语言学练习总汇及答案.doc 14页

'1.Phonetics&LanguageIntroduction:1.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.Adogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduseditforapig.Thisis______oneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.A.dualityB.arbitrarinessC.productivityD.displacement2.Languageisasystemoftwosetsofstructures,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeaning.Thisis______.Itmakespeoplepossibletotalkeverythingwithinhisknowledge.A.dualityB.arbitrarinessC.productivityD.displacement3._____referstotheabilitytoconstructandunderstandanindefinitelylargenumberofsentencesinone’snativelanguage,includingthosethathehasneverheardbefore,butthatareappropriatetothespeakingsituation.A.dualityB.arbitrarinessC.productivityD.displacement4._____referstothefactthatonecantalkaboutthingsthatarenotpresent,aseasilyashedoesthingspresent.Thedogcouldn’tbebow-wowingsorrowfullyforsomelostloveorabonetobelost.A.dualityB.arbitrarinessC.productivityD.displacement5.______meanslanguageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,butthelinguisticsystemmustbelearntanewbyeachspeaker.A.dualityB.ArbitrarinessC.interchangeabilityD.culturaltransmission6.______meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.A.dualityB.ArbitrarinessC.interchangeabilityD.culturaltransmission7.Tosay“Howareyou.”“Hi”toyourfriendsisthe_______oflanguage.A.directivefunctionB.informativefunctionC.phaticfunctionD.interrogativefunction8.“Tellmetheresultwhenyoufinish.”Ifyouwanttogetyourhearertodosomething,youshouldusethe_____functionoflanguage.A.directivefunctionB.informativefunctionC.phaticfunctionD.interrogativefunction9.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguageuseas_____.A.unnaturalB.somethingtobefearedC.naturalC.abnormal10.Alinguistisinterestedin_______.A.speechsoundsonlyB.allsoundsC.vowelsonlyC.consonantsonly 11.Whichofthefollowingsoundsisavoicelessbilabialstop?A.[t]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]12.Whichofthefollowingsoundsisavoicedaffricate?A.[y]B.[t∫]C.[z]D.[dЗ]13.Whichofthefollowingsoundsisacentralvowel?A.[ə]B.[i]C.[ou]D.[a:]14.Inthefollowingsounds,______isapalatalfricative?A.[s]B.[∫]C.[l]D.[θ]15.Inthefollowingsounds,______isavoicelessaffricative?A.[dЗ]B.[v]C.[t∫]D.[θ]16.InEnglishifawordbeginswitha[l]or[r],thenthenextsoundmustbea____.A.fricativeB.nasalsoundC.semi-vowelD.vowel17.Ofthe“words”listedbelow,_____isnotanEnglishword?A.[r∧b]B.[læb]C.[məsta:∫]D.[lmæp]18._____areproducedwhentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalandaudiblyreleased.A.BackvowelsB.StopsC.FricativesC.Glides19.TheInternationalPhoneticAssociationdevisedtheINTERNATIONALPHONETICALPHABETin______.A.1965B.1957C.1888D.178820.____isaphonologicalunit,anditisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.A.PhoneB.PhonemeC.AllophoneD.SoundII.Tellwhichstatementsaretrueorfalse.1.[f]isadentalconsonant.2.Phonologystudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.3.Phonemeisaphonologicalunit.4.Phoneisaphoneticunit.5.Whenwestudythedifferent[p]’sin“[pit],[tip],[spit]”,theyaresimilarphoneswhichbelongtophonetics.6.Butthethree[p]belongtothedifferentphoneme/p/.7.Thethree/p/areallophones.8.‘peak’isaspirated,phoneticallytranscribedas[ph];‘speak’isunaspiratedphonetically[p=].9.[ph],[p=]donotbelongtothesamephoneme/p/.10.