillsoonbepossibletoreceivealmostallformsofelectroniccommunicationthroughasingledevice.Athree-in-onephoneismostlikely.Itcanserveasacordlessathome,acellphoneontheroadandanintercomatwork.Someexpertsevensuggestthatcellvideophonescouldovertaketelevisionasthemajorsourceofvisualinformation.71 2004年11月二级笔译实务试题Section1:English-ChineseTranslation（英译汉）（60point）Thissectionconsistsoftwoparts:PartA"CompulsoryTranslation"andPartB"OptionalTranslations"whichcomprises"Topic1"and"Topic2".TranslatethepassageinPartAandyourchoicefrompassageinPartBintoChinese.Write"CompulsoryTranslation"aboveyourtranslationofPartAandwrite"Topic1"or"Topic2"aboveyourtranslationofthepassagefromPartB.Thetimeforthissectionis100minutes.PartACompulsoryTranslation（必译题）（30points）Untilrecently,scientistsknewlittleaboutlifeinthedeepsea,norhadtheyreasontobelievethatitwasbeingthreatened.Now,withthebenefitoftechnologythatallowsfordeeperexploration,researchershaveuncoveredaremarkablearrayofspeciesinhabitingtheoceanflooratdepthsofmorethan660feet,orabout200meters.Atthesametime,however,technologyhasalsoenabledfishermentoreachfardeeperthaneverbefore,intoareaswherebottomtrawlscandestroyinminuteswhathastakennaturehundredsandinsomecasesthousandsofyearstobuild.Manyoftheworld"scoralspecies,forexample,arefoundatdepthsofmorethan200meters.Itisalsoestimatedthatroughlyhalfoftheworld"shighestseamounts-areasthatrisefromtheoceanfloorandareparticularlyrichinmarinelife-arealsofoundinthedeepocean.Thesedeepseaecosystemsprovideshelter,spawningandbreedingareasforfishandothercreatures,aswellasprotectionfromstrongcurrentsandpredators.Moreover,theyarebelievedtoharborsomeofthemostextensivereservoirsoflifeonearth,withestimatesrangingfrom500,000to100millionspeciesinhabitingtheselargelyunexploredandhighlyfragileecosystems.Yetjustaswearebeginningtorecognizethetremendousdiversityoflifeintheseareas,alongwiththepotentialbenefitsnewlyfoundspeciesmayholdforhumansocietyintheformofpotentialfoodproductsandnewmedicines,theyareatriskofbeinglostforever.Withenhancedabilitybothtoidentifywherethesespecies-richareasarelocatedandtotrawlindeeperwaterthanbefore,commercialfishingvesselsarenowbeginningtoreachdownwithnetsthesizeoffootballfields,catchingeverythingintheirpathwhilesimultaneouslycrushingfragilecoralsandbreakingupthedelicatestructureofreefsandseamountsthatprovidecriticalhabitattothecountlessspeciesoffishandothermarinelifethatinhabitthedeepoceanfloor.Becausedeepseabottomtrawlingisarecentphenomenon,thedamagethathasbeendoneisstilllimited.Ifstepsaretakenquicklytopreventthiskindofdestructiveactivityfromoccurringonthehighseas,thebenefitsbothtothemarineenvironmentandtofuturegenerationsareincalculable.Andtheyfaroutweightheshort-termcoststothefishingindustry.PartBOptionalTranslations（二选一题）（30points）Topic1（选题一）Mostoftheworld"svictimsofAIDSlive-and,atanalarmingrate,die-inAfrica.ThenumberofpeoplelivingwithAIDSinAfricawasestimatedat26.6millioninlate2003.NewfigurestobepublishedbytheUnitedNationsJointProgramonAIDS（UNAIDS），thespecialUNagencysetuptodealwiththepandemic,willprobablyconfirmitscontinuedspreadinAfrica,buttheywillalsoshowwhethertherateofspreadisconstant,increasingorfalling.AIDSismostprevalentinEasternandSouthernAfrica,withSouthAfrica,ZimbabweandKenyahavingthegreatestnumbersofsufferers;othercountriesseverelyaffectedincludeBotswanaandZambia.AIDSwasraginginEasternAfrica-whereitwascalled"slim",aftertheappearanceofvictimswastingaway-withinafewyearsafteritsemergencewasestablishedintheeasternCongobasin;however,theconflictingtheoriesabouttheoriginofAIDSarehighlycontroversialandpoliticized,andthecontroversyisfarfrombeingsettled.71 MeasuresbeingtakenalloverAfricainclude,firstofall,campaignsofpublicawarenessanddevice,includingadvicetoremainfaithfultoonesexualpartnerandtousecondoms.ThelatteradviceiswidelyignoredorresistedowingtonaturalandculturalaversiontocondomsandtoChristianandMuslimteaching,whichplacesemphasisinsteadonself-restraint.Animportantpartofanti-AIDScampaigns,whetherorganizedbygovernments,nongovernmentalorganizationsorboth,istheextensionofvoluntarycounselingandtesting(VCT).Inaddition,medicalresearchhasfoundawaytohelpsufferers,thoughnottocurethem.Fundsforanti-AIDSeffortsareprovidedbytheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TuberculosisandMalaria,apartnershipbetweengovernments,civilsociety,theprivatesectorandaffectedcommunitiesaroundtheworld;thefundwaslaunchedfollowingacallbytheUNSecretary-Generalin2001.However,muchmoreisneededifthespreadofthepandemicistobeatleasthalted.Topic2（选题二）Asaleaderofaleastdevelopedcountry,IspeakfromexperiencewhenIsaythatpovertyistoocomplexaphenomenon,andthestrategiesforfightingittoodiverseanddependentonlocalcircumstances,forthereisnosinglesilverbulletinthewaronpoverty.Wehavelearnedthehardwayovertheyears.Wehaveexperimentedwithallkindsofideas.YetareportrecentlyreleasedbytheWorldEconomicForumshowsthatbarelyathirdofwhatshouldhavebeendonebynowtoensuretheworldmeetsitsgoalstofightpoverty,hungeranddiseaseby2015isdone.IamnowconvincedthattheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalssetbytheUnitedNationsin2000canonlybeattainedthroughaglobalcompact,anchoredinnationalpoliciesthattakeintoaccountlocalcircumstances.Aidandtradearebothnecessary,buttheyarenotenoughontheirown.Neitherisgoodgovernanceenoughinitself.Aboveall,nothingcanmovewithoutthedirectparticipationoflocalcommunities.Ifearthatwelecturetoomuch.Thisisnotthebestway.IwillgiveanexampleofhowsuchacompactworkedinTanzaniatoachieveuniversalbasicschooling.Inthemid-1990s,almostallindicatorsforbasiceducationwereinfreefall.Thegrossenrollmentratehadfallenfrom98percentintheearly1980sto77.6percentin2000.Thenetenrollmentratehadlikewisefallen,fromover80percenttoonly58.8percent.Thenseveralthingshappened.Wedecidedatthetoppoliticallevelthatbasiceducationwouldbeatoppriority,andadoptedafive-yearPrimaryEducationDevelopmentPlantoachieveuniversalbasiceducationby2006-nineyearsaheadoftheglobaltarget.Goodgovernanceproducedmoregovernmentrevenues,whichquadrupledoverthelasteightyears.In2001,wereceiveddebtreliefundertheWorldBank"senhancedHIPC（heavilyindebtedpoorcountries）Initiative.Subsequently,moredonorsputaidmoneydirectlyintoourbudgetorintoapooledfundforthePrimaryEducationDevelopmentProgram（PEDP）.Thegovernment"spoliticalwillwasevidencedbythefactthatoverthelastfiveyearstheshareofthenationalbudgetgoingtopovertyreductionroseby130percent.Weabolishedschoolfeesinprimaryschools.ThenweensuredthatallPEDPprojectsarelocallydetermined,planned,owned,implementedandevaluated.Thisgavethepeopleprideanddignityinwhattheyweredoing.AfteronlytwoyearsofimplementingPEDP,tremendoussuccesseshavebeenachieved.Section2:Chinese-EnglishTranslation（汉译英）（40point）Thissectionconsistsoftwoparts:PartA"CompulsoryTranslation"andPartB"OptionalTranslations"whichcomprises"Topic1"and"Topic2".TranslationthepassageinPartAandyourchoicefrompassageinPartBintoEnglish.Write"CompulsoryTranslation"aboveyourtranslationofPartAandwrite"Topic1"or"Topic2"aboveyourtranslationofthepassagefromPartB.Thetimeforthissectionis80minutes.PartACompulsoryTranslation（必译题）（20points）71 进入新世纪，国际形势继续发生深刻复杂的变化。世界多极化和经济全球化灾曲折中发展。科技进步日新月异，我们既面临着必须抓住的发展机遇，也面临着必须认真应付的严峻挑战，尽管当今世界还存在着这样那样的矛盾和利益冲突，不确定、不稳定因素有所增加，但和平与发展仍是当今时代的主题，世界要和平、国家要发展、人民要合作是不可阻挡的历史潮流。当前亚洲形势总体稳定，和平、发展、合作已成为前进中亚洲的主流。经过共同努力，亚洲有关国家摆脱了金融危机的阴影，战胜了非典和禽流感疫情的冲击，经济结构调整取得成效，产业升级换代步伐加快，区域合作方兴未艾，抗御风险能力不断增强。亚洲仍然是全球最具发展活力的地区之一，也继续是全球贸易的重要增长点之一。我们对亚洲的发展前景充满信心。PartBOptionalTranslations（二选一题）（20points）Topic1（选题一）中国目前已经建成1.9万公里公路。自1990年以来，中国每年都要新增3700公里公路。到2020年公路网将连接中国所有重要城市。中国公路里程将仅次于美国，达到55000公里。高速公路网将带来深远的影响。城市带将形成；人们的生活方式将会发生变化；枢纽城市的经济增长率将迅速上升，因为便利的交通条件将吸引更多的投资者。许多国际开发商支持这种看法。世界银行和亚洲开发银行正用巨额贷款支持中国开展公路建设。它们认为公路建设对于缓解贫困至关重要。自上世纪末，亚洲开发银行已减少它在中国经济发达的东部地区的公路投资，而将重点转向较为贫困的西部地区。在公路建设中，中国也很重视支线公路建设，因为支线公路可以使小城镇充分利用附近干线公路建设带来的发展机遇。Topic2（选题二）长期以来西方人一直怀疑由草药制成的中成药是否有效。在过去的几年内，中国传统医药在世界范围内经历了严格的科学审查。为证明和提高传统治疗方法的效益，中国大陆投入了巨资在这方面进行艰苦研究。香港一直在努力使自己成为世界上传统中医研究的带头人。台湾也提出它将把自己建成一个中医技术中心。传统中医药的研究工作在亚洲以外地区的大学和其他机构也蓬勃开展。这些揭开传统医学秘密的研究工作可能会为中西医都大感头疼的疾病患者带来福音。尽管在理论上中西医之间还存在着分歧，一些对中医药感兴趣的著名国际制药公司已开始在中国实施小规模的研究项目。一批新药已在亚洲各地接受试验。参考译文Section1:英译汉（60分）PartA（必译题）（30分）前不久，科学家们对深海生物还知之甚少，也不太相信它们正受到威胁。现在，随着深海探测技术的发展，研究人员发现660多英尺，即200米深的海底生存着大量多种多样的物种。但与此同时，渔业人员也可以依靠技术到达以前更深的地方，进行海底拖网捕捞，而此种深海捕捞则可在几分钟内就把大自然几百年乃至几千年的一切毁灭。例如，世界上的许多种珊瑚在二百多米深的海底才能找到。此外，据估计世界上一些最高的海底山约有一半位于深海海底。这些海底隆起的地方，海洋生物特别丰富。这些深海生态系统为鱼类和其它生物提供生存、产卵、繁殖的场所，俄保护它们免遭大海流和猎食者的侵袭。此外，据信这些深海生态系统蕴藏着世界上最丰富的生命宝库，估计有五十万至一亿种生物生活在这些大体上未经勘探极脆弱的生态系统中。71 当我们现在刚刚开始认识这些地区极其丰富的生物多样性，并发现这些新物种可能为人类社会带来好处时--如新食品和新药品，这些地区却面临着永远消失的危险。由于确定物种丰富地区的能路增强，由于拖网捕涝能到达比过去更深的区域，商业渔船可把足球场大小的拖网撒入海中，碰上什么捕捞什么，同时损坏了脆弱的珊瑚，破坏礁石和海底山的脆弱结构，而正是这些东西为生活在深海海底的无数鱼类和其它海洋生物提供了赖以生存的场所。因为深海海底拖网捕捞是最近才出现的一种现象，它所造成的损害还是有限的。如能赶紧采取措施防止这些在公海上的破坏活动，它为海洋环境和子孙后代带来的好处将是无法估量的。这些好处将远远超过渔业短期内需承担的花费。PartB二选一题（30分）选题一世界上大多数艾滋病患者生活在非洲，并以惊人的速度大批死亡。据估计，2003年底非洲的艾滋病患者达到2660万人。联合国联合防治艾滋病计划署是联合国为对付艾滋病而设立的专门机构，该机构将要公布的最新数字可能证实艾滋病还在非洲继续蔓延，但同时也可以说明它蔓延的速度是维持不变，或在加快，还是在放慢。艾滋病最猖獗的地区是非洲的东部和南部，在南非、津巴布韦和肯尼亚患者人数最多，疫情严重的国家还包括博茨瓦纳和赞比亚。1981年艾滋病的出现在世界上得到确认，没过几年，这种病就在非洲东部流行起来--当地人管它叫"瘦病"，因为患者的容貌是日渐消瘦。关于这种病毒的发源地，一种说法是发源于东刚果盆地；然而关于艾滋病来源的说法不一，很有争议，且带有浓厚的政治色彩；这场争论至今还远未结束。整个非洲都在采取措施，最主要的是提高公众意识和防范手段，包括建议忠实于一个性伴侣和使用避孕套。人们一般不愿使用避孕套，因为不习惯，还有文化方面的原因，同时它也不符合基督教和伊斯兰教的教义，它们更强调自我约束。在防治艾滋病的活动中，重要的一项就是提倡"自愿就医检查"，这项活动，有的市政府组织的，有的是民间组织的，也有的是政府和民间共同组织的。此外，医学研究也找到了一种办法，虽然不能治愈，也可对患者有所帮助。"全球预防艾滋病、肺结核、疟疾基金会"是世界各国政府部门、市民社会、私人企业和患者群体的一个协作机构，是应联合国秘书长的号召，于2001年发起成立的。这一机构为防治艾滋病的各项活动提供资金。然而，即便只是为了制止艾滋病的蔓延，这也是远远不够的。选题二作为一个最不发达国家的领导人，就切身体验而言，我认为贫穷是一个非常复杂的现象，战胜贫穷的方法也是多种多样的，而且在很大程度上取决于当地的情况，因此也就没有一件特别有效的法宝。许多年来，我们吃过不少苦头。我们对各种不同的主张进行了试验。然而，世界经济论坛不久前发表的一份报告称，全世界应在2015年完成的战胜贫穷、饥饿和疟疾的目标，至今只勉强完成了应完成的三分之一。现在我确信，要实现联合国于2000年确定的各项新前年发展目标，必须要有一项全球协议。该协议必须基于符合当地情况的国家政策。援助和贸易都是必要的，但光靠它们还是不够的。只靠善治也是不够的。事实上，没有地方社会力量的直接参与，任何事情都不可能取得进展。我担心的是我们说得太多。这可不是上策。我想举一个例子来说名义向全球协议是怎么在坦桑尼亚运作，以实现普及基础教育的。二十世纪九十年代中期，基础教育几乎各项指标都大幅下滑。毛入学率从八十年代初的98%下降到2000年的77.6%。净入学率也从80%以上下降到只有58.8%。随后发生了几件事情。最高政治领导层决定将基础教育列为最优先发展的项目，并通过了"小学教育五年发展计划"，规定于2006年普及基础教育，比全球的规定目标提前九年。善治使国库日渐充实，政府收入八年来翻了两番。2001年，我们接受了世界银行为重债穷国进一步免除债务的安排。随后还有捐助者直接把钱划入我们的预算，或捐给小学教育发展计划设立的合作基金。政府的政治决心从以下情况可以得到验证：五年来，国家预算中用于消除贫穷的部分增加了130%。我们还取消了小学的学费。此外，我们还保证所有涉及小学教育发展计划的项目都由地方来确定、规划、拥有、执行和评估。这就使得人们为自己的所作所为感到骄傲，感到光彩。小学教育发展计划只实行了两年，就取得了巨大的成功。Section2:汉译英（40分）71 PartA（必译题）（20分）Inthenewcentury,theinternationalsituationhascontinuedtoundergoprofoundandcomplicatedchanges.Worldmultipolarizationandeconomicglobalizationareprogressingamidtwistsandturns.Scienceandtechnologyareadvancingwitheachpassingday.Wehavebeforeusbothdevelopmentopportunitiesthatwemustseizeandgravechallengesthatwemustdealwithseriously.Despitethewidespreadconflictsandclashesofinterestsandincreasingnumbersoffactorsofuncertaintyandinstabilityintheworldtoday,peaceanddevelopmentremaintheoverridingthemesofthetimes.Theworldneedspeace,countriesdesiredevelopmentandpeoplewantcooperation.Thishasbecomeanirresistibletrendofhistory.Atpresent,Asia,onthewhole,enjoysstability,withpeace,developmentandcooperationbecomingthemainstreamofanadvancingAsia.Withconcertedefforts,relevantAsiancountrieshavefreedthemselvesfromtheshadowofthefinancialcrisis,overcometheimpactofSARSandbirdflu,succeededineconomicrestructuring,quickenedthetempoofindustrialupgradingandtransformation,promotedarobustregionalcooperation,andincreasedthecapacitytotideoverpotentialrisks.Asiahasretaineditspositionasoneoftheworld"smostdynamicregionsandakeygrowthpointinglobaltrade.WearefullofconfidenceinthefutureofAsia"sdevelopment.PartB二选一题（30分）选题一Uptonow,Chinahasbuilt19,000kmofhighways.Since1990,some3,700kmofhighwayshavebeenaddedeachyear.By2020,highwaynetworkswillconnectallmajorChinesecities,andthetotallengthofChina"shighwayswillbe55.000km,secondonlytothatoftheUnitedStates.Theimpactofhighwaynetworkswillbehuge.Urbanbeltswillemerge;people"slifestyleswillchange;andtheeconomicgrowthrateofinterchangecitieswillsurge,astheconvenienttransportationfacilitieswillattractmoreinvestors.Manyinternationaldeveloperssharethisview.BoththeWorldBankandtheAsianDevelopmentBankarelendingheavilytosupportChina"sroadexpansion.Theybelievehighwayconstructionisvitalforpovertyalleviation.Sincethelate1990s,theAsianDevelopmentBankhasreduceditsroadinvestmentinChina"seconomicallydevelopedeasternareasandshifteditsfocustotherelativelypoorwesternregion.Duringitshighwayconstruction,Chinapaysgreatattentiontothebuildingoffeederroads,astheycanhelpsmallertownsmakefulluseofthedevelopmentopportunitiesbroughtaboutbytheconstructionofnearbytrunkhighways.选题二Foralongtime,WesternershavebeenskepticalabouttheefficacyofChina"spatentdrugsmadeofmedicinalherbs.Inthepastfewyears,traditionalChinesemedicinehasbeensubjecttorigorousscientificscrutinyworldwide.ToproveandenhancetheefficacyoftraditionalChinesemedicine,China"smainland(themainlandofChina)haspouredhugeamountsofmoneyintohardresearchonthisfield.WhileHongKonghasbeenendeavoringtomakeitselftheworldleaderinresearchontraditionalChinesemedicine,TaiwanhasputforwardaplantotransformitselfintoatraditionalChinesemedicinetechnologycenter.ResearchintotraditionalcuresisalsoblossomingatuniversitiesandotherinstitutionsoutsideAsia.TheseeffortstounlockthesecretsoftraditionalremediescouldproducebenefitsforsufferersofdiseasesthathaveconfoundedbothWesternandtraditionalChinesemedicines.AlthoughtherearestilldifferencesbetweenWesternandtraditionalChinesemedicinesintheory,someworld-knownpharmaceuticalcompanies,takinginterestintraditionalChinesemedicine,havelaunchedsmallresearchprojectsinChina.AnumberofnewmedicineshavealreadyundergonetrialsacrossAsia.71 2005年5月二级笔译实务试题Section1:English-ChineseTranslation（英译汉）（60point）Thissectionconsistsoftwoparts:PartA"CompulsoryTranslation"andPartB"OptionalTranslations"whichcomprises"Topic1"and"Topic2".TranslatethepassageinPartAandyourchoicefrompassageinPartBintoChinese.Write"CompulsoryTranslation"aboveyourtranslationofPartAandwrite"Topic1"or"Topic2"aboveyourtranslationofthepassagefromPartB.Thetimeforthissectionis100minutes.PartACompulsoryTranslation（必译题）（30points）ItwasoneofthosedaysthatthepeasantfishermenonthistributaryoftheAmazonRiverdreamabout.Withwaterlevelsfallingrapidlyatthepeakofthedryseason,agiantschoolofbass,atastyfishthatfetchesagoodpriceatmarkets,wasswimmingrightintothenetsbeingcastfromadozensmallcanoeshere."Withabitofluck,youcanmake$350onadaylikethis,"LauroSouzaAlmeida,aleaderofthelocalfishermen"scooperative,exultedashemovedintoposition."Thatisafortuneforpeoplelikeus,"hesaid,theequivalentoffourmonthsattheminimumwageearnedbythosefortunateenoughtofindwork.Buthoveringnearbywasalargecommercialfishingvessel,a"motherboat"equippedwithlargeicechestsforstorageandhaulingmorethanadozensmallercraft.Thecrewonboardwasjustwaitingfortheremainderofthefishtomoveintotheriver"smainchannel,wheretheyintendedtoscoopupasmanyastheycouldwiththeirefficientgillnets.Asymbolofabundancetotherestoftheworld,theAmazonisexperiencingacrisisofoverfishing.Asstocksofthemostpopularspeciesdiminishtoworrisomelevels,tensionsaregrowingbetweensubsistencefishermenandtheircommercialrivals,whoareeagertoenrichtheirbottomlineandsatisfythegrowingappetiteforfishofcity-dwellersinBrazilandabroad.Inresponse,peasantsupanddowntheAmazon,hereinBrazilandinneighboringcountrieslikePeru,areformingcooperativestocontrolfishcatchesandrestocktheirriversandlakes.Butthateffort,increasinglysuccessful,hasonlyencouragedthecommercialfishingoperations,aswellassomeofthepeasants"lessdisciplinedneighbors,tostepuptheirdepredations."Theindustrialfishingboats,thebig20-to30-tonvessels,theyhaveadifferentmentalitythanusartisanalfishermen,whohavelearnedtotaketheprotectionoftheenvironmentintoaccount,"saidthepresidentofthelocalfishermen"sunion."Theywanttosweepeverythingupwiththeirdragnetsandthenmoveon,benefitingfromourworkandsacrificeandleavinguswithnothing."PartBOptionalTranslations(二选一题)（30points）Topic1(选题一)EversincetheeconomistDavidRicardoofferedthebasictheoryin1817,economicscripturehastaughtthatopentrade-freeoftariffs,quotas,subsidiesorothergovernmentdistortions-improvesthewell-beingofbothparties.U.S.policyhasimplementedthisdoctrinewithavengeance.Whyisfreetradesaidtobeuniversallybeneficial?Theanswerisadoctrinecalled"comparativeadvantage".Here"sasimpleanalogy.Ifasurgeonishighlyskilledbothatdoingoperationsandperformingroutinebloodtests,it"smoreefficientforthesurgeontoconcentrateonthesurgeryandpayalessefficienttechniciantodothetests,sincethatallowsthesurgeontomakethemostefficientuseofherowntime.Byextension,eveniftheUnitedStatesisefficientbothatinventingadvancedbiotechnologiesandattheroutinemanufactureofmedicines,itmakessensefortheUnitedStatestolettheproductionworkmigratetocountriesthatcanmakethestuffmorecheaply.Americansgetthebenefitofthecheaperproductsandgettospendtheirresourcesonevenmorevaluablepursuits,That,anyway,hasalwaysbeenthepremise.ButhereSamuelsondissents.Whatifthelowerwagecountryalsocapturestheadvancedindustry?71 