GBT2900.49-2004电工术语电力系统保护.pdf 27页

'ICS29.120.50;01.040.29K04荡黔中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995代替GB/T2900.49-1994电工术语电力系统保护Electrotechnicalterminology-Powersystemprotection(IEC60050(448):1995,Internationalelectrotechnicalvocabulary-Chapter448;Powersystemprotection,IDT)2004-05-10发布2004-12-01实施中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局发布中国国家标准化管理委员会 GB/T2900.49=2004/IEC.0050(448):1995目次前言·····················，······························，，························，，··········⋯⋯‘··········⋯⋯班1范围················································，·····················································，，····⋯⋯12术语和定义······································································································⋯⋯12.1基本术语和定义····························.................................................⋯⋯12.2保护的可靠性····························。·······························，··················...·.............⋯⋯42.3电力系统故障···，，····，，·························，，················“··⋯，，....·.......⋯⋯卜.....·.....⋯⋯52.4保护·········‘·······，，··，，·...............................................····，，········‘···。。。，·····⋯⋯62.5纵联保护······，，····························，，，························，.....................................926自动控制装置·····························································.··...·...............⋯⋯‘.....⋯⋯n中文索引·······································································································...·⋯⋯18英文索引············································································································⋯⋯20图]保护的可靠性························。····，，······，················⋯⋯，，，，.......·..........⋯⋯，.⋯⋯12图2保护失灵····································，····，················‘...........................................13图3电力系统故障····························································.····...........................⋯⋯13图4纵联保护····························································································‘····⋯⋯14图5允许式欠范围保护PUP···············································，.····.·...................⋯⋯14图6远方跳闸欠范围保护IUP··········································一，..............................⋯⋯15图7加速式欠范围保护AUP························。。················⋯⋯。...·..·..·..·.·...............⋯⋯15图8闭锁式超范围保护BOP···············。，·，甲，，··，，甲，·，，11····-··················“··‘··⋯⋯，二15图9解除闭锁式超范围保护UOP.............................................·...........·...........⋯⋯16图10允许式超范围保护POP·························································..·...............⋯⋯16图11自动重合···············································...·....··········.............·...............⋯⋯17 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995前言GB/T2900的本部分等同采用国际电工委员会IEC60050(448):1995《国际电工词汇第448章:电力系统保护)(英文版)。本部分的编写格式和表述规则完全符合GB/T1.1-2000《标准化工作导则第1部分:标准的结构和编写规则》的要求。本部分的采标标识和编号方法符合GB/T20000.2-2001《标准化工作指南第2部分:采用国际标准的规则》的要求。本部分自实施之日起，代替GB/T2900.49-19940本部分由全国电工术语标准化技术委员会提出。本部分由全国电工术语标准化技术委员会和全国量度继电器和保护设备标准化技术委员会归口。本部分起草单位:许昌继电器研究所、南瑞继保电气有限公司、机械科学研究院、国电南京自动化股份有限公司。本部分主要起草人:李志勇、夏期玉、杨芙、高永生。本部分所代替标准的历次版本发布情况为:—GB/T2900.49-1994 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995电工术语电力系统保护范围GB/T2900的本部分规定了电力系统保护及继电保护装置的专用术语。2术语和定义2.1基本术语和定义448-11-01保护protection在电力系统中检出故障或其他异常情况，从而使故障切除、终止异常情况或发出信号或指示。注1保护是一个用于保护装置或保护系统的一般性词语。注2:保护可以用于描述整个电力系统的保护或者电力系统中个别构成单元的保护，例如变压器保护、线路保护、发电机保护。注3:保护不包括电力系统的构成单元，例如用于限制电力系统过电压的单元。但它包括用于控制电力系统电压或频率偏差的单元，比如电抗器自动投切、减负荷等等。448-11-02保护继电器protectionrelay;protectiverelay(USA)单独地或与其他继电器组合在一起构成某个保护装置的一种量度继电器。448-11-03保护装置protectionequipment;relaysystem(USA)一个或多个保护继电器和逻辑元件按需要结合在一起，完成某项特定保护功能的装置。注:一个保护装置是一个保护系统的组成部分.示例距离保护装置，相位比较保护装置(一套相位比较保护装t是相位比较保护系统在线路一端的组成部分)。448-11-04保护系统protectionsystem完成某项规定保护功能，由一个或多个保护装置和其他器件组成。注1:一个保护系统包括一个或多个保护装里，仪用互感器、接线、跳闸回路及辅助电源，有时还有通信系统。根据保护系统的原理，它可以包括被保护区的一端或所有各端，可能还包括自动重合闸装里。注2:不包括断路器.448-11-05保护区protectedsection电力系统网络或网络内回路中应用规定保护的那个部分。448-11-06保护的选择性selectivityofprotection保护检出电力系统的故障区和/或故障相的能力。448-11-07保护的区选择性sectionselectivityofprotection保护检出电力系统故障区的能力。448-11-08保护的相选择性phaseselectivityofprotection保护检出电力系统故障相的能力。 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995448-11-09单元保护unitprotection其动作和区选择性取决于比较被保护区各端电量的一种保护。注:在美国，术语“单元保护”指用于发电机的保护。448-11-10非单元保护non-unitprotection其动作和区选择性取决于量度继电器对被保护区一端的电量的测量，及在某些情况下各端之间逻辑信号交换的一种保护。注:非单元保护的区选择性可以取决于整定，特别是关于时间的整定448-11-11分相保护phasesegregatedprotection;segregatedphaseprotection(USA)具有相选择性的保护，一般为单元保护。448-11-12-不分相保护non-phasesegregatedprotection不具有相选择性的保护，一般为单元保护。