GBT2900.57-2002电工术语发电、输电及配电运行.pdf 23页

'ICS01.040.29x04荡日中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T2900.57-2002eqvIEC60050(604):1987电工术语发电、输电及配电运行Electrotechnicalterminology-Generation,transmissionanddistributionofelectricity-Operation2002一08一05发布2003一01一01实施中华人民共和国发布国家质量监督检验检疫总局 GB/T2900.57-2002目次前言···························································································。。·。·············⋯⋯m1范围·······································。······································································⋯⋯12运行术语······································································································⋯⋯12.1供电质量·········。··························································································⋯⋯12.2故障········································································。····。···························⋯⋯32.3过电压和绝缘配合················。·································································⋯⋯62.4安全·····························································。·········································⋯⋯92.5通信系统中的电磁干扰和噪声······，’··，.“··，’··········，.··，’，’······，···，····⋯⋯n附录A(提示的附录)中文索引················································。··············.·..·..·.⋯⋯。·12附录B(提示的附录)英文索引···················································，.·······················⋯⋯巧 GB/T2900.57-2002前言本标准等效采用IEC60050(604):1987，在技术内容上与该国际标准等效。本标准属发电、输电及配电系列术语国家标准，该系列由下列五个标准组成:GB/T2900.50-1998《电工术语发电、输电及配电通用术语》GB/T2900.52-2000《电工术语发电、输电及配电发电》GB/T2900.57-2002《电工术语发电、输电及配电运行》GB/T2900.58-2002《电工术语发电、输电及配电电力系统规划和管理》GB/T2900.59-2002《电工术语发电、输电及配电变电站》在制定过程中，主要参照IEC60050(604):1987，并按其补充件Amendment1:1998-07的新条款和定义作了补充或修改;按照IEVChapter195"Earthingandprotectionagainstelectricshock”的定义，对安全部分作了修改;吸取IEVChapter651"Liveworking"，中更为明确的定义;参考了IEVChapter448"Powersystemprotection”的有关条款。IEC术语与我国一些惯用术语有些差别，分两种情况处理:1)为不影响IEC术语体系的完整性，不采用国内惯用术语;2)国内惯用术语与IEC术语不相矛盾的情况下，尽量保留国内惯用术语。本标准由国家经济贸易委员会提出。本标准由全国术语标准化技术委员会归口。本标准由中国电力科学研究院和机械研究院负责起草。本标准主要起草人:王来、杨芙。 中华人民共和国国家标准电工术语Gs/T2900.57-2002发电、输电及配电运行Electrotechnicalterminology-Generation,transmissionanddistributionofelectricity-Operation范围本标准规定了发电、输电及配电领域中有关运行方面的术语。2运行术语2.，供电质f2.1.1供电supply(ofelectricity)配电企业按照诸如频率、电压、连续性、最大需量、供电点及费率等的技术和商业规则，向消费者提供的公用服务。2.1.2配电企业distributionundertaking通过配电系统向消费者供电的实体。2.1.3消费者consumer由供电系统供电的用户。2.1.4供电点门)pointofsupply电力系统中按规定的技术指标和商业规则供电的一个点。注:供电点可能不同于供电系统与用户装备之间的分界点或不同于计量点。2.1.5供电质fqualityofsupply对电力系统供电技术参数超过规定指标偏差(明显的或隐含的)的评估。2.1.6频率偏差frequencydeviation在给定时刻，系统频率和标称值之间的差异。2.1.7频率稳定性frequencystability在给定的时间内，基于可观察到的电力系统的频率偏差的供电质量。2.1.8频率漂移frequencydrift在频率调节器起校正作用后，系统频率仍有一个持续时间相对长的、很小的频率偏差。2.1.9频率T降frequencyreduction通常由于过载而导致系统频率较长时间的降低。2门.10谐波电压源sourceofharmonicvoltage供电系统的设备或连接到系统的装置，其所产生的电动势中含有一个或几个谐波分量。2.1.11谐波电流源sourceofharmoniccurrent供电系统的设备或连接到系统的装置，其非线性阻抗和(或)导纳引起电流波形谐波畸变。2.1.12谐波谐振harmonicresonance中华人民共和国国家质f监督检验检疫总局2002-08-05批准2003-01一01实施 GB/"r2900.57一2002设备相连元件的电感、电容之间的持续振荡所引起的电压或电流谐波放大现象。2.1.13次同步谐振subsynchronousresonance发生在系统相邻设备之间的通常低于系统标称频率、并持续1min以L的谐振。2.1.14铁磁谐振ferro-resonance设备的电容与相邻设备磁饱和电感之间的谐振。2.1.15电压稳定性voltagestability在给定的时间内，基于所观测到的系统电压偏差所确定的供电质量。2.1.16供电电压supplyvoltage配电企业在消费者的供电点上所保持的电压。注:若在供电合同中规定了供电电压，则称为’约定供电电压”。2.1.17电压偏差voltagedeviation在给定时刻，系统某点的实际电压与参考电压之间的差异，通常以百分数来表示。参考电压可以是标称电压、运行电压的平均值以及约定的供电电压。2.1.18线路压降linevoltagedrop在给定时刻，沿线路两个点之间所测到的电压差。2.1.19电压波动、oltagefluctuation一连串的电压变化或电压包络线周期性变动。2.1.20周期性电压变化cyclicvoltagevariation系统中的某个点，由于负荷的变化或调压设备的操作而引起的日、周和年电压缓慢和准周期性的变化2.1.21电压下降voltagereduction系统运行电压较小的降低2.1.22电压崩溃voltagecollapse电压急剧下降而引起整个或部分电力系统的电压消失。注:在电压消失期间通常引起发电机和(或)输电线路的连续跳闸2.1.23电压消失lossofvoltage供电点的电压为零或接近零。2.1.24电压恢复voltagerecover在电压崩溃、电压消失或电压下降之后.电压恢复到接近原先数值。