Ifenoughhigher-payingjobsarelostbyAmericanworkerstooutsourcing,hecalculates,thenthegainfromthecheaperpricesmaynotcompensateforthelossinU.S.purchasingpower."Freetradeisnotalwaysawin-winsituation,"Samuelsonconcludes.Itisparticularlyaproblem,hesays,inaworldwherelargecountrieswithfarlowerwages,likeIndiaandChina,areincreasinglyabletomakealmostanyproductorofferalmostanyserviceperformedintheUnitedStates.IfAmericatradesfreelywiththem,thenthepowerfuldragoftheirfarlowerwillbegindraggingdownU.S.averagewages.TheU.S.economymaystillgrow,hecalculates,butatalowerratethanitotherwisewouldhave.Topic2（选题二）Uganda"seagernessforgenuinedevelopmentisreflectedinitsschoolchildren"ssmilesandinthefactthatsomanychildrenarenowgoingtoschool.Since1997,whenthegovernmentbegantoprovideuniversalprimaryeducation,totalprimaryenrollmenthadrisenfrom3millionto7.6millionin2004.Schoolshaveopenedwherenoneexistedbefore,althoughthereissomewaytogoinreachingthepoorestareasofthecountry.Ugandahasalsomadestridesinsecondaryandhighereducation,tothepointthatitisattractingmanystudentsfromothercountries.Atthesecondarylevel,enrollmentisabove700,000,withtheprivatesectorprovidingthemajorityifschools.Forthosewhowanttotaketheireducationfurther,thereare12privateuniversitiesinadditiontothefourpubliclyfundedinstitutions,togetherproviding75,000places.Educationisseenasavitalcomponentinthefightagainstpoverty.Thebattleforbetterhealthisanother,althoughitisonethatwilltakelongertowininacountrythatcarriesahighburdenofdisease,includingmalariaandAIDS.Here,thesolutionscanonlyarisefromacombinationofinternationalsupportandgovernmentdeterminationtocontinuespendingpublicmoneyonpreventivecareandbetterpublichealthinformation.Currentgovernmentplantsincluderecruitingthousandsofnurses,increasingtheavailabilityofdrugsandbuilding200newmaternityunits.Uganda"shighrateofpopulationgrowth,at3.6percentperannum,posesaspecialchallengeinthefightagainstpoverty,saysFinanceMinisterGeraldSsendaula,whopointsoutthatthefertilityrate,at6.9childrenperfemale,isthehighestinAfrica.Thegovernment"snewlyrevisedPovertyEradicationActionPlan(PEAP)putsthe"restorationofsecurity"atthetopofthecurrentgovernmentagenda.ThisisbecauseitestimatesthatUgandahaslost3percentofitsgrossdomesticproducteachyearthattheconflicthaspersisted.Displacedpeoplearenotonlyafinancialburden,theyareunabletotheeconomy.TheothercorechallengesidentifiedbytherevisedPEAParefindingwaystokeepthelowestincomegrowing,improvingthequalityofeducation,givingpeoplemorecontroloverthesizeoftheirfamiliesandusingpublicresourcestransparentlyandefficiently.Itisadocumentthatotherpoorcountriescouldlearnfrom.Section2:Chinese-EnglishTranslation（汉译英）（40point）Thissectionconsistsoftwoparts:PartA"CompulsoryTranslation"andPartB"OptionalTranslations"whichcomprises"Topic1"and"Topic2".TranslationthepassageinPartAandyourchoicefrompassageinPartBintoEnglish.Write"CompulsoryTranslation"aboveyourtranslationofPartAandwrite"Topic1"or"Topic2"aboveyourtranslationofthepassagefromPartB.Thetimeforthissectionis80minutes.PartACompulsoryTranslation（必译题）（20points）矿产资源是自然资源的重要组成部分，是人类社会发展的重要物质基础。中国是世界上最早开发利用矿产资源的国家之一。过去50年，中国在矿产资源勘探开发方面取得巨大成就。这为中国经济的持续、快速、健康发展提供了重要保障。中国政府高度重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用，把可持续发展确定为国家战略，把保护资源作为可持续发展战略的重要内容。中国是一个人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家。中国主要依靠本国的矿产资源来保障现代化建设的需要。同时，中国又积极引进国外资本和技术开发中国矿产资源，利用国外市场与国外矿产资源，并努力推动中国矿山企业和矿产品进入国际市场。71 PartBOptionalTranslations（二选一题）（20points）Topic1（选题一）众所周知，鸟无翅膀不能飞，人无双腿不能走。但对尹小星而言，鸟无翅膀不能飞，人无双腿却能走！1970年出生于江苏一户农民家庭的尹小星，出生仅8个月就患小儿麻痹症并发急性肺炎。虽然最终保住了命，他却再也不能站立。因为身体残疾，初中毕业后小星不得不辍学。生存的压力对他来说显得格外沉重，他贩过水果，养过鸡，还下功夫学习过中医。在他21岁的时候，这个年轻人竟怀揣一幅地图，手持一个指南针，摇着轮椅踏上了走遍全中国的艰难路途。近21年来小星手摇轮椅，足迹遍布31省、市、自治区，行程7万多公里，用坏了4部轮椅。他实现了徒手攀登泰山、华山、衡山等20多座名山，孤身翻越海拔5231米的唐古拉山，手摇轮椅走过丝绸之路，穿越塔克拉玛干（Taklimakan）大沙漠，徒手攀登上海东方明珠电视塔，圆满完成从沙漠到香港的旅行。Topic2（选题二）长城是世界一大奇迹。现在，每年都有几百万人到长城游览。在旺季，几处最著名的景点总是让成群结队的游客挤得水泄不通。中国人修筑城墙的历史久远，可以追溯到战国时期。历史上，中国共修过大约20座长城。在所有这些长城中，明长城最长，达到6700公里。在当时，中国技术在世界上处于领先地位，因此明长城的结构也是最复杂的。明长城的修筑是为了抵御北方游牧民族的入侵。清朝建立后，由于它的建立者本身也是游牧民族，他们觉得没有必要继续修筑长城。不过，清政府还是颁布法令对长城进行保护，禁止拆砖。但是，岁月的流逝和连续战乱使人们易到之处遭到了严重的破坏。十几年来，蓬勃发展的旅游业促进了长城的修缮工程。目前，多处长城已经修复，或正在修缮中。参考译文Section1:英译汉（60分）PartA（必译题）（30分）在亚马逊河的这一支流上捕鱼的农民就希望遇上那天的情况。旱季最缺水的时候，河面迅速下降，一大群鲈鱼正游进从十几只小船上撒下的网里。鲈鱼味道鲜美，能在市场上卖个好价钱。"要是运气不错，赶上今天这种情况，就能挣350美元，"劳鲁?苏扎?阿尔梅达说道。他是当地渔民合作社的一位负责人。他一边兴高采烈地说着，一边摆好了架式准备干活。他说："对我们这样的人来说，这可是一大笔钱呀。"因为就算一个人运气好，能找到工作，按最低工资计算，要四个月才能挣这么些钱。然而就在不远的地方，有一只大型商业渔船在游弋，那是一只"母船"，备有巨大的储藏冰柜，还拖着十几只小船。船员都在船上等候，等到剩余的鱼进入主河道以后，他们就用高效率的刺网进行捕捞，能捞多少，就捞多少。亚马逊河在世界上是物产丰富的标志，到它现在正经受一场过量捕鱼的危机。随着人们最喜爱的各种鱼类数量日渐减少，到了令人担忧的地步，靠打鱼糊口的渔民和他们商业对手之间的紧张关系也日益加剧，因为这些对手一心想着装满自己的船舱，以满足巴西乃至国外城里人越来越大的吃鱼胃口。针对这种情况，亚马逊河沿岸的农民群众，在巴西境内也好，在秘鲁等邻国也好，纷纷成立合作社，以求控制捕鱼量，增加河湖中鱼的数量。但是，这方面的努力虽日见成效，却促使那些为商业目的而捕鱼的机构以及附近一些不大守规矩的农民加紧进行掠夺。"那些工业化的渔船，二、三十吨位的，他们的想法跟我们这些手工操作的渔民不一样，我们懂得考虑怎样保护环境，"当地的渔业工会主席说道。"他们想用拖网一网打尽，然后有上别处去打。我们出力，他们受益，弄得我们一无所有。"71 PartB二选一题（30分）选题一[参考译文]自从经济学家李嘉图于1817年提出基本理论以来，经济学方面的经典著作都说自由贸易免除关税、限额和补贴，也没有政府的其他小动作，因此会增加双方的利益。美国的政策是不遗余力地实行这一理论。为什么说自由贸易可以使大家普遍受益呢？这可以在所谓"相对优势"的理论中找到答案。打个简单的比方，假如一位外科医生，既擅长动手术，又会做常规的验血工作，要取得较好的效益，就应让她集中精力做手术，同时雇一个能力较差的技术员去搞化验，因为这样就能让这位外科医生最有效的利用自己的时间。引申而言，虽然美国既擅长发明高级的生物技术，有精于日常的药品生产，明智的做法还是把药品生产从美国转移至生产费用更低的国家。这样，美国人就可以一方面因廉价产品获利，一方面把自己的资源用来从事更有价值的事业。这一向就是讨论问题的前提。但是现在萨缪尔森却提出了不同的看法。如果低工资国家也掌握了先进的产业，怎么办？据他估计，假如把过多的美国工人失去的较高工资的工作包到国外去，美国从廉价商品的获益不见得能补偿它购买力下降造成的损失。萨缪尔森断言："自由贸易并不总是一种双赢的局面。"他说，当今世界这个问题尤其突出。因为像印度和中国这样的大国，他们的工资低的多，可是他们的能力有在不断提高，美国能生产的产品，他们几乎都能生产，美国能提供的服务，他们也几乎都能够提供。假如美国与这些国家进行自由贸易，它们低的多的工资产生的巨大影响就会把美国的平均工资往下拉。据他推算，美国的经济仍然会增长，不过比应有的增长速度要低。选题二[参考译文]乌干达渴望得到真正的发展，这种愿望不仅反映在小学生的笑脸上，而且还体现在那么多孩子在上学的现实中。自1997年政府开始普及小学教育以来，小学在校总人数已从300万增至2004年的760万。过去没有学校的地方，现已开办了学校，不过要把教育发展到国内最贫困的地区，还要经过一番努力。乌干达在发展中等教育和高等教育方面也取得了进展，甚至吸引了其他国家的许多学生前来就学。在中等教育方面，在校人数现已超过70万，大多数学校是民办的。如有学生想继续深造，除4家公立大学外，还有12家私立大学，共7.5万个名额。人们认为教育是战胜贫困的重要一环，努力增强体质也是重要的一环。然而，乌干达饱受疾病的拖累，如疟疾、艾滋病等，增强体质绝非一日之功。在这方面，要解决问题，必须一方面靠国际援助，一方面政府要下决心，继续拨款预防疾病，并加强宣传公共卫生知识。目前政府计划包括招聘数千名护理人员，增加药品供应，新建200所产科诊所。财政部长杰拉尔德?森达乌拉说，乌干达人口的年增长率为百分之3.6，这样高的增长率对消除贫困构成特殊障碍。他还指出，乌干达平均每个女人生6.9孩子，这一生育率是全非洲最高的。政府最近修订过的《消除贫困行动计划》将"恢复安全"列为政府当前的首要任务。这是因为它估计连年不断的冲突已使乌干达的国内生产总值每年下降3个百分点。流离失所的人们不仅是财政方面的负担，也不能为发展经济出力。修订过的《消除贫困行动计划》列举的其他重大事项还包括设法不断提高最低收入，改进教育质量，帮助人们最好地控制家庭人口，透明而有效地使用公共资源等。这一文件值得其他贫困国家借鉴。Section2:汉译英（40分）PartA（必译题）（20分）[参考译文]Mineralresourcesareanimportantpartofnaturalresourcesandanimportantmaterialfoundationforthedevelopmentofhumansociety.Chinaisoneofthefirstcountriesintheworldtodevelopandutilizeresources.Overthepastfivedecades,Chinahasmadegreatachievementsinthesurveyanddevelopmentofitsmineralresources.Thishasprovidedanimportantguaranteeforthesustained,rapidandsounddevelopmentoftheChineseeconomy.TheChineseGovernmentattachesgreatimportancetosustainabledevelopmentandtherationalutilizationofmineralresources.Ithasmadesustainabledevelopmentanationalstrategyandtheprotectionofresourcesan71 importantpartofthisstrategy.Chinaisdevelopingcountrywithalargepopulationandarelativeshortageofresources.Itdependsmainlyontheexploitationofitsownmineralresourcestomeettheneedsofitsmodernizationprogram.Meanwhile,ithasmadeenergeticeffortstointroduceforeigncapitalandtechnologytoexploititsownresources,makeuseofforeignmarketsandforeignmineralresources,andstrivetohelpitsownminingenterprisesandmineralproductstoentertheinternationalmarket.PartB二选一题（30分）选题一[参考译文]Aseveryoneknows,birdscannotflywithoutwingsandapersoncannotwalkwithoutlegs.ButforYinXiaoxing,whilebirdscannotflywithoutwings,apersoncanwalkevenwithoutlegs!Bornin1970intoafarmer"sfamilyinJiangsuProvince,YinXiaoxingsufferedfrompolioandacutepneumoniaattheageofonlyeightmonths.Hesurvivedbutlosttheabilitytostandonhisfeet.Becauseofhisdisability,Xiaoxinghadtogiveuphisstudyafterjuniormiddleschool.Theburdenoflifeseemedtobeespeciallyheavyforhim.Hetriedtomakealivingbysellingfruits,raisingchickensandtakingpainstolearntraditionalChinesemedicine.Attheageof21,thisyoungman,withamapandacompassinhand,embarkedonthehardjourneyoftravelingaroundChinainhiswheelchair.Inthelast12years,YinXiaoxingtraveledatotalof70,000kilometersinhiswheelchairandlefthisfootprintsin31provinces,municipalitiesandautonomousregions.Duringthisperiod,heworeoutfourwheelchairs.Heleftatrailofhumanrecordsincludingclimbingmorethan20famousmountainslikeMontTai,MountHuaandMountHengwithhishands,crossingthe5,231-meter-highMountTanggulaalone,travelingalongtheSilkRoadinwheelchair,crossingtheTaklimakanDesert,gettingtothetopoftheOrientalPearlTVTowerinShanghaiwithhishands,andcompletingthejourneyfromthedeserttoHongKong.选题二[参考译文]TheGreatWallisawonderoftheworld.Now,millionsofpeoplejourneytotheGreatWalleachyear,makingitsmostpopularsitesbesiegedbyhordesoftouristsduringbusyseasons.TheChinesehavealonghistoryofbuildingwalls,datingfromtheWarringStatesperiod.Inhistory,about20wallswerebuilt,withthewallconstructedduringtheMingDynastybeingthelongest,extending6,700km.Chinawasthemosttechnologicallyadvancednationintheworldthen,sothewallwasalsothemostsophisticatedinstructure.Itwasbuilttowardofftheinvasionofnomadsfromthenorth.AftertheestablishmentoftheQingDynasty,sinceitsfounderswerethemselvesnomads,theydidnotseeaneedtocontinuewithwallbuilding.Nonetheless,theQinggovernmentdidinstitutealawtopreservethewall,banningtheremovalofbricksfromit.But,theimpactoftimeandcontinuouswarshaveleftthewallgreatlydamagedinitsmostaccessiblesections.Overthepast10-plusyears,theboomingtouristindustryhasstimulatedtheGreatwall"srenovationproject.71 2005年11月二级笔译实务试题【英译汉必译题】HansChristianAndersenwasDenmark"smostfamousnativeson.Yetevenafterhisfairytaleswonhimfameandfortune,hefearedhewouldbeforgotten.Heneednothaveworried.Thisweekend,Denmarkbeganeightmonthsofcelebrationstocoincidewiththebicentenaryofhisbirth,andDenmarkiseagerthattheworldtakenoteasitsetsouttodefinethepigeon-holedwriterinitsownway.ThefestivitiesbeganinCopenhagenonSaturday,Andersen"sactualbirthday,withalivelyshowofmusic,dance,lightsandcomedyinspiredbyhisfairytalesbeforeacrowdof40,000people--includingQueenMargretheIIandherfamily--attheParkenNationalStadium.Theopening,calledOnceUponaTime,willbefollowedbyaslewofconcerts,musicals,ballets,exhibitions,paradesandeducationprogramscostingoverUS$40million.Somorethaninrecentmemory,Danes--and,theyhope,foreigners--willberelivingthehumor,painandlessonstobefoundinevergreenstorieslikeTheLittleMermaid,TheEmperor"sNewClothes,TheUglyDuckling,TheLittleMatch-Seller,TheSteadfastTinSoldier,TheShadow,ThePrincessandthePeaandothersofAndersen"s150orsofairytales.]Inorganizingthisextravaganza,ofcourse,Denmarkisalsocelebratingitself.Afterall,Andersenisstillthiscountry"smostfamousnativeson.TrumpetinghisnameandachievementsnotonlydrawsattentiontoDenmark"scontributiontoworldculture,butcouldalsowoomoreforeigntouriststovisithisbirthplaceinthetownofOdenseandtobephotographedbesidethefamousbronzestatueoftheLittleMermaidinCopenhagen"sharbor.AndDenmarkhasevenmoreinmind.LocalguardiansoftheAndersenlegacyevidentlyfeelhisstorieshavelostgroundinrecentyearstothelikesofJ.R.R.Tolkien"sLordoftheRingsandJ.K.Rowling’sHarryPotter.Andersen"sfairytalesmayremaincentraltotheDanishidentity,servingashomespunguidestothevagariesofhumanbehavior,butwhatabouttherestoftheworld?"WhatwereallyneedisarebirthofAndersen,"notedLarsSeeberg,secretarygeneraloftheHansChristianAndersen2005Foundation."Twocenturiesafterhisbirth,hestillfailstobeuniversallyacknowledgedastheworld-classauthorhenodoubtwas.【英译汉二选一】【试题1】IndependentInformationandAnalysisfromtheUSATheGapBetweenRichandPoorWidenedinU.S.CapitalWashingtonD.C.ranksfirstamongthe40citieswiththewidestgapbetweenthepoorandtherich,accordingtoarecentreportreleasedbytheD.C.FiscalPolicyInstituteonJuly22nd.Thetop20percentofhouseholdsinD.C.haveanaverageyearlyincomeof$186,830,31timesthatofthebottom20percent,whichearnsonly$6,126peryear.TheincomegapisalsobiginAtlantaandMiami,butthedifferenceisnotaspronounced.Thereportalsoindicatesthatthewideninggapoccurredmainlyduringthe1990s.Overthelastdecade,theaverageincomeofthetop20percentofhouseholdshasgrown36percent,whiletheaverageincomeofthebottom20percenthasonlyrisen3percent."Ibelievetheconcentrationofthemiddle-tohigh-incomefamiliesintheD.C.areawillcontinue,therefore,theincomegapbetweenrichandpoorwillbehardtobridge,"DavidGarrisontoldtheWashingtonObserver.GarrisonisaseniorresearcherwiththeBrookingsInstitution,specializinginthestudyofthesocialandeconomicpoliciesinthegreaterWashingtonD.C.area.71 ThereportattributedthepersistentincomegapinWashingtontothearea"sspecialjobopportunities,whichattracthigh-incomehouseholds.EspeciallysincethefederalgovernmentisbasedinWashingtonD.C.,Governmentagenciesandothergovernmentrelatedbusinessessuchaslobbyingfirmsandgovernmentcontractorsconstantlyofferhigh-payingjobs,whichcontributetothetrendofincreasinghigh-incomehouseholdsintheD.C.area.Forexample,asingleyoungprofessionalworkinginalawfirminD.C.canearnasmuchas$100,000inhisorherfirstyearoutoflawschool."Inaddition,high-qualityhousingavailableinWashingtonD.C.isoneofthemainreasonswhyhigh-incomefamilieschoosetolivehere,whilemiddleandlow-incomefamilies,iftheycanaffordit,choosetomoveoutofWashingtonD.C.totheVirginiaandMarylandsuburbssothattheirkidscangotobetterschools,"statedGarrison."AsrichfamiliescontinuetomoveintoD.C.andmiddleandlow-incomefamiliesaremovingout,thepoorestfamiliesareleftwithnowheretomove,orcannotaffordtomove.Thiscreatesthesituationwefacenow:ahugeincomegapbetweentherichandpoor."TheWashingtonD.C.areatowhichGarrisonrefersistheDistrictofColumbiacityitself,notincludingthegreaterWashingtonmetroarea."ThegreaterWashingtonmetroareahasalargepopulationofabout5million,butthelow-incomehouseholdsareoftenconcentratedinD.C.proper,"Garrisonexplained.TonyBlalock,thespokespersonforMayorAnthonyWilliams,saidresignedly,"NomatterwhatweseemtodotobringinvestmentintotheDistrict,acertainpopulationisnotabletoaccesstheuniqueemploymentopportunitiesthere.Thegapbetweentherichandpooristheproductofcomplexforces,andwon"tbefixedovernight."GarrisonbelievesthattheD.C.governmentshouldattracthigh-incomefamilies.Bydoingso,theDistrict"staxbasecangrow,whichinturncanhelpimproveD.C."sinfrastructure."Butinthemeantime,theDistrictgovernmentshouldalsotakeintoconsiderationtherightsofthepoor,setupgoodschoolsforthem,andprovidesoundsocialwelfare.Allthesemeasurescanalleviatethediresituationcausedbyincomedisparity."Garrison,however,isnotoptimisticaboutthepossibilityofclosingthegapbetweentherichandpoor.Heisparticularlydoubtfulthatcurrenteconomicprogresswillbeabletohelpoutthepoor."Bush"stax-cutplandidbringaboutthiswaveofeconomicrecovery,andtheworkingprofessionalsandrichdidbenefitfromit.Itisunfairtosaythattheplandidnothelpthepooratall…itjustdidn"tbenefitthemasmuchasitdidtherich,"Garrisonsaid."TheworkingclassinAmerica,thosewhodothesimplestwork,getpaidtheleast,anddutifullypaytheirtaxes,hasnotbenefitedfromBush"stax-cutplanmuch."Garrisonconcludes,"AlotofcitiesinAmericadidnotenjoythepositiveimpactoftheeconomicrecovery.WashingtonD.C.,ontheotherhand,hasalwaysbeenshelteredbythefederalgovernment.ThewidegapbetweenrichandpoorintheDistrict,therefore,deservesmorein-depthstudyandexploration."【试题2】Sometimesyoucanknowtoomuch.Theaimofscreeninghealthypeopleforcanceristodiscovertumorswhentheyaresmallandtreatable.Itsoundslaudableandoftenitis.Butitsometimesleadstounnecessarytreatment.Thebodyhasabatteryofmechanismsforstoppingsmalltumorsfrombecominglargeones.Treatingthosethatwouldhavebeensuppressedanywaydoesnogoodandcanoftenbeharmful.Takelungcancer.Areportinthisweek"sJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,byPeterBachoftheMemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCentreinNewYorkandhiscolleagues,suggeststhat,despitemuchfanfarearoundtheuseofcomputedtomography(CT)todetecttumorsinthelungswellbeforetheycausesymptoms,thetestmaynotreducetheriskofdyingfromthediseaseatall—indeed,itmaymakethingsworse.Thestorybeginslastyear,whenClaudiaHenschkeofCornellUniversityandhercolleaguesmadeheadlineswithareportthatpatientswhoselungcancerhadbeendiagnosedearlybyCTscreeninghadexcellentlong-termsurvivalprospects.Herresearchsuggestedthat88%ofpatientscouldexpecttobealivetenyearsaftertheir71 diagnosis.DrBachfoundsimilarresultsinaseparatestudy.Inhiscase,94%ofpatientsdiagnosedwithearly-stagelungcancerwerealivefouryearslater.Survivaldataalone,though,failtoanswerabasicquestion:“comparedwithwhat?”Peopleareboundtolivelongeraftertheirdiagnosisifthatdiagnosisismadeearlier.Earlydiagnosisisoflittlevalueunlessitresultsinabetterprognosis.DrBach,therefore,interrogatedhisdatamorethoroughly.HeusedstatisticalmodelsbasedonresultsfromstudiesoflungcancerthatdidnotinvolveCTscreening,totrytopredictwhatwouldhavehappenedtotheindividualsinhisownstudyiftheyhadnotbeenpartofthatstudy.Theresultswerenotencouraging.Screeningdid,indeed,detectmoretumors.Overthecourseoffiveyears,144casesoflungcancerwerepickedupinapopulationof3,200,comparedwithapredictednumberof44.Despitetheseearlydiagnoses,though,therewasnoreductioninthenumberofpeoplewhowentontodevelopadvancedcancer,norasignificantdropinthenumberwhodiedofthedisease(38,comparedwithapredictionof39).Consideringthatearlydiagnosispromptedatenfoldincreaseinsurgeryaimedatremovingthecancer(thepredictednumberofsurgicalinterventionswas11;theactualnumberwas109),andthatsuchsurgeryisunsafe—5%ofpatientsdieandanother20-40%sufferseriouscomplications—thewholeprocessseemstomakethingsworse.