注:不分相单元保护一般使用导出单相量的方法代表所有三个电力相，比如总加互感器或相序网络.448-11-13主保护mainprotection;primaryprotection(USA)电力系统中预定优先启动切除故障或用作结束异常情况的保护。注:对于某项给定的设备可以有两个或更多的主保护。448-1卜乌后备保护backupprotection由于主保护动作失效或不能动作或者相关联的断路器动作失灵，导致系统故障在预定的时间内未被切除或异常情况未被发现时预定动作的保护。注:在美国，术语“后备保护”是指在主保护系统中指定装里独立工作的一种保护方式。后备保护仅仅在主保护系统失灵或退出运行时可作为主保护运行。448-11-15电路近后备保护circuitlocalbackupprotection由激励主保护的仪用互感器、或由主保护同一个一次电路中的仪用互感器激励的后备保护。注:在美国，术语“电路近后备保护”有时选择术语“断路器失灵保护气448-11-16变电站近后备保护substationlocalbackupprotection由与相应的主保护位于同一变电站内、但不共用同一个一次电路的仪用互感器激励的后备保护。448-11-17远后备保护remotebackupprotection位于远离相应的主保护所在变电站的另一变电站内的后备保护。448-11-18断路器失灵保护circuit-breakerfailureprotection;breakerfailureprotection(USA)预定在相应的断路器跳闸失败的情况下通过启动其他断路器跳闸来切除系统故障的一种保护。448-11-19备用保护standbyprotection通常不处于工作状态、但可切换到工作状态以代替其他保护的保护。2 GB/T2900.49-2004/lEC60050(448):1995448-11-20瞬时保护instantaneousprotection不带预定延时的保护。448-11-21延时保护delayedprotection;time-delayedprotection(USA)带预定延时的保护。448-11-22方向保护directionalprotection预定只对位于继电保护安装点一个方向的故障动作的保护。448-11-23保护范围reachofprotection预期由保护覆盖的范围，超过此范围非单元保护将不动作。448-11-24保护重盛区overlapofprotection由厂站中不同设备的多套保护所保护的共同区间，448-11-25剩余电流residualcurrent(forprotection)等于各相电流之和的电流。448-11-26剩余电压residualvoltage(forprotection)等于各相对地电压之和的电压。448-11-27正序分fpositive(sequence)component(ofathree-phasesystem)三个对称相序分量之一，它存在于对称的和不对称的正弦量三相系统中，由下列复数表达式定义:丝，=(X,,+aXL2+a2XLa)/3式中:a是120。运算因子，而XLIIXL2和XU是有关相量的复数表达式，其中笠表示系统电流或电压的相矢量。448-11-28负序分fnegative(sequence)component(ofathree-phasesystem)三个对称相序分量之一，它仅存在于一个不对称的正弦量三相系统之中，由下列复数表达式定义:X2=(XLl+a2Xlz+aXL)邝式中:a是1200运算因子，而XLI、XL2和笠。是有关相量的复数表达式，其中丝表示系统电流或电压的相矢量。448-11-29零序分fzero(sequence)component(ofathree-phasesystem)三个对称相序分量之一，它仅存在于一个不对称的正弦量三相系统之中，由下列复数表达式定义:Xo=(XL1+XL2+Xl,)/3式中:XLIIXL2和XU是有关相量的复数表达式，其中X表示系统电流或电压的相矢量。448-11-30涌流inrushcurrent与变压器、电缆、电抗器等的激励有关的暂态电流。3 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995448-11-31跳闸tripping通过手动或自动控制或者通过保护装置将断路器断开。448-11-32操作跳闸operationaltripping为防止系统出现过电压、过负荷、系统不稳定等非正常状态，在其他断路器随着电力系统故障跳闸后，断路器的自动跳闸。2.2保护的可命性448-12-01保护的正确动作correctoperationofprotection;correctoperationofrelaysystem(USA)保护以预定方式启动跳闸信号或其他指令去响应电力系统故障或电力系统其他的异常情况。448-12-02保护的不正确动作incorrectoperationofprotection;incorrectoperationofrelaysystem(USA)拒动或误动，见图1和图2.448-12-03保护误动unwantedoperationofprotection在电力系统没有任何故障或其他异常情况，或虽有故障或其他的异常情况而保护不应当动作时，保护所发生的动作。448-12-04保护拒动failuretooperationofprotection;failuretotrip(USA)因技术性失效或设计缺陷，保护应当动作而不动作。448-12-05保护的可命性reliabilityofprotection;reliabilityofrelaysystem(USA)在给定条件下的给定时间间隔内，保护能完成所需功能的概率。注:对保护所需功能是当需要动作时便动作、当不需要动作时便不动作，见图1,448-12-06保护的安全性securityofprotection;securityofrelaysystem(USA)在给定条件下的给定时间间隔内，保护不误动的概率，见图1,448-12-07保护的信赖性dependabilityofprotection;dependabilityofrelaysystem(USA)在给定条件下的给定时间间隔内，保护不拒动的概率，见图1,448-12-08冗余redundancy在一个设备中，同时具备多种手段完成所需的功能。448-12-09硬件失效hardwarefailure由于保护内的元件失效导致保护的不正确动作，见图2.注:在维护检验中，通常可发现这种失效448-12-10原理性缺陷principlefailure由于保护的规划、设计、整定或应用中的错误导致保护的不正确动作，见图2注1:此类缺陷通常不能在维护试验中被发现注2:在数字式继电器中由软件引起的缺陷是原理性缺陷。 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995448-12-11自检功能automaticsupervisionfunction;self-checkingfunction(USA)通常在保护装置内部执行的旨在自动发现保护装置内部和外部失效情况的一种功能。448-12-12自动监视功能automaticmonitorfunction;self-monitoringfunction(USA)执行自动检查而不影响保护装置的保护功能的一种功能。448-12-13自动测试功能automatictestfunction;self-testingfunction(USA)在断开了保护的正常工作部分或全部以后进行测试的一种自动检查功能。通常是通过跳闸闭锁，去影响保护装置的保护功能。448-12-14非电力系统故障跳闸non-powersystemfaulttripping;falsetripping(USA)因不是电力系统故障而引起断路器误跳闸的一种事件。比如，在未发生电力系统故障时保护的误动、或断路器由于某些二次设备失效或人为错误的跳闸。2.3电力系统故障448-13-01电力系统异常powersystemabnormality超出电力系统正常条件以外的电气工作条件，比如电压、电流、功率、频率、稳定性等。448-13-02电力系统故障powersystemfault由于主系统回路或一次系统厂站设备或器件的失效，且正常地需要通过相应的断路器跳闸将故障回路、电站、设备或器件从电力系统立即断开的电力系统异常情况。注:电力系统故障可能是短路、纵向和复合故障。448-13-03区内故障internalfault保护区内部的电力系统故障。448-13-04区外故障externalfault保护区外部的电力系统故障。448-13-05短路故障shuntfault;short-circuitfault(USA)在有关电力系统的频率下，电流流过两相或多相之间或者流过相与地之间的特征的故障。448-13-06纵向故障seriesfault通常由一相或两相断开造成的三相的各相阻抗不相等的故障。注:图3是一种典型示例。448-13-07复合故障combinationfault同时出现短路故障和纵向故障的故障。448-13-08高阻故障highresistancefault在故障点带有高电阻的短路故障。 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448)门995448-13-09双回线故障double-circuitfault在两个并行的回路上的同一地理位置同时发生的两个短路故障，见图3,448-13-10系统间故障intersystemfault涉及到两个不同电压等级的电力系统故障。注:在美国，"intersystemfault"被指定为“cross-countryfault".448-13-11相继故阵consequentialfault直接或间接由另一故障引起的故障。448-13-12发展性故障developingfault;evolvingfault(USA)由相对地(或相间)短路而发展为两相或三相故障的绝缘故障。448-13-13穿越性故障电流throughfaultcurrent由保护装置保护区以外的电力系统故障引起的流过被保护区的电流。448-13-14故障电流断开时间faultcurrentinterruptiontime;interruptiontime(USA)从故障开始至断路器完全断开的时间间隔。注:故障电流断开时间由保护动作时间和断路器断开时间组成，见图11,448-13-15故障清除时间faultclearancetime;clearingtime(USA)从故障开始到故障清除之间的时间。