2.1.25电压暂降voltagedip在系统的某供电点上电压突然降低，在几个周波到几秒的短时间内电压得以恢复2.1.26闪变电压范围flickervoltagerange在一定的频率及幅值范围内的电压波动，由它引起照明设备输出闪烁2.1.27等值闪变电压波动equivalentflickervoltagefluctuation带有规定频率和波形(如:正弦，10Hz)的电压波动，它所引起的可视扰动效应与实际电压波动的扰动效应相同。2.1.28闪变仪flickermeter用于测量表征闪变量的仪器。2.1.29电压不平衡voltageunbalance在多相系统的某点上，山于相电流的差异或线路的几何不对称，所引起的各相电压偏差不同的现象2.1.30不平衡因数unbalancefactor以电压或电流的负序分量(或零序分量)与正序分量的比值(百分数)来表示的三相系统不平2 GB/T2900.57一2002衡度。2.1.31配电网的平衡balancingofdistributionnetwork配电网各相之间的负荷分配基本平衡，使电压不平衡降到最小。2.1.32供电连续性continuityofsupply在给定的时间内，以系统不停电运行的连续时间来表示的供电质量。2.1.33供电连续性指标(supply)continuitycriterion在给定时间内，由停电时偏离连续供电的理想状态的特征量(诸如停电次数、持续时间、能量丧失)累计导出的量值。2.1.34断电supplydisconnection由于开关断开而造成有影响的长时间供电中断。2.1.35负荷恢复loadrecovery电压恢复后，系统或用户的负荷以与负荷相关特性的速率增长。2.1.36被切负荷cut-offload在断电之前正在供电的负荷。2.1.37少供电fenergynotsupplied在给定时间内，由一个或几个非正常条件而引起电力系统少供的电量。注:这个概念包括通过减负荷或切负荷的作用而使负荷中断或负荷缩减。2.1.38[负荷加权]等值中断时jEJ(loadweighted)equivalentinterruptionduration在1年(或1个月)中，由于系统的特定部分遭受供电中断而造成的所有少供电量(kWh)的总和除以每年(或月)的参考需量(kW)所得的持续时间。2.1.39千瓦时停电损失costofkwhnotsupplied在一个给定的系统中，对由供电中断引起的全部经济损失除以供电中断少供电量(以kWh表示)的评估。2.1.40负荷集中遥控centralizedtelecontrol(ofloads)从中心点通过遥控装置对可延缓、或可中断负荷的投切。2.1.41可缓供负荷deferrableload指一天内不必严格按预定时间供电的非全日负荷，如:加热和泵用负荷。2.1.42集中遥控信号的串联注入seriesinjectionofacentralizedtelecontrolsignal由一个串接到每一输出馈线或向母线供电的装置将信号注人到供电系统。2.1.43集中遥控信号的并联注入shuntinjectionofacentralizedtelecontrolsignal由并联连接到变电站母线的装置将信号注人到供电系统。2.1.44电压偏低voltagedepression在整个或局部电力系统中，电压持续、明显偏低为特征的系统状态。2.1.45电压不稳定性voltageinstability[Amendment1:1998-07]由于整个或部分电力系统无功供给的不足而引起电压降低的过程，该过程如不及时阻止，就会导致电压崩溃。2.2故障2.2.1「电力系统〕故障fault(inelectricpowersystem)由于非计划发生的事件或元件缺陷，而引起系统中的元件本身或其他相关设备的失效。2.2.2绝缘故障insulationfault可引起不正常电流穿过绝缘或引起破坏性放电的设备绝缘缺陷。2.2.3偶发事件incident起因于内部或外部的、影响设备或系统供电正常运行的事件。 Gs/T2900.57一2002系统偶发事件systemincident导致系统总体或局部失效的一系列事件。2.2.误动作maloperation;misoperation装置的动作与其预定的动作不同。2.2.6异常运行unwantedoperation在所考虑的时间内，装置在运行状态下本不应该发生的变化。动作不成功failuretooperate装置未按要求改变其现有运行状态。损坏性故障damagefault故障点需要检修或更换部件的故障。2.9非损坏性故障non-damagefault故障点无需检修或无需更换部件的故障。2.10永久性故障permanentfault使装置受到影响、并在对故障点采取措施之前该装置不能恢复运行的故障。2.11瞬时故障transientfault仅在短时间影响设备介质特性并能在短时间内恢复的绝缘故障。自熄弧故障self-extinguishingfault故障电弧会自行熄灭，而不必为恢复设备介质特性将设备从系统断开的一种绝缘故障。2.2.13自熄弧电流极限self-extinguishingcurrentlim且t在给定系统状态下，电弧能自行熄灭的最大电流。2.14间断故障intermittentfault在同一地点、由于同一原因，重复再现的瞬时故障。2.2.15电阻性故障resistivefault因故障导线对地或导线之间绝缘电阻较高而能维持其足够高电压的一种绝缘故障。金属性短路deadshort故障点阻抗可视为零的绝缘故障。2.2.17线路故障linefault发生在电力线路上任一点的故障。注:就保护而言，线路的端点一般定在电流互感器处。2.2.18母线故障busbarfault位于变电站母线上的故障。注:就保护而言，母线的端点规定为电流互感器处。2.19单相对地故障phase-to-earthfault;singlelinetogroundfault(USA)仅有一相导线与地之间的绝缘故障。2.20相间故障phase-to-phasefault;line-to-linefault(USA)仅两相导线之间的绝缘故障，且对地无故障。两相对地故障two-phase-to-earthfault;doublelinetogroundfault(USA)在回路的一点上两相导线与地之间的绝缘故障。双孟故障doublefault在一回线或出自同一电源的多回线上，两个不同位置同时发生的对地绝缘故障。2.2.23多贡故障multiplefault;crosscountryfault在一回线或出自同一电源的多回线上，两个以上不同位置同时发生的对地绝缘故障。2.24三相故障three-phasesfault GB/T2900.57一2002对称故防symmetricalfault回路某一点发生的三相之间绝缘故障，通常是对地的绝缘。2.225发展性故障developingfault从单相对地故障(或相间故障)开始，发展成为两相故障或三相故障。22.26匝间故障turn-to-turnfault;interturnfault线圈中同一绕组相邻匝间的绝缘故障。2.227绕组间故障interwindingfault在设备中，不同绕组的两个导体之间的绝缘故障。2.228故障清除faultclearance从电力系统中自动或手动切除有缺陷的设施以保持或恢复供电。2229故障清除时间faultclearancetime;clearingtime故障发生和故障清除之间的时间间隔。2.230合闸closing由手动或保护装置的自动控制，使断路器闭合。注:电网中某设备的“合闸”，实际指该设备的断路器的合闸.2.231跳闸tripping由手动或保护装置的自动控制，使断路器断开。注:电网中某设备的“跳闸”，实际指该设备的断路器的跳问2232自动重合闸automaticreclosing在电网故障的相关断路器断开并经过可使瞬时故障切除的时间间隔之后，断路器的自动再合闸。2.23快速自动重合闸highspeedautomaticreclosing在故障切除后，约经is的时间间隔发生的自动重合闸。么2.34延时自动重合闸delayedautomaticreclosing在故障切除后，约经1min的时间间隔发生的自动重合闸。2235重合成功successfulreclosing重合闸后，故障不复发。2.2.36重合失败unsuccessfulreclosing重合闸后，故障复发。22.37一次重合闸singleshotreclosing若重合闸不成功，自动重合闸不再重复。2.238自动多次重合闸automaticmultipleshotreclosing若重合一次不成功，自动重合2次或3次(一般不超过3次)。