【汉译英】【试题一】２５年来，中国坚定不移地推进改革开放，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，开放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。从１９７８年至２００３年的２５年间，中国经济年均增长９．４％。２５年前，中国年国内生产总值为１４７３亿美元，去年已达到１４０００多亿美元。２５年前，中国年进出口贸易总额为２０６亿美元，去年已达到８５１２亿美元。２５年前，中国外汇储备为１．６７亿美元，去年已达到４０３３亿美元。目前，中国经济总量居世界第六，进出口贸易总额居世界第四。中国之所以能够发生这样巨大的变化，最关键的原因是我们始终坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，始终坚持改革开放，激发了全体人民的积极性、主动性、创造性。中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。【试题二】科技进步与技术创新20世纪，人类取得了巨大的成就，其中尤其以科学技术的进步为最大。可以预料，在21世纪，科学技术的迅速发展和高科技产业的兴起，将推动世界经济继续由农业经济向工业经济进而向知识经济嬗变。世界正在发生深刻的变化：经济与科学技术的结合与日俱增；世界经济的重组加快步伐；经济繁荣不仅取决于资源和资本的总量，而且有赖于技术知识和信息的积累和应用。创新是新时代的主题，对于世界的社会经济发展至关重要。为了实现现代化目标，中国下决心对科学和教育进行投资。中国政府决定加大技术创新的力度，发展高科技，完成工业化。这对新世纪的中国有着重要的意义，是振兴中华民族的必由之路。为此，中国将鼓励创新，加快商业化、工业化和国际化的进程。中国将实施全国科技发展的长远规划，以此重新适应世界的工业结构和国际市场的变化。同时，中国还将实施可持续发展的战略，促进全国的创新工作，加快技术进步，努力解决国民经济中的主要问题，加快我国科技事业的发展。71 【参考译文】：【英译汉必译题】【参考译文】安徒生或许是土生土长的丹麦人中最出名的一位了。虽然他创作的童话给他带来了声名和财富，但他还是很担心自己会为人们所遗忘。他的担心多少有些杞人忧天了。本周末，丹麦开始举行为期8个月的庆祝活动，庆祝安徒生诞辰两百周年。庆典于本周六，也就是安徒生出生的确切日期开始举行。庆典安排在帕肯国家体育场举行，期间包括轻快的音乐、舞蹈、灯火表演，还有根据安徒生创作的童话改编的喜剧表演，观看演出的观众有4万多——其中还包括女王玛格丽特二世及王室成员。演出活动后还有音乐会、歌舞剧、芭蕾舞、展览会及各类教育项目，总花费达4000万美元。丹麦人愿与全世界的人们一同从诸如《海的女儿》、《皇帝的新装》等不朽名篇及安徒生创作的其他150多部童话中体味欢乐、悲伤和经验教训。当然，丹麦人也没忘了沾沾这个庆祝活动的光。举办这个活动不仅是为了让全世界都认识到丹麦对世界文化所作的贡献，也是为了招徕外国游客来参观安徒生位于小镇奥登斯的出生地，并在哥本哈根港内名闻遐迩的美人鱼青铜雕像旁摄影。但是，丹麦人的安排并不仅止于此。近年来，安徒生的精神遗产的捍卫者们深切地感受到，安徒生童话和TJJ托尔金的《魔戒》及罗琳斯的《哈里.波特》相比，影响力日渐式微。在丹麦人心目中，安徒生童话仍然占据着核心地位，对他们的日常行为起着指导作用（这句话里对vagary一词始终不能把握好，时间太紧，只好姑且先这么说了），但在世界上的其他地方，情况又如何呢？“丹麦真正需要的是安徒生的转世重生。安徒生早应成为公认的世界级作家，但在他诞辰两百年后，他的这一地位仍未得到肯认。”安徒生2005基金会的秘书长西伯格说到。【英译汉试题1参考译文】美国首都贫富不均情况加重美国首都独立研究机构华盛顿特区财政政策研究院（DCFiscalPolicyInstitute）于7月22日公布的一份其最新的研究报告显示，华盛顿特区的贫富差距居全美40个大都会区之冠，20%最富有的家庭其年收入高达$186,830美元，是20%最贫穷家庭年收入（仅$6,126美元）的31倍。虽然亚大兰大和迈阿密两市的贫富差距与华盛顿相当，但其贫富不均的情况却不如华盛顿明显。报告指出，华盛顿特区贫富差距逐渐加大主要是发生在90年代。在过去十年中，20%最富有的家庭其年收入增长了36倍，而20%最贫穷家庭的年收入仅仅增加了3倍。“我认为中高收入家庭过分集中在特区的情况仍然会持续下去，在未来十年内贫富鸿沟恐怕难以拉近，”布鲁金斯学院（BrookignsInstitution）专攻大华盛顿地区经济和社会形势的高级研究员大卫·盖立森（DaivdGarrison）对《华盛顿观察》周刊说道。这份报告将华盛顿特区的贫富鸿沟归咎于当地特殊的工作机会。而这些工作往往会吸引高收入家庭搬到此地。特别是华盛顿也是美国联邦政府的所在地，而联邦政府和与政府相关的行业，如院外游说团体和政府合约承包商等等，不断提供高薪工作，也使得华府的高收入家庭有不断增加的趋势。举例来说，一个单身的年轻专业人士从法学院毕业后，在华府的律师事务所服务第一年的年收入可高达$100,000美元。“此外，华盛顿特区也提供高品质的住宅（high-qualityhousing），这也是为什么高薪家庭选择在华府居住的主因之一，”盖立森分析道，“而一般中低收入家庭，在有余力的情况下，为了孩子能够上较好的学校而选择搬离华盛顿特区，移至分布于马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的住宅区。”“在高收入家庭不断迁移到特区、中低阶层的家庭移出，而最贫穷的家庭又面临无处，也无力可搬的窘境时，就造成我们现在看到的，贫富悬殊的华盛顿特区，”盖立森对《华盛顿观察》周刊说到。盖立森此处所指的华盛顿特区指的是约有56万人口的都市（DistrictofColumbia）本身，不包括整个华盛顿大都会区（GreaterWashingtonMetroArea），“整个华盛顿大都会区人口高达500万人，但低收入户却只往华盛顿特区集中，”他特别解释道。“不论我们如何努力吸引商家到华盛顿特区投资，华府有一部分的低收入家庭就是无法从中受惠，没有办法得到特区独特的高薪工作机会。”华盛顿市长办公室发言人托尼·布拉克（TonyBullock）说，71 “贫富差距的背后许多复杂的原因，是不能在一夕之间就改变的。”他言谈间颇有对特区的贫富悬殊无可奈何之叹。盖立森则认为，特区政府的确应该吸引高收入家庭到特区居住，因为这样能够带来更多税收，对市政建设有积极作用。“但同时，特区政府也应该重视穷人的权益，设立好的学校、提供健全的社会福利等等，这些市政措施都能有效地改善特区严重的贫富不均状况。”但盖立森对未来贫富差距是否真能拉近不是十分乐观，他尤其对这波经济复苏是不是能帮助到穷人保持怀疑的态度：“布什的减税方案虽然带动了美国这波经济复苏，有工作的人和富人的确享受到不少好处，但对穷人的帮助虽然不能说是完全没有，也只能说是不如富人的获益高，”盖立森分析道，“美国一般的工薪族（workingclass），也就是那些做初级工作、拿最低工资、老老实实缴税的人，实在没有从布什的减税案得到太大益处。”盖立森总结说：“美国许多城市并没有享受到美国经济好转所带来的积极价值，但华盛顿特区一直以来受到联邦政府的庇佑，它贫富悬殊的情况仍然如此严重，确实值得深入的研究和检讨。”【英译汉试题2参考译文】有时候你可能知道得太多了。健康人群癌症筛查的目的是发现可治疗的小肿瘤，这似乎是值得称赞的，而事实常常也是如此。不过，有时它会导致不必要的治疗。机体自身有一套阻止小肿瘤生长的机制，对那些可用自身机制加以抑制的肿瘤采取治疗非但无益，反而可能造成危害。以肺癌为例。纽约纪念斯隆-凯特灵癌症研究中心（MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCentre）的彼得•巴赫（PeterBach）及其同事在本周出版的《美国医学会杂志》（JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation）上发表的一项报告中指出，用于症状出现前肺部肿瘤检测的计算机断层扫描技术（computedtomography，CT）虽深受吹捧，但它可能根本无法降低肺癌死亡率，相反会“雪上加霜”。有关CT用于肺癌筛查的报道始于去年。康奈尔大学克劳迪娅•赫恩施克（ClaudiaHenschke）和她的同事报道，患者经CT早期诊断为肺癌后，长期生存率显著提高。这一报道轰动一时。她的研究发现，88%的确诊患者10年后仍有望存活。巴赫在另一研究中也发现了类似结果：94%诊断为早期肺癌的患者生存期可达4年。尽管如此，仅凭生存期的统计数据是无法回答这样一个基本问题的：“与什么相比？”早期诊断无疑可延长生存期，但早期诊断后患者预后必须良好，否则早期诊断就几乎无任何价值。因此，巴赫对自己的数据进行了更为彻底的分析。他根据非CT检出肺癌的研究结果建立了统计学模型，并假设其研究个体未接受CT筛查，从而对这些个体的预后进行了评估，结果令人失望。筛查确实可以发现更多的肿瘤病例。五年中，3200人有144人检出肺癌，而预期值仅为44例。不过，尽管这些人得到早期诊断，但发展为晚期肺癌的人数并未减少，死亡人数也无显著下降（预期为39人，实际有38人）。考虑到早期诊断可使行肿瘤切除术的人数增加十倍（预期为11人，实际达109人），而这种手术风险又大（术后死亡率5%，此外还有20~40%的患者出现严重并发症），如此一来就有可能造成更大危害。【汉译英试题一参考译文】Overthepast25years,Chinahasbeenfirmlypressingaheadwiththeimplementationofthereformprogramandtheinitiativeofopeninguptotheoutsideworld.Withtheestablishmentofapreliminarysocialistmarketeconomy,andthenation’seconomyattaininganoutward-orientedperspective,theproductiveforcesandthecomprehensivenationalcompetencehavebeenontherisingcurveconstantly.Andvarioussocialundertakingshavebeendevelopinginfullswing.ThelivingstandardoftheChinesepeopleasawholehasundergoneahistoricalleapfromasubsistenceleveltothelevelofmoderateprosperity.71 Inthe25yearsbetween1978and2003,theannualgrowthrateofChina"seconomywasrunningatanaverageof9.4percent,withitsGDPjumpingfrom147.3billionUSdollarstoover1.4trillionUSdollars.25yearsago,China’sforeigntradevalueandforeignexchangereserveseachstoodat20.6billionand167millioninUSdollars,butlastyeartheyshotupto851.2billionUSdollarsand403.3billionUSdollarsrespectively.Chinahasnowbecomethesixthlargesteconomyandthefourthlargesttraderintheworld.ThetremendouschangesinChinaareattributedtothefactthatwehaveadheredtothepathofbuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsandperseveredinourreformandopeningendeavors,whichbroughtintofullplaytheChinesepeople"sinitiative,enthusiasmandcreativeness.ThoughChinahasscoredimpressiveachievementsinitsdevelopment,wemustnotlosesightofourproblems:overpopulation,aweakeconomicfoundation,underdevelopedproductivity,highlyunevendevelopment,andthefairlysharpcontradictionsbetweenthecountry"secologicalenvironmentandnaturalresourcesontheonehandanditseconomicandsocialdevelopmentontheother.China"spercapitaGDP,thoughreachingtherecordhighof1,000USdollarslastyear,stillrankswellbehindthe100thplaceintheworld.TorealizeChina"smodernizationprogramandofferalltheChinesepeopleaprosperouslifethereisyetanuphillbattletofight.Wehavealreadysetourvisionforthefirst20yearsofthiscentury,whichinvolvesthebuildingofamoderatelyprosperoussocietyofahigherstandardinanall-roundwayforthebenefitofwelloveronebillionChinesepeople.By2020theGDPwillbequadrupledfromthefigureof2000to4trillionUSdollars,withthepercapitalevelaveragingat3,000USdollars.Bythenthenationwillbeimmersedinanambienceofgreatersocialharmonywithanimprovedqualityoflifeforthepeople,featuringamoredevelopedeconomy,moresounddemocracy,morethrivingcultureandmoreadvancedscienceandeducation.【汉译英试题二参考答案一】ScientificandTechnologicalProgressandTechnologicalInnovationInthe20thcentury,mankindachievedtremendoussuccesses.Ofallthesuccesses,progressinscienceandtechnologywasperhapsthegreatest.Itcanbepredictedthatinthe21stcenturytherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandtheemergenceofhigh-techindustrieswillpushtheworldeconomyforwardinitscontinuingevolutionfromagriculturaleconomytoindustrialeconomyandintotheknowledge-basedeconomyTheworldisundergoingprofoundchanges:theintegrationofeconomywithscienceandtechnologyisincreasingdaybyday,therestructuring/reorganizationoftheworldeconomyisspeedingup,andeconomicprosperitydependsnotonlyonthetotalvolumeofresourcesandcapital,butdirectlyontheaccumulationandapplicationoftechnologicalknowledgeandinformation.Innovationisthethemeofthenewageandisofparamountimportancetotheworld’ssocioeconomicdevelopment.Tofulfilltheobjectiveofmodernization,Chinaisdeterminedtoinvestinscienceandtechnology.TheChineseGovernmenthasmadethedecisiontoenhancetechnologyinnovation,develophightechnologyandaccomplishindustrialization.ThisisimportantforChinainthenewcenturyandistheonlyroadfortheChinesenationtowardrevitalization.Forthispurpose,Chinawillencourageinnovationtoacceleratetheprocessofcommercialization,industrializationandinternationalization.Chinawillimplementitslong-rangeplanfornationalscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmenttomakeitgearedtothechangesinindustrialstructureandmarketdemandsoftheworld.Chinawillalsoimplementstrategiesforachievingsustainabledevelopment,promoteinnovationonanationalscale,speeduptechnologicalprogress,makegreateffortstosolvemajorproblemsinnationaleconomy,andenhancethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyofourcountry.【汉译英试题二参考答案二】Inthe20thcentury,humankindhasmadetremendousachievementsofwhichthebiggestoneistheadvances71 inscienceandtechnology.Itispredictedthattherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandtheriseofhigh-techindustrywillcontinuetopromotethechangesoftheworldeconomyfromagriculture-basedeconomytoindustry-basedeconomyandthentoknowledge-basedeconomy.Theworldisundergoingprofoundchanges:theintegrationofeconomyandscienceandtechnologyisincreasingdaybyday;therestructuringoftheworldeconomyisspeedingup;andeconomicprosperitynotonlyhingesuponthetotalvolumeofresourcesandcapital,butalsodirectlyontheaccumulationandapplicationoftechnologicalknowledgeandinformation.Innovationisthethemeoftheneweraandiscrucialtotheworld’ssocioeconomicdevelopment.Chinahasdeterminedtoinvestinscienceandeducationforitsmodernization.Chinesegovernmenthasdecidedtointensifyitseffortsinitstechnologicalinnovation,developitshightechnologyandaccomplishitsindustrialization.ThisisofgreatsignificanceforChinainthenewcenturyandistheonlywaytothevitalizationoftheChinesenation.Therefore,Chinawillencourageinnovationtoaccelerateitscommercialization,industrializationandinternationalization.Chinawillcarryoutitslong-termplanfornationalscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmenttoreadapttothechangesoftheworld’sindustrialstructuringandinternationalmarket.Meanwhile,Chinawillimplementthestrategiesofsustainabledevelopment,promoteitsinnovationonanationalbasis,strivetoresolveitsmajorproblemsinnationaleconomyandacceleratethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.71 2006年5月二级笔译实务试题【英译汉必译题】Forallthenaturalandman-madedisastersofthepastyear,travelersseemmoredeterminedthanevertoleavehome.NevermindthetsunamidevastationinAsialastDecember,therecentearthquakeinKashmirorthesuicidebombingsthisyearinLondonandBali,amongotherplacesonoroffthetouristtrail.Thenumberofleisuretravelersvisitingtouristdestinationshitbytroublehasinsomecasesbouncedbacktoalevelhigherthanbeforedisasterstruck."Thisnewfastrecoveryoftourismweareobservingiskindofstrange,"saidJohnKoldowski,directorfortheStrategicIntelligenceCenteroftheBangkok-basedPacificAsiaTravelAssociation."Itmakesyouthinkabouttheadagethatanypublicityisgoodpublicity."Itisstilltoosoontocompileyear-on-yearstatisticsforthedisastersofthepast12months,buttravelindustryexpertssaythatthebroadtrendsarealreadyclear.Leisuretravelisexpectedtoincreasebynearly5percentthisyear,accordingtotheWorldTourismandTravelCouncil.Tourismandtravelnowseemtobouncebackfasterandhighereachtimethereisaneventofthissort,"saidUfiIbrahim,vicepresidentoftheLondon-basedWorldTourismandTravelCouncil.ForLondon,wheresuicidebomberskilled56andwounded700onJuly8,shesaid,"Itwasalmostasifpeoplewhostayedawayafterthebombattackthendecidedtocomebacktwice."Earlyindicatorsshowthatthesameholdstrueforotherdisaster-struckdestinations.StatisticscompiledbythePacificAsiaTravelAssociation,forexample,showthatmonthlyvisitorarrivalsinSriLanka,wheretheDec.26,2004,tsunamileftmorethan30,000peopledeadormissing,werehigherthanoneyearearlierforeverymonthfromMarchthroughAugustofthisyear.AcasecommonlycitedbytravelprofessionalsasanearlyexampleofthetrendisBali,where202peoplewerekilledinbombingstargetingWesterntouristsinOctober2002.Visitorarrivalsplungedto993,000fortheyearafterthebombing,butbouncedbackto1.46millionin2004,alevelhigherthanthetwoyearsbeforethebomb,accordingtothePacificAsiaTravelAssociation.EvenamongAustralians,whosufferedtheworstcasualtiesintheBalibombings,thenumberofBali-boundvisitorsbouncedbackwithintwoyearstothehighestlevelsince1998,accordingthePacificAsiaTravelAssociation.Baliwashitagainthisyearbysuicidebomberswhokilled19peopleinexplosionsatthreerestaurants.Visitsarealsoontheupswingtopost-tsunamiThailand,wherethegiantwaveskilled5,400andleftmorethan5,000missing.Althoughthetsunamikilledmorethan500SwedesontheThairesortislandofPhuket,thelargestnumberofanyforeignnationalitytodie,Swedesarereturningtotheislandinlargernumbersthanlastyear,accordingtoMyTravelSweden,aStockholm-basedgroupthatsends600,000touristsoverseasannuallyandclaimsa28percentmarketshareforSweden."WewereconfidentthatThailandwouldeventuallybouncebackasadestination,butwedidn’tthinkthatthisyearitwouldcomebackevenstrongerthanlastyear,"saidJoakimEriksson,directorofcommunicationforMyTravelSweden."Wewereverysurprisedbecausewereallyexpectedasignificantdecline."ErikssonsaidMyTravelnowexpectsa5percentincreaseinvisitorstobothThailandandSriLankathisseasoncomparedwiththesameseasonlastyear.Thisbehaviorisasharpchangefromthepatternsofthe1990s,Erikssonsaid.71 "DuringthefirstGulfwarwesawasharpdropintravelasawhole,andthesameafterSept.11,"Erikssonsaid."Nowthemainimpactofterrorismordisastersisachangeindestination."【英译汉二选一】【试题1】Freedbywarming,watersoncelockedbeneathicearegnawingatcoastalsettlementsaroundtheArcticCircle.InBykovsky,avillageof457onRussia"snortheastcoast,theshorelineiscollapsing,creepingcloserandclosertohousesandtanksofheatingoil,atarateof15to18feetayear."Itispracticallyallice-permafrost-anditisthawing."ForthefourmillionpeoplewholivenorthoftheArcticCircle,achangingclimatepresentsnewopportunities.Butitalsothreatenstheirenvironment,theirhomesand,forthosewhosetraditionsrelyontheice-boundwilderness,thepreservationoftheirculture.ApushtodeveloptheNorth,quickenedbythemeltingoftheArcticseas,carriesitsownrewardsanddangersforpeopleintheregion.ThediscoveryofvastpetroleumfieldsintheBarentsandKaraSeashasraisedfearsofcatastrophicaccidentsasshipsloadedwithoiland,soon,liquefiedgaschurnthroughthefisheriesoffScandinavia,headedtomarketsinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Landthatwasuntouchedcouldbetaintedbypollutionasgenerators,smokestacksandlargevehiclessprouttosupportthegrowingenergyindustry.CoastalerosionisaprobleminAlaskaaswell,forcingtheUnitedStatestopreparetorelocateseveralInuitvillagesataprojectedcostof$100millionormoreforeachone.AcrosstheArctic,indigenoustribeswithtraditionsshapedbycenturiesoflivinginextremesofcoldandicearenoticingchangesinweatherandwildlife.Theyaretryingtoadapt,butitcanbeconfounding.InFinnmark,Norway"snorthernmostprovince,theArcticlandscapeunfoldsinlatewinterasanendlesssnowyplateau,silentbutforthecriesofthereindeerandtheoccasionalwhineofasnowmobileherdingthem.AchangingArcticisfeltthere,too."Thereindeerarebecomingunhappy,"saidIssatEira,a31-year-oldreindeerherder.    FewcountriesrivalNorwaywhenitcomestoprotectingtheenvironmentandpreservingindigenouscustoms.Thestatehaslavisheditsoilwealthontheregion,andSamiculturehasenjoyedsomethingofarenaissance.AndyetnoamountofgovernmentsupportcanconvinceMr.Eirathathislivelihood,intractablyentwinedwiththereindeer,isnotabouttochange.LikeaTexascattleman,hekeepsthesizeofhisherdsecret.Buthesaidwarmertemperaturesinfallandspringweremeltingthetoplayersofsnow,whichthenrefreezeasice,makingitharderforhisreindeertodigthroughtothelichentheyeat.    "Thepeoplewhoaremakingthedecisions,theyarelivinginthesouthandtheyarelivingintowns,"saidMr.Eira,sittinginsidehishomemadeofreindeerhides."Theydon"tmarkthechangeofweather.Itisonlypeoplewholiveinnatureandgetresourcesfromnaturewhomarkit."ApushtodeveloptheNorth,quickenedbythemeltingoftheArcticseas,carriesitsownrewardsanddangersforpeopleintheregion.ThediscoveryofvastpetroleumfieldsintheBarentsandKaraSeashasraisedfearsofcatastrophicaccidentsasshipsloadedwithoiland,soon,liquefiedgaschurnthroughthefisheriesoffScandinavia,headedtomarketsinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Landthatwasuntouchedcouldbetaintedbypollutionasgenerators,smokestacksandlargevehiclessprouttosupportthegrowingenergyindustry.【试题2】Somepeoplecallhim“Guidone”—bigGuido.Largeinbothphysicalstatureandreputation,GuidoRossi,whotookoverasTelecomItalia"schairmanonSeptember15thfollowingthesurpriseresignationofMarcoTronchettiProvera,hasstoodoutfromtheItalianbusinesscrowdformorethanthreedecades.Mr.Rossi,whoattendedHarvardlawschoolinthe1950sandwroteabookonAmericanbankruptcylaw,madehisnameasacorporatelawyerkeenonmarketrulesandtheirenforcement.Hehassinceworkedinbothprivateandpublicsectors,includingstintsintheItalianSenateandasoneoftheEuropeanCommission"sgroupofcompany-lawexperts.Aswellasrunningabusylegalpractice,healsohasareputationasacorporatetroubleshooterandall-roundMrFix-It,andisoftencalledupontocleanuporganizationsincrisis.71 HisroleatTelecomItaliamarksareturntothecompanyheheadedfortenmonthsin1997,duringitspoliticallytrickyandlegallycomplexprivatization.Beforethat,MrRossihadbeensentintosortoutFerruzzi-Montedison,anagri-businessandchemicalsgroup,whichhadcollapsedaftermagistratesuncoveredtangentopoli(“bribesville”).LastyearhislegalschemingwascrucialinABNAmro"svictoriousbidforBancaAntonveneta.Mostrecently,heactedasspecialcommissioneratItaly"sfootballassociation,wherehewasdraftedintosortoutthemessafteramassivematch-riggingscandalexplodedearlierthisyear.Alas,hiseffortstobleachfootball"sdarkstainsproducedthesamemeagre[4]resultsashisothereffortstogetItalianbusinessandfinancetochangeitsways.“LikeItalianswhentangentopoliburst,fanswantedjusticewhenthescandalbroke;butenthusiasmforlegalityquicklywaned,”sighsFrancescoSaverioBorrelli,Milan"sformerchiefprosecutor,whoheadedthecity"sassaultoncorruptionduringthe1990sandwasappointedbyMrRossitodigoutfootball"sdirt.Thepoliticalmuscleoftheclubspreventedtoughmeasuresbeingtakenagainstthem,reflectingItaly"stwo-tierjusticesysteminwhichtherichandpowerfulcandowhattheylike.“Economicinterestsinfootballfaroutweighsportinginterests,”remarksMrBorrelli.TherottennessinfootballshockedeventheunshakeableMrRossi.“Footballdidnotwantrules,itjustwantedmetosolveitsproblems,”hesays.Despairingofbeingabletochangemuch,heresignedinSeptemberandturnedhisattentiontoTelecomItalia.【汉译英】【试题一】亚洲是我们共同的家园，亚洲的和平、稳定、发展关系到亚洲各国人民的共同命运。我们高兴地看到，在当前总体和平稳定的国际环境下，亚洲也迎来了有史以来较为稳定的和平发展时期。这就是一个最重要的新机会。在亚洲各国政府和人民的共同努力下，亚洲的发展正呈现出前所未有的良好态势，突出表现在：亚洲巨大的市场潜能逐步得到开发，亚洲各国和地区经济结构调整的成效显著，产业优化升级继续加快，经济持续快速发展，亚洲已成为全球经济最具活力的地区之一。“我们说，要把握亚洲寻求共赢的新机会，这又是一个新机会。”亚洲和平、稳定、发展的整体氛围，促进了亚洲区域合作进程的快速发展，一个平等、多元、开放、互利的地区合作新局面正在逐步形成。特别是以东亚、东盟、中亚、南盟、亚洲合作对话以及多双边自由贸易安排为标志，各种形式的区域、次区域经济合作蓬勃发展。这同样也是一个新机会。这些积极而重大的变化，既为推动亚洲区域合作提供了有利条件，也为亚洲各国和地区的发展带来了历史性机遇。“只要我们继续相互尊重、平等对待，把握发展的机会，把握住自己的命运，就一定能够促进亚洲的发展与振兴，达致互利共赢的目标。”【试题二】国际经验与中国特色中国作为后发现代化国家，极其需要借鉴国际经验。同时，在和平崛起进程中，中国又要以自己为主，来关注和解决自己的问题。这就是说，中国的现代化一定要有中国特色。比如，在农业问题上，中国将努力走出一条新的节约型道路，即有中国特色的节约方式。现在美国人均年消费石油25桶，而中国人均消费不到1桶半。如果中国人不顾自己的条件，异想天开想做起“美国梦”，那我们对能源急切需求就会给自己，同事也会给人类带来沉重的负担和无尽的麻烦。又比如，在农村富余劳动力的转移上，我们将逐步走出一条中国特色的城市化道路。目前，中国农村劳动力有5亿多人，今后20年大约有两亿多人要转移出来，在这个问题上，中国人不能做“欧洲梦”。欧洲在近代历史上，总共有6000多万人走到世界各地，到处建立殖民地，改变了世界版图。21世纪上半叶的中国人，只能在自己的国土上，通过城市和农村的精心协调发展，通过引导农村富余劳动力在不丧失土地的条件下，在城乡之间有序流动，来解决这个世界级的大难题。【英译汉必做题参考译文】尽管去年发生了许多自然灾害和人为的灾害，但是旅游者比以往更加坚决地出门旅行。虽然去年1271 月亚洲的海啸产生了巨大的破坏力，最近克什米尔发生了地震，伦敦和巴厘岛出现了自杀性炸弹袭击，游客却毫不在意，无论在旅游路线上的地点或其他地方是否有危险。在某些情况下，受到灾难影响的旅游地区吸引的游客人数快速反弹，甚至比灾难发生之前的数量还多。“我们注意到旅游业最近快速回升，这种情况是有一点奇怪。”总部设在曼谷的太平洋亚洲旅游协会战略情报中心主任约翰－考尔多斯基说道，“这使你想到那句老话，就是-只要是宣传,好坏都不赖。”虽然整理过去12个月的灾难年度数据还为时尚早，但是旅游业专家指出，现在旅游业发展总的趋势是清楚明确的。世界旅游协会指出，今年休闲旅游预期增长约5％。“每次一有灾难发生，旅游业现在好像反弹得更快，旅游人数比灾害前更高。”总部在伦敦得世界旅游及旅行理事会副理事长尤菲－伊布拉辛说道。比如伦敦。7月8日伦敦的自杀爆炸袭击造成56人死亡，700人受伤。尤菲说：“看起来几乎是那些躲开了炸弹袭击的人决定再来伦敦看看。”早期数字指出，对于其他遭受灾难的地方来说也是如此。例如，太平洋亚洲旅游协会的统计表明，虽然2004年12月26日的海啸造成超过3万人死伤，但是今天3月到8月间，来到斯里兰卡的游客人数每个月都比去年同期要高。为了说明这种趋势，旅游专业人士常常引用的一个先前的例子是巴厘岛。2002年10月，针对西方人的炸弹袭击造成202人死亡。然而在爆炸后一年，游客人数骤降至993000人，而2004年反弹至146万人。太平洋亚洲旅游协会指出，这一数字比炸弹袭击的前两年还高。太平洋亚洲旅游协会还指出，即使是在巴厘岛炸弹袭击中伤亡最为惨重的澳大利亚人也是如此。仅在袭击后的两年内，来巴厘岛旅游的人数就反弹至自1998年以来的最高点。自杀式炸弹袭击者今年再度袭击了巴厘岛，三所饭馆发生爆炸，造成19人死亡。泰国在遭受了海啸袭击后，也吸引了更多的游客，而当时的海啸掀起了巨浪，造成5400人死亡，5000人失踪。虽然泰国旅游胜地普吉岛的海啸曾造成500多瑞典人死亡，是死亡人数最多的外国人，但是“瑞典－我的旅行”组织说，更多的瑞典人回到普吉岛旅游，总数超过去年。该组织总部设在斯德哥尔摩，每年把60万游客送往海外，占有28％的瑞典旅游市场份额。“我们深信，泰国最终重新成为旅游热点地区，但是我们没有想到，今年的反弹力度比去年还要强劲。”“瑞典－我的旅行”组织交通部主任约吉姆－埃里克森说，“本来我们以为人数会有大的下滑，所以对现在的情况感到十分吃惊。”埃里克森说，该组织预计，与去年相同的旅游季节相比，今天去泰国和斯里兰卡的游客人数均将上升5％。他说，这种情况与20世纪90年代有了显著的变化。“在第一次海湾战争期间，我们发现，旅游业总体上有显著的下滑，911之后也是如此。”埃里克森说，“现在，恐怖主义活动或灾害袭击给旅游业造成的影响无非是改变了旅游的目的地而已。”【英译汉试题1参考译文】随着天气变暖，北极圈的冰层开始融化，海水涌上来开始侵蚀沿岸村落。　　拜考夫斯凯村位于俄罗斯东北部沿海地区，居住着457个村民，这里的海岸线已经遭到破坏，海水正以每年15－18英尺的速度向内陆的房屋和采暖用油桶逼近。　　“这里本来全都是冰，我们称之为永久冻土，但是现在已经开始融化了。”对于居住在北极圈里的四百万人来说，气候变化给他们带来了新的机遇。但是，这也威胁着他们赖以生存的环境和家园，而对于那些祖祖辈辈生活在冰雪荒原的人们来说，这还关乎他们能否保住自己的文化。　　对北部地区的进一步开发随着北冰洋的融化加快了脚步，给当地人民带来了利益，也带来了危险。在巴伦支海和卡拉海发现了广阔的油田，但人们担心先装满石油然后很快就是液化天燃气的轮船发生灾难事故，这些船将卷起海浪，穿过斯堪地那维亚半岛近海的捕鱼区，一直开往欧洲和北美州市场。当越来越多的发电机、大烟囱和各种重型车辆进入这个地区帮助发展能源工业时，也会使这片处女地受到污染。71 　　阿拉斯加州也存在着海岸侵蚀的问题，这迫使美国政府打算迁移数个因纽特人的村庄，每个村庄的预计搬迁费用高达一亿多美元。　　在北极区，在极端冰冷环境里生存了几百年的本地部落注意到了气候和野生动物的变化，他们想去适应这种变化，但常常不知所措。　　在挪威最北面的芬马克省，每到冬末，北极的大片土地一望无际，好像冰雪高原，万籁俱寂，偶尔只会听见几声驯鹿的鸣叫和摩托雪橇放牧驯鹿的轰鸣。　　但是即使在那里，人们也感受到了北极的变化。“驯鹿越来越不开心。”31岁的养鹿人埃拉说道。　　其实谈及保护环境和本土习俗，没有什么国家可以与挪威相提并论。政府把开发石油获得的财富都用在了北极地区，萨米人的文化也因此得到了某种意义上的复兴。　　但是无论有多少来自于政府的支持都无法让埃拉相信，他以鹿为生的日子将会和以往一样。象德克萨斯州的养牛人，他对自己放养的驯鹿数量守口如瓶，但是他说，春秋两季气温上升，导致表层雪融化，天冷后结成冰，驯鹿就更难于刨食到地表的植物。　　“那些制定政策的人都住在南方的城市里，”埃拉坐在用鹿皮搭建的家里说，“那些决策者注意不到天气的变化。只有真正住在大自然里、从大自然获得生活资源的人才能注意到这一切。”　【英译汉试题2参考译文】有的人叫他“吉多尼”——也就是“大”吉多。吉多•罗西身材高大，名气也很大。9月15日，在马可•特龙切蒂•普罗费拉突然辞职之后，三十多年来在意大利商圈一直声名显赫的罗西接任意大利电信公司总裁一职。上世纪五十年代，罗西在哈佛法学院学习，曾写过一部关于美国破产法的著作，后来成为一名公司代理律师，因热衷于市场规则及其执行相关的案例而名噪一时。他在私有和国有单位都谋过事，其中包括在意大利参议院干过一段时间，当过欧盟委员会公司法律处专家。除了忙于法律业务外，他还是赫赫有名的排解公司纠纷高手，人称全能的“处理先生”，经常有危机缠身的公司请他帮助排忧解难。他在意大利电信公司所扮演的角色标志着他的回归，因为1997年他在该公司主持过十个月的工作，其时公司正处于勾心斗角的政治斗争和涉及复杂法律问题的私有化过程中。之前罗西曾受命调查了Ferruzzi-Montedison的问题。Ferruzzi-Montedison是一家农业与化工集团，在被地方法官查出存在贿赂问题后倒闭。去年，他作为荷兰银行Amro公司成功收购BancaAntonveneta一案的法律顾问也起到了关键作用。最近他还担任了意大利足协的调查专员，负责调查今年早些时候爆出的涉及面很广的假球丑闻。遗憾的是，与试图帮助意大利商界和金融界“改过自新”一样，他为“净足运动”所做的努力也收效甚微。米兰前任首席检察官萨维利奥•博雷利无奈地说：“当丑闻爆发时，球迷们像当年发生贿赂案时一样希望司法介入，可这样的热情很快就消退了。”博雷利是上世纪90年代米兰打击腐败的负责人，曾受命于罗西负责调查足球丑闻。（涉案）俱乐部内在的政治势力使得（调查组）无法对其采取严厉措施，这也反映出身处意大利双重司法体系之下的有钱有势者可以为所欲为。博雷利说：“足球的经济利益淹没了人们对这项运动的热情。”足球腐败甚至让不可动摇的罗西也感到震惊。“足球不需要规则，它只需要我帮助解决问题。”他说。由于无力回天，他感到很是绝望，于是在9月份提出辞职，从此把注意力转向了意大利电信。【汉译英试题一参考译文】Asiaisthehomeofallofus.Peace,stabilityanddevelopmentinAsiaarecrucialtothewell-beingofthepeopleinourregion.Weareheartenedtoseethatjustastheworldtodayenjoysoverallpeaceandstability,soAsiaisinarelativelystableandpeacefulperiodfordevelopmentrarelyseeninitshistory.WeoftensaythatAsiashouldseizeanopportunityforwin-winprogress.Nowwearefacedwiththisimportantopportunity.ThankstothejointeffortofthegovernmentsandpeoplesofAsiancountries,Asiahasregisteredanunprecedentedsoundmomentumofdevelopment,markedbytheunleashingofhugemarketpotential,effectiveeconomicrestructuringinvariouscountriesandareas,acceleratingindustrialupgradingandfastandsustained71 economicgrowth.ThishasmadeAsiaoneofthemostdynamicregionsintheworld.ThisisanotheropportunitythatAsiashouldseizetomakewin-winprogress.Theoverallpeace,stabilityanddevelopmentinAsiahaveledtofastprogressintheregionalcooperationprocess.Anewtypeofregionalcooperationbasedonequality,diversity,opennessandmutualbenefitistakingshape.Variousregionalandsub-regionaleconomiccooperationmechanismshavegrowninstrength,whichincludetheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations,theSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation,AsiaCooperationDialogue,thoseinEastAsiaandCentralAsia,andmultilateralandbilateralfreetradearrangements.ThisisanotheropportunitythatAsiashouldseize.ThesepositiveandmajordevelopmentshavebroughtaboutbothfavorableconditionsforregionalcooperationandhistoricalopportunitiesforthedevelopmentofAsia.Weshouldrespectandtreateachotherasequals,seizetheopportunitiesofdevelopmentandholdourdestinyinourownhands.Aswedothis,wewillcertainlyachievemutualbenefitandwin-winprogressandpromotedevelopmentandrejuvenationofAsia.【汉译英试题二参考答案】InternationalExperienceandChineseCharacteristicsAsanewcomerstrivingformodernization,Chinaisbadlyinneedofdrawingexperiencefrominternationalpractice.Atthesametime,Chinamustrelyonitselftoaddressandresolveproblemsarisingintheprocessofherpeacefulrise.Inotherwords,China’smodernizationmustbeatitsownuniquecharacteristics.Forinstance,withregardtoenergyissues,ChinaisworkinghardtoblazeatrailinenergyconservationsoastoshapeupaChina-styleenergy-savingapproach.Currently,theAmericanpercapitaannualconsumptionofoilis25barrels,whilethatforChinaisnomorethanabarrelandahalf.ShouldtheChineseignoretheirnationalconditionsandindulgethemselvesinthewildest“AmericanDream”,thenation’sdesperateenergydemandswillundoubtedlybringheavyburdenandendlesstroublebothtotheChinesepeopleandthehumankindasawhole.Similarly,overthematterofmigrationofsuperfluousrurallaborforcetothecity,ChinaissuretograduallyfindoutthewaytowardsurbanizationstampedwithChinesecharacteristics.Atpresent,Chinahasalaborforceofmorethan500millioninthecountryside,about200millionofwhomareexpectedtobemigratedtotheurbanareasinthedreamthe“Europeandream”.Inmodernhistory,Europehasseenaltogetherover60millionpeopledepartforeverycorneroftheworldtoestablishcoloniesoverseas,therebychangingthemapoftheworld.FortheChinesepeopleinthefirsthalfofthe21stcentury,however,theycanonlytacklethisformidableuniversalproblemwithinitsownland,firstbycarefullycoordinatingurbanandruraldevelopmentandsecondly,byprovidingguidedandorderlyflowofredundantrurallaborforcebetweenthecountrysideandthecitywithoutlossoftheirlands.71 2006年11月二级笔译实务试题【英译汉必译题】Thisweekandnext,governments,internationalagenciesandnongovernmentalorganizationsaregatheringinMexicoCityattheWorldWaterForumtodiscussthelegacyofglobalMulhollandisminwater-andtochartanewcourse.Theycouldhardlyhavechosenabetterlocation.WaterisbeingpumpedoutoftheaquiferonwhichMexicoCitystandsattwicetherateofreplenishment.Theresult:thecityissubsidingattherateofabouthalfametereverydecade.Youcanseetheconsequencesinthecrackedcathedrals,thetiltingPalaceofArtsandthebrokenwaterandseweragepipes.Everyregionoftheworldhasitsownvariantofthewatercrisisstory.TheminingofgroundwatersforirrigationhasloweredthewatertableinpartsofIndiaandPakistanby30metersinthepastthreedecades.Aswatergoesdown,thecostofpumpinggoesup,underminingthelivelihoodsofpoorfarmers.Whatisdrivingtheglobalwatercrisis?Physicalavailabilityispartoftheproblem.Unlikeoilorcoal,waterisaninfinitelyrenewableresource,butitisavailableinafinitequantity.Withwateruseincreasingattwicetherateofpopulationgrowth,theamountavailableperpersonisshrinking-especiallyinsomeofthepoorestcountries.Challengingasphysicalscarcitymaybeinsomecountries,therealproblemsinwatergodeeper.The20th-centurymodelforwatermanagementwasbasedonasimpleidea:thatwaterisaninfinitelyavailablefreeresourcetobeexploited,dammedordivertedwithoutreferencetoscarcityorsustainability.Acrosstheworld,water-basedecologicalsystems-rivers,lakesandwatersheds-havebeentakenbeyondthefrontiersofecologicalsustainabilitybypolicymakerswhohaveturnedablindeyetotheconsequencesofover-exploitation.Weneedanewmodelofwatermanagementforthe21stcentury.Whatdoesthatmean?Forstarters,wehavetostopusingwaterlikethere’snotomorrow-andthatmeansusingitmoreefficientlyatlevelsthatdonotdestroyourenvironment.Thebuzz-phraseattheMexicoWaterforumis"integratedwaterresourcemanagement."Whatitmeansisthatgovernmentsneedtomanagetheprivatedemandofdifferentusersandmanagethispreciousresourceinthepublicinterest.【英译汉二选一】【试题1】JohnKennethGalbraith,theiconoclasticeconomist,teacheranddiplomat,diedSaturdayatahospitalinCambridge,Massachusetts。Hewas97.Mr.Galbraithwasoneofthemostwidelyreadauthorsinthehistoryofeconomics;amonghis33bookswas"TheAffluentSociety"(1958),oneofthoserareworksthatforcesanationtore-examineitsvalues.Hewrotefluidly,evenoncomplextopics,andmanyofhiscompellingphrases—amongthem"theaffluentsociety,""conventionalwisdom"and"countervailingpower"—becamepartofthelanguage.Animposingpresence,lankyandangularat6feet8inchestall,Mr.Galbraithwasconsultedfrequentlybynationalleaders,andhegaveadvicefreely,thoughitmayhavebeenignoredasoftenasitwastaken.Mr.Galbraithclearlypreferredtakingissuewiththeconventionalwisdomhedistrusted.Mr.Galbraith,areveredlecturerforgenerationsofHarvardstudents,nonethelessalwayscommandedattention.Fromthe1930"stothe1990"sMr.Galbraithhelpeddefinethetermsofthenationalpoliticaldebate,influencingboththedirectionoftheDemocraticPartyandthethinkingofitsleaders.HetutoredAdlaiE.Stevenson,theDemocraticnomineeforpresidentin1952and1956,onKeynesian71 economics.HeadvisedPresidentJohnF.Kennedy(oftenoverlobsterstewattheLocke-OberrestaurantintheirbelovedBoston)andservedashisambassadortoIndia.ThoughheeventuallybrokewithPresidentLyndonB.JohnsonoverthewarinVietnam,hehelpedconceiveofMr.Johnson"sGreatSocietyprogramandwroteamajorpresidentialaddressthatoutlineditspurposes.In1968,pursuinghisoppositiontothewar,hehelpedSenatorEugeneJ.McCarthyseektheDemocraticnominationforpresident.Inthecourseofhislongcareer,heundertookanumberofgovernmentassignments,includingtheorganizationofpricecontrolsinWorldWarIIandspeechwritingforPresidentsFranklinD.Roosevelt,KennedyandJohnson.Hedrewonhisexperiencesingovernmenttowritethreesatiricalnovels.HetookontheHarvardeconomicsdepartmentwith"ATenuredProfessor,"ridiculing,amongothers,acertainoutspokencharacterwhoborenosmallresemblancetohimself.Athisdeath,Mr.GalbraithwastheemeritusprofessorofeconomicsatHarvard,wherehehadtaughtformostofhiscareer.Apopularlecturer,hetreatedeconomicsasanaspectofsocietyandcultureratherthanasanarcanedisciplineofnumbers.【试题2】LASTweek,Indonesiaannouncedits43rdhumandeathfrombirdflu.Ithasnowrecordedmorefatalitiesthananyothernation,andinstarkcontrasttoallothercountriesitsdeathtollisclimbingregularly.Itlooksasthoughthingswillgetworsebeforetheygetbetter.TheIndonesiangovernmentclaimstobecommittedtofightingthedisease,causedbytheH5N1virus,butitdoesnotseemtowanttospendmuchofitsownmoneydoingso.Aftertheinternationalcommunitypledged$900mingrantsandslightlymoreinverysoftloanstocombatthespreadofbirdflugloballyandtohelpnationsprepareforapossiblehumanflupandemic[2],Indonesiaputinarequestforthefull$900m—allofitingrants.Anationalbird-flucommissionwascreatedinMarchtoco-ordinatethecountry"sresponsebutithasyettobegivenabudget.Itschief,meanwhile,hasjustbeengivenasecondfull-timejob—headingeffortstorebuildthepartofJavadevastatedbyanearthquakeinMay.Observerssaythattheavailablemoneyisbeingmis-spent,withthefocusonhumansratherthanonanimals.Theagricultureministry,forexample,isaskingforlessmoneyfornextyearthanitgotthisyear.Thisisdespitehundredsofthousandsofhensdyingeverymonth,tosaynothingofinfectedcats,quails,pigsandducks.Farmersarebeingcompensateatonly2,000rupiah(21cents)perbird,wellbelowmarketprice,therebydiscouragingthemfromreportingoutbreaks.Thecountry"sveterinarysurveillanceservicesareinadequate.Pledgestovaccinatehundredsofmillionsofbirdshavenotbeenmet.TheUN"sFoodandAgricultureOrganizationisstartingtoestablishlocaldisease-controlcenterstocopewiththeeffectsofavirulentmutation,shouldoneoccur,butreckonsthatonlyone-thirdofthecountrywillbecoveredbyyear"send.Abunchofinternationaldo-gooders[4]thatistryingtoplugsomeofthegapsisfindingithardtoraisemoney.【汉译英】【试题一】中国是农业大国，在中国成为发达国家的道路上，农业有着决定性的作用。中国的农业应该是世界的奇迹，养活了13亿的人口，解决了世界1/5人口的吃饭问题，对中国经济的快速发展起到了坚实的保障作用。特别是始于1978年的改革开放最早从农村开始，使农业得到了进一步的发展，粮食、棉花、油料、糖料、肉类、水产品等产量均列世界第一位。中国农产品由极度短缺变为基本供给平衡，部分品种有余。但今天农村却不是改革开放的最大受益者，农业仍然处于传统农业向现代农业转变的发展阶段。在中国，70%左右的人口仍然要依靠这个传统的农业产业提供生存保障，近50%的社会劳动人口仍然只能从农业中得到就业机会。农业生产产值占整个国民生产总值的比率在15%左右。71 因此农业的现代化在国家的整个现代化进程中，占有举足轻重的地位。“实现农业的现代化”，这是中国政府一直在坚持的农业发展方向。 【试题二】维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，坚持走和平发展道路，与世界各国一道，共同致力于建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。中国与世界从未像今天这样紧密相连。中国政府把中国人民的根本利益与各国人民的共同利益结合起来，坚持奉行防御性的国防政策。中国的国防服从和服务于国家发展战略和安全战略，旨在维护国家安全统一，确保实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。中国永远是维护世界和平、安全、稳定的坚定力量。中国在经济不断发展的基础上推进国防和军队现代化，是适应世界新军事变革发展趋势、维护国家安全和发展利益的需要。中国不会与任何国家进行军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构成军事威胁。新世纪新阶段，中国把科学发展观作为国防和军队建设的重要指导方针，积极推进中国特色军事变革，努力实现国防和军队建设全面协调可持续发展。【英译汉必做题参考译文】从本周直到下周，各国政府、国际机构和非政府组织齐聚墨西哥城，参与世界水论坛的召开，讨论全球形式化治水的遗留问题，并为此制定新的解决方案。  这里作为论坛的举办地点再合适不过了。从墨西哥城基下的土层中，地下水正被源源不断地抽取出来，而补给同等水量需要花两倍的时间。这导致墨西哥城的不断下沉，速度约为每年0.05米。城市设施由此而受到破坏，随处可见布满裂纹的教堂，摇摇欲坠的美术馆和破裂的供排水管道。  世界各地水危机的形式各不相同。为了灌溉而对地下水进行开采，让印度和巴基斯坦部分地区的地下水位30年来下降了30米。随着水位的下降，抽水的成本也在上升，贫困农民的生计更加艰难。  是什么促使了全球水危机的发生？水的便于取用是一个方面。不同于石油和煤炭，水可以被无限循环再生，但是可供取用的水资源是有限的。全球用水量正以两倍于人口增长率的速度持续增长，人均水资源占有量也在缩减。在那些特别贫困的国家，这一问题尤其突出。  水资源的短缺可能让某些国家难于对付，真正的治水难题却有着更深刻的背景。20世纪的水资源管理模型源于一种简单观念：水是一种取之不竭的资源。人们可以对它随意取用、截流改道而不必付出成本，也无需考虑水源短缺或是可持续性利用的问题。  世界各地的许多政府决策者忽视了过度开发水资源带来的后果，把依赖水体而存在的生态系统-河流，湖泊和分水岭划到了生态环境可持续发展的体系之外。  21世纪需要新的水资源管理模型。这意味着什么呢？首先必须停止对水源肆无忌惮的浪费。就是说，我们要更加有效和适度地利用水资源，不对环境造成破坏。“水资源综合管理”是本届水论坛提出的新名词，其涵义是政府需要控制不同个体的用水需求量，并从公共利益出发来管理这种宝贵资源。【英译汉试题1参考译文】反传统的经济学家、教育家以及外交家约翰肯.格贝斯先生于周六在马萨诸塞州剑桥医院去世，享年97岁。在经济学历史上，格贝斯先生的著作有着广泛的读者。在他的33部著作当中，1958年出版的《富裕社会》就是一本为数不多的能促使一个国家重新监视其价值的著作。即便是一些复杂的议题，他也能够文思泉涌。其中他的很多有说服力的的句子早已成为语言的一部分，例如“富裕社会”、“传统智慧”“抵消力量”。身材瘦长高6英尺8英寸的格贝斯先生的出现总是让人难以忘怀。许多国家领导人经常就一些问题咨询格贝斯先生，虽然他给出的建议有近一半被忽略，但他还是非常乐意给出建议。格贝斯先生喜欢用连他自己都不信任的传统智慧来思考问题。格贝斯先生是受多届哈佛学生尊敬的讲师，值得我们经常地关注。71 从20世纪30年代到90年代，格贝斯先生重新界定了国家政治辩论的条件，这一界定同时影响了民主党及其领导者的思路。他曾经就凯恩斯经济学辅导曾两度被提名为民主党总统候选人的埃尔E.斯蒂温逊。他曾经是约翰F.肯尼迪总统的顾问（通常是在他们深爱的波士顿Locke-Ober餐馆，一边吃着焖龙虾）并且出任肯尼迪政府的驻印度大使。尽管最终因为对越南战争分歧，格贝斯与林顿B.约翰逊总统关系破裂，但是他还帮助构思了约翰逊先生的伟大社会项目并且撰写了总统施政纲领及其主要内容。在反战思想的推动下，1968年他积极帮助参议员EugeneJ.McCarthy争取民主党总统候选人的提名。在他漫长的职业生涯中，格贝斯曾多次接受政府的任命，其中包括在二战期间的价格控制组织，为弗兰克林D.罗斯福、肯尼迪和约翰逊三位总统撰写演讲稿。并且他还以自己在中政府工作的经验出版了小说“终身教授”，与其其他作品相比，该小说充满了讽刺意味，描写了一位与他完全没有相似之处的一个坦率的人物形象。直至去世，格贝斯先生一直是近乎终身执教的哈佛大学经济学荣誉教授。作为一个颇受欢迎的讲师，他认为经济学是社会和文化的一部分而不是神秘的数字规则。【英译汉试题2参考译文】印尼上周宣布本国第43人死于禽流感。它的死亡纪录现已超过其它任何一个国家，并且与其它各国形成鲜明对比的是它的死亡人数还在不断攀升。现在看来，情况似乎不但未见好转，反而要愈发地糟糕。虽然印尼政府声称有责任与这一由H5N1型病毒所致的疾病作斗争，但是它似乎并不希望自己为此投入很多资金。国际社会承诺捐款9亿美金，同时提供稍多数额的超低息贷款（译注：软贷款是指借款国可用本国软货币偿还的贷款。软货币即软通货，如纸币，区别于硬通货如黄金。此类贷款利息很低，主要用于帮助别人），以阻止禽流感在全球扩散，并帮助各国做好可能发生的人流感大范围流行的防范准备，可是此后印尼竟然要求将全部9亿美金据为己有——而且全部以捐款的形式。今年3月，印尼成立了全国禽流感委员会，旨在协调本国应急反应工作，不过其所需专项资金至今仍未到位。其间，该委员会主席正好又被安排了第二份专职工作——负责遭5月份地震毁坏的爪哇岛部分地区灾后重建工作。（译注：此段是指“虽然有了组织机构，但由于缺乏资金以及有关领导无法专心工作，禽流感防治工作不能取得进展。）观察家说，现有资金使用不合理，投放重点应该是动物而不是人。例如，农业部为明年申请到的资金就比今年少。这等于是对每月死去的成百上千只鸡坐视不理，更不用说被感染的猫、鹌鹑、猪和鸭了。农民们每只家禽得到的补偿仅为2000卢比（21美分），远低于市场价格，这使得他们不再积极报告发病情况。该国的兽医监督服务力度也不够，要为数千万只家禽注射疫苗的承诺到现在都没有兑现。联合国粮农组织正在准备建立地方疾病控制中心，以应对可能发生的病毒突变所造成的后果。不过该组织估计到今年底印尼全国只有1/3的地区将建成此类中心。国际上众多想法天真的慈善家也在竭力填补这其中的一些缺口，却发现难以筹措所需资金。【汉译英试题二参考答案】Toupholdworldpeace,promotecommondevelopmentandseekcooperationandwin-winisthecommonwishofthepeoplearoundtheworldandanirresistibletrendofourtimes.Committedtopeace,developmentandcooperation,Chinapursuesaroadofpeacefuldevelopment,andendeavorstobuild,togetherwithothercountries,aharmoniousworldofenduringpeaceandcommonprosperity.NeverbeforehasChinabeensocloselyboundupwiththerestoftheworldasitistoday.TheChinesegovernmentworkstoadvanceboththefundamentalinterestsoftheChinesepeopleandthecommoninterestsofthepeoplesoftherestoftheworld,andpursuesadefensepolicywhichispurelydefensiveinnature.China"snationaldefense,inkeepingwithandcontributingtothecountry"sdevelopmentandsecuritystrategies,aimsatmaintainingnationalsecurityandunity,andensuringtherealizationofthegoalofbuildingamoderately71 prosperoussocietyinanall-roundway.Chinaisdeterminedtoremainastaunchforceforglobalpeace,securityandstability.China"snationaldefenseandmilitarymodernization,conductedonthebasisofsteadyeconomicdevelopment,istherequirementofkeepingupwithnewtrendsintheglobalrevolutionanddevelopmentinmilitaryaffairs,andofmaintainingChina"snationalsecurityanddevelopment.Chinawillnotengageinanyarmsraceorposeamilitarythreattoanyothercountry.Atthenewstageinthenewcentury,wewilltakethescientificdevelopmentoutlookasanimportantguidingprincipleforthebuildingofnationaldefenseandmilitaryaffairs,vigorouslyadvancetherevolutioninmilitaryaffairswithChinesefeatures,andstrivetorealizeanall-round,coordinatedandsustainabledevelopmentinourcountry"snationaldefenseandmilitarycapabilities.71 2007年5月二级笔译实务试题【英译汉必译题】StrollingbesideAmsterdam’soldestcanals,wherebuildingscarrydateslike1541and1603,itiseasytoimaginethecity’sprosperityinthe17thcentury.Replacetoday’sbicyclesandcarswithhorse-drawncarts,addmorebargesonthewaterways,andthisisessentiallyhowAmsterdammusthavelookedtoRembrandtashedidhisroundsofwealthymerchants.Suchmusingsarenot,ofcourse,unprompted.Thisyear,Amsterdamiscelebratingthe400thanniversaryofRembrandt’sbirth,anditishardtoescapehisshadow.HisbirthplaceinLeiden,20milessouth,hasnaturallyorganizeditsownfestivities.ButAmsterdamhastwoadvantages:itboaststheworld’slargestRembrandtcollection—andtouristsliketocomehereanyway.True,anniversariescanbeprettycorny,butwhatcityresiststhem?Thisyear,AmsterdamiscompetingwithSalzburg,whereMozartwasborn250yearsago,andAix-en-Provence,whereCézannediedacenturyago.AsigninAmsterdam’stouristofficebytheCentralStationhintsatonemotiveforsuchoccasions:“BuyyourRembrandtproductshere.”Still,ifyoustartoffbylikingRembrandt,asIdo,thereismuchtodiscover.Forinstance,wheninAmsterdamIalwaysmakeapointofpayinghomagetotheRembrandtmasterpiecesintheRijksmuseum,yetuntilnowIhadneverbotheredtovisitRembrandtHouse,wherethepainterlivedfrom1639untildrivenoutbybankruptcyin1658.Inbrief,Ihadnevermuchconnectedhisarttohisperson.Now,atleast,Ihavemadeastabatdoingsobecause,forthisanniversary(hewasbornonJuly15,1606),AmsterdamhasorganizedahostofeventsthatofferinsightsintoRembrandt’sworld.Theyhighlightnotonlywhatisknownabouthislife,butalsothepeoplehepaintedandthecityhelivedinfromtheageof25untilhisdeathat63in1669.AlthoughtheRijksmuseumisundergoingamassiverenovationthrough2009,themuseumisnotsnubbingitsfavoriteson.Throughouttheyear,inpartofthebuildingtoberenovatedlast,itispresentingsome400paintingsandother17th-centuryobjectsrepresentingtheGoldenAgeinwhichRembrandtprospered.TheseincludeworksbyJanSteen,VermeerandFransHalsaswellasbyRembrandtandhispupils.AndtheyclimaxwithRembrandt’slargestandbestknownoil,“TheNightWatch,”itselfthefocusof“Nightwatching,”alightandsoundinstallationbytheBritishmoviedirectorandAmsterdamresident,PeterGreenaway.【英译汉二选一】【试题1】Thearsenalofantibioticsstrongenoughtosquelchnastybacteriaisrapidlydwindlingworldwide,whichmakesworriedinfectious-diseasedoctorsmoreintentthaneverthatthedrugsbedeployedonlywhenstrictlyneeded.Thesespecialistsknowthateveryantibioticcarriesitsownrisks,andthatthemorefrequentlyandbroadlyadrugisused,themorelikelyitisthatharmfulmicrobeswilldeveloptrickstosidestepit.ButateamofresearchersintheNetherlands,whereamoreselectiveuseofantibioticshasledtomuchlowerlevelsofresistantbacteriathanarecirculatingintheUnitedStates,thinksthemedicalfinger-waggershavenotgonefarenough.71 "Asdoctors,we"vepaidalotofattentiontoquestionsofwhichantibioticsweshouldusetotreatwhatsortsofinfections,buthavefocusedmuchlessonhowlongthattreatmentshouldlast,"saidDr.JanPrinsoftheAcademicMedicalCenterinAmsterdam.InasmallbutprovocativestudypublishedintheJune10issueoftheBritishmedicaljournalBMJ,Dr.Prinsandcolleaguesfromninehospitalssuggestedthatevensomecasesofpneumonia—apotentiallylife-threateningdisease—couldbetreatedwithathree-daycourseofantibiotics,ratherthantheconventional7-to10-daytreatment.TheDutchstudyanalyzedthecureratesof186adultswhohadbeenhospitalizedwithmildtomoderatelyseverepneumonia.Allreceivedthreedaysofintravenousamoxicillintostart.Afterthat,the119whowereshowingsubstantialimprovementwererandomlydividedintotwogroups;abouthalfcontinuedwithanotherfive-daycourseoforalamoxicillin,andtheothersgotlook-alikesugarpills.Neitherthepatientsnorthedoctorsknewwhowasgettingwhichtreatmentuntiltheendoftheirparticipationinthestudy.Bytheendoftreatment,roughly89percentofthepatientsineachgroupwerecuredoftheirlunginfectionswithoutfurtherintervention.Inacommentaryaccompanyingthestudy,Dr.JohnPaul,amicrobiologistatSussexCountyHospitalinBrighton,England,writesthat,atleastforasubsetofpatientswithuncomplicated,community-acquiredpneumonia,thefinding"suggeststhatcurrentguidelinesrecommending7-10daysshouldberevised."AsleadinvestigatoroftheDutchstudy,Dr.Prinswasnotreadytogoquitethatfar.Hecitedthestudy"ssmallsizeandtheseriousnessoftheillnessasareasontowaituntilthefindingisindependentlyreplicatedbeforeadvisingawholesalechangeinpractice.试题2【缺】【汉译英】【试题一】四川从今年开始将新建三个大熊猫自然保护区，使全省的大熊猫自然保护区达到40个，以确保50％左右的大熊猫栖息地和60％左右的野生大熊猫个体分布在保护区内。四川省今年将建的保护区包括位于邛崃山系的芦山县黄水河大熊猫自然保护区和位于大小相岭的荥经县泡草湾大熊猫自然保护区。同时，位于乐山市金口河区的八月林保护区正在审批中，有望在年内获准建立。目前，四川省共有37个大熊猫自然保护区，占地200多万公顷，其中国家级大熊猫自然保护区11个。据第三次全国大熊猫普查，四川省野外的大熊猫数量为1206只，约占全国的76％。全省大熊猫栖息地面积达到177万公顷，占全国的77％。　20世纪50年代，中国就创立了第一个以保护大熊猫为目的的自然保护区。1992年中国政府启动了一个旨在全面彻底保护大熊猫栖息地的“中国保护大熊猫及其栖息地工程”，1998年开展了天然林保护、退耕还林等生态工程建设，这些工程开展以后，大熊猫生存繁衍状况明显好转。大熊猫是世界上最珍贵的濒危动物之一，被称为活化石。目前，野生大熊猫仅存1590只左右，主要分布在四川和陕西。【试题二】能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。纵观人类社会发展的历史，人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更替。能源的开发利用极大地推进了世界经济和人类社会的发展。过去100多年里，发达国家先后完成了工业化，消耗了地球上大量的自然资源，特别是能源资源。当前，一些发展中国家正在步入工业化阶段，能源消费增加是经济社会发展的客观必然。71 中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家，发展经济，摆脱贫困，是中国政府和中国人民在相当长一段时期内的主要任务。20世纪70年代末以来，中国作为世界上发展最快的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，成功地开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，为世界的发展和繁荣作出了重大贡献。中国是目前世界上第二位能源生产国和消费国。能源供应持续增长，为经济社会发展提供了重要的支撑。能源消费的快速增长，为世界能源市场创造了广阔的发展空间。中国已经成为世界能源市场不可或缺的重要组成部分，对维护全球能源安全，正在发挥着越来越重要的积极作用。【试题二参考答案】 Energyisanessentialmaterialbasisforhumansurvivalanddevelopment.Overtheentirehistoryofmankind,eachandeverysignificantstepintheprogressofhumancivilizationhasbeenaccompaniedbyenergyinnovationsandsubstitutions.Thedevelopmentandutilizationofenergyhasenormouslyboostedthedevelopmentoftheworldeconomyandhumansociety.Overmorethan100yearsinthepast,developedcountrieshavecompletedtheirindustrialization,consuminganenormousquantityofnaturalresources,especiallyenergyresources,intheprocess.Today,somedevelopingcountriesareusheringintheirowneraofindustrialization,andanincreaseofenergyconsumptionisinevitablefortheireconomicandsocialdevelopment.Chinaisthelargestdevelopingcountryintheworld,anddevelopingitseconomyandeliminatingpovertywill,foralongtimetocome,remainthemaintasksfortheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople.Sincethelate1970s,China,asthefastestgrowingdevelopingcountry,hasscoredbrilliantachievementsinitseconomyandsocietythathaveattractedworldwideattention,successfullyblazedthetrailofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,andmadesignificantcontributionstoworlddevelopmentandprosperity.Chinaisnowtheworld"ssecond-largestenergyproducerandconsumer.Thesustainedgrowthofenergysupplyhasprovidedanimportantsupportforthecountry"seconomicgrowthandsocialprogress,whiletherapidexpansionofenergyconsumptionhascreatedavastscopefortheglobalenergymarket.Asanirreplaceablecomponentoftheworldenergymarket,Chinaplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinmaintainingglobalenergysecurity.71 2007年11月二级笔译实务考试真题【英译汉必译题】MiltonFriedman,FreeMarketsTheorist,Diesat94.MiltonFriedman,thegrandmasteroffree-marketeconomictheoryinthepostwareraandaprimeforceinthemovementofnationstowardlessgovernmentandgreaterrelianceonindividualresponsibility,diedtodayinSanFrancisco,wherehelived.Hewas94.ConservativeandliberalcolleaguesalikeviewedMr.Friedman,aNobelprizelaureate,asoneofthe20thcentury’sleadingeconomicscholars,onaparwithgiantslikeJohnMaynardKeynesandPaulSamuelson.Flyingtheflagofeconomicconservatism,Mr.FriedmanledthepostwarchallengetothehallowedtheoriesofLordKeynes,theBritisheconomistwhomaintainedthatgovernmentshadadutytohelpcapitalisticeconomiesthroughperiodsofrecessionandtopreventboomtimesfromexplodingintohighinflation.InProfessorFriedman’sview,governmenthadtheoppositeobligation:tokeepitshandsofftheeconomy,toletthefreemarketdoitswork.TheonlyeconomicleverthatMr.Friedmanwouldallowgovernmenttousewastheonethatcontrolledthesupplyofmoney—amonetaristviewthathadgoneoutoffavorwhenheembraceditinthe1950s.Hewentontorecordasignalachievement,predictingtheunprecedentedcombinationofrisingunemploymentandrisinginflationthatcametobecalledstagflation.HisworkearnedhimtheNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciencein1976.Rarely,hiscolleaguessaid,didanyonehavesuchimpactonbothhisownprofessionandongovernment.Thoughheneverservedofficiallyinthehallsofpower,hewasalwaysaroundthem,asanadviserandtheorist.“Amongeconomicscholars,MiltonFriedmanhadnopeer,”BenS.Bernanke,theFederalReservechairman,saidtoday.“Thedirectandindirectinfluencesofhisthinkingoncontemporarymonetaryeconomicswouldbedifficulttooverstate.”AlanGreenspan,theformerFederalReservechairman,saidofMr.FriedmaninaninterviewonTuesday.“Fromalonger-termpointofview,it’shisacademicachievementswhichwillhavelastingimport.ButIwouldnotdismisstheprofoundimpacthehasalreadyhadontheAmericanpublic’sview.”Mr.Friedmanhadagiftforcommunicatingcomplicatedideasinsimpleandlucidways,anditservedhimwellastheauthororco-authorofmorethanadozenbooks,asacolumnistforNewsweekfrom1966to1983andevenasthestarofapublictelevisionseries.71 【英译汉二选一】试题1PanamagoestopollsonupgradeforcanalPANAMACITY:VoterswereexpectedSundaytoapprovethelargestmodernizationprojectinthe92-yearhistoryofthePanamaCanal,a$5.25billionplantoexpandthewaterwaytoallowforlargershipswhilealleviatingtrafficproblems.ThegovernmentofPresidentMartínTorrijoshasbilledthereferendumashistoric,sayingtheworkwoulddoublethecapacityofacanalalreadyonpacetogenerateabout$1.4billioninrevenuethisyear.Criticsclaimtheexpansionwouldbenefitthecanal"scustomersmorethanPanamanians,andworrythatcostscouldballoon,forcingthisdebt-riddencountrytoborrowevenmore.TheprojectwouldbuildathirdsetoflocksonthePacificandAtlanticendsofthecanalby2015,allowingittohandlemoderncontainerships,cruiselinersandtankerstoolargeforitslocks,whichare33meters,or108feet,wide.ThePanamaCanalAuthority,theautonomousgovernmentagencythatrunsthecanal,saystheprojectwouldbepaidforbyincreasingtollsandwouldgenerate$6billioninrevenueby2025.ThereisnothingPanamaniansaremorepassionateaboutthanthecanal."It"sincomparableinthehemisphere,"saidSamuelLewisNavarro,thecountry"svicepresidentandforeignsecretary."It"sinourheart,partofoursoul."Publicopinionpollsindicatethattheplanwouldbeapprovedoverwhelmingly.Greenandwhitesignsthroughoutthecountryread"Yesforourchildren,"whiletensofthousandsofbillboardsandbumperstickerstrumpetnewjobs."Thecanalneedsyou,"televisionandradioadsimplore."Itwillmeanmoreboats,andthatmeansmorejobs,"saidDamascoPolanco,whowasherdingcowsonhorsebackinNuevoProvedencia,onthebanksofLakeGatún,anartificialreservoirthatsupplieswatertothecanal.Thecanalemploys8,000workersandtheexpansionisexpectedtogenerateasmanyas40,000newjobs.UnemploymentinPanamais9.5percent,and40percentofthecountrylivesinpoverty.Butcriticsfearthattheexpansioncouldcostnearlydoublethegovernment"sestimate,aswellasstokecorruptionanduncontrolleddebt."Thepoorcontinuetosufferwhiletherichgetricher,"saidJoséFelixCastillo,62,ahighschoolteacherwhowasoneofabout3,000supporterswhotooktoPanamaCity"sstreetstoprotestthemeasureonFriday.LewisNavarronotedthataportionoftherevenuegeneratedbyeachtonofcargothatpassesthroughthewaterwaygoestoeducationandsocialprograms.71 "Wearen"ttalkingabout40percentpovertyasaconsequenceofthecanal,"hesaid."It"sexactlytheopposite."试题2【缺】【汉译英】【试题一】旅游是一项集观光、娱乐、健身为一体的愉快而美好的活动。旅游业随着时代进步而不断发展。20世纪中叶以来，现代旅游在世界范围内迅速兴起，旅游人数不断增加，旅游产业规模持续扩大，旅游经济地位提升，旅游活动愈益成为各国人民交流文化、增进友谊、扩大交往的重要渠道，对人类活动和社会进步发生越来越广泛的影响。古往今来，旅游一直是人们增长知识、丰富阅历、强健体魄的美好追求。在古代，中国先哲们就提出了“观国之光”的思想，倡导“读万卷书，行万里路”，游历名山大川，承天地之灵气，接山水之精华。【试题一参考译文】【试题二】从1979到2004年实行改革开放这27年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。经济每年增长9.4%，居民消费每年增长7%，进出口每年增长16.7%。2004年国民经济总产值达1.6494万亿美元，进出口总额达1.1548万亿美元。我们已经基本上建立了社会主义市场经济。我们的生产力和综合国力在不断提高。社会各项事业蓬勃发展，人民生活实现了从温饱到小康这一历史性的飞跃。71 如何在全球化加快的新形势下，从中国的实际出发，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，保持持续、快速、和谐和全面社会经济发展，是值得我们密切关注的重大战略略问题。经过多年的实践和探索，我们找到了一条既符合中国实际和时代发展趋势又反映人民愿望的发展道路。这就是具有中国特色的社会主义道路。我们将沿着这条道路坚定不移地奋勇前进。【试题二参考答案】Thepast27yearsofreformandopeninguphavebroughtabouttremendouschangesfrom1979to2004,onannualaverage,theChineseeconomygrewby9.4%,consumptionby7%,andimportandexportby16.7%.In2004,thecountry’sGDPtoppedUS$1.6494trillion.TotalimportandexportvolumereachedUS$1.1548trillion.Wehavebasicallyestablishedasocialistmarketeconomy.Ourproductivityandoverallnationalstrengthareconstantlygrowing.Varioussocialundertakingsareflourishingandthehistoricleapinthepeople’slivelihoodfromasubsistenceleveltomoderateprosperityisrealizedonthewhole.Underthenewcircumstancesofacceleratedeconomicglobalization,amajorstrategicissuedeservingourcloseattentionishowtomaintainsustained,rapid,coordinatedandsoundeconomicandsocialdevelopmentbyadaptingtoChina’sreality,seizingopportunitiesandcopingwithchallenges.Afteryearsexplorationandpractice,wehavefoundapathtodevelopmentthatcomfortstoChina’srealityandthetrendoftimesandreflectsthewishesofthepeople.ThisistheroadofChinesesocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.Wewillstrideforwardunswervinglyalongthisroad.71 2008年5月二级笔译实务试题【英译汉必译题】Ifaheavyrelianceonfossilfuelsmakesacountryaclimateogre,thenDenmark—withitsthousandsofwindturbinessprinkledonthecoastlinesandatsea—islivingahappyfairytale.ViewedfromtheUnitedStatesorAsia,Denmarkisanenvironmentalrolemodel.Thecountryis"whataglobalwarmingsolutionlookslike,"wroteFrancesBeinecke,thepresidentoftheNaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil,inalettertothegrouplastautumn.Aboutone-fifthofthecountry"selectricitycomesfromwind,whichwindexpertssayisthehighestproportionofanycountry.ButacloserlookshowsthatDenmarkisafarcryfromaclean-energyparadise.Thebuildingofwindturbineshasvirtuallygroundtoahaltsincesubsidieswerecutback.Meanwhile,comparedwithothersintheEuropeanUnion,Danesremainabove-averageemittersofthegreenhousegascarbondioxide.Forallitswindturbines,alargeproportionoftherestofDenmark"spowerisgeneratedbyplantsthatburnimportedcoal.TheDanishexperienceshowshowdifficultitcanbeforcountriesgrownrichonfossilfuelstoswitchtorenewableenergysourceslikewindpower.Amongthehurdlesarefluctuatingpoliticalpriorities,thehighcostofputtingnewturbinesoffshore,concernaboutpublicacceptanceoflargewindturbinesandthevolatilityofthewinditself."Europehasreallyledtheway,"saidAlexKlein,asenioranalystwithEmergingEnergyResearch,aconsultingfirmwithofficesinCambridge,Massachusetts.SomepartsofwesternDenmarkderive100percentoftheirpeakneedsfromwindifthebreezeisup.GermanyandSpaingeneratemorepowerinabsoluteterms,butinthosecountrieswindstillaccountsforafarsmallerproportionoftheelectricitygenerated.Theaverageforall27EuropeanUnioncountriesis3percent.ButtheGermansandtheSpanisharecatchingupasDenmarkslowsdown.Ofthethousandsofmegawattsofwindpoweraddedlastyeararoundtheworld,only8megawattswereinstalledinDenmark.Ifhighersubsidieshadbeenmaintained,hesaid,Denmarkcouldnowbegeneratingclosetoone-third—ratherthanone-fifth—ofitselectricityfromwindmills.【英译汉二选一】【试题一】ONEDAYinFebruary1926anunknownAmericanwriterwalkedoutofaNewYorksnowstormandintohistory.Animportantpieceofthathistoryisnowindangerofbeinglostforever,caughtinthecontroversyovertheUStradeembargoagainstCuba.TheunknownwriterwasErnestHemingway,andtheNewYorkofficehewalkedintowasthatofMaxwellPerkins,themostfamousAmericanliteraryeditorofhisday.Itisdifficulttoconceive--80yearsandanincandescentliterarycareerlater--theideaofpublishingthe26-year-oldHemingwaywasabigrisk.Hemingwayhadnotyetpublishedanovel.Indeed,hisonlypublishedfictionconsistedofafewshortstoriesandpoems,mostlyinobscureParisliteraryjournals.YetMr.Perkins,asHemingwaywastocallhimforyearsafterwards,evenaftertheyhadbecomeclosefriends,tooktherisk.Onthespot,heofferedHemingwayadealincludedagenerous$1,500advanceonanunfinished,unnamednovelthatPerkinshadnotevenseen.HemingwayandPerkinsbeganacorrespondencethatlastedfor21years,untilPerkins"sdeathin1947.AnumberofthoselettersarenowhousedinCuba,atFincaVigia,whereHemingwaylivedlongerthananywhereelse.Butthehouseisindangerofcollapse.71 AgroupofAmericansistryingtosavethehouseanditscontents.YettheUSgovernmentwon"tletthem.TheTreasuryDepartmentrecentlyturneddowntheHemingwayPreservationFoundation"sapplicationforalicensetopermititsarchitects,engineers,andconsultantstotraveltoCubatoresearchafeasibilitystudytohelptheCubanssaveFincaVigia.Thisdenial,whichiscontrarytotheletterandspiritofthelaw,isbeingappealed.【试题2】【缺】【汉译英】【必译篇】从19世纪40年代之后的鸦片战争、甲午战争，至20世纪30年代的日本侵华战争，中国惨遭东西方列强的屠戮和极其野蛮的经济掠夺；再加上封建腐败和连年内乱，中国主权沦丧、生灵涂炭、国力衰弱、民不聊生。深重的灾难、惨痛的事实使中华民族深知和平之珍贵、发展之重要。这样的历史实践形成了中国人民渴望和平、企求安定的心理，坚定了中国人民走和平发展道路的信念。1949年新中国成立后，我们在发展道路上艰辛探索，既经历过成功的喜悦，也经受过失败的挫折。从1978年开始，中国开启了新的征程，从计划转向市场，从封闭转向开放，从自成一体转向融入经济全球化，走独立自主地建设中国特色社会主义的道路，取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。实践充分证明，坚持走和平发展的道路是正确的，既符合中国国情，又顺应时代潮流。中国将沿着这条和平发展的道路，坚定不移地走下去。【汉译英二选一】【试题一】1968年我从北京来到陕西，惟一挂念的是在故乡身患绝症的老母亲。母亲的时日已经不多，身边再无亲人，离别成为我心中最沉重的痛。惟一能传递母亲信息的就是那枚小小的邮票。母亲当时已经双目失明，信是让别人代写的，内容千篇一律的干枯，邮票却是母亲自己摸索着贴上去的，她贴了一叠信封，随用随取，为的是不给别人添麻烦。 每回接到母亲来信，我都要抚摸贴在信封右上角的邮票，那是母亲亲手贴上去的，它贴得规正却无画面感，很多时候是头朝下的，因为母亲根本看不见，她是凭感觉在贴。邮票残留着母亲的手印，承载着母亲的挂念，那上面有母亲的气息。凝视中，我常常泪眼模糊……邮票是母亲的替代。我对邮票的认识源自于此。【试题二】2007年1月28日清晨，一列我国最新CRH高速动车组列车在上海南站首次亮相，标志着中国铁路进入一个全新时代。新型CRH高速列车最高时速可达250公里，目前运行时速160公里。共有200名乘客见证了列车从上海到杭州的首次运行，其高速、平稳及美妙的乘坐体验给大家留下了深刻印象。该列车的内外装饰都达到了国际统一标准，给乘客优越的旅行体验。此次提速的关键元素在于它的高科技车头，其重量与传统机车头相比减半，大大降低了能耗。除了新型CRH高速列车人性化的设计外，乘客还能体验到更舒心的服务。春节临近，CRH高速列车的全面运营将有望缓解紧张的铁路运输压力，以便出行更加便捷舒适。【英译汉必做题参考译文】如果说大量依赖石油燃料会让一个国家称为破坏环境的恶魔，那么丹麦，一个海岸线和海上布满数千台风力涡轮机的国家，简直是一个快乐地生活在童话故事里的国家。从美国或者亚洲国家的角度看，丹麦是环境保护的楷模。自然资源防护委员会主席弗朗西斯于去年秋天在致该组织的信函中写道，该国（指丹麦）“正式解决全球变暖的方法所在”。该国五分之一的发电来自风能，风力专家称，这是全欧洲比例最高的国家。但是如果我们进一步观察的话就会发现丹麦离“洁净能源的天堂”还差的很远。由于津贴消减，风力涡轮机的建设实际上已经停止。而与此同时，与欧盟其它国家相比，丹麦排放的温室气体二氧化碳仍然超过平均值。尽管有许多风力涡轮机，丹麦大量的能源都是由燃烧进口煤的工厂生产的。71 丹麦的经历表明了，要让使用石油燃料变富的国家改为使用风力之类的可再生能源是多么地困难。其中有许多的障碍，包括不断变化的政治优先权，将新涡轮建到海上成本高，担心公众是否能接受大型的风力涡轮机，以及风力本身的不稳定性。“欧洲的确是领先一步了”办公室设在马萨诸赛州剑桥的咨询公司，新兴能源研究会高级分析员阿列克斯克雷恩这样说道。在丹麦西部的某些地区，当刮起风时，能获得100％的能源需求。以绝对值计算，德国与西班牙产生的电能更多，但是这些国家风能发电仍只占总发电的很小一部分。欧盟27个国家的风力发电平均只占总发电量的3％。但是，随着丹麦减缓步伐，德国人和西班牙人正在迎头赶上。去年全世界风力产生的数十亿瓦电中，丹麦只贡献了8百万千瓦。他说，如果能保持较高的津贴，丹麦的风力发电占总发电的比率就不是五分之一了，而是三分之一。【英译汉试题1参考译文】1926年2月的某一天，一位不知名的美国作家走出了纽约的暴风雪，也走进了历史。但是，由于陷入美国向古巴禁运的争议之中，这段历史中一个重要的片目前受到了灭绝的威胁。这位不知名的作家就是厄内斯特海明威，而他走进的纽约办公室是他那个时代最著名的文学编辑麦克斯韦尔帕金斯的办公室。很难想象，能活到80岁，职业生涯晚期拥有辉煌文学成就的海明威，在他26岁时，要出版他的作品是要冒很大风险的。之前海明威从来就没出版过小说。事实上，他出版过的小说也仅仅有一些短篇故事和诗歌，大部分还发表在晦涩难懂的巴黎文学期刊上。然而，帕金斯先生还是承担了这个风险，尽管海明威很久之后再联系他，即便是在他们成为亲密的朋友之后。他当场就给海明威提供了一笔交易，包括对一本尚未完成，没有书名，甚至帕金森本人都没看过一眼的小说支付了一笔1500美元慷慨的预付款。海明威和帕金斯从第一次通信开始一直坚持了21年书信往来，直至1947年帕金斯与世长辞。其中大量的信件都保存在古巴的FincaVigia，海明威在那里呆的时间比任何地方都要长。但是这件屋子面临着倒塌的危险。一群美国人试图拯救这间屋子和里面的信件，但是美国政府不让他们这么做。美国财政部最近拒绝了海明威维护协会的申请，该协会在申请中要求允许该协会的建筑师，工程师和咨询人员可以到古巴进行可行可行性研究来帮助古巴人民拯救FincaVigia。由于这一否决违反了法律条文和精神，正受到起诉。【汉译英必做题参考译文】FromtheOpiumWarandtheFirstSino-JapaneseWarafterthe1840s,China"sWaronForeignInvaders1900totheJapaneseWarofAggressionagainstChinain1930s,ChinawassubjecttothebutcheringofthethenstrongpowersintheWestandEastandtheirextremelybarbarianeconomicdepredation.This,coupledwithfeudalcorruptionandyearsofsuccessivecivilstrifeandchaos,ledtothelossofChina"ssovereigntyandthehorrendoussufferingofherpeople,hernationalstrengthfailingandpeoplebarelysurviving.ThegravedisastersandtheharshfactshaveingraineddeeplyintotheChinesenationthevalueofpeaceandtheimportanceofdevelopment.SuchahistoricexperiencehasshapedthepsychologyoftheChinesepeopleinourquestforpeaceandhopeforstability,consolidatingourbeliefinfollowingapathtopeacefuldevelopment.AfterthefoundingofNewChinain1949,wehavemadearduousexplorationsinthecourseofourdevelopment,goingthroughboththejoysofsuccessandthefrustrationsoffailure.Startingfrom1978,Chinahasembarkedonanewjourneyoftransformingfromaplannedtoamarketeconomy,fromcloistereduptoopeningup,fromexclusiveself-sustainingtointegrationintoglobalization.ByfollowingapathofbuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsinanindependentandself-reliantmanner,wehavescoredgloriousachievementsthatattractedworldwideattention.Practicehasamplydemonstratedthatitisrighttoadheretoapathofpeaceful71 development,asitconformstobothChina"srealityandthetrendofthetimes.Chinawillunswervinglymarchonwardalongsidethispathtopeacefuldevelopment.【汉译英试题一参考译文】WhenIcamefromBeijingtoShanxi,theonlypersonIworriedaboutwasmymominhometown.Shewasblindandhadnobodyaround,andwascountingherdaysintheworld.Topartfromherwasthemostanguishingtome,andtheonlywaymymothercouldconveyherselftomewasthroughthesetinystamps.Asmomwasblind,herletterswereallwrittenbyother,withstereotypedcontents.Butthestampswereexclusivelystickedbymumthrougheffort-makingfeeling.Shehadstampedapileofenvelopesinpreparationforusesoasnottoaddtroublinglabortoothers.EachtimeIreceivedaletterfrommum,Iwouldalwaysstartedtostrokethestamponupperrightcornerofenvelopebecauseithadbeenstickedbymombyherbarehands.Itwasregularlysticked,butneverbeautifullydonewithupside-downpicturebecausemymotherwassoblindthatshestickeditallbyfeeling.Onthesestamps,mom’sfingerprintsremained,mom’scaringcarriedandmom’sscentomitting.OnceIstaredatthem,myeyesbrimmedoverwithexcitedtears.ThesestampsweresubstitutionformyMom;andmyunderstandingtostampsstemmedfromthem.【汉译英试题二参考答案】AnewCRH(ChinaRailwayHigh－speed)bullettrainmadeitsdebutatShanghaiSouthRailway　StationintheearlymorningofJanuary28，2007.ItannouncedthebeginningofanewepochofChina"srailwayindustry.ThenewCRHbullettrain，whichcantravelatatopspeedof250kilometersanhour，iscurrentlyrunningataspeedof160km/h.Atotalof200passengers，whowitnesseditsfirstrunfromShanghaitoHangzhou，were　deeplyimpressedbyitshighspeed,stableoperationandwonderfultravelexperience.Theexteriorandinterior　decorationisinlinewithinternationalstandard，providingpassengerswithasuperiorfeelingof　traveling.Thekeyelementofitsspeedimprovingisthehigh－techlocomotive，whichtheweightofithasbeencutinhalf　comparedwiththetraditionalonesforreducingpowerconsumption.Apartfromthepassenger－orienteddesignofthenewCRH，customerscanalsoexpectbetterservicefortheirenjoyingride.WiththeapproachoftheSpringFestival，thefullimplementationoftheCRHbullettraincanbeexpectedtorelievethehighcongestionofrailwaytravelsoastomakethetravelfasterandmoreconvenient.71 2008年11月英语二级笔译实务考试试题Section1English-ChineseTranslation(英译汉)（60points）Thissectionconsistsoftwoparts:PartA”CompulsoryTranslation”andPartB“OptionalTranslation”whichcomprises“Topic1”and“Topic2”.TranslatethepassageinPartAandyourchoicefromthepassagesinPartBintoChinese.Thetimeforthissectionis100minutes.PartACompulsoryTranslation(必译题)（30points）Ifaheavyrelianceonfossilfuelsmakeacountryaclimateogre,thenDenmark–withitsthousandsofwindturbinessprinkledonthecoastlinesandatsea–islivingahappyfairytale.ViewedfromtheUnitedStatesorAsia,Denmarkisanenvironmentalrolemodel.Thecountryis“whataglobalwarmingsolutionlookslike,”wroteFrancesBeinecke,thepresidentoftheNaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil,inalettertothegrouplastautumn.Aboutone-fifthofthecountry’selectricitycomesfromwind,whichwindexpertssayisthehighestproportionofanycountry.ButacloserlookshowsthatDenmarkisafarcryfromaclean-energyparadise.Thebuildingofwindturbineshasvirtuallygroundtoahaltsincesubsidieswerecutback.Meanwhile,comparedwithothersintheEuropeanUnion,Danesremainabove-averageemittersofthegreenhousegascarbondioxide.Forallitswindturbines,alargeproportionoftherestofDenmark’spowerisgeneratedbyplantsthatburnimportedcoal.TheDanishexperienceshowshowdifficultitcanbeforcountriesgrownrichonfossilfuelstoswitchtorenewableenergysourceslikewindpower.Amongthehurdlesarefluctuatingpriorities,thehighcostofputtingnewturbinesoffshore,concernaboutpublicacceptanceoflargewindturbinesandthevolatilityofthewinditself.“Europehasreallyledtheway,”saidAlexKlein,asenioranalystwithEmergingEngeryReserch,aconsultingfirmwithofficesinCambridge,Massachusetts.SomepartsofwesternDenmarkderive100percentoftheirpeakneedsfromwindifthebreezeisup.GermanyandSpaingeneratemorepowerinabsoluteterms,butinthosecountrieswindstillaccountsforafarsmallerproportionoftheelectricitygenerated.Theaverageforall27EuropeanUnioncountriesis3percent.ButtheGermansandtheSpanisharecatchingupasDenmarkslowsdown.Ofthethousandsofmegawattsofwindpoweraddedlastyeararoundtheworld,only8megawattswereinstalledinDenmark.Ifhighersubsidieshadbeenmaintained,Denmarkcouldnowbegeneratingclosetoone-third–ratherthanonefifth–ofitselectricityfromwindmills.PartBOptionalTranslation（二选一题）（30points）Topic1(选择题一)OnedayinFebruary1926,anunknownAmericanwriterwalkedoutofaNewYorksnowstormandintohistory.Animportantpieceofthathistoryisnowindangerofbeinglostforever,caughtinthecontroversyovertheU.S.tradeembargoagainstCuba.TheunknownwriterwasErnestHemingway,andtheofficehewalkedintowasthatofMaxwellPerkins,themostfamousAmericanliteraryeditorofhisday.Itisdifficulttoconceive–80yearsandanincandescentliterarycareerlater–theideaofpublishingthe26-year-oldHemingwaywasabigrisk.Hemingwayhadnotyetpublishedanovel.Indeed,hisonlypublishedfictionconsistedofafewshortstoriesandpoems,mostlyinobscureParisliteraryjournals.YetMr.Perkins–asHemingwaywastocallhimforyearsafterwards,evenaftertheyhadbecomeclosefriends–tooktherisk.Onthespot,heofferedHemingwayadealthatincludedagenerousUS$1,500advanceon71 anunfinished,unnamednovelthatPerkinshadnotevenseen.HemingwayandPerkinsbegancorrespondencethatlastedfor21years,untilPerkins’sdeathin1947.AnumberofthoselettersarenowhousedinCuba,atFincaVigia,orLookoutFarm,whereHemingwaylivedlongerthananywhereelse.Butthehouseisindangerofcollapse.Ithasbeencalledapreservationemergencybyexperts:Itisinsuchbadshapethatthenexthurricanecouldblowitaway.AgroupofAmericansistryingtosavethehouseanditscontents.YettheU.S.governmentwon’tletthem.TheTreasuryDepartmenthasturneddowntheHemingwayPreservationFoundation’sapplicationforalicensetopermititsarchitects,engineersandconsultantstotraveltoCubatoresearchafeasibilitystudytohelptheCubanssaveFincaVigia.Thisdenial,whichiscontrarytotheletterandspiritofthelaw,isbeingappealed.Topic2(选择题二)Whenitcomestotheretailbusiness,ChantalVoisin,anumbrellamerchantinParis,hasatheory:Whenitrains,itpours.OnerecentFridayafternoonnotasinglepersonsetfootinSimon,herstoreontheBoulevardSt.Michel.Then,twohoursbeforeclosing,peoplestartedtricklinginandshesoldmorethanshehadallweek.Voisin,whois61,hasbeenmakingandsellinghigh-endumbrellassince1958.Hertinybusinessstandsthemoodsofaficklepublic,butshesaidthatifitwerenotforthestore’sreputation,shedidnotknowhowshewouldmakeit.“Umbrellasalonedon’tbringinthebread,”Voisinsaid,“it’sourname.”Hergrandfatheropenedthestorein1897,whentheumbrellawasessentialtothewardrobeandlifestyleofeveryyoungladyordandy.Butifevenseveraldecadesagopeoplecoordinatedtheiroutfitstothelastbutton,todaytheywantonesingle,all-purposeumbrella.Itshouldbeblack,andithadbetterbecheap.Steppingintoherstore,whoseceilingisvaultedlikeanopenumbrella,onemayunderstandwhysheconsiderssuchfashionslothagraveoffense.Sproutingfrombasketsandliningthewalls,thereissuchavarietyofumbrellas.Somearedarkanddignified,andothershaverufflesaroundtherim,foldedlikebouquetsofflowers.Theumbrellasrunfrom€13,or$17,forthemostbasictoaverylargeblackmodelwithasilveredhandlefor€320.Whowouldspendsomuchonanumbrella?“Ihavenoidea,”Voisinsaid.“Iordereditbecauseitwassobeautiful.”Withstreethawkerssellingflimsyfoldiesoutsideandshoppersrustlingpricetagsthemomenttheystepinside,Voisinmaintainsthatherproductsarerelevantinaworldwherefewarewillingtospendmorethan€5onportableshelter.“WhatIstandfor:design,quality,creation,composition,theeleganceofanumbrella,”shesaid.“Butthat’ssofragile.”参考答案Section英译汉60分必译题30分如果说过分依赖矿物燃料会使一个国家变成气候恶化的罪魁，那么，丹麦就是生活在幸福的童话中了。这个国家现有成千上万座风力发电机分布在其海岸及海上。在美国人和亚洲人眼中，丹麦是环保的楷模。保护自然资源委员会主席弗朗西斯拜内克在去年秋天写给委员会的信中说，丹麦“展示了解决全球变暖问题的途径”。丹麦约有1/5的发电量来源于风力，据风力专家称，这一比例居世界首位。仔细观察，就会发现丹麦远非清洁能源的天堂。自补贴减少后，修建风力发电机的工作实际上已陷于停顿。71 与此同时，和欧盟其他成员国相比，在温室气体二氧化碳排放方面，丹麦仍处于平均水平之上。尽管丹麦拥有相当数量的风力发电机，他所消耗的电力仍主要来源于燃烧进口煤炭的发电厂。丹麦的经验证明，对使用矿物燃料富裕起来的国家而言，改用如风能这样的再生能源会有多么困难。问题包括关注重点的变化、在海上新建风力发电机的高昂费用、对公众是否接受大型风力发电机的担心、以及变化无常的风力等等。没过马萨诸塞州坎布里奇市一家名为“新兴能源研究”的咨询公司的高级分析师亚历克斯克莱因说，“欧洲的确处于领先地位”。在丹麦西部某些地区，如果风大，风力发电足以百分之百的保证其高峰时的用电量。就绝对数量而言，德国和西班牙的发电量超过丹麦，但风力发电在其总发电量中所占的比例却小得多。欧盟27个成员国的平均水平是3%。当丹麦放慢步伐时，德国人和西班牙人正在赶上来。在去年全球新增的数千兆瓦风电装机容量中，丹麦只有8兆瓦。如果当时丹麦坚持执行其高补贴政策，他目前的风力发电量就会接近其总发电量的1/3，而不是现在的1/5.二选一题30分选择题一1926年2月某日，一位名不见经传的美国作家在纽约冒着暴风雪来到了一个后来将他载入文学史册的地方。如今这段历史很重要的一章正濒临永远消失的危险，因为他陷入了一场有关美国对古巴实行贸易禁运的争论之中。这位名不见经传的作家就是欧内瓦特海明威，他所到之处就是马克思威尔伯金斯的办公室，伯金斯是当时美国最著名的文学编辑。80年过去了，一段辉煌的文学生涯也早已结束。现在很难想象当时决定出版26岁的海明威的作品要冒很大的风险。当时海明威还从未发表过一部小说。实际上，他只发表过几篇短篇小说和几首诗，而且大多数发表在巴黎几家毫无名气的文学刊物上。然而，伯金斯先生—在此后数年中，海明威一直这样称呼他，甚至在他们成了密友之后也是如此—还是冒了个这个险。虽然这不他连看都没看过的小说还未写完，书名也未定，但他当即决定于海明威签约，并慷慨地预付了1500美元稿酬。海明威和伯金斯开始了长达21年之久的书信往来，知道1947年伯金斯去世为止。有些信件现保存在古巴的芬卡维基亚—意思是“瞭望农场”—的一所住宅里，这是海明威居住时间最长的地方。但是现在这所房子濒临倒塌。专家们称之为务须保护的建筑，因为他的状况极差，再来一次飓风就会把它刮倒。一些美国人正设法抢救这所房子和内部的东西。但是，美国政府却加以阻挠。海明威保护基金会曾申请准许其建筑师、工程师及顾问赴古巴进行可行性研究，以便协助古巴人抢救瞭望农场。这一申请遭到美国财政部的拒绝。这违背了法律的条文和精神，有关人士正为此而上诉。选择题二说起零售业，巴黎一家三点的老板尚塔尔瓦暂有她自己的一套理论：不雨则已，一雨倾盆。他在圣米歇尔大街经营一家名叫西蒙的伞店。不久前的一个星期五，整个下午，店内无人光顾。然而，馆门前两小时顾客纷纷而来，那天她卖掉的伞比她一周卖得还多。现年61岁的瓦赞从1958年起就制作并出售高档伞。他的小店经受了顾客品位不断变化的考验。不过她说要不是伞店的声誉好，她不知怎样才能坚持下来。“光靠卖伞是难以糊口的”，瓦赞说。“靠的是我们的名气”。这三点是他祖父1897年开办的，当时在每一位千金小姐或公子哥儿的服饰和生活方式中，伞是必不可少的。但是，如果说几十年前人们讲究装束搭配细致入微，今天人们就只需要一把多用伞。这伞是要黑色的，最好还要便宜一些。71 走进西蒙伞店，你救护明白店主为什么对时下的不讲究如此反感。三点那半圆形的天花板就像一把张开的伞，店内品种繁多，有的伞插在篮子里，有的挂在周围的墙上：深色的显得庄重，镶花边的合起来像一捧捧花束。店里一般的伞起家13欧元，合17美元。一把特大的、装有镀银柄的黑伞标价则高达320欧元。谁肯花这么多钱买把伞呢？“我不知道，”瓦赞说。“因为它太漂亮了，我就订了货”。尽管街上的小贩在外面兜售劣质折叠伞，尽管顾客们一进门就翻看价签，瓦赞依然认为她的产品还是有销路的，虽然现在极少数人肯买超过5欧元的伞。“我将就伞的设计、质量、创意、材料和品位，”瓦赞说。“不过这不太容易了”。Section2Chinese-EnglishTranslation(汉译英)Thissectionconsistsoftwoparts:PartA“CompulsoryTranslation”andPartB“OptionalTranslation”whichcomprises“Topic1”and“Topic2”.TranslatethepassageinPartAyou’reyourchoicefromthepassagesinPartBintoEnglish.Thetimeforthissectionis80minutes.PartACompulsoryTranslation(必已题)20points中国已经提前进入老龄化社会。虽然养老问题是世界各国目前面临的共同问题，但对中国这样一个人口庞大，人均国内生产总值偏低的发展中国家来说，养老负担尤为繁重。据统计，发达国家出现人口老化问题时，其人均国内生产总值已达到5000至1万美元。而中国1999年进入老龄化社会时，其人均国内生产总值还不到1000美元。目前，在中国，7-8个职工养一个老人。到2040年，这个比例将降至2比1。如今，多数中国人仍恪守传统的孝道。许多老年人仍期望与子女共同生活，由晚辈照顾。这就加大了中国实行机构化养老的难度。但是，人口学家认为，职业养老机构养老是解决上世纪70年代末以来出生的独生子女一代的沉重养老负担的唯一出路。目前，除政府投资外，越来越多的非官方资金正融入这个充满商机的巨大市场。PartBOptionalTranslation(二选一题)（20points）在中国东北边疆的黑龙江省，有一片被称为“北大荒”的土地。经过60年代的开发，这片原始荒原已经成为中国重要的商品粮基地和粮食战略储备基地，对保障中国的粮食安全起着重要的作用。如今，北大荒的耕地面积已接近233万公顷，几乎所有能用于耕作的荒芜土地都已被开垦。2006年，北大荒的粮食综合生产能力达到113.2亿公顷。当年他为国家提供商品粮100亿公斤，可解决7000万人一年的口粮。北大荒主要生产水稻、大豆、小麦、玉米等农作物，所产的粮食全部都是无公害绿色食品。目前，北大荒的农业生产机械化程度已经达到百分之百。这里拥有世界最先进的农机设备。在农作物种植方面，北大荒对生产全过程实行了标准化管理，最大化的提高了农作物的质量和单位面积产量。现在，北大荒的人均粮食年产量高大38万公斤。这一数字已超过许多发达国家。Topic2（选择题二）许多年来，越来越多的农命工进城打工。但许多人因经济困难，无法写子女前往，只得将他们留在家乡。这些孩子被称做“留守儿童”。据统计，目前全国有1.5亿农命工进城打工，留守儿童已达2290万。留守儿童现象已引起政府和公众的关注。过去几年里，各地建立了各类机构，帮助、照顾这些儿童。2007年，一个地方民营企业携手中央电视台在全国发起了一项慈善活动，旨在帮助这个弱势群体。确保这些儿童的利益对中国建设和谐社会具有重大意义。这项慈善活动除了为留守儿童提供生活和教育补助费以外，每年还向其中的500人提供探亲旅费，使他们能在节假日于在城里打工的父母团聚。目前，这项慈善活动已在全国展开。他为那些生活贫困，思念远方亲人的孩子们带来了希望。同时他又激励更多人去履行他们的社会义务。汉译英参考答案：71 必译题20分Chinahasbecomeanagingsocietyearlierthanexpected.Althoughsupportingtheelderlyisacommonproblemfacedbyallcountriesworldwide,itisindeedaheavyburdentoChina,adevelopingcountrywithahugepopulationandrelativelylowper-capitaGDP.Accordingtostatistics,populationagingindevelopedcountriesoccurredatatimewhentheirper-capitaGDPstoodbetweenUS$5,000and$10,000,butChinaonlyregisteredlessthan$1,000inper-capitaGDPwhenitbecameanagingcountryin1999.Currently,oneelderlyChinesehasthesupportofseventoeightemployees.Butby2040,theratiowillhavedroppedto1:2.Todate,mostChinesepeoplestillfollowthetraditionoffilialpiety.Manyseniorcitizensstillexpecttolivewiththeirchildrenandreceivethelatter’scare.Thishascomplicatedtheefforttoinstitutionalizeold-ageinthecountry.Demographers,however,havenotedthatprofessionallyinstitutionalizedold-agecareistheonlywaytoremovetheheavyburdenofsupportingtheelderlyfromChina’ssingle-childgenerationbornsincethelate1970s.Atpresent,apartfromgovernmentinvestment,moreandmorenon-governmentalcapitalisflowingintothishugemarketfullofbusinessopportunities.二选一题（20分）选择题一InnortheastChina’sborderprovinceofHeilongjiang,thereisaregionknownasBeidahuang(theGreatNorthernWilderness).After60yearsofdevelopment,thisonceremoteanddesolatelandhasbeentransformedintoamajorcommoditygrainproductionbaseandstrategicgrainreserveinthecountry.ItisplayinganimportantroleinensuringChina’sfoodsecurity.Atpresent,thecultivatedlandinBeidahuangapproaches2.33millionhectares,andalmostallitscultivablewastelandhasbeenreclaimed.In2006,itsgrainproductioncapacityreached11.32billionkg.Inthesameyear,itofferedthestate10billionkgofcommoditygrain,whichwassufficienttofeed70millionpeopleforayear.Beidahuang’smajorfarmproductsareallgreenandpollution-free,includingrice,soybean,wheatandcorn.Today,withitsagriculturalproductioncompletelymechanized,Beidahuangboaststhemostadvancedfarmingmachineryintheworld.Intermsofcropcultivation,standardizedmanagementhasbeenintroducedinthewholeprocessofproduction,whichhelpmaximallyraisethequalityandper-unityieldofthecrops.Now,Beidahuang’sper-capitaannualyieldofgrainisashighas380,000kg,afiguresurpassingthatofmanydevelopedcountries.