注:这个时间是相关的断路器为了清除故障部分的故障电流所用的最长的故障电流断开时间，见图n。448-13-16跨线故障cross-countryfault(USA)涉及两个或多个电力回路导体的故障。2.4保护448-14-01距离保护distanceprotection;distancerelay(USA)一种非单元保护，其动作和选择性取决于本地电气量的测量值与保护区整定值比较所估算的故障等效距离。448-14-02非单元保护区zonesofnon-unitprotection;zonesofprotection(USA)电力系统非单元保护(通常为距离保护)的测量元件的范围。注:这些非单元保护(通常为距离保护)常常有两个、三个或更多的可用区。通常将它们安排为使最短的区对应于略小于被保护区阻抗且常瞬时动作.具有长范围整定的区通常有延时，以获得选择性448-14-03全距离保护fulldistanceprotection对不同类型的相间故障和相对地故障以及对每个保护区的测量，通常具有各自测量元件的距离保护。448-14-04切换式距离保护switcheddistanceprotection对所有电力系统故障和/或所有保护区通常只有一种测量元件的距离保护。 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448)门995448-14-05欠范围underreach;underrechingprotection(USA)距离保护的最短保护区整定值的等效范围短于被保护区范围的状态。448-14-06误差性欠范围erroneousunderreaching距离保护的保护范围由于测量误差使等效范围短于其保护区整定值的动作状态。448-14-07超范围overreach;overreachingprotection(USA)距离保护的最短保护区段整定值的等效范围长于被保护区范围的状态。448-14-08误差性超范围erroneousoverreaching距离保护的保护范围由于测量误差使等效范围长于其保护区整定值的动作状态。448-14-09允许式保护permissiveprotection收到信号后允许就地保护启动跳闸的一种保护，一般为距离保护。448-14-10闭锁式保护blockingprotection收到信号后闭锁就地保护启动跳闸的一种保护，一般为距离保护。448-14-11故障阻抗faultimpedance故障点的故障相导线与地之间或各故障相导线之间的阻抗。448-14-12转移阻抗transferimpedance一个网络中所有的两点之间并行通路的阻抗用这两点之间的等效阻抗来表示。448-14-13电源阻抗sourceimpedance对于一个特定的故障点，在施加于量度继电器处的电压和在同一通路中产生故障电流的等效回路的电动势之间的故障电流通路的等效回路的阻抗。448-14-14系统阻抗比systemimpedanceratio;sourceimpedanceratio(USA)在一给定的测量地点，通常在线路的一端，电力系统电源阻抗与被保护区阻抗之比。448-14-15负荷阻抗loadimpedance在一给定的测量地点，假设在电力系统没有故障的情况下，电力传输中相电压与相电流的商。448-14-16纵联差动保护longitudinaldifferentialprotection;linedifferentialprotection(USA)其动作和选择性取决于被保护区各端电流的幅值比较或相位与幅值比较的一种保护。448-14-17横联差动保护transversedifferentialprotection应用于并联电路的一种保护，其动作取决于这些电路之间的电流的不平衡分配。448-14-18相位比较保护phasecomparisonprotection其动作和选择性取决于被保护区各端电流的相位比较的一种保护。 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995448-14-19全波相位比较保护full-wavephasecomparisonprotection;dual-comparerphasecomparisonpro-tection(USA)每周期比较两次的相位比较保护。对正半周和负半周各比较一次。448-14-20半波相位比较保护half-wavephasecomparisonprotection;singlecomparerphasecomparisonpro-tection(USA)在每周期的正半周或负半周作一次比较的相位比较保护。448-14-21构架漏电保护frameleakageprotection;casegroundprotection(USA);framegroundprotection(USA)其输人激励量为保护区内流经指定设备构架对地通路的电流的一种保护。示例变压器油箱的构架漏电保护。448-14-22高阻抗差动保护highimpedancedifferentialprotection用一阻抗高于饱和的电流互感器二次回路的阻抗的电流差动继电器构成的电流差动保护。448-14-23低阻抗差动保护lowimpedancedifferentialprotection用一阻抗低于饱和的电流互感器二次回路的阻抗的电流差动继电器构成的电流差动保护。448-14-24判别区discriminatingzone多区段母线保护的选择部分，一般监视流人和流出母线单个区的电流。448-14-25检测区checkzone多区段母线保护的非选择部分，一般监视流过全站各终端的电流。注:母线保护的跳闸取决于检测区与一个判别区两者的动作。448-14-26过电流保护overcurrentprotection预定在电流超过规定值时动作的一种保护。448-14-27相间故障保护phase-faultprotection预定对电力系统多相故障动作的保护。448-14-28接地故障保护earth-faultprotection;ground-faultprotection(USA)预定对电力系统接地故障动作的保护。448-14-29零相差动保护restrictedearth-faultprotection;grounddifferentialprotection(USA)其中来自于一组三相电流互感器的剩余电流平衡于一组类似的电流互感器的、或者更常见的是一个位于中性点接地处(如果有)的单个电流互感器的剩余输出的一种保护。注:当被保护设备的中性点未接地，不需要第二组三相电流互感器、也不需要在中性点接地处有一只电流互感器来限制被保护区时，此术语亦可被使用。448-14-30中性点电流保护neutralcurrentprotection;groundovercurrentprotection(USA)变压器、电抗器或发电机的中性点接地的电流保护。8 GB/T2900.49-2004八EC60050(448):1995448-14-31过负荷保护overloadprotection预定当被保护区出现过负荷时动作的保护。448-14-32过电压保护overvoltageprotection预定当电力系统电压超过规定值时动作的保护。448-14-33欠电压保护undervoltageprotection预定当电力系统电压减少到低于规定值时动作的保护。448-14-34中性点过电压保护neutraldisplacmentprotection;neutralover-voltageprotection(USA)预定当电力系统的中性点与地之间的电压超出规定值时动作的保护。448-14-35失步保护loss-of-synchronismprotection;out-of-stepprotection(USA)预定在电力系统开始失步时便动作以防止失步加剧的保护。448-14-36减负荷保护load-sheddingprotection预定在异常条件(比如频率减少)发生时减少系统负荷的保护。448-14-37失电压保护，oss-of-voltageprotection预定在电力系统失去电压时断路器动作的一种保护，通常为了准备系统恢复。448-14-38行波保护travellingwaveprotection取决于由电力系统故障引起的电压和电流行波的幅值和/或极性的测量的保护。448-14-39盛加分f保护superimposedcomponentprotection取决于对引出叠加量的测量或比较，即取决于相应的电流、电压值等电气量的故障前和故障时的差值的一种保护。2.5纵联保护448-15-01纵联保护protectionusingtelecommunication;pilotprotection(USA)要求在电力系统保护区各端之间的通信的保护，见图4,448-15-02非单元纵联保护non-unitprotectionusingtelecommunication;directionalcomparisonprotection(USA)信号通过通信传输使区内故障允许跳闸或远方断路器跳闸、或使外部故障闭锁跳闸的一种非单元保护，见图5一图10.448-15-03单元纵联保护unitprotectionusingtelecommunication电力系统电气量通过通信以模拟或数字形式从保护区一端传输至其他端以作比较的单元保护。448-15-04导引线保护pilotwireprotection使用金属线通信的保护。 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995448-15-05电"I线载波保护power-line-carrierprotection;carrierpilotprotection(USA)使用电力线载波通信的保护。448-15-06撇波保护microwavelinkprotection;microwave-pilotprotection(USA)使用微波传送通信的保护。448-15-07光纤保护opticallinkprotection使用光纤通信的保护448-15-08远方跳闸intertripping;transfertripping(USA)由来自与本地保护状态无关的远方保护信号起动的断路器跳闸。448-15-09操作性远方跳闸operationalintertripping为防止电力系统出现过电压、过负荷、系统不稳等异常状态，其他断路器随着电力系统故障跳闸后，断路器的远方自动跳闸448-15-10方向比较保护directionalcomparisonprotection用本地的电压或电流作为基准，比较保护区各端的相角测量元件的相对动作状态，使用通信的超范围保护，通常不是距离保护。注:在美国，"directionalcomparisonprotection"用于任何使用通信的、带或不带超范围或欠范围距离保护的非单元保护。448-15-11允许式欠范围保护(PUP)permissiveunderreachprotection(PUP);permissiveunderreachingtransfertripprotection(USA)(PUTT)使用通信的、在每个区带欠范围保护的保护，一般为距离保护。欠范围保护检出故障后便送出一个信号。若其他端的其他本地允许式保护检出了故障，其他端接收到该信号便起动跳闸，见图5,448-15-12远方跳闸欠范围保护(IUP)Intertrippingunderreachprotection(IUP);directunderreachingtrans-fertripprotection(USA)(DUTT)使用通信的、在每个区端带欠范围保护的保护，一般为距离保护。欠范围保护检出故障后便送出一个信号.其他端接收到该信号不依赖于本地保护便立即起动跳闸，见图6,448-15-13加速式欠范围保护(AUP)acceleratedunderreachprotection(AUP)使用通信的、在每个区带欠范围保护的保护，一般为距离保护。欠范围保护检出故障后便送出一个信号。其他端接收到该信号后允许超范围区起动跳闸，见图7,448-15-14闭锁式超范围保护(BOP)blockingoverreachprotection(BOP);blockingdirectionalcomparisonprotection(USA)使用通信的、在每个区带超范围保护的保护，一般为距离保护。检出反向外部故障后便送出一个信号。其他端接收到信号后闭锁该端的超范围保护起动跳闸，见图8,448-15-15解除闭锁式超范围保护(UOP)unblockingoverreachprotection(UOP);unblockingdirectional10 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995comparisonprotection(USA)使用通信的、在每个区带超范围保护的保护，一般为距离保护。连续向其他端发送闭锁信号，直到超范围保护发现故障、解除闭锁信号并向其他端发送解除闭锁信号。解除本侧闭锁信号并同时接收到对侧解除闭锁信号允许本地保护起动跳闸，见图、9。注如果在解除闭锁信号后未收到解除闭锁信号，通常安排允许超范围保护在一可变时间(通常为100ms^200ms)内起动跳闸。448-15-16允许式超范围保护(POP)permissiveoverreachprotection(POP);permissivetripprotection(USA)(POTT)使用通信的、在每个区带超范围保护的保护，一般为距离保护。超范围保护检出故障后便送出一个信号。其他端接收到信号后允许本地超范围保护起动跳闸，见图10,448-15-17弱电源端回馈功能echofunctionwithweakinfeedend与允许式超范围保护相关的一种功能。由于故障水平高，一个区的故障检测元件可以动作;但远区的馈人太低，不允许故障检测主元件动作，这样远方信号就不被发送。根据相应的本地条件是否满足，在弱馈电端接收到信号后，将把接收到的信号返回给强馈电端以允许那个区跳闸。2.6自动控制装置448-16-01自动切换装置automaticswitchingequipment;automaticcontrolequipment(USA)在变电站中按照规定程序预定起动操作断路器和/或隔离开关的自动装置。示例:自动切换装置可由一台欠电压保护或一台负荷保护起动.也可以用一台正常设备代替故障设备448-16-02自动重合闸装置automaticreclosingequipment;automaticreclosingrelay(USA)在相关回路的保护动作后，预定起动断路器重合的自动装置，见图11,注:如果自动重合断开时间是有意义的应在表达中提及.这样，相应于其应用情况，可被描述为高速、低速、延时等等示例:自动重合断开时间为0.5。的自动重合闸装置。448-16-03单相重合闸装置single-polereclosingequipment;single-phasereclosingequipment在电力系统单相故障后，预定重合断路器一相的自动重合闸装置。448-16-04三相重合闸装置three-polereclosingequipment;three-phasereclosingequipment在电力系统故障后，预定重合断路器三相的自动重合闸装置448-16-05一次重合闸single-shotreclosing如果重合不成功，不再次重合的一种自动重合闸。448-16-06多次重合闸multiple-shotreclosing如果重合不成功，便重合二次或三次(通常不多于三次)的一种自动重合闸。448-16-07无电压时间deadtime自动重合闸期间电力线或相未联接任何网络电压的时间，见图11.注:对辐射状馈电线一无电压时间等于自动重合断开时间]t GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995448-16-08同期检查三相重合闸装Itthree-polereclosingequipmentwithsychrocheck,three-phasereclosingequipmentwithsynchroceck在合断路器之前，对电压、频差和相角的检查的三相重合闸装置。448-16-09自动皿合断开时间autorecloseopentime自动重合期间有关的断路器的触头断开的时间，见图11,注:据此定义，自动重合断开时间包括断路器的飞弧时间和预飞弧时间。448-16-10自动孟合中断时间autorecloseinterruptiontime自动重合期间电力线或相不能通电的时间，见图n。注:对辐射状馈电线，自动重合中断时间等于无电压时间和自动重合断开时间。448-16-11复归时间reclaimtime;resettime(USA)自动重合后，允许自动重合闸装置在电力系统下次故障后能再次重合的时间。448-16-12自动恢复装Itautomaticrestorationequipment用于起动预定的、顺序的及延时的自动再接通的断路器或其他特定开关的装置。注:自动恢复可以在一次不成功的自动重合或者一个带或不带自动重合动作的一般断开状态之后进行。自动恢复通常在发生大面积扰动后，有计划地对部分或所有站恢复电压。448-16-13自动负荷恢复装J[automaticloadrestorationequipment预定在由于一次甩负荷动作而跳闸后自动起动断路器重合的装置。注重合是由频率和电压控制的保护的不正确动作保护误动保护的可扭性保护的信栩性保护的安全性一月卜州卜仁巨打增加的信翰性增加的安全性图1保护的可贪性 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995保护失灵硬件失效原理性缺陷误动拒动拒动不正确动作图2保护失灵-干一于..口.......................曰.....日.............双回线故障单相纵向故障图3电力系统故障 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995纵联保护单元相位比较非单元纵差动作方式侧t原理—允许式欠范围—距离保护—远方跳闸欠范围—方向过电流保护—加速欠范围—方向零序电流保护—允许式超范围—方向行波保护—闭钱式超范围—方向叠加分量保护-解除闭钱式超范围所有组合都是可能的。示例:允许式欠范围方向保护乡允许式欠范围方向零序电流保护。注:允许式超范围方式的保护有时被称作方向比较。图4纵联保护C端的保护1区的动作将启动C的跳闸并发送一个信号至D接收到该信号后，只有在有一个合适的本地允许判据时才启动D的跳闸.允许判据可以从下面给出:—距离保护的启动元件(保护2区);—方向或非方向欠阻抗继电器;—欠电压继电器;—过电流继电器;—距离保护.图5允许式欠范围保护PUP GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995从C收到的信号跳闸直接跳间C端的保护1区的动作将启动C的跳闸并发送一个信号至Do接收到该信号后，将启动D而无需任何本地的允许判据。图6远方跳闸欠范围保护IUPC端的保护1区的动作将启动C的跳闸并发送一个信号至D接收到该信号后，A区超范围将被激活并启动D的跳闸。在切换式距离保护中，保护1区将被切换至超范围A区。在距离保护中，保护2区的延时将不被考虑.图7加速式欠范围保护AUP反向发送c接收的信号闭钡A区A区此方案需要反向看的量度继电器。如果反视继电器检测到一个外部故障，它将发送信号至对端并闭锁该端的A区.在内部故障的情况下，A区将以类似于允许式超范围保护的方式动作..8闭锁式超范围保护BOP GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995鲤一一讴解除闭镶信号闭锁信号在正常动作时发送一个闭锁信号，A区跳闸被闭锁如果C的A区发现一个故障闭锁信号消失，D接收到一个解除闭锁信号A区跳闸将解除闭锁,D的跳闸将被启动。在D的A区的发现动作后，类似的动作将在C出现.如果在闭锁信号消失后未收到解除闭锁信号,A区的跳闸将在乙一几的时间内解除闭锁。T,孔通常被设定为100m5-200ms,注:闭锁信号有时被当作监视信号。图9解除闭锁式超范围保护UOPA区A区A区在未从远端接收到信号时将不启动跳闸.C的A区发现一个故障并发送一个信号至D。一旦接收到该信号，D的超范围A区将启动D的跳闸当一个信号从D的A区送至C时，C将发生类似的动作在全距离保护中，第二区的量度继电器通常被用作发送和允许判据在切换式距离保护中，通常必须有作用于A区的单独的测量单元。图10允许式超范围保护POP GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995t2...........o-t,-C端的故障电流中断时间;0--t,—D端的故障电流中断时间(故障清除时间);t,-t,-C端的断路器自动重合的断开时间;t,-t,-D端的断路器自动重合的断开时间;t,-t,—无电压时间;t,^-y—自动重合中断时间图11自动，合 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995中文索引电力线载波保护·······，·············⋯⋯448-15-05电路近后备保护·············，···‘·⋯⋯448-1飞一巧半波相位比较保护··⋯⋯448-14-20电源阻抗···············，··········⋯⋯448-14-13保护·················⋯⋯448-11-01.加分f保护······，·················⋯⋯448-14-39保护的安全性·········⋯⋯448-12-06短路故障······························⋯⋯448-13-05保护的不正确动作···⋯⋯448-12-02断路器失灵保护···，·················⋯⋯448-11-18保护的可靠性·········⋯⋯448-12-05多次重合闸···························⋯⋯448-16-06保护的区选择性····⋯⋯448-11-07保护的相选择性···⋯⋯448-11-08保护的信赖性···········一448-12-07发展性故障····............................448-13-12保护的选择性·········⋯⋯448-11-06方向保护····························，··⋯448-11-22保护的正确动作······⋯⋯448-12-01方向比较保护·······················⋯⋯448-15-10保护范围··...........⋯⋯448-11-23非单元保护·······，················，·⋯⋯448-11-10保护继电器············⋯⋯448-11-02非单元保护区·······················⋯⋯448-14-02保护拒动，，，二“二448-12-04非单元纵联保护‘，甲，···，，，，，，·······“448-15-02保护区，，·........⋯⋯448-11-05非电力系统故障跳闸.....................448-12-14保护误动·............⋯⋯448-12-03分相保护·····························⋯⋯448-11-11保护系统···.........⋯⋯448-11-04负荷阻抗······························⋯⋯448-14-15保护重盛区············⋯⋯448-11-24负序分f·····························⋯⋯448-11-28保护装置·.............⋯⋯448-11-03复归时间············，·················⋯⋯448-16-11备用保护，....⋯⋯卜⋯⋯448-11-19复合故障···················，··········⋯⋯448-13-07闭锁式保护·········⋯⋯448-14-10闭锁式超范围保护(BOP)448-15-14变电温近后备保护··⋯⋯448-11一16高阻故障······························⋯⋯448-13-08不分相保护············⋯⋯448-11一12高阻抗差动保护·····················⋯⋯448-14-22构架漏电保护························⋯⋯448-14-21故障电流断开时间·····，············⋯⋯448-13-14操作跳闸，，，，，，········。‘，，，，·，，，，·⋯448-11-32故障清除时间···，······，·，，···⋯⋯448-13-15操作性远方跳闸··········，······⋯⋯448-15-09故障阻抗··············，·，···········，⋯⋯448-14-11超范围·································⋯⋯448-14-07光纤保护·············，··············⋯⋯448-15-07穿越性故障电流·····················⋯⋯448-13-13过电流保护········，··················⋯⋯448-14-26过电压保护····················，····⋯⋯448-14-32过负荷保护······。·，·················⋯⋯448-14-31单相重合闸装置······⋯⋯448-16-03单元保护一”““““““‘448-11-09单元纵联保护······⋯⋯448-15-03横联差动保护448-14-17导引线保护···········⋯⋯448-15-04后备保护··⋯448-11-14低阻抗差动保护·····⋯⋯448-14-23电力系统故障·········⋯⋯448-13-02电力系统异常·········⋯⋯448-13-01加速式欠范围保护(AUP)···········一448-15-1318 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995减负荷保护·······················，···⋯⋯448-14-36无电压时间二448-16-07检测区·································⋯⋯448-14-25误差性超范围448-14-08接地故陈保护··················，，··⋯⋯448-14-28误差性欠范围448-14-06解除闭锁式超范围保护(UOP).........448-15-15距离保护·····‘·····，，，，，···，·。“:448-14-01系统间故阵········⋯⋯448-13-10系统阻抗比········⋯⋯448-14-14跨线故障··⋯⋯448-13一6相继故障···········⋯⋯448-13-11相间故障保护·······一448-14-27相位比较保护·····⋯⋯448-14-18零相差动保护··········，···，，，一448-14-29行波保护···········⋯⋯448-14-38零序分t········⋯⋯，甲，，，，，⋯448-11-29延时保护······························⋯⋯448-11-21判别区··⋯⋯448-14-24一次贡合闸···························⋯⋯448-16-05硬件失效······························⋯⋯448-12-09涌流·.........................................448-11-30欠电压保护··············，，·，·，，·448-14-33原理性缺陷，··甲·······，甲···········，一448-12-10欠范围············.·......⋯⋯448-14-05远方跳闸·········，···················⋯⋯448-15-08切换式距离保护············⋯⋯448-14-04远方跳闸欠范围保护(IUP)······⋯⋯448-15-12区内故障·······..............⋯⋯448-13-03远后备保护···························⋯⋯448-11-17区外故障··········..........⋯⋯448-13-04允许式保护···························⋯⋯448-14-09全波相位比较保护···········一448-14-19允许式超范围保护(POP)·········⋯⋯448-15-16全距离保护······.........⋯⋯，二448-14-03允许式欠范围保护(PUP)·······⋯⋯448-15-11冗余·，······························，，··⋯⋯448-12-08正序分f················。，············⋯⋯448-11-27弱电源端回馈功能···············，··⋯⋯448-15-17中性点电流保护······-··············⋯⋯448-14-30中性点过电压保护····，···········⋯⋯448-14-34三相重合闸装皿主保护·················，··············⋯⋯448-11一13448-16-04剩余电流⋯⋯‘，，..⋯，.⋯转移阻抗···················。·。·⋯⋯448-14-12448-11-25剩余电压448-11-26自动测试功能·······，·········‘······⋯⋯448-12-13失步保护448-14-35自动负荷恢复装It........................448-16-13失电压保护448-14-37自动恢复装置························⋯⋯448-16-12双回线故障448-13-09自动监视功能························⋯⋯448-12-12瞬时保护448-11-20自动切换装里·······················⋯⋯448-16-01自动重合断开时间···，··············⋯⋯448-16-09自动重合闸装f.......，二···‘·⋯⋯448-16-02跳闸········‘···················，····，。·⋯⋯448-11-31自动重合中断时间·，················⋯⋯448-16-10同期检查三相重合闸装置·······‘·⋯⋯448-16-08自检功能···············，，·············⋯⋯448-12-11纵联保护······························⋯⋯448-15-01纵联差动保护·········，，·············⋯⋯448-14-16微波保护448-15-06纵向故阵··············，·，···········⋯⋯448-13-06I9 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995英文索引acceleratedunderreachprotection(AUP)448-15-13automaticcontrolequipment(USA)················.······...............⋯⋯，...........⋯⋯448-16-01automaticloadrestorationequipment448-16-13automaticmonitorfunction448-12-12automaticreclosingequipment448-16-02automaticreclosingrelay(USA)·····················，·····，··············⋯⋯.........................448-16-02automaticrestorationequipment448-16-12automaticsupervisionfunction·············································⋯⋯，，............⋯⋯448-12-11automaticswitchingequipment·························，，·····················⋯⋯，，..............⋯⋯448-16-01automatictestfunction448-12-13autorecloseinterruptiontime····································⋯⋯“”二”’‘’·’‘”‘”””‘’二‘·““‘·”’‘448-16-10autorecloseopentime·······，·。···················⋯⋯‘·····················⋯⋯“·，··⋯”’““‘’‘·“““448-16-09backupprotection448-11-14blockingdirectionalcomparisonprotection(USA)···············································⋯⋯448-15-14blockingoverreachprotection(BOP)············⋯⋯，·······...·····............................⋯⋯448-15-14blockingprotection·········，···························.·，，····⋯⋯‘二”’“·““二”’‘二“‘’·”’“““‘””’‘448-14-10breakerfailureprotection(USA)···············⋯⋯，，.......·.......·......⋯⋯。..........⋯⋯‘448-11-18casegroundprotection(USA)448-14-21checkzone448-14-25circuitlocalbackupprotection·448-11-15circuit-breakerfailureprotection448-11-18clearingtime(USA)448-13-15combinationfault448-13-07consequentialfault448-13-11correctoperationofprotection·····⋯⋯448-12-01correct叩erationofrelaysystem(USA)448-12-01cross-countryfault(USA)448-13-16deadtime·”“‘448-16-07delayedprotection448-11-21dependabilityofprotection448-12-07dependabilityofrelaysystem(USA)448-12-07developingfault448-13-12directunderreachingtransfertripprotection(USA)(DUTT)448-15-1220 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995directionalcomparisonprotection(USA)448-15-02directicnalprotection····················⋯⋯‘””““·””’448-11-22directionalcomparisonprotection····················⋯⋯448-15-10discriminatingzone448-14-24distanceprotection······················⋯⋯“’二’·“““‘”448-14-01distancerelay(USA).........................................448-14-01double-circuitfault·························，，··········⋯⋯448-13-09dual-comparerphasecomparisonprotection(USA)448-14-19earth-faultprotection····················································································⋯⋯448-14-28echofunctionwithweakinfeedend················································。。·。。。············⋯⋯448-15-17erroneousoverreaching················································································⋯⋯448-14-08erroneousunderreaching··············································································⋯⋯448-14-06evolvingfault(USA)..........................................................................................448-13-12externalfault······································································。。····················，⋯⋯448-13-04failuretooperationofprotection····································································⋯⋯448-12-04failuretotrip(USA)····················································································⋯⋯448-12-04falsetripping(USA)..........................................................................................448-12-14faultclearancetime·，······，·················································。······。·。················⋯⋯448-13-15faultcurrentinterruptiontime········································································⋯⋯448-13-14faultimpedance··························································································⋯⋯448-14-11framegroundprotection(USA)··································································⋯⋯448-14-21frameleakageprotection··············································································⋯⋯448-14-21fulldistanceprotection················································································⋯⋯448-14-03full-wavephasecomparisonprotection·······························································⋯⋯448-14-19ground-faultprotection(USA)·⋯⋯448-14-28groundovercurrentprotection(USA)448-14-30half-wavephasecomparisonprotection448-14-20hardwarefailure·····················⋯⋯448-12-09highimpedancedifferentialprotection448-14-22highresistancefault448-13-08incorrectoperationofprotection.........""..."".""-""""""""..""""""""""""."."""......-.........".........448-12-02incorrectoperationofrelaysystem(USA)······························，·························⋯⋯448-12-02inrushcurrent·········，·······················································。·····。。······，。··········⋯⋯448-11-30instantaneousprotection·····················，························································⋯⋯448-11-2021 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995internalfault448-13-03interruptiontime(USA)448-13-14intersystemfault448-13-10intertrippingunderreachprotection(IUP)448-15-12in妞rtripping448-15-08linedifferentialprotection(USA)448-14-16loadimpedance448-14-15load-sheddingprotection448-14-36longitudinaldifferentialprotection448-14-16loss-of-synchronismprotection，，，448-14-35loss-of-voltageprotection448-14-37lowimpedancedifferential448-14-23Mmainprotection448-11-13microwavelinkprotection448-15-06microwave-pilotprotection(USA)448-15-06multiple-shotreclosing448-16-06negative(sequence)component(ofathree-phasesystem)·······································⋯⋯448-11-28neutralcurrentprotection·····································································...·····⋯⋯448-14-30neutraldisplacmentprotection448-14-34neutralovervolrageprotection(USA)......“·········，···...····.O.....⋯⋯，，，，二448-14-34non-phasesegregatedprotection448-11-12non-powersystemfaulttripping448-12-14non-unitprotection448-11一10non-unitprotectionusingtelecommunication448-15-02operationalintertripping·，···，，，········。··1·······，，，·······················，········⋯⋯448-15-09operationaltripping·········，，························，，············································⋯⋯448-1卜32opticallinkprotection··············································································⋯⋯448-15-07out-of-stepprotection(USA)·······································································⋯⋯448-14-35overcurrentprotection···························，·····················································⋯⋯448-14-26overlapofprotection········，·············································································一448-11-24overloadprotection·········，·····，，，························，·，···············‘·········，················一448-14-31overreach.................，········，，········1··‘。···，···，，。。······111·····。··，·，·，，··，·······---...448-14-07overreachingprotection(USA)..................‘·····，···········································⋯⋯448-14-07overvoltageprotection.......................................................................................448-14-32permissiveoverreachprotection(POP)448-15-1622 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995permissiveoverreachtransfertripprotection(USA)(POTT).......................................448-15-16permissiveprotection········································································。·········⋯⋯448-14-09permissiveunderreachprotection(PUP)········，···················································⋯⋯448-15-11permissiveunderreachingtransfertripprotection(USA)(PUTT)·······················‘⋯⋯448-15-11汕asecomparisonprotection...................·甲，······，甲，】」1‘····················‘······⋯⋯448-14-18phasesegregatedprotection···················‘............................................................448-11-11phaseselectivityofprotection·················‘····················································⋯⋯448-11-08phase-faultprotection·················································································⋯⋯448-14-27pilotprotection(USA).......................................................................................448-15-01pilotwireprotection·················································································⋯⋯448-15-04positive(sequence)component(ofathree-phasesystem)····································。。·⋯⋯448-11-27powersystemabnormality················‘········，·，，··，···············...............................二448-13-01powersystemfault······，·····················································，···················⋯⋯448-13-02power-line-carrierprotection····················‘·..........................................................448-15-05primaryprotection(USA)....................................................................................448-11-13principlefailure······································，···················································⋯⋯448-12-10protectedsection···········，···························，······················。········，··················⋯⋯448-11-05protection···········，，，，，，，··，·····················，···················。···，，，，····················⋯⋯448-11-01protectionequipment······························，.........................................................448-11-03protectionrelayprotectiverelay(USA)·························································⋯⋯448-11-02protectionsystem······························································，·······················⋯⋯448-1卜04protectionusingtelecommunication··································································⋯⋯448-15-01reachofprotection】】···，，，，，，，，·，·····················，，······，·!“·-，··，，甲，··，，······⋯⋯‘二448-11-23reclaimtime448-16-11redundancy·············..........................·························································一448-12-08resettime(USA)448-16-11relaysystem(USA)448-11-03reliabilityofprotection································⋯⋯‘·‘”‘’‘’‘二’二“.”·’二‘’“‘”二’·”’“““”448-12-05reliabilityofrelaysystem(USA)···⋯⋯“‘.‘’···，一’·‘二””’“⋯..................................448-12-05remotebackupprotection448-11-17residualcurrent(forprotection)448-11-25residualvoltage(forprotection)448-11-26restrictedearth-faultprotection448-14-29sectionselectivityofprotection··········。·········，，，···························，······，··············⋯⋯448-1卜07securityofprotection.............................·，·······，，············‘·····························‘⋯448-12-06securityofrelaysystem(USA)..............................................................................448-12-06segregatedphaseprotection··········································································⋯⋯448-11-11selectivityofprotection·················································································⋯⋯448-11-06self-checkingfunction(USA)········································································⋯⋯448-12-11self-monitoringfunction(USA)···················，················································⋯⋯448-12-1223 GB/T2900.49-2004/IEC60050(448):1995self-testingfunction(USA)448-12-13seriesfault448-13-06short-circuitfault(USA)448-13-05shuntfault448-13-05singlecomparerphasecomparisonprotection(USA)448-14-20single-phasereclosingequipment448-16-03single-polereclosingequipment·························，，·································⋯⋯““““‘’‘’448-16-03single-shotreclosing448-16-05sourceimpedance448-14-13sourceimpedanceratio(USA)448-14-14standbyprotection448-11-19substationlocalbackupprotection448-11-16superimposedcomponentprotection448-14-39switcheddistanceprotection448-14-04systemimpedanceratio448-14-14time-delayedprotection(USA)，··························，，，·························，···，············⋯⋯448-11-21three-polereclosingequipment··，，·································································‘⋯⋯448-16-04throughfaultcurrent·······························‘·····，··，····，···········‘·······················⋯⋯448-13-13thtee-polereclosingequipmentwithsychrocheck································，··················⋯⋯448-16-08transferimpedance···································································，···················⋯⋯448-14-12transfertripping(USA)·，············································································⋯⋯448-15-08transversedifferentialprotection·················，···。，······························，··············⋯⋯448-14-17travellingwaveprotection·，，··，，·，，······················，···。····················，··，，··············⋯⋯448-14-38tripping························，，，··，···················甲，·············································⋯⋯448-1卜31unblockingdirectionalcomparisonprotection(USA)...................................................448-15-15unblockingoverreachprotection(UOP)·········································，···，··············⋯⋯448-15-15underreach···，·········································，，，·········。。······。········，··，，，·············⋯⋯448-14-05underrechingprotection(USA)········。‘-，·，，，，，，，·······4··卜11·。·······，·，···⋯⋯448-14-05undervoltageprotection·······························...................................................⋯448-14-33unitprotection············..............................................................................·一448-11-09unitprotectionusingtelecommunication·························，································⋯⋯448-15-03unwantedoperationofprotection·····································································⋯⋯448-12-03zero(sequence)component(ofathree-phasesystem)448-11-29zonesofnon-unitprotection448-14-02zonesofprotection(USA)448-14-02'