[ph]and[p=]aretwodifferentphones,andarevariantsofthephoneme/p/,whichiscalledALLOPHONESofthesamephoneme.BACDDCCACADDABCDDBCBII.1.F2.F3.T4.T5.T6.F7.T8.T9.F10.T I.Choosethebestchoice(语音)1.Whichisavoicedbilabialstop?A.[m]B.[v]C.[p]D.[b]2.Whichisavoicelessaffricate?A.[w]B.[f]C.[t∫]D.[n]3.Whichismonophothong?A.[i]B.[au]C.[ai]D.[ei]4.Whichisavoicelessbilabialstop?A.[p]B.[m]C.[b]D.[t]5.Whichisavoicedaffricate?A.[j]B.[z]C.[t∫]D.[dЗ]6.Whichisacentralvowel?A.[i]B.[ə:]C.[ou]D.[a:]7.InEnglishifawordbeginswith[l]or[r],thenthenextsoundmustbea____.A.fricativeB.nasalsoundC.semi-vowelD.Vowel8.Whichisapalatalfricative?A.[s]B.[k]C.[∫]D.[l]9.WhichisnotaEnglishword?A.[r٨b]B.[læb]C.[sta:∫]D.[lmæp]10.Whichisaunaspirate?A.skyB.killC.likeD.kite2.Semantics练习1._______isnotincludedinLeech’sassociativemeaning.A.ConnotativemeaningB.SocialmeaningC.CollocativemeaningD.ThematicmeaningD2.AmongLeech’sseventypesofmeaningisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto_______.A.conceptualB.affectiveC.reflectedD.thematicA3.Accordingtothereferentialtheory,awordisnotdirectlyrelatedtothethingitrefersto.Theyareconnectedby______.A.meaningB.referenceC.conceptD.senseC4.”Big”and“Small”areapairof______opposites.A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.ConverseB5.Thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are______.A.gradableoppositesB,converseoppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonymsB6.Awordwithseveralmeaningiscalled______word.A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple 7.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“gentleman”canbeexpressedas___.A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultA.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adultB8._____isaphrasewhichcanonlybeunderstoodasaunit,notasasummationofthemeaningofeachconstituentword.A.CollocationB.IdiomC.SemanticcomponentD.SynonymB9.InthetriangleadvancedbyOgdenandRichards,“thoughtorreference”is____A.word,sentenceB.theobjectC.conceptD.symbolB10.Alinguisticisinterestedin_____.A.Whatissaid.B.Whatisrightbothinsyntaxandinsemantics.BC.WhatisgrammaticalD.Whatoughttobesaid.11.Thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are_____.A.gradableoppositesB.relationaloppositesC.synonymsD.co-hyponymsB12.Nouns,verbs,andadjectivescanbeclassifiedas_____.A.LexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwordsA13.Whatisthemeaningrelationshipbetweenthetwowords“flower/tulip”?A.PolysemyB.HomonymyC.HyponymyD.AntonymyC14.Thewords“railway”and“railroad”are_____.A.synonymsdifferinginemotivemeaningB.dialectalsynonymsC.collocationally-restrictedsynonymsD.synomymsdifferinginstylesB15.Thepairofwords“wide/narrow”arecalled____.A.gradableoppositesB.complementaryantonymsC.co-hyponymsD.relationaloppositesA16.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsshowsthefeatureofcomplementaries?A.single/marriesB.lend/borrowC.hot/coldD.old/youngAII.Answerthequestionswith“Yes”or“No”.1.Isreferencetiedtoaparticulartimeandplace?Y2.Everywordinalanguagecanfindatleastonereferentintheobjectiveworld.?N3.Candifferentexpressionshavethesamereferent?Y4.Canreferencebeappliedtowordssuchas“and”,”very”inEnglish?NIII.Statethefollowingsentences“True”or“False”.1.Senseisregardedasakindofintra-linguisticrelationship.T2.Inmostcases,“sense”and“meaning”aredifferenttermsforthesamething.T3.Everywordhasitsownsense.F 4.Awordmayhaveseveraldifferentsensesandseveralwordsmayhavethesamesense.T5.Extension,likedenotation,isakindofrelationbetweenelementsandtheobjectiveworld.T6.Extensioncanonlybeappliedtothethingsatpresent.F7.Therelationbetweenextensionandintensionisthesameasthatbetweendenotationandsense.T8.Peopleofdifferentculturesmaychoosedifferentprototypeforthesamepredicate,e.g.‘bus’.T9.Allthewordsinalanguagecanbeusedtorefer,butonlysomehavesense.F10.Twosynonymouswordsmustbeidenticalinsenseineverydimension.F11.Thereareveryfewperfectsynonymsinalanguage.T12.Entailmentismoreinclusivethanparaphrase.T13.Almosteverywordinadictionaryispolysemic.T14.Dryandwetareapairofgradableantonyms.T15.Innocentandguiltareapairofrelativeantonyms.FComplementary16.TherelationshipbetweentheArgumentandPredicateisSubjecttopredicate.F17.Themeaningofeachexpressioncanbedefinedintermsofitssemanticcomponentssoastocontrastwiththemeaningofalltheexpressionsinthesamelanguage.T18.Thepropositionofasentencemaybemoresimplystatedasaverbandaselectionofcase---categories.T19.Accordingtocasegrammar,thepartofpropositioninasentenceisatensedsetofrelationshipsbetweenaverbandanounphrase(ornounphrases).IV.Whatroledoeseachoftheunderlinedphrasesplay?1.JohnhitFredontheheadwithabrick.AExLocIns2.JamesheardthenewsfromPeter.Ex.OSource3.Mr.Smithmadeavaseoutofthisclay.AResuSource4.ThesebooksweregiventomysisterbyJohn.OBeneA5.Smokefilledtheroom.InsLocV.Dothefollowingpairsofsentencessynonymous?Whatisthedifferencebetweenthem.1.Herefusedherinvitation.GeneralHedeclinedherincitation.politeY2.Theyoungmanhadnogusttofacethereality.ColloquialTheyoungmanhadnocouragetofacethereality.Ygeneral3.Atorrentofraininundatedthebasement.literaryAtorrentofrainfloodedthebasement.common 4.Hisproposalwasturneddownbythecommittee.colloquialHisproposalwasrejectedbythecommitteeintense1.Susanhasrecentlyrentedaflatinthisarea.BESusanhasrecentlyrentedanapartmentinthisarea.AE2.Ericboughtanewcarforhisparentsonthedayoftheir25thanniversary.genEricpurchasedanewcarforhisparentsonthedayoftheir25thanniversary.formal3.Theycametopaytheirrespecttothedeceased.professionalTheycametopaytheirrespecttothedead.General4.Thisstuffhasabadsmell.slangThismaterialhasabadsmell.CommonVI.Writedownthelogicformulaeforthefollowingsimplepropositions:1.Johnloveshisfamily.L(j,f)2.MathaistheauntofPeter.Aunt(m,p)3.Jackislyinginbed.Lie(j,b)4.Ellenisproudofherson.Proud(e,s)5.Jimreturnedthebooktotheprofessor.Return(j,b,p)VII.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingpassagebychoosingtheappropriateword.Semanticsisthestudyof______(1)oflanguage.Itisoneofthethreecomponentsof_______(2).AccordingtoChomsky’stheory,itisatthe_______(3)leveloflanguage.Semanticsconcentratesonthe_______(4)betweenlanguages,ratherthanonthe_______(5).Mostlanguageutterances（话语）dependfortheirinterpretationuponthe________(6)inwhichtheyareused,andthevastmajorityofthemhavea________(7)rangeofmeaningsthanfirstcometomind.Itmayseemtoyouthatmeaningissovague,insubstantial,andelusivethatitisimpossibletocometoanyclear,concrete,ortangibleconclusionsaboutit.Althoughmanykindsofbehaviorcanbedescribedas_______(8),therange,diversityandcomplexityofmeaningexpressedinlanguageisunmatchedinanyotherhumanornon-humancommunicativebehavior.Andlinguistic________(9)----thestudyofmeaninginlanguagewasneglectedverylargelyinthepastbecausemeaningwasfelttobeinherently______(10)andatleasttemporarilybeyondthescopeof______(11)investigation.LargelyasaresultofChomsky’stheoryof______(12)grammar,andthetechnicaladvancesmadeinlinguistics,inlogicandphilosophyof_______(13),linguisticsemanticsiscurrentlyenjoyingaveryconsiderablerevivalofinterest.1.A.grammarB.structureC.phoneticsD.meaning2.A.linguisticsB.grammarC.morphologyD.syntax3.A.surfacestructureB.deepstructureC.linguisticD.philosophical4.A.formB.similarityC.differencesD.meaning5.A.substanceB.differenceC.similaritiesD.grammar6.A.wordsB.sentencesC.structureD.context7.A.widerB.narrowerC.moreaccurateD.clearer8.A.productiveB.effectiveC.informativeD.communicative9.A.stylisticsB.philosophyC.semanticsD.grammar 10.A.stableB.unstableC.socialD.arbitrary11.A.independentB.philosophicalC.linguisticD.human12.A.traditionalB.transformationalC.structuralD.systemic13.A.languageB.semanticsC.theworldD.humanmind.DABBBDADCBDBA3.ExercisestoPragmatics1.AccordingtoC.MorrisandR.Carnap,_____isstudiestherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirinterpreters.A.SyntaxB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Sociolinguistics2.Thereare______deixisinthesentence“shehassoldithereyesterday.”.A.3B.4C.5D.63.Wecandothingswithwords----thisisthemainideaof______.A.thespeechActtheoryB.theCo-operativeprinciplesC.thePoliteprinciplesD.pragmatics4._____referstotheutteranceofasentencewithdeterminatesenseandreference.A.LocutionaryactB.IllocutionaryactC.PerlocutionaryactD.Speechact5._____maybeusedasanexampleofindirectspeechact.A.“IherebydeclareMr.Williamselected.”B.“Goodmorning!”C.“couldyouopenthewindow?”D.“Icommandyoutoreportat6inthemorningtomorrow.”6.Inthefollowingconversation:A:BeirutisinPeru,isn’tit?B:AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.Bviolatesthe_____.A.QuantityMaximB.QualityMaximC.RelationMaximD.MannerMaxim7.Themaximof_____requiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttotheconversation.A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation8.Forthefollowingconversation:A:Didyouseemybookintheclassroomthismorning?B:Iwasinthelibrary._____istheconversationimplicature.A.BsawA’sbookB.BwasnotintheclassroomthatmorningC.BdidnotseeA’sbookD.BstoleA’sbook.1-10CBAACCDCDB9.Pragmaticsdiffersfromtraditionalsemanticsinthatisstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butin_____.A.relationshipB.dependenceC.sentenceD.context 10._____ofasentencedependsonthecontextinwhichthesentenceisuttered.A.Sentence-meaningB.Utterance-meaningC.ThereferenceD.Themeaning11._____actexpressestheintentionofthespeaker.A.LocutionaryB.IllocutionaryC.PerlocutionaryD.Speechact12.Whatcooperativemaximisviolatedinthefollowingdialogue?A:Canyouanswerthetelephone?B:I’minthebath.A.relationB.qualityC.quantityD.manner13.A:DoyouknowwhereMr.Brownis?B:Somewhereinthesuburbsofthecity.SpeakerBviolatesthemaximof_______.A.qualityB.quantityC.mannerD.relation14.A:Thehostessisanawfulbore.Doyouthink?B:Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful,aren’tthey?SpeakerBviolatesthemaximofA.qualityB.quantityC.mannerD.relation15..A:Thisbagisalittlebitheavy.B:Letmehelpyou.WhatistheillocutionaryactofspeakerA?A:Thisbagisheavy.B:Idon’twanttocarryitaway.C.Couldyouhelpmewiththisbag?D.I’mveryhappyaboutit.16.A:Thedresssheiswearingisbeautiful,isn’tit?B:Thepatternisnice.WhatcooperativemaximdoesspeakerBobserve?A.QualityB.QuantityC.MannerD.Relation17.SpeechActTheorywasproposedby_____inthelate50’softhe20thcentury.A.JohnAustinB.JohnSearleC.PaulGriceD.Chomsky18.Oneofthecontributions____hasmadeishisclassificationofillocutionaryacts.A.JohnAustinB.JohnSearleC.PaulGriceD.Halliday19.Cooperativeprinciplewasfoundby_____.A.PaulGriceB.JohnSearleC.JohnAustinD.Levinson20.AccordingtoAustin’stheoryofspeechact,actisusinga_____sentencetoconveyone’sintention.A.PerlocutionaryB.locutionaryC.illocutionaryD.indirectspeech. BABBCDABAC21.A(n)”_____”meansthatsomesentences,intheutteranceandtheseemingperformanceofaspeechact,performacertainillocutionaryactindirectly.A.directspeechactB.indirectspeechactC.illocutionaryactD.utterance22.The_____providedgreatphilosophicalinsightintothenatureoflinguisticcommunication.A.speechacttheoryB.CPtheoryC.communicativecompetenceD.linguisticcompetence23.AccordingtoSearle,speechactsfallinto______generalcategories.A.fourB.fiveC.sixD.seven24.Thereare____maximsunderthecooperativeprinciple.A.FiveB.fourC.twoD.three25._____resultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudyoflinguistics,especiallythatofsemantics.A.PragmaticsB.pragmatismC.phonologyD.Practicalism26.Oncethenotionof_______wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledintopragmatics.A.meaningB.contextC.formD.content27.____acttheoryisanimportantinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.A.SpeakingB.SpokenC.SoundD.Speech28.Alltheutterancesthatcanbemadetoservethesamepurposemayvaryintheir_____form.A.syntacticB.semanticC.grammaticalD.pragmatic29.Linguisticsfoundthatitwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthe______oflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.A.brevityB.contextC.accuracyD.noneoftheabove30.Ofthethreeacts,linguistsaremostinterestedinthe_______.A.locutionaryactB.perlocutionaryactC.illocutionaryactD.noneoftheabove31.Themaximofqualityrequires,donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe_____.A.falseB.trueC.briefD.orderly32.MostoftheviolationsofthemaximsoftheCPgiveriseto_____.A.utterancemeaningB.speechacttheoryC.conversationalimplicaturesD.alloftheabove33.PragmaticsisastudyofA.languagelearningB.languageacquisitionC.languageplanningD.languageinuse11-33BABDCDABACBABBABDABBACDII.Trueorfalsequestions1.SpeechacttheorywasproposedbyAustinandhasbeendevelopedbyGrice.F2.Searlesuggests5basiccategoriesofillocutionaryactsasfollows:assertives, commissives,expressives,directiveanddeclaratives.T表述句，受约句，表情句，指令句，陈述句1.“Wecandothingswithwords”----thisisthemainideaoftheSpeechActTheory.T2.“Iherebydeclarewar”isthetypicalutteranceof“speechacttheory”.T3.Atfirst,Austinclassifiesutterancesintotwotypes:constativesandperformatives.T4.“Locution”meansthespeaker’sintention.F5.“Perlocution”isusedtobringeffectsontheaudience.T6.“Canyoupassmethesalt,please?”isaquestion,butitisadirectspeechact.F7.Inacertainsensepragmaticsstudieshowwordsinfluencetheinterpretationofutterances.FnotwordsbutcontextualfeaturesF8.“Pragmatics“isthestudyofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforinsemantics.T9.“InSemantics”thesentencemeaningshouldbestudied.TX表达什么意义x10.“Inpragmatics”theutterancemeaningshouldbestudied.TX想表达什么11.TheCPPrinciple,putforwardbyP.Grice,hasfourmaxims,forwritingaswellasspeaking.F12.Deixisisatechnicaltermforoneofthemostbasicthingswedowithutterances.T13.“What’sthat?”thatisalocationdeixis.FpersondPragmaticsisconcernedwiththestudyof_16____ascommunicatedbyaspeakerandinterpretedbyalistener.Ithasconsequently__17___todowiththeanalysisofwhatpeoplemeanbytheirutterancesthanwhatthewordsorphrasesinthoseutterancesmightmeanby__18__.__19___isthestudyofspeakermeaning.16.A.speechB.meaningC.utteranceD.communicationB17.A.lessB.impossibleC.possibleD.moreD18.A.itselfB.himselfC.themselvesD.yourselfC19.A.SemanticsB.ContextC.SyntaxD.PragmaticsD4.ExercisestoChapter4SyntaxI.Generalviewofsyntax1.Syntax:studiestherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentences.2.gender:asmasculine,feminine,neuter,oranimate,andinanimate.3.case:thesyntaxticrelationshipbetweenwords.Teacher’s,kisshim宾格，主格，与格，芬兰语有15种格4．Concord:agreement:asyntacticrelationshipagreewitheachother.5.Government:Aworddeterminestheformofothers.支配关系6.langueandparoleLangue:abstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.StabilityParole:actualspeech7.signified(concept)andsignifier(soundimage)1.所指2能指之间的关系是任意的8.syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsSyntagmatic:whatprecedesorfollows 9.synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics10.“Rheme”“Theme”负载交际能力最小的是主位。负载交际能力最大的是述位。11.ICanalysis:toanalyzetherelationbetweensentenceanditscomponentelements.12.endocentricandexocentricconstructions向心，离心1．Whichservesacentreorhead.AP,NP,VP2.nodefinablecentreorhead.PP,V+O,be+A.无中心13.deepstructureandsurfacestructure1.underlyinglevelofstructuralrelation潜藏在人们意识中的结构2.closedtopeopleproducedandreceived.声音文字直接感受到的14.1.Whenwesaythatwecanchangethesecondwordinthesentence“Heiswaitingoutside”withanotherwordorphrase.Wearetakingabout____insidethesentence.A.SyntacticrelationsB.paradigmaticrelationsBC.LinearrelationsD.Government2.Thepartofthegrammarthatrepresentsaspeaker’sknowledgeofthestructureofphrasesandsentencesiscalled______.LexiconB.morphologyC.SyntaxD.semanticsC3.Whatdoes‘IC’standsforasasyntacticnotionandanalyticaltechnique?A.inferentialConnectiveB.inflectionalComponentC.ImmediateConstituentcD.ImplicativeCommunication4.IfwearetousethetechniqueofICanalysistoanalyzethesentence“Shebrokethewindowwithastoneyesterday”,whereisthefirstcut?Drawatreediagramofthissentence.A.betweenstoneandyesterdayB.betweensheandbrokeBC.betweenbrokeandthewindowD.betweenwindowandwith5.____isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenoun(number,gender,case)andverb(tense,aspect,etc.).A.partsofspeechB.WordclassesC.GrammaticalcategoriesCD.Functionsofwords6.WhichofthefollowingitemsisnotoneofthegrammaticalcategoriesofEnglish?A.genderB.numberC.caseD.voiceD7.____isarelationshipinwhichawordofacertainclassdeterminestheformofothersintermsofcertaincategories.A.ConcordB.ImmediateconstituentC.SyntagmaticrelationsD.GovernmentD8.____proposedtodefinesentenceasthemaximumfreeform. A.BloomfieldB.ChomskyAC.HallidayD.Sussure9.Thephrase“boysandgirls”isa(n)_____.A.subordinateendocentricconstructionB.coordinateendocentricconstructionBC.subordinateexocentricconstructionD.coordinateexocentricconstruction10.Chomskyholdsthatthemajortaskoflinguisticsisto_____.A.studyreal‘facts’indailysettingsB.tellpeoplehowtospeakappropriatelyC.tellpeoplewhatisrightinlanguageuseD.Lookfor‘theuniversalgrammar’D11.WhatisthefullformofLAD?LanguageassociativedistrictLanguageacquisitiondeviceBLinguisticacquisitiondistrictLanguageassociativedevice12.Aspeaker’sactualutteranceinChomsky’sterminologyiscalled_____.A.deepstructureB.linguisticuniversalsC.universalgrammarD.surfacestructureD13.Chomskystudieslanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,holdingthatlanguageisaformof____;whileHallidayfocusesonthesocialaspectoflanguage,regardinglanguageasaformof____.A.knowing,doingB.knowing,thinkingAC.thinking,doingD.doing,knowing14．F.deSaussureisa(n)_____linguist.A.AmericanB.BritishC.SwissD.RussianC15.Whatistheconstructionofthesentence“Theboysmiled”?A.ExocentricB.EndocentricC.CoordinateD.SubordinateA16.“Yousitdown”istransformedinto“Sitdown”.WhichtransformationalruleisusedaccordingtoTGGrammar?A.CopyingB.AdditionC.ReorderingD.DeletionD17.L.Bloomfieldisafamous_____structurallinguist.A.BritishB.RussianC.AmericanD.FrenchC18.In______,NoamChomskypublishedhisfamousbook“SyntacticStructure”.A.1920B.1957C.1965D.1970B19.“Afishisswimminginthepond”istransformedinto“Thereisafishswimminginthepond”.Whichtransformationalruleisused.A.CopyingB.ReorderingC.AdditionD.DeletionC 20.Thephrase“menandwomen”belongtothe______Construction.A.predicateB.coordinateC.subordinateD.exocentricB21.______referstoaconstructionwhereoneclauseiscoordinatedwithanother.A.EmbeddingB.RecursivenessC.ConjoiningD.CohesionCII.Telltruestatementfromfalse.1．Traditionalgrammarinvolvesagreatdealofgender,numberandcase.T2.“I’mateacher.”“HestudiesEnglish.”describetheformofgovernment.FConcordgovernment:giveherapresent.3.“langue”ismuchmorestablethan“parole”.T4.Whenwementionedabouta“树”，itissignified;andthesound/shu:/issignifier,therelationshipamongthemisarbitrary.T5.Thesentence“Iftheweatherisnice,we’llgoout.”issettledatthebaseparadigmaticrelation.F6.Sassureproposedthelinguisticstudyconsideredinitself.TTheonlytrueobjectofstudyinlinguisticsisthelanguage,consideredinitselfandforitsownsake.语言和为语言而研究的语言7.Rhemecontributesmuchmoregreatthantheme.F8.ICanalysisisusedtoanalyzethesemanticfeatureofthesentence.F9.TheUltimateConstituentsofICanalysisismorpheme.T10.“Heseemedangry.”Istheconstructionofexocentricconstruction.T11.“Thehouseisbehindthisbuilding.”isendocentric.F.12.“Hecamebackverylatelastnight.”Theunderlyingstructureisendocentricone.T13.ToanalysethesentenceswithICanalysis.14.Whenwementionabout“phonetic”and“lexiconcomponents”,theybelongtodeepstructurecategory.F15.Theabstractmeaningandambiguityofthesentencecanbeanalyzedbedeepstructure.T16.Systemic–functionalgrammarwantedtolinkthefunctionwithstructureofthelanguage.Bysynchronywemeantostudylanguagechangeanddevelopment.FTheopen-classwordsincludeprepositions.F“Theboysmiled”hasanexocentricstructure.TTheICAnalysisisnotabletoanalysesplitverbslike“dosb.in”.TLangueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints.Phonologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesentencepatternsofalanguage.F名词解释:1．Linguistics:2.Duality: 3.Arbitrariness:4.Syntax:5.Displacement:6.connotation:7.denotation:8.paradigmaticrelation9.SpeechacttheoryShortanswerquestions:Questions：：What’stheimportanceofstudyingsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationshipinsyntax.Whatthedifferencebetweensynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics?Whatisthedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology?WhatareAllophonesifthesamephoneme?Illustratethemwithexamples.What’sthedifferenceandrelationof“Signifier”and“Signified”?6.Whatiscontext?Explainhowcontexthelpspeopleunderstandlanguageincasesofpolysemyandambiguity?'