选择题二Inrecentyears,moreandmorefarmershaveflockedtocitiesforemployment.Manyofthem,withoutfinancialmeans,cannotbringtheirchildrenalongandhavetoleavethemintheirhometown.Thesekidsarecalledleft-behindchildren.StatisticsshowthatChinanowhas150millionmigrantworkersfromruralareasandthatthenumberofleft-behindchildrenhasreached22.9million.Thephenomenonofleft-behindchildrenhasattractedtheconcernofboththegovernmentandthegeneralpublic.Variousinstitutionshavebeensetupnationwideoverthepastyearstohelpandtakecareofthesechildren.Lastyear,alocalprivatebusinessjoinedhandswithCCTVtolaunchanationalcharityprogramtoextendhelptothisdisadvantagedgroup.Toensurethewellbeingofthesechildrenisofgreatimportancetochina’sefforttobuildaharmonioussociety.Theprogram,apartfromprovidinglivingandeducationalsubsidiesforleft-behindchildren,offerstravelingexpensesto500ofthemeachyearsothattheycanbeunitedwiththeirparentsworkingincitiesduringfestivalsorvacations.TheprogramisbeingcarriedoutthroughoutChina,bringinghopetothosechildrenwholiveinpovertyand71 misstheirfarawayparents.Meanwhile,itinspiresmorepeopletoperformtheirsocialobligations.71 2009年5月英语二级笔译实务考试试题英译汉：1.必译题：关于世界粮食计划署的世界粮食危机问题找到了解决之道2.选译题：(1)关于泰坦尼克号沉没原因的调查(2)美国修复有轨电车系统汉译英：1.必译题：中国制造变成了质量低劣的产品的代名词。技术革新和质量管理是中国企业的必须采取的行动。2.选译题：(1)新疆发现白熊酷似北极熊；(2)蓝藻在各大湖泊蔓延，造成污染。城市饮水收到威胁。苏州使用蓝藻清除船进行水面清理。英译汉必做题CompulsoryTranslationTherewas,lastweek,aglimmerofhopeintheworldfoodcrisis.Expectingabumperharvest,Ukrainerelaxedrestrictionsonexports.Overnight,globalwheatpricesfellby10percent.Bycontrast,tradersinBangkokquotericepricesaround$1,000aton,upfrom$460twomonthsago.Suchisthevolatilityoftoday’smarkets.Wedonotknowhowhighfoodpricesmightgo,norhowfartheycouldfall.Butonethingiscertain:Wehavegonefromaneraofplentytooneofscarcity.Expertsagreethatfoodpricesarenotlikelytoreturntothelevelstheworldhadgrownaccustomedtoanytimesoon.Imaginethesituationofthoselivingonlessthan$1aday-the“bottombillion,”thepoorestoftheworld’spoor.MostliveinAfrica,andmanymighttypicallyspendtwo-thirdsoftheirincomeonfood.InLiberialastweek,Iheardhowpeoplehavestoppedpurchasingimportedricebythebag.Instead,theyincreasinglybuyitbythecup,becausethat’salltheycanafford.TravelingthoughWestAfrica,Ifoundgoodreasonforoptimism.InBurkinaFaso,Isawagovernmentworkingtoimportdroughtresistantseedsandbettermanagescarcewatersupplies,helpedbynationslikeBrazil.InIvoryCoast,wesawawomen’scooperativerunningachickenfarmsetupwithUNfunds.Theprojectgeneratedincome-andfood-forvillagersinwaysthatcaneasilybereplicated.Elsewhere,Isawyetanotherwomen’sgroupslowlyexpandingtheirlocalagriculturalproduction,withUNhelp.SoontheywillreplaceWorldFoodProgramricewiththeirownhome-grownproduce,sufficienttocovertheneedsoftheirschoolfeedingprogram.Thesearehome-grown,grass-rootssolutionsforgrass-rootsproblems-preciselythekindofsolutionsthatAfricaneeds.选做题Topic1Foradecade,metallurgistsstudyingthehulkoftheTitanichavearguedthatthestoriedoceanlinerwentdownquicklyafterhittinganicebergbecausetheship"sbuilderusedsubstandardrivetsthatpoppedtheirheadsandlettonsoficyseawaterrushin.Morethan1,500peopledied.Nowateamofscientistshasmovedintodeeperwaters,uncoveringevidenceinthebuilder"sownarchivesofadeadlymixofgreatambitionanduseoflow-qualityironthatdoomedtheship,whichsank96yearsagoTuesday.Thescientistsfoundthattheship"sbuilder,HarlandandWolff,inBelfast,struggledforyearstoobtainadequatesuppliesofrivetsandriveterstobuildtheworld"sthreebiggestshipsatonce:theTitanicandtwosisters,OlympicandBritannic.Eachrequiredthreemillionrivets,andshortagespeakedduringTitanic"sconstruction."Theboardwasincrisismode,"saidJenniferHooperMcCarty,amemberoftheteamthatstudiedthecompany"sarchiveandotherevidence.”Itwasconstantstress.Everymeetingitwas,"There"sproblemswiththerivets,andweneedtohiremorepeople.""Theteamcollectedothercluesfrom48Titanicrivets,usingmoderntests,computersimulations,comparisonstocentury-oldmetalsandcarefuldocumentationofwhatengineersandshipbuildersoftheeraconsideredstateoftheart.71 ThescientistssaythetroublesbeganwhenthecolossalplansforcedHarlandandWolfftoreachbeyonditsusualsuppliersofrivetironandincludesmallerforges,asdisclosedincompanyandBritishgovernmentpapers.Smallforgestendedtohavelessskillandexperience.Addingtothethreat,thecompany,inbuyingironforTitanic"srivets,orderedNo.3bar,knownas"best,"notNo.4,knownas”best-best,"thescientistsfound.TheyalsodiscoveredthatshipbuildersofthedaytypicallyusedNo.4ironforanchors,chainsandrivets.Sotheliner,whosenamewasmeanttobesynonymouswithopulence,inatleastoneinstancereliedoncheapmaterials.ThescientistsarguethatbetterrivetswouldhaveprobablykepttheTitanicafloatlongenoughforrescuerstohavearrivedbeforetheicyplunge,savinghundredsoflives.汉译英必做题CompulsoryTranslation“中国制造”模式遭遇发展瓶颈，这种模式必须要改进和提高。一些外国人认为，“中国制造”大约就是质量低下的代名词。不可否认，少数产品的确存在质量问题，让大多数价廉质优的产品代其受罪。质量是产品的生命线。随着外国市场的夸大，中国企业也意识到质量的重要性。因此一场旨在提高质量，提供优良服务的运动正在兴起。在传统的制造业中，中国企业通过技术创新和质量管理，为国际市场提供高质量的产品。在新兴的信息产业，中国企业以高科技为师，增强和外国企业的交流与合作，提高产品质量。近几年来，中国政府通过立法和社会监督保证产品质量，创造全社会重视产品问题的环境。“中国制造”模式遭遇发展瓶颈，这种模式必须要改进和提高。一些外国人认为，“中国制造”大约就是质量低下的代名词。不可否认，少数产品的确存在质量问题，让大多数价廉质优的产品代其受罪。质量是产品的生命线。随着外国市场的夸大，中国企业也意识到质量的重要性。因此一场旨在提高质量，提供优良服务的运动正在兴起。在传统的制造业中，中国企业通过技术创新和质量管理，为国际市场提供高质量的产品。在新兴的信息产业，中国企业以高科技为师，增强和外国企业的交流与合作，提高产品质量。近几年来，中国政府通过立法和社会监督保证产品质量，创造全社会重视产品问题的环境。选做题Topic11996年，一位摄影师在新疆喀纳斯自然保护区无意间拍到一只白熊。自此以后的十年里，白熊藏身于深山之中，再无音讯。直到2003年，人们才再次在该自然区又发现了白熊的踪迹。在熊的家族里，只有北极熊是白色的。但是，这个庞然大物是如何离开极地寒带，来到这个寒温带的地方呢？难道它是通过通往北极的水路来到此地？这一猜测遭到动物学家的质疑。首先，北极熊不能在温带的树林中生活。其次，。。。。。。。。。2006年，一个科学考察队在白熊出没的地区发现了熊冬眠的冬窝儿，还发现了一小团白色的动物毛发。DNA样本鉴定为棕熊的毛发。但是，也有可能，至少那团毛发不属于照片中的白熊。Topic2蓝藻是一种简单的水生植物，它可以在河湖、湿地、树干和温泉自然蔓延生长。当蓝藻细胞达到一定程度时，蓝藻的“密集孽生”会使水体变色、引起泡沫、散发臭气、影响贝类和鱼类的生存，还会使水质大幅度下降。2007年夏天，富营养物和其他污染导致蓝藻在太湖、巢湖、滇池发生了蓝藻“密集孽生”现象，影响了城市供水及水生产品生长。“密集孽生”最严重的是太湖东部。太湖是我国第三大淡水湖。这次“密集孽生”导致周边100多万居民供水问题长达10天之久。为了防止污染，当地环保部门关闭了770家化工厂。2008年夏天，长期的温暖、干燥气候导致蓝藻在部分地区发生。9月，一艘可以快速、有效地清除蓝藻的船在江苏省投入使用。71 2009年11月英语二级笔译实务考试试题英译汉（这次的三篇文章均出自纽约时报…）必译题Atfirst,asheadjustedpumpsandcheckedtemperatures,AaronBoucherlookedlikeanytechnicianinthecontrolroomofanelectricalplant.Thenherushedtothewindowandscannedthesky,tocheckhisfuelsupply.Mr.Boucherwasbattlingclouds,timingtheoperationsofhispowerplanttogetthemostoutofpatchysunshine.Itisaskillthatmaysoonbeingreaterdemand,fortheworldappearstobeonthevergeofaboominalittle-knownbutpromisingtypeofsolarpower.Itisnotthekindthatfeaturesshinypanelsboltedtotheroofsofhouses.Thistypeinvolvescoveringacresofdesertwithmirrorsthatfocusintensesunlightonafluid,heatingitenoughtomakesteam.Thesteamturnsaturbineandgenerateselectricity.Thetechnologyisnotnew,butitissuddenlyinhighdemand.Aspricesriseforfossilfuelsandworriesgrowabouttheircontributiontoglobalwarming,solarthermalplantsarebeingviewedasarenewablepowersourcewithhugepotential.Afteradecadeofnoactivity,twoprototypesolarthermalplantswererecentlyopenedintheUnitedStates,withacapacitythatcouldpowerseveralbighotels,neonincluded,ontheLasVegasStrip,about20milesnorthofhere.Another10powerplantsareinadvancedplanninginCalifornia,ArizonaandNevada.Onsunnyafternoons,those10plantswouldproduceasmuchelectricityasthreenuclearreactors,buttheycanbebuiltinaslittleastwoyears,comparedwithadecadeorlongerforanuclearplant.Someofthenewplantswillfeaturesystemsthatallowthemtostoreheatandgenerateelectricityforhoursaftersunset.TheplantinBouldercity,NevadaSolarOne,usesamirrorintheshapeofaparabolatofocuslightontoablackpipewithaheat-transferfluidinside.Thefluidisusedtoboilwaterintosteam,whichturnsageneratorthatcanproduce64megawatts.AtNevadaSolarOnetheotherday,Mr.Boucher,30,ranthecomputerizedcontrolroom.DressedinaT-shirt,sneakersandaBostonRedSoxcapwornbackwards,helookedabitlikeateenagegamerasheusedacomputermousetomanipulatetheplant.Hewastryingtoproduceasmuchelectricityaspossiblewhilesavingheattotidetheplantoverascloudscastepisodicshadowsonthesolararray.“I’vebeenfightingitallday,”hesaid.Imperceptibly,inthedustywindofthehighdesert,182,000mirrorsmovedfromeasttowest,trackingthesunacrossthesky.选译一Thisweek,thisremoteArcticsettlement—whichbillsitselfasperhapsthenorthernmosttownintheworld—isbuzzingwithexcitementandexpectation.Itisnotbecauseapolarbearwasspottedintheadjacentvalleylastweek.(Itwasdeemedwellfed,andofficialsdecidedtoletitlumberontowardthecoastinsteadofshootingitasamatterofpublicsafety.)The2,000inhabitantsofLongyearbyen,onanisland600milesfromtheNorthPole,areeagerlyawaitinganothervisitor,whosearrivalisjustaroundthecorner.Fromexperience,theyknowthisguestwillwarmtheairandmakethetown’snowfilmycolorscomealive—thewhiteofthesnow;thedeepblueofthewater;thered,yellowandgreenofthewoodenhomes,banks,restaurants,schoolsandthepostoffice.Onsunday,thesunwillriseagaininLongyearbyen,thefirsttimesinceOctober.Whilemostoftheworldtakeslightandshadowsforgranted,forresidentshere,aftermonthsofperpetualdarkness,theprospectofsunlightisaverybigdeal.71 Withthesunclimbingclosertothehorizon,eachdayis20minuteslongerthanthedaybefore,andnoticeablybrighter.OnSaturday,directsunlight,withshadowsandwarmth,willarrive,startingwithanactualsunrise.Thearrivalofdaylightislikeayearlyrebirth,transforminglivesandroutines.Whilepeopledonotactuallyhibernate,ofcourse,residentssaytheytireeasilyinthedarkwinter.OnFriday,attheRoyalKindergarten(oneofthreepreschoolshere),adozenorsochildrenwhohavelivedindarknessforthewinterwerebusilypaintingandcuttingoutpapersunsthatarenowaffixedtotheschool’ssnowywindows.Theyarelearningasongforafestivalthatwillbringtogetherallthetown’sstudentsnextweek:“Thesunisgood.Thesunisgreat.Thesuniswarm.Itbrownsthebody.Thesunshineseverymorningonme.”Thedaythesunarrivesisapublicholiday.选译二Myhusband,at74,isthebabyofhisbridgegroup,whichincludesawomanof85andamanof89.Thischallenginggamedemandsanexcellentmemory(forbids,cardsplayed,rulesandsoon)andanabilitytothinkstrategicallyandreadsubtlepsychologicalcues.Neverhavinghadaheadforcards,Icontinuetobeamazedbythementalagilityoftheseseptuagenariansandoctogenarians.Thebrain,likeeveryotherpartofthebody,changeswithage,andthosechangescanimpedeclearthinkingandmemory.Yetmanyolderpeopleseemtoremainsharpasatackwellintotheir80sandbeyond.Althoughtheirpacemayhaveslowed,theycontinuetowork,travel,attendplaysandconcerts,playcardsandboardgames,studyforeignlanguages,designbuildings,workwithcomputers,writebooks,dopuzzles,knitorperformothermentallychallengingtasksthatcanbefuddlepeoplemuchyounger.Severalstudiesofnormalaginghavefoundthathigherlevelsofeducationalattainmentwereassociatedwithslowercognitiveandfunctionaldecline.Butbrainstimulationdoesnothavetostopwiththediploma.Better-educatedpeoplemaygoontochoosemoreintellectuallydemandingoccupationsandpursuebrain-stimulatinghobbies,resultinginaformoflifelonglearning.you’redoingthesamethingoverandoveragain,withoutintroducingnewmentalchallenges,itwon’tbebeneficial.Thus,aswithmuscles,it’s“useitorloseit.”Thebrainrequirescontinuedstressestomaintainorenhanceitsstrength.Long-termstudiesinothercountries,includingSwedenandChina,havealsofoundthatcontinuedsocialinteractionshelpedprotectagainstdementia.Themoreextensiveanolderperson’ssocialnetwork,thebetterthebrainislikelytowork.Especiallyhelpfulareproductiveormentallystimulatingactivitiespursuedwithotherpeople,likecommunitygardening,takingclasses,volunteeringorparticipatinginaplay-readinggroup.Perhapsthemostdirectroutetoafitmindisthroughafitbody.Justwalkingfastfor30to60minutesseveraltimesaweekcanhelp.Eventhosewhostartexercisingintheir60scuttheirriskofdementiainhalf.中译英的题目印象不是很深，大概列几个点吧必译题讲的是生态社会。1.生态社会是处理全球气候变暖的一种重要途径。生态社会以……为基础，以……为主要途径，以生态文明为最高目标。（原谅我是在记不住这种废话……）这里生态文明要翻成aconservationculture,具体的参考http://blog.china.com.cn/sp1/wangpingxing/202848145795.shtml。考试的时候写的ecologicalcivilization哭死2.生态社会符合科学发展观的要求（ScientificOutlookonDevelopment）。发展生态社会必须处理好人与自然、人与社会、人与人的关系，要实现统筹发展。3.发展生态文明……（大概就是对当代的意义）不能损害子孙后代的利益。71 选译一1.中国政府1978年开始在三北地区建“三北防护林”，这项“绿色长城”面积达……，居世界之首。2.中国政府1979.11月设“植树节”。中国政府已经种植……面积的人工林，占到了人工林总面积的1/3为世界人工林之首，从78年的……（面积）到98年的……（面积）。人均面积上升了……。3.中国政府采取了一系列措施增加植被和森林面积。4.世界粮农组织报告指出，虽然过去几十年世界植被下降了……（面积），但亚洲则是上升了……（面积），其中大部分应该归功于中国2010年5月英语二级笔译实务考试试题实务英译汉－必译题IntheEuropeanUnion,carrotsmustbefirmbutnotwoody,cucumbersmustnotbetoocurvedandceleryhastobefreeofanytypeofcavity.Thiswasthelaw,onethatbannedoverlycurved,extra-knobblyoroddlyshapedproducefromsupermarketshelves.ButinavictoryforopponentsofEuropeanregulation,100pagesoflegislationdeterminingthesize,shapeandtextureoffruitandvegetableshavebeentornup.OnWednesday,EUofficialsagreedtoaxeruleslayingdownstandardsfor26products,frompeastoplums.Indoingso,theauthoritieshopetheyhavekilledoffregulationsroutinelyusedbycritics-mostnotablyintheBritishmedia-toridiculethemeddlingtendenciesoftheEU.Afteryearsofnewsstoriesaboutthepermittedangleorcurvatureoffruitandvegetables,thedecisionWednesdayalsocoincidedwiththerisingpriceofcommodities.Withthecostoftheweeklysupermarketvisitontherise,ithasbecomeincreasinglyhardtodefendtheactofthrowingawayfoodjustbecauseitlooksstrange.BeginninginJulynextyear,whenthechangesgointoforce,standardsonthe26productswilldisappearaltogether.Shopperswillthebeabletochosetheirproducewhateveritsappearance.Underacompromisereachedwithnationalgovernments,manyofwhichopposedthechanges,standardswillremainfor10typesoffruitandvegetables,includingapples,citrusfruit,peaches,pears,strawberriesandtomatoes.ButthoseinthiscategorythatdonotmeetEuropeannormswillstillbeallowedontothemarket,providingtheyaremarkedasbeingsubstandardorintendedforcookingorprocessing."Thismarksanewdawnforthecurvycucumberandtheknobblycarrot,"saidMariannFischerBoel,Europeancommissionerforagriculture,whoarguedthatregulationswerebetterlefttomarketoperators."Inthesedaysofhighfoodpricesandgeneraleconomicdifficulties,"FischerBoeladded,"consumersshouldbeabletochoosefromthewidestrangeofproductspossible.Itmakesnosensetothrowperfectlygoodproductsaway,justbecausetheyarethe"wrong"shape."Thatsentimentwasnotsharedby16oftheEU"s27nations-includingGreece,France,theCzechRepublic,Spain,ItalyandPoland-whichtriedtoblockthechangesatameetingoftheAgriculturalManagementCommittee.Severalworriedthattheabolitionofstandardswouldleadtothecreationofnationalones,saidoneofficialspeakingonconditionofanonymitybecauseofthesensitivityofthediscussions.Copa-Cogeca,whichrepresentsEuropeanagriculturaltradeunionsandcooperatives,alsocriticizedthechanges."WefearthattheabsenceofEUstandardswillleadmemberstatestoestablishnationalstandardsandthatprivatestandardswillproliferate,"saiditssecretarygeneral,PekkaPesonen.Butthedecisiontoscalebackonstandardswillbewelcomedbyeuro-skepticswhohavelongpilloriedtheEUexecutive"sinterestinintrusiveregulation.Onesuchcontroversyrevolvedaroundthecorrectdegreeofbendinbananas-atypeoffruitnotcoveredby71 theWednesdayruling.Infact,thereisnopracticalregulationontheissue.CommissionRegulation(EC)2257/94saysthatbananasmustbe"freefrommalformationorabnormalcurvature,"thoughClass1bananascanhave"slightdefectsofshape"andClass2bananascanhavefull"defectsofshape."Bycontrast,thecurvatureofcucumbershasbeenapreoccupationofEuropeanofficials.CommissionRegulation(EEC)No1677/88statesthatClassIand"Extraclass"cucumbersareallowedabendof10millimetersper10centimetersoflength.ClassIIcucumberscanbendtwiceasmuch.Italsosayscucumbersmustbefreshinappearance,firm,cleanandpracticallyfreeofanyvisibleforeignmatterorpests,freeofbittertasteandofanyforeignsmell.Suchrestrictionswilldisappearnextyear,andabout100pagesofrulesandregulationswillgoaswell,amovewelcomedbyNeilParish,chairmanoftheEuropeanParliament"sagriculturecommittee."Foodisfood,nomatterwhatitlookslike,"Parishsaid."Tostopstoressellingperfectlydecentfoodduringafoodcrisisismorallyunjustifiable.CreditshouldbegiventotheEUagriculturecommissionerforpushingthroughtheseproposals.Consumerscareaboutthetasteandqualityoffood,nothowitlooks."参考译文IntheEuropeanUnion,carrotsmustbefirmbutnotwoody,cucumbersmustnotbetoocurvedandceleryhastobefreeofanytypeofcavity.Thiswasthelaw,onethatbannedoverlycurved,extra-knobblyoroddlyshapedproducefromsupermarketshelves.在欧盟，市场出售的胡萝卜必须脆而不糠，黄瓜也不能太弯，芹菜一点空心都不能有。因为过去法规禁止超市出售外形过弯、疙疙瘩瘩或者外形奇怪的农产品。ButinavictoryforopponentsofEuropeanregulation,100pagesoflegislationdeterminingthesize,shapeandtextureoffruitandvegetableshavebeentornup.OnWednesday,EUofficialsagreedtoaxeruleslayingdownstandardsfor26products,frompeastoplums.但是最终反对这条欧盟法规的人士取得了胜利，这意味着约100页规定果蔬尺寸、外形和质地的相关法规得以废除。周三，欧盟有关领导人同意废除对部分农产品的强制性标准，范围涉及豌豆、李子等26个品种。Indoingso,theauthoritieshopetheyhavekilledoffregulationsroutinelyusedbycritics-mostnotablyintheBritishmedia-toridiculethemeddlingtendenciesoftheEU.以英国媒体为首，各界批评家常就这一法规对欧盟动辄插手干涉的作风冷嘲热讽。有关部门希望此举能息事宁人/正是基于这一现状促使有关部门将其废除。Withthecostoftheweeklysupermarketvisitontherise,ithasbecomeincreasinglyhardtodefendtheactofthrowingawayfoodjustbecauseitlooksstrange.老百姓去超市购物的花费每周都在上涨，在这种情况下，就因为蔬菜水果长得不够标准就扔掉，实在说不过去。BeginninginJulynextyear,whenthechangesgointoforce,standardsonthe26productswilldisappearaltogether.Shopperswillthenbeabletochosetheirproducewhateveritsappearance.明年七月开始，这些法规将被正式废除。届时，26种产品的标准将会一齐消失。消费者将能够随心所欲地挑选商品，无论它们的摸样是好是坏。Underacompromisereachedwithnationalgovernments,manyofwhichopposedthechanges,standardswillremainfor10typesoffruitandvegetables,includingapples,citrusfruit,peaches,pears,strawberriesandtomatoes.因为不少欧盟国家政府反对废除这一法规。作为妥协，包括苹果、柑橘类、桃子、梨、草莓和番茄等10种蔬菜水果的相关标准将予以保留。ButthoseinthiscategorythatdonotmeetEuropeannormswillstillbeallowedontothemarket,providingtheyaremarkedasbeingsubstandardorintendedforcookingorprocessing.71 不过就算上述这类果蔬达不到欧盟的标准，只要注明非达标产品或专为烹饪及加工使用，仍然允许其上市销售。"Thismarksanewdawnforthecurvycucumberandtheknobblycarrot,"saidMariannFischerBoel,Europeancommissionerforagriculture,whoarguedthatregulationswerebetterlefttomarketoperators.欧盟委员会农业委员玛丽安•菲舍尔•伯尔表示：“这标志着弯黄瓜和坑坑洼洼的胡萝卜能重回市场了”，并提倡这类法规应由市场上的经营者说了算。"Inthesedaysofhighfoodpricesandgeneraleconomicdifficulties,"FischerBoeladded,"consumersshouldbeabletochoosefromthewidestrangeofproductspossible.Itmakesnosensetothrowperfectlygoodproductsaway,justbecausetheyarethe"wrong"shape."菲舍尔•伯尔补充道：“在食品价格居高、经济普遍堪忧的境况下，应该为消费者提供尽可能多的产品来选择。只因为外形不符合标准就把质量上乘的产品扔掉，这种做法毫无道理”。Suchrestrictionswilldisappearnextyear,andabout100pagesofrulesandregulationswillgoaswell,amovewelcomedbyNeilParish,chairmanoftheEuropeanParliament"sagriculturecommittee.到明年这些限制将会取消，同时约100页相关法律法规也会一并失效。对于这一举措，欧洲议会农业委员会主席NeilParish表示赞同。"Foodisfood,nomatterwhatitlookslike,"Parishsaid."Tostopstoressellingperfectlydecentfoodduringafoodcrisisismorallyunjustifiable.CreditshouldbegiventotheEUagriculturecommissionerforpushingthroughtheseproposals.Consumerscareaboutthetasteandqualityoffood,nothowitlooks."“不管长的怎么样，食品毕竟只是食品。在粮食危机的当下还禁止商家出售质量尚好的农产品，这从道德层面说不过去。欧盟委员会农业委员推动这些提案通过的做法值得称赞。毕竟，消费者关心的是食品味道和品质，而不是长得什么样”。英译汉－选译题一Askmotherswhybabiesareconstantlypickingthingsupfromthefloororgroundandputtingthemintheirmouths,andchancesarethey"llsaythatit"sinstinctive-thatthat"showbabiesexploretheworld.Butwhythemouth,whensight,hearing,touchandevenscentarefarbetteratidentifyingthings?Sinceallinstinctivebehaviorshaveanevolutionaryadvantageortheywouldnothavebeenretainedformillionsofyears,chancesarethatthisonetoohashelpedussurviveasaspecies.And,indeed,accumulatingevidencestronglysuggeststhateatingdirtisgoodforyou.Instudiesofwhatiscalledthehygienehypothesis,researchersareconcludingthatorganismslikethemillionsofbacteria,virusesandespeciallywormsthatenterthebodyalongwith"dirt"spurthedevelopmentofahealthyimmunesystem.Severalcontinuingstudiessuggestthatwormsmayhelptoredirectanimmunesystemthathasgoneawryandresultedinautoimmunedisorders,allergiesandasthma.Oneleadingresearcher,Dr.JoelWeinstock,thedirectorofgastroenterologyandhepatologyatTuftsMedicalCenterinBoston,saidinaninterviewthattheimmunesystematbirth"islikeanunprogrammedcomputer.Itneedsinstruction."Hesaidthatpublichealthmeasureslikecleaningupcontaminatedwaterandfoodhavesavedthelivesofcountlesschildren,butthey"alsoeliminatedexposuretomanyorganismsthatareprobablygoodforus.""Childrenraisedinanultra-cleanenvironment,"headded,"arenotbeingexposedtoorganismsthathelpthemdevelopappropriateimmuneregulatorycircuits."StudieshehasconductedwithDr.DavidElliott,agastroenterologistandimmunologistattheUniversityofIowa,indicatethatintestinalworms,whichhavebeenallbuteliminatedindevelopedcountries,are"likelytobethebiggestplayer"inregulatingtheimmunesystemtorespondappropriately,Elliottsaidinaninterview.Headdedthatbacterialandviralinfectionsseemtoinfluencetheimmunesysteminthesameway,butnotasforcefully.Mostwormsareharmless,especiallyinwell-nourishedpeople,Weinstocksaid."Thereareveryfewdiseasesthatpeoplegetfromworms,"hesaid."Humanshaveadaptedtothepresenceofmostofthem."71 Ruebushdeploresthecurrentfetishforthehundredsofantibacterialproductsthatconveyafalsesenseofsecurityandmayactuallyfosterthedevelopmentofantibiotic-resistant,disease-causingbacteria.Plainsoapandwaterareallthatareneededtobecomeclean,shenoted.摘自：http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27brod.html汉译英必译题讲的是中国与领国边界的问题选译题一讲的是中国人出国旅游选择题二是国人穿着的变化2010年11月英语二级笔译实务考试试题EC第一篇Offshoresupplyvesselsresemblinglarge,floatingflat-backedtrucksfillVictoriaDock,unabletofindchartersinasignofthedownturninBritain"soilindustry.WithUKNorthSeaoilandgasproduction44percentbelowitspeak,self-styledoilcapitalofEuropeAberdeenfearstheslowdownisnotsimplycyclical.TheoilindustrythatatonestagesparkedtalkofScotlandas"theKuwaitoftheWest"hasalreadyoutlivedmostpredictions.Tourism,lifesciences,andtheexportofoilservicesaroundtheworldareamongAberdeen"stargetedsubstitutesforNorthseaoilandgas--butformanythebiggestprizewouldbetouseitsoffshoreoilexpertisetobuildarenewableenergyindustryasbigasoil.Thecityaimstouseitsexperiencetobecomealeaderinoffshorewind,tidalpowerandcarbondioxidecaptureandstorage.AlexSalmond,headofthedevolvedScottishgovernment,toldaconferenceinAberdeenlastmonththemarketforwindpowercouldbeworth130billionpounds,whileScotlandcouldbethe"SaudiArabiaoftidalpower.""We"reseeingtheemergenceofanoffshoreenergymarketthatiscomparableinscaletothemarketwe"veseeninoffshoreoilandgasinthelast40years,"hesaid.Anotherareaoffocus,tourism,haspreviouslybeenhinderedbythepresenceofoil.EagertoputAberdeenontheinternationaltouristmap,localbusinesshasstronglybackedaplanbyU.S.realestatetycoonDonaldTrumpforaluxuryhousingandgolfproject12km(8miles)northofthecity,eventhoughitmeansbuildingonanaturereserve.ThecityalsohopestoreorientateitsvibrantoilservicesindustrytowardemergingoffshoreoilcenterssuchasBrazil."JustbecausetheproductionintheNorthSeastartstodeclinedoesn"tmeanthatAberdeenasaglobalcenteralsodeclines,"saidRobertCollier,ChamberofCommerceChiefExecutive."Thatexpertisecanstillstayhereandbeexportedaroundtheworld."EC第二篇Wemarkthepassingof800years,andthatisindeedaremarkablespanforanyinstitution.Buthistoryisneveraneven-flowingstream,andthemostremarkablethingaboutmodernCambridgehasbeenitsenormousgrowthoverthepasthalfcentury.SinceIcameupasanundergraduatein1961thestudentpopulationhasmorethandoubled.Morestudentshavemeantmoreteachers,and,evenmoresignificantly,morescholarsdevotedsolelytoresearch:everycategoryhasmorethandoubledinnumbers.Thishugeincreasehasbeenpartlyabsorbedbyanexpansionofthecolleges:theyallhavemorestudentsandmoreFellowsthantheydid50yearsago;and,since1954,nofewerthan11ofthe31collegesareeitherbrandnewfoundations,orhavebeenconjuredupas71 newcreationsfromexistingbutquitedifferentbodies.Frombeingauniversityprimarilydrivenbyundergraduateeducation,Cambridge"sreputationisnowoverwhelminglytiedtoitsresearchachievements,whichcanbesimplyrepresentedbythefactthatmorethanthree-quartersofitscurrentannualincomeisdevotedtoresearch.Thishasbroughtnotjustnewlaboratoriesbutnewbuildingstohousewholefacultiesanddepartments:inthemid-20thcenturyfewfacultieshadaphysicalmanifestationbeyond,perhaps,alibraryandacoupleofadministrativeoffices.CambridgeattractsthebeststudentsandacademicsbecausetheyfindtheUniversityandthecollegesstimulatingandenjoyableplacesinwhichtoliveandwork.Thestudentsarethrowninwithsimilarlyableminds,learningasmuchfromeachotherasfromtheirteachers;thegoodsenioracademicsknowbetterthantobetoohierarchicalortocutthemselvesofffromintellectualcriticismanddebate.Onegenerationdismissesanother:notevenErasmusorNewton,DarwinorKeynesstandunscathedbythepassageoftime;norcanwebebuthumbled,especiallyinourdaywhensomuchinformationissoeasilyaccessible,bythevaststoreofknowledgewhichwecanapproachbutneverreallycontrol.Ourlibraryandmuseumcollectionsbringusintocontactwithmanyliveslivedinthepast.Theyserveassymbolsofthecontinuityoflearning,orthediversityofviews,ofanobligationtowrestlewithfactandargument,tocometoourownconclusions,andinturntobeaccountableforourfindings.Therealquestisnotforknowledge,butforunderstanding.CE第一篇今天，是第14个“世界读书日”。联合国教科文组织此前向全世界发出“走向阅读社会”号召，鼓励人们尤其是年轻人发现阅读的乐趣。然而在这个物欲横流的年代，“读书”仿佛成了一个奢侈的愿望。2008年公布的第五次国民阅读调查结果显示，中国户均年消费图书仅1.75本。2008年公布的第五次国民阅读调查结果显示，中国户均年消费图书仅1.75本。传统图书阅读率呈持续走低态势，阅读率为34.7%，比2005年降低了14%。至于不读书的原因，49.4%的人归结为“没有时间”，42.8%的人说“没有习惯”。温家宝说，今天是“世界读书日”，大家通过读书和举办讲座等形式开展活动，这对于推动全民族养成读书的良好习惯，提倡读书好、好读书、读好书将起到促进作用。书籍是人类智慧的结晶。读书决定一个人的修养和境界，关系一个民族的素质和力量，影响一个国家的前途和命运。一个不读书的人、不读书的民族，是没有希望的。CE第二篇野生虎的狩猎过去怎么差，后来中国政府出台措施保护野生虎，提高了国民意识，缓解了国际上对于中国有关工作的批评。（具体的没有搜到原文），有类似于大型猫科动物这样的词汇....2011年5月CATTI二级笔译翻译实务英译中Passage1Farmsgooutofbusinessformanyreasons,butfewfarmsdomerelybecausethesoilhasfailed.Thatisthemiracleoffarming.Ifyoucareforthesoil,itwilllast—andyield—nearlyforever.Americaissuchayoungcountrythatwehavebarelytestedthat.Formostofourhistory,therehasbeennewlandtofarm,andwestillfarmasthoughtherealwayswillbe.Still,therearesomeveryoldfarmsoutthere.TheoldestistheTuttlefarm,nearDover,N.H.,whichisalsooneoftheoldestbusinessenterprisesinAmerica.Itmadethenewslastweekbecauseitsowner—alinealdescendantofJohnTuttle,theoriginalsettler—hasdecidedto71 gooutofbusiness.Itwasfoundedin1632.Ihearitssweetcornislegendary.Theyear1632isunimaginablydistant.In1632,Galileowasstillpublishing,andJohnLockewasborn.Therewereperhaps10,000colonistsinallofAmerica,onlyafewhundredoftheminNewHampshire.TheTuttleacres,then,wouldhaveseemedalmostassurroundedastheydoin2010,butbyforestinsteadofhighwaysandhouses.Itwasaprecariousoperationatthestart—asallfarmingwasinthenewcolonies—anditbecameprecariousenoughagaininthesepastfewyearstopeteroutatlast.Thelandisprotectedbyaconservationeasementsoitcan’tbedeveloped,butnooneknowswhetherthenextownerwillfarmit.InaletterontheirWebsite,theTuttlescite“exhaustionofresources”asthereasontosellthefarm.Theexhaustedresourcestheylistincludebodies,minds,hearts,imagination,equipment,machineryandfinances.Theydonotmentionsoil,whichhasbeenrenewedandredeemedrepeatedly.It’sasthoughtheparishionersoftheFirstParishChurchinnearbyDover—erectednearly200yearslater,in1829—hadrebuiltthestructureonthesamespoteveryfewyears.Itistoosimpletosay,astheTuttleshave,thattherecessionkilledafarmthathadsurvivedfornearly400years.Whatkilleditwastheeconomicstructureoffoodproduction.Eachyearithasbecomeharderforfamilyfarmstocompetewithindustrialscaleagriculture—heavilysubsidizedbythegovernment—undersellingthemateveryturn.Inasystemcommittedtothehealthoffarmsandtheirintegrationwithlocalcommunities,theresultwouldhavebeendifferent.In1632,andformanyyearsafter,theTuttlefarmwasanecessity.In2010,itissuddenlysuperfluous,orsoweliketopretend.导致农场破产的原因有很多种，但是少数农场的破产仅仅是由于土地退化的原因所造成的，这算是农业上的奇迹。如果你能够照料好土地，那么它就几乎可以永远地产出。美国是这样一个年轻的国度，以至于我们几乎无法进行验证。因为在我们大部分历史中，总会有新的土地被开垦成农场，我们不断地耕作，好像资源取之不尽。然而，还是有一些上了岁数的农场破产了。其中历史最有悠久的莫过于“塔特尔农场”——它位于美国新罕布什尔州多佛市附近，也是美国历史最悠久的商业公司之一。最近，它的所有人——即农场创始人约翰.塔特尔的直系继承人——宣告破产，从而再次成为新闻。塔特尔农场始建于1632年。我听说它出产的甜玉米是个传奇。1632年，一个遥远得令人无法想象的岁月。1632年，伽利略还在出版他的著作，约翰.洛克（著名的英国哲学家）才刚刚出生。在整片美国土地上大概有1万个殖民者，而在新罕布什尔州只有区区几百人。那时的塔特尔耕地可能与2010年一样被团团包围着，只不过大片森林为高度公路和房子所代替。就像所有新的殖民地上的农业一样，一开始塔特尔的经营也非常不稳定。在过去数年中，这样的不稳定状况旧病复发，最终导致农场一步步滑向破产的深渊。受到资源保护的限制（译者注：easement是地役权），不能对土地进行开发。但是没有人知道农场的下一位主人是否会继续耕作。在“塔特尔农场”的网站上，塔特尔家族在一封致公众信中将“资源枯竭”作为出售农场的原因。他们所列举的枯竭资源包括：人力、脑力、想象力、设备、机器和资金，却压根没提被多次翻新并帮助他们树立威信的土地。这就好像多佛市附近、始建于1829年的FirstParishChurch的教区居民每过几年就在同一个地方重建教堂一样。71 塔特尔家族的人将有着近400历史的农场的破产归咎于土地退化，这理由未免太过简单。使其破产的真正原因其实是食品生产的经济结构。每一年，家庭农场都要跟工业规模化的农业企业进行竞争，日子越来越煎熬。这些企业享受政府大力补贴扶持，以各种渠道以低价出售粮食。在一个致力于农场健康并促进农场与当地社区融合一体的体系里，结果本不该如此。在1632年以及之后的许多年，塔特尔农场不可或缺。然而到了2010年，它突然成了多余的东西，或者说被我们看作是一个累赘。Passage2Youthunemploymentacrosstheworldhasclimbedtoanewhighandislikelytoclimbfurtherthisyear,aUnitedNationsagencysaidThursday,whilewarningofa“lostgeneration”asmoreyoungpeoplegiveupthesearchforwork.Theagency,theInternationalLaborOrganization,saidinareportthatofsome620millionyoungpeopleages15to24intheworkforce,about81millionwereunemployedattheendof2009—thehighestlevelintwodecadesofrecord-keepingbytheorganization,whichisbasedinGeneva.Theyouthunemploymentrateincreasedto13percentin2009from11.9percentinthelastassessmentin2007.“There’sneverbeenanincreaseofthismagnitude—bothintermsoftherateandthelevel—sincewe’vebeentrackingthedata,”saidStevenKapsos,aneconomistwiththeorganization.Theagencyforecastthattheglobalyouthunemploymentratewouldcontinuetoincreasethrough2010,to13.1percent,astheeffectsoftheeconomicdownturncontinue.Itshouldthendeclineto12.7percentin2011.Theagency’s2010reportfoundthatunemploymenthashityoungpeopleharderthanadultsduringthefinancialcrisis,fromwhichmosteconomiesareonlyjustemerging,andthatrecoveryofthejobmarketforyoungmenandwomenwilllagbehindthatofadults.Theimpactofthecrisisalsohasbeenfeltinshorterhoursandreducedwagesforthosewhomaintainsalariedemployment.InsomeespeciallystrainedEuropeancountries,includingSpainandBritain,manyyoungpeoplehavebecomediscouragedandgivenupthejobhunt,itsaid.Thetrendwillhave“significantconsequencesforyoungpeople,”asmoreandmorejointheranksofthealreadyunemployed,itsaid.Thathasthepotentialtocreatea“‘lostgeneration’comprisedofyoungpeoplewhohavedroppedoutofthelabormarket,havinglostallhopeofbeingabletoworkforadecentliving.”Thereportsaidthatyoungpeopleindevelopingeconomiesaremorevulnerabletoprecariousemploymentandpoverty.About152millionyoungpeople,oraquarterofalltheyoungworkersintheworld,areemployedbutremaininextremepovertyinhouseholdssurvivingonlessthan$1.25apersonadayin2008,thereportsaid.“Thenumberofyoungpeoplestuckinworkingpovertygrows,andthecycleofworkingpovertypersists,”theagency’sdirector-general,JuanSomavia,said.Youngwomenstillhavemoredifficultythanyoungmeninfindingwork,thereportadded.Thefemaleyouthunemploymentratein2009stoodat13.2percent,comparedwiththe71 malerateof12.9percent.Thegapof0.3percentagepointwasthesameasin2007.ThereportstudiedtheGerman,British,SpanishandEstonianlabormarketsandfoundthatGermanyhadbeenmostsuccessfulinbringingdownlong-termyouthunemployment.InSpainandBritain,increasesinunemploymentwereparticularlypronouncedforthosewithlowereducationlevels.DatafromEurostat,theEuropeanUnion’sstatisticalagency,showSpainhadajoblessrateof40.5percentinMayforpeopleunder25.Thatwasthehighestlevelamongthe27membersoftheEuropeanUnion,fargreaterthanthe9.4percentinGermanyinMayand19.7percentinBritaininMarch.联合国一组织周二称，全球年轻人失业率再创新高，而且这种趋势将在今年继续延续下去。他们警告说，越来越多的年轻人放弃寻找工作，将导致失迷一代数量激增。国际劳工组织在其报告中称，全球15岁到24岁之间的6.2亿年轻工人中，2009年末大约有8100万人失业，这是总部位于日内瓦的劳工组织20年以来的最高纪录。年轻人失业率从2007年的11.9%增长到2009年的13%。国际劳工组织经济学家史蒂文·凯普索斯说：“自从我们开始追踪年轻人失业数据以来，从未见过数量如此之大、比例如此之高的失业现象。”该机构预测，在全球经济持续低迷的影响下，年轻人2010年下半年失业率将继续上升，最后可能达到13.1%。不过到2011年，这一比例应该可以降到12.7%以下。国际劳工组织2010年的报告还发现，金融危机期间，年轻人失业率比成年工人失业情况更严重，就业市场的恢复也比成年工人慢。而且受经济危机影响，侥幸保住“饭碗”的年轻人，工作时间更短、工资更少。在情况特别严峻的欧洲国家，比如西班牙和英国，许多年轻人已经对寻找工作气馁，甚至放弃了找工作。这种趋势将对年轻人造成严重影响，可能越来越多的年轻人加入到失业者行列。这些退出劳动市场、对寻找工作过上体面生活失去希望的年轻人，将成为新的迷失一代。报告称，发展中国家的年轻人更容易受到失业影响，重新变得贫困。报告称，2008年，大约1.52亿年轻人（全球年轻工人四分之一）找到工作，但是他们依然十分贫困，每个家庭每人每天的生活花费不到1.25美元。国际劳工组织总干事索马维亚说：“挣扎于工作贫困中的年轻人数量正在增加,工作贫困的循环也在继续。”在找工作方面，年轻女性遇到的困难的男性更多。2009年年轻女性失业率已经高达13.2%，同期男性失业率为12.9%。2007年，年轻男女失业率差异也在0.3%左右。报告研究了德国、英国、西班牙以及爱沙尼亚等国的劳动市场，发现德国在处理年轻人长期失业方面最成功。西班牙和英国，那些受教育程度低的年轻人失业率增长明显。来自欧盟统计局的数据显示，5月份，西班牙25岁以下人口失业率已经达到40.5%，这是欧盟27个成员国中比例最高的。德国5月恩的失业率为9.4%，英国3月失业率为19.7%。2011年5月CATTI二级笔译翻译实务中译英Passage160年来特别是改革开放30年来，中国取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，经济实力和综合国力显著增强，各项社会事业全面进步，人民生活从温饱不足发展到总体小康，中国社会迸发出前所未有的活力和创造力。71 同时，我们清醒地认识到，中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家，中国在发展进程中遇到的矛盾和问题无论规模还是复杂性都是世所罕见。要全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，进而基本实现现代化、实现全体人民共同富裕，还有很长的路要走。我们将继续从本国国情出发，坚持中国特色社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设，全力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。Chinahasachievedremarkableprogressinthose60years,particularlyinthelast30yearssincereformandopening-up.China’seconomyandcomprehensivenationalstrengthhavegrownsignificantlyandvarioussocialprogramshavemadebigstrides.TheChinesepeople,oncelackingbasiclivingnecessities,arenowleadingamoderatelyprosperouslife,andthewholesocietyisshowingunprecedenteddynamismandcreativity.Wearekeenlyaware,however,thatChinaremainstheworld’slargestdevelopingcountry.Thedifficultiesandproblemsthatwefaceindevelopmentarerarelyseeninanyotherpartoftheworldintermsoftheirscaleandcomplexity.Westillhavealongwaytogobeforewecanbuild,inacomprehensiveway,amoderatelyprosperoussocietyofahigherlevelthatwillbenefitthemorethanonebillionChinesepeople,andthenachievebasicmodernizationandbringcommonprosperitytoallourpeople.Wewill,inthelightofournationalconditions,continuetofollowthepathofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,persistinreformandopening-up,promotescientificdevelopmentandsocialharmony,andachieveall-roundprogressintheeconomic,political,cultural,socialandenvironmentalfields.Wewillensurethatourdevelopmentisforthepeopleandbythepeopleandthefruitsofdevelopmentaresharedamongthepeople.Passage2非物质文化遗产是民族文化的精华、民族智慧的结晶。我国有56个民族，各民族在长期的历史发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的非物质文化遗产。改革开放以来，由于工业化和城市化的加速，人们的生产生活方式发生了重大变化，也使非物质文化遗产赖以生存的环境不同程度地遭到破坏。作为一种鲜活的文化，非物质文化遗产是民众生活的重要组成部分，在当代仍然散发着独特的光彩和魅力，仍然是传承文化、推动社会发展的不竭动力，是文化创新的基础和源泉。因此，抢救和保护那些处于濒危和生存困境中的非物质文化遗产，已成为时代赋予我们的非常紧迫的历史任务。文化生态保护区是以保护非物质文化遗产为核心、对历史积淀丰厚、存续状态良好、具有鲜明地域文化特色和价值的文化形态进行整体性保护，以促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展而划定的特定区域。71'