2.239最终跳闸finaltripping,lock-out自动多次重合闸达到整定次数后，故障设备或局部电网的断开。22.40负荷转移loadtransfer由于电网局部事故或事故风险，在电网相似元件之间的潮流再分配。2.2.41故降定位faultlocation一种确定回路故障位置的测量技术2242故障定位器faultlocator测定故障位置的仪器。2243故障记录仪disturbancerecorder故障录波器perturbograph GB/T2900.57一2002一种连续工作并具有记忆功能的仪器，可用于记录故障前及故障期间的事件和暂态变量。2.3过电压和绝缘配合2.3.1设备的最高电压highestvoltageforequipment设备最高相间电压的方均根值，在有关的设备标准中和在设计设备的绝缘以及其他特性时，与该电压有关。2.3.2外绝缘externalinsulation空气间隙及设备固体绝缘的外露表面，它承受着电应力作用和大气条件以及其他外部条件诸如污秽、潮湿、虫害等的影响。2.3.3内绝缘internalinsulation设备内部的固体、液体或气体绝缘，它不受大气及其他外部条件的影响。2.3.4自恢复绝缘self-restoringinsulation在破坏性放电之后，能完全恢复其绝缘特性的绝缘。2.3.5U自恢复绝缘non-self-restoringinsulation在破坏性放电之后，丧失或不能完全恢复其绝缘特性的绝缘。2.3.6接地故障因数earthfaultfactor在三相系统的一定位置上，以及对于给定系统的结构，由于接地故障的影响在健全相引起电压升高，其最高工频电压的方均根值与该位置无故障时的工频电压方均根值的比值。2.3.7设备绝缘insulationofequipment整个设备绝缘的介质性能。2.3.8绝缘配合insulationco-ordination考虑系统中可能出现的各种作用电压、保护设备的特性和使用环境，合理地选择设备的电气强度2.3.9过电压(电力系统)overvoltage(inasystem)在相对地或相导线之间出现的、峰值超过设备最高电压峰值的电压。2.3.10相对地过电压标么值phase-to-earthovervoltageperunit相对地过电压的峰值与设备最高电压的相对地电压峰值之比，以标么值表示。2.3.11相间过电压标么值phase-to-phaseovervoltageperunit相间过电压的峰值与设备最高电压的相对地电压峰值之比，用标么值表示。2.3.12暂时过电压temporaryovervoltage持续时间较长的无阻尼或弱阻尼的工频过电压。在某些情况下，其频率可能高于或低于工频。2.3.13瞬态过电压transientovervoltage持续时间为几毫秒或更短的、并通常具有高阻尼振荡或非振荡的短时间过电压。注1瞬态过电压有可能立即跟随暂时过电压。这两个过电压应考虑为独立事件2IEC60071-1定义了三种瞬态过电压，按其波峰时间、波尾时间或总的持续时间以及叠加的振荡，分别命名为缓波前过电压、快波前过电压和非常快波前过电压2.3.14冲击电压波voltageimpulse作用于线路或设备上的瞬态电压波，其特点是电压快速上升、而后非振荡地缓慢下降。2.3.15瞬态电压行波voltagesurge沿线路或回路传播的瞬态电压波，其特点是电压快速上升、而后缓慢下降。2.3.16冲击电压的波前frontofavoltageimpulse冲击电压波达到峰值前的部分。2.3.17冲击电压的波尾tailofavoltageimpulse6 GB/T2900.57一2002冲击电压波达到峰值后的部分。2.象18雷电冲击波lightningimpulse在介质试验中，具有规定波形的冲击电压波，其视在波前时间约为1PS，半峰值时间约为50JAS.注:雷电冲击是由两个给定的时间(微秒级)来定义的，标准雷电冲击波为:1.2/50p.,2.3.19雷电冲击波的视在波前时间virtualfrontdurationofalightningimpulse通过波前的两个规定点作一直线所确定的波前时间来替代实际波前时间。2.3.20操作冲击波switchingimpulse在介质试验中，施加的规定波形的冲击电压波，其波峰时间为100ps-300ps，半峰值时间为数毫秒。注:操作冲击波是由两个微秒级给定时间来定义的，标准操作冲击波为:250/2500pa.2子21仁操作冲击波的口波峰时间timetocrest(ofaswitchingimpulse)操作冲击波的实际原点和电压抵达最大值时刻之间的时间间隔。2.32冲击波的半峰时间timetohalfvalue(ofanimpulse)冲击波原点到波尾半峰值时刻之间的间隔。2323雷电冲击全波fulllightningimpulse未被破坏性放电截断的雷电冲击波。2.324雷电冲击截波choppedlightningimpulse由破坏性放电引起电压快速截断(过零)的雷电冲击波。23.25截断时间timetochipping冲击波的习惯起点和截断时刻之间的时间间隔。么326波前截断的冲击波impulsechoppedonthefront在峰值之前截断的冲击波。2327波尾截断的冲击波impulsechoppedonthetail在峰值之后截断的冲击波23.28冲击电压发生器impulsegenerator能按冲击电压波条件进行介质试验的试验设备。么329内部过电压internalovervoltage在电力系统中，由操作或故障引起的暂时过电压或瞬态过电压。2.3.30外部过电压externalovervoltage在电力系统中，由大气放电或感应现象所产生的暂时过电压或瞬态过电压。2.3.31直击雷directlightningstrike雷电击中电网的某一部件，如:导线、杆塔和变电站(所)中的设备等。2332非直击雷indirectlightningstrike雷电并未击中电网的任何部分，却在该电网中感应出过电压。么33意外电压转移accidentalvoltagetransfer在不同电压的系统中，元件间的接触或闪络所引起的工频过电压。23.34谐振过电压resonantovervoltage在电力系统内的谐振振荡而引起的过电压。2.335介质破坏breakdown在强电场的作用下，以及(或)由绝缘材料的物理化学性能劣化而造成绝缘介质的失效。注:我国现行标准中，术语‘击穿”的对应英文也为“breakdown"，但其定义与本标准定义不同2象36破坏性放电disruptivedischarge;flashover;sparkover GB/T2900.57一2002介质破坏而伴随有电弧通道的放电。注:火花放电(sparkover):发生在气体或液体介质中的破坏性放电。闪络(flashover):发生在围绕着气体或液体的固体介质表面的破坏性放电.击穿(puncture)贯穿固体介质的破坏性放电2.3.37反击backflashover系统中通常处于地电位部件遭受雷击而引起的相对地绝缘闪络。2.3.38工频耐受电压powerfrequencywithstandvoltage根据规定的条件和时间进行试验时，设备应能耐受的正弦工频电压的方均根值。2.3.39耐受电压withstandvoltage在规定条件下的耐压试验中所施加的试验电压值，期间允许发生规定次数的破坏性放电。注:耐受电压规定为:a)设定的惯用耐受电压，允许发生破坏性放电的次数为零。其相应的耐受概率pw=100%(这是一个特例，在低电压技术中)b)统计耐受电压，当允许的破坏性放电次数相应于规定的耐受概率，例如p,90%2.3.4050%破坏性放电电压50%disruptivedischargevoltage在每次介质试验中，具有破坏性放电概率为50%的冲击试验电压峰值。2.341介质干试验dielectricdrytest空气中绝缘表面呈干燥和清洁状态下的介质试验。2.342介质湿试验dielectricwettest空气中绝缘表面在规定特性的人工淋雨条件下的介质试验。么343人工污秽试验artificialpollutiontest空气中绝缘表面的介质试验，该表面按一定程序覆盖着规定特性的人工污秽层。23.4绝缘水平insulationlevel由一个或两个绝缘耐受电压值所表征的设备特性。2345架空地线overheadearthwire;ground-wire(USA)避留线连接到地(或有着弱绝缘)的导线，通常安装在线路相导线或变电站的上方，用于防护雷击。2346仁保护〕火花间隙(protective)sparkgap由一个带电电极或多个串联带电电极和一个接地电极之间组成的敞开式空气间隙所构成的保护装置。注:棒间隙(rodsparkgap):由处于同一直线相对方向的两个棒组成的火花间隙角间隙(hornsparkgap):由两个或多个在顶部呈喇叭形的棒组成的火花间隙，这种火花间隙易于熄弧2象47避雷针lightningconductor避雷带安装在构架上、通过引线和接地装置将雷电流释放到大地中的金属棒或金属线。23.48避雷器lightningarrestersurgedivertersurgearrester设计用于保护电器设备免受高的瞬态过电压并能限制续流持续时间和幅值的装置。2349[避雷器的〕放电电流dischargecurrent(ofanarrester)流过避雷器的冲击电流23.50[避雷器的〕残压residualvoltage(ofanarrester)在放电电流流过避雷器时，在避雷器两端之间呈现的电压。23.51非线性电阻型避雷器non-linearresistortypearrester由非线性电阻元件或与火花间隙串联组成的避雷器。2象52排气式避雷器expulsiontypearrester8 Gs/T2900.57一2002管式避雷器在电弧通过灭弧室时突然释放气体使电流中断的避雷器。2.3.53雷电冲击保护水平(保护装置的)lightningimpulseprotectivelevel(ofaprotectivedevice)在规定条件下，雷电冲击保护装置端子上的最大允许峰值电压。2.3.54操作冲击保护水平(保护装置的)switchingimpulseprotectivelevel(ofaprotectivedevice)在规定条件下，操作冲击保护装置端子上的最大允许峰值电压。2.3.55雷电冲击保护比protectiveratioagainstlightningimpulse保护装置的雷电冲击保护水平与被保护设备的额定雷电冲击耐受电压(避雷器时为残压)之比。2.3.56操作冲击保护比protectiveratioagainstswitchingimpulse保护装置在操作冲击下的保护水平与该装置的额定操作冲击耐受电压之比口2.3.57净距clearance通过空气或通过绝缘的流体或半流体的两个导体之间最短距离。注:这个距离可用线绳在两个导体之间的最短路径进行测量2.3.58爬电距离creepagedistance在两个导电部件之间的，沿固体绝缘材料表面的最短距离。2.3.59绝缘材料insulatingmaterial用于防止导电元件之间导电的材料。2.4安全2.4.1接地earth;ground(USA)设备、设施和系统的给定点与地之间的电气连接。注:这个连接可以是有意的、无意的或意外的，也可以是永久性的或短时间的。2.4.2接地系统earthingarrangement;groundingarrangement(USA)所有涉及到系统、装置和设备接地的电气连接和装置的布置。2.4.3接地极earthelectrode与大地紧密接触、并提供与之必要电气连接的导体(组)。2.4.4独立接地极independentearthelectrodes与其他接地极之间保持一定距离，且其电位不受地与其他接地极之间电流的显著影响的接地极。2.4.5接地导体earthingconductor;groundingconductor用于在设备、设施或系统给定点和接地极之间的电气连接，并具有低阻抗的导体。2.4.6接地网earthingnetwork接地系统的一部分，仅包括接地极和它们的相互连接。2.4.7接地端子earthterminal;groundingterminal(USA)与接地系统连接的设备上的端子。2.4.8接地棒(2)earthrod由埋人地中的金属棒组成的接地极。2.4.9接地平板earthplate由埋人地中的金属平板组成的接地极。2.4.10接地带earthstrip由埋人地中的金属带组成的接地极。2.4.11X-作接地functionalearthing功能接地 GB/T2900.57一2002系统或设施或设备正常运行(而非安全)所必需的一点或多点接地。临时接地earthingforwork作业接地把已停电的带电体接地，在无电击危险情况下可进行作业。2.4.13杂散电流straycurrent通过工作接地极或其他途径流人地中的电流，它无规则流向大地和地下金属体。2.4.14阴极保护cathodicprotection将地中金属体作为阴极，以保护该金属体免受杂散电流的作用。2.4.15电击electricshock电流通过人体或动物身体而引起的生理效应。2.4.16电击死亡electrocution电击致死。2.4.17电灼伤electricburn电流经过皮肤或器官表面时所引起的灼伤。2.4.18电痕electricmark由电弧或通过身体的电流所遗留下的可见痕迹。2.4.19电光眼(炎)electro-ophthalmia由电弧紫外线的辐射效应引起的眼睛及其相关部分的炎症。心室纤维性颇动电流闷值thresholdofventricularfibrillating(current)引起心室纤维性颤动的最小电流值。注:心室纤维性颇动可引起血液循环停止。痉挛电流闭值tetanizationthreshold-current对一固定频率和波形的电流，引起肌肉持续、无意识、不可克服地痉挛时的最小值。摆脱电流闻值let-go-threshold-current人体能自主摆脱的通过人体的最大电流值。感知电流闭值perception-threshold-current人体或动物能感知的流过其身体的最小电流值。带电作业liveworking工作人员接触带电部分的作业，或工作人员用操作工具、设备或装置在带电作业区的作业。注1带电作业包括维修、连接和开断等操作。2带电作业的方法有:绝缘杆作业、绝缘手套作业和等电位作业。2.4.25操作杆作业hotstickworking;atadistanceworking作业人员保持在与带电部分规定距离的位置上，并以绝缘杆进行作业。绝缘手套作业insulatedglovesworking作业人员戴着绝缘手套和绝缘套袖与带电部分接触所进行的作业。2.4.27等电位作业barehandworking作业人员通过电气连接，使自身电位上升到带电部分电位，且与周围不同电位适当隔离而直接对带电部分进行作业。2.4.28绝缘的工具insulatedtool在导电材料上全部或部分覆盖着绝缘材料的工具。4.29绝缘工具insulatingtool基本上或完全由绝缘材料制成的工具。 Gs/T2900.57一20022.4.30绝缘杆insulatingstick;insulatingpole由绝缘管或棒制成的、带有端部配件的绝缘工具。2.4.31手持操作杆handpole;handstick手持操作的绝缘杆件，用于在一定距离下对带电部件进行作业。2.4.32通用工具附件universaltoolattachment安装在手持操作杆端部的通用附件。2.4.33支撑杆supportpole用于固定或移动导线，或其他设备的绝缘杆。2.4.34遮蔽星protectivecover;shroud由绝缘材料制成的遮蔽物，用于覆盖带电部分或未通电元件、或相邻接地金属件，以免作业人员意外接触它们。2.4.35屏蔽服conductiveclothing由天然或合成材料制成的作业服装，其内完整地编织有导电纤维，用于屏蔽电场对作业人员的影响。注:若有手套、袜子等分离元件将由导电按扣等连接到主体上。2.4.36绝缘斗臂车aerialliftdevicewithinsulatingarm在车辆上安装有升降绝缘臂，臂上带有一、两个绝缘斗，用于把作业人员送到带电作业的操作位置。2.5通信系统中的电磁干扰和噪声2.5.1接近(通信线路对电力线路的)exposure(ofatelecommunicationlinetoapowerline)电力线路和通信线路之间的相对位置，在该位置上电力线路对通信线路上的电磁效应足以引起危险或电磁干扰。2.5.2平行接近parallelism接近段上，线路之间的距离变化不超过5%02.5.3斜向接近obliqueexposure、接近段上，线路之间的距离沿线路方向几乎呈线性变化。2.5.4交叉crossing通信线路从电力线路的一侧穿越到另一侧。2.5.5屏蔽因数screeningfactor考虑到屏蔽体(相邻导体或回路)存在时，出现在受扰动通信线路上电动势与该屏蔽体不存在时的电动势之比。2.5.6高可靠性电力线路highreliabilitypowerline按规定参数设计的、与通信线接近的输电或配电线路，由它的故障电流所引起的干扰频率和持续时间保持在允许范围内。注:本术语仅适用于与通信线接近的电力线路 Gs/T2900.57一2002附录A(提示的附录)中文索引刁内.卜电击死亡······························⋯⋯2..UO月1「电力系统〕故障··························一2L;1八j摆脱电流闭值····“·····················⋯⋯2.4.22。走L月O.︺〔保护〕火花间隙·······················⋯⋯2.3.46.，O被切负荷·········，.····················⋯⋯2.1.36。LJ月‘避雷带·································⋯⋯2.3.47。勺Jq月避雷器··································⋯⋯2.3.48。仁月﹃，.了[避雷器的〕残压·······················⋯⋯2.3.50t月月[避雷器的〕放电电流··，·············⋯⋯2.3.49，q﹃月‘.避雷线································⋯⋯2.3.45:.口n月乙.避留针······⋯⋯”··”··················⋯⋯2.3.47.波前截断的冲击波”··················⋯⋯2.3.26电压消失·。······························⋯⋯2.1.23波尾截断的冲击波···················⋯⋯2.3.27电压暂降································⋯⋯2.1.25不平衡因数···························⋯⋯2.1.30电灼伤···································⋯⋯2.4.17电阻性故障·····························⋯⋯2.2.15动作不成功············。···················⋯⋯2.2.7操作冲击保护比······················⋯⋯2.3.56独立接地极································⋯⋯2.4.4操作冲击保护水平(保护装置的)···”一2.3.54断电······································⋯⋯2.1.34操作冲击波···························⋯⋯2.3.20对称故障·································⋯⋯2.2.24仁操作冲击波的7波峰时间············⋯⋯2.3.21多重故障·······························⋯⋯2.2.23操作杆作业··········”··················⋯⋯2.4.25重合成功···························⋯⋯.2.2.35贡合失败·······························⋯⋯2.2.36发展性故障··························⋯⋯2.2.25冲击波的半峰时间·····················⋯⋯2.3.22反击，.···································⋯⋯2.3.37冲击电压波·····“·····················⋯⋯2.3.14非握坏性故障”····························⋯⋯2.2.9冲击电压的波前··················⋯⋯2.3.16非线性电阻型避雷器··················⋯⋯2.3.51冲击电压的波尾························⋯⋯2.3.17非直击雷················，············⋯⋯2.3.32冲击电压发生器·············。···”·⋯⋯2.3.28非自恢复绝缘······························⋯⋯2.3.5次同步谐振······”··················⋯⋯2.1.13负荷恢复································⋯⋯2.1.35负荷集中遥控··························⋯⋯2.1.40[负荷加权〕等值中断时间············⋯⋯2.1.38带电作业··‘、····“，.、·、··、·‘⋯⋯2.4.负荷转移‘······、，·、·‘···，··，、二2.2.40月O.单相对地故障·························⋯⋯2.2.J，7等电位作业·······。······················⋯⋯2.4L1八，等值闪变电压波动····················⋯⋯2门乙1感知电流阐值···························⋯⋯2.4.23月八.哟电光眼(炎)······························⋯⋯2.4.︼高可靠性电力线路························⋯⋯2.5.6月O38.电痕················⋯⋯，;’·············⋯⋯2.4.U工频耐受电压··························⋯⋯2.3月仄1电击·····································⋯⋯2.4.﹂工作接地·················，···············⋯⋯2.4 GB/T2900.57一2007功能接地·······························⋯⋯2.4.11住挛电流闭值··························⋯⋯2.4.21供电·········································⋯⋯2.1.1绝缘材料·····················”········⋯⋯2.3.59供电点门)······⋯⋯”··················⋯⋯2.1.4绝缘的工具·························⋯⋯.2.4.28供电电压································⋯⋯2.1.16绝缘斗臂车·························“···⋯⋯2.4.36供电连续性······························⋯⋯2.1.32绝缘杆·....................................·一2.4.30供电连续性指标························⋯⋯2.1.33绝缘工具························，.······⋯⋯2.4.29供电质f..........................................2.1.5绝缘故障··································⋯⋯2.2.2，O工频耐受电压·······················⋯⋯2.3JU绝缘配合·································⋯⋯2.3.8月月.月1工作接地································⋯⋯2.4.绝缘手套作业··························一2.4.26月弓qI绝缘水平······························⋯⋯2.3.44故陈定位·······························⋯⋯2.2月nq7故障定位器···························⋯⋯2.2‘月八故障记录仪·····························⋯⋯2.2咔，︺月﹃﹃，故障录波器······························⋯⋯2.2︺可缓供负荷···························⋯⋯2.1.41nO艺U故障清除·································⋯⋯2.2快速自动览合闸·······················一2.2.33门O了故障清除时间··························⋯⋯2.2‘口过电压(电力系统)..............................2.3.9雷电冲击保护比·····················⋯⋯2.3.55雷电冲击保护水平(保护装置的)···⋯⋯2.3.53合闸·····································⋯⋯2.2.30雷电冲击波····························⋯⋯2.3.18雷电冲击波的视在波前时间·········⋯⋯2.3.19雷电冲击截波··························⋯⋯2.3.24月，﹃口集中遥控信号的并联注入·······。···⋯⋯2.1留电冲击全波··························⋯⋯2.3.23月六勺2集中遥控信号的串联注入··········⋯⋯2.1两相对地故防···························。。⋯2.2.21月‘架空地线································⋯⋯2.3.﹃曰临时接地································⋯⋯2.4-12月月.q间断故障·································。··⋯2.2..月-竹交叉·······································⋯⋯2.5月.接地······································⋯⋯2.4-母线故阵································⋯⋯2.2.18八0接地棒(2)·································⋯⋯2.4-月.﹄1N接地带···················，.·············⋯⋯2.本.‘39接地导体··································⋯⋯2.4︺耐受电压·································⋯⋯2.3门29了接地端子····································⋯⋯2.4内部过电压·····························⋯⋯2.3接地故障因数·····························⋯⋯2.3.6内绝缘·····.......................................2.3.3接地极·········································。⋯2.4.3接地平板························。···········⋯⋯2.4.9接地网········································一2.4.6偶发事件····································⋯⋯2.2接地系统····································⋯⋯2.4.2截断时间········，························⋯⋯2.3.25接近(通信线路对电力线路的卜·······⋯⋯2.5.1爬电距离.......................................2.3.58月月.介质干试验····················。·········⋯⋯2.3﹃.排气式避雷器;管式避留器············⋯⋯2.3.52﹃‘j介质破坏·································⋯⋯2.3︺配电企业······························，·⋯⋯2.1.2月门介质湿试验······························⋯⋯2.3兮乙配电网的平衡························⋯⋯2.1.31月C.金属性短路························‘··。⋯⋯2.2.目屏蔽服···································⋯⋯2.4.35‘7净距·······················。··············⋯⋯2.3J1屏蔽因数·································。·⋯⋯25513 GB/T2900.57一2002叹频率偏差······。·····························⋯⋯2U线路故障·······························⋯⋯2.2.17n匕频率漂移······································。⋯2线路压降································⋯⋯2.1.18一了频率稳定性·································⋯⋯2子相对地过电压标么值··················⋯⋯2.3.100频率下降····································⋯⋯2曰相间故障·。·······························⋯⋯2.2.20平行接近···································⋯⋯25.2相间过电压标么值·····················⋯⋯2.3.1136破坏性放电······························⋯⋯2.消费者·······································⋯⋯2.1.34050%破坏性放电电压················。⋯⋯2.3谐波电流源·····························⋯⋯2.1.11谐波电压源······························⋯⋯2.1.10谐波谐振。··················。············⋯⋯2.1.12千瓦时停电损失············。。··········⋯⋯2.1.39斜向接近····································⋯⋯2.5.3谐振过电压······························⋯⋯2.3.34心室纤维性颇动电流闭值············⋯⋯2.4.20绕组间故障······。···········。············。。二2.2:27人工污秽试验·····························一2.3.43延时自动重合闸························，··⋯2.2.34一次重合闸······························⋯⋯2.2:37三相故障·································⋯⋯2.2.24异常运行····································⋯⋯2.2.6闪变电压范围················。·········⋯⋯2.1.26意外电压转移。·············。············⋯⋯2.3-33闪变仪···································⋯⋯2.1.28阴极保护·······························⋯⋯2.4.14少供电A·。·····························⋯⋯2.1.37永久性故障····························，·⋯⋯2.2.10设备的最高电压···························⋯⋯2.3.1设备绝缘··············，·····················⋯⋯2.3.70一‘手持操作杆·····························⋯⋯2.4.31匝间故障································⋯⋯2.2…亡U1C双重故障···········。···················，·⋯2.2.22杂散电流·································⋯⋯2.4.j1C瞬时故障.......................................2.2门1暂时过电压······························⋯⋯2.31Jt月‘工J叼瞬态电压行波···························⋯⋯2.3.15遮蔽罩··········，··························，·⋯2.4…，﹃闷瞬态过电压·····························⋯⋯2.3.13支撑杆····································⋯⋯2.4J︺I川.损坏性故障··············。················⋯⋯2.2.8直击雷···································⋯⋯2.3J.C声六曰周期性电压变化························⋯⋯2.1。‘目件O.JU自动多次，合闸·······················⋯⋯2.2C，O跳闸·······································。··⋯2.2.31自动重合闸···········‘··················⋯⋯2.2。‘勺月J.﹃铁磁谐振·································⋯⋯2.，14自恢复绝缘································⋯⋯2.确勺‘.J通用工具附件·························。·⋯⋯2.4.32自熄弧电流极限·······················⋯⋯2.2:月C自熄弧故障······························⋯⋯2.21乙乃八1口﹄最终跳闸·································⋯⋯2.2︹月0.艺.尹外绝缘···········、···························⋯⋯2.3作业接地····························，···⋯⋯2.4J一‘误动作········。······························⋯⋯2.2︺系统偶发事件······························⋯⋯2.2.4 GB/T2900.57一2002附录B(提示的附录)英文索引accidentalvoltagetransfer·············································································⋯⋯2.3.33aerialliftdevicewithinsulatingarm··································································⋯⋯2.4.36artificialpollutiontest··。··································································，···········⋯⋯2.3.43atadistanceworking·····················································································⋯⋯2.4.25automaticmultipleshotreclosing··············································，······················⋯⋯2.2.38automaticreclosing.........................................................................................2.2.32Bbackflashover..................................................................................................2.3.37balancingofdistributionnetwork·····················。···································，··········⋯⋯2.1.31barehandworking·························································································⋯⋯2.4.27breakdown·························································.............................................2.3.35busbarfault································································································⋯⋯2.2.18cathodicprotection·····················································································。。。·⋯⋯2.4.14centralizedtelecontrol(ofloads卜······································································⋯⋯2门.40choppedlightningimpulse‘·········································。·。·································⋯⋯2.3-24clearance······················································。············································⋯⋯2.3.57clearingtime··························。····.·····························································⋯⋯2.2.29closing···························································。·········································⋯⋯2.2.30conductiveclothing·······。···················································。························⋯⋯2.4.35consumer·······················...................................................................................2.1.3continuityofsupp行······················································································⋯⋯2.1.32costofkwhnotsupplied·················································································⋯⋯2.1.39creepagedistance······························································。·。····。··················⋯⋯2.3.58crossing···································。·······························································⋯⋯2.5.4crosscountryfault··。·······················································································⋯⋯2.2.23cut-offload···········································，·······················································⋯⋯2.1.36cyclicvoltagevariation············································一········································⋯⋯2.1.20damagefault一JI门‘Udeadshort月月deferrableload·······················································································。··。··⋯2.1付.I月qdelayedautomaticreclosing.............................................................................·一2.2JC‘developingfault······。。···················································································⋯⋯2.2矛走口 GB/T2900.57一2002dielectricdrytest························································································⋯⋯2.3.41dielectricwettest··························································································⋯⋯2.3.42directlightningstrike·········································“···································⋯⋯2.3.31dischargecurrent(ofanarrester)·····································，.···························。··⋯2.3.49disributionundertaking·····。······················‘······················································⋯⋯2门.2disruptivedischarge·················································································⋯⋯2.3.3650%disruptivedischargevoltage························································，·············⋯⋯2.3.40disturbancerecorder························。······························································⋯⋯2.2.43doublefault···············································‘·················································，⋯⋯2.2.22doublelinetogroundfault(USA)...........................................................................2.2.21earthelectrode························································，，·································⋯⋯2.4.3earthfaultfactor································“··”···”···············“··，.······················⋯⋯2.3.6earthplate···················”························”··”·······························。···················。·⋯2.4.9earthrod......................................................................................................·一2.4.8earthstrip··································”·····························································⋯⋯2.4.10earthterminal·············，.······”·······································································⋯⋯2.4.7earth···········.....................................................................................................2.4.，earthingarrangement····，·······························································，··············⋯⋯2.月.2earthingconductor··············。··。·······································································⋯⋯2.4.5earthingforwork................................................................................................2.4.12earthingnetwork··························································································⋯⋯2.4.6electricmark··········································，·················································⋯⋯2.4.18electricshock·········································“···························。······················⋯⋯2.4.15electricturn··········································”·········“·······························。·。····一2.4.17electro-ophthalmia··········。························“················································⋯⋯2.4.19electrocution·”·······································”·················································⋯⋯2.4.16energynotsupplied···”·····························，·················································⋯⋯2.1.37equivalentflickervoltagefluctuation····”···················，.···········，···························一2.1.27exposure(ofatelecommunicationlinetoapowerline)····································，.····⋯⋯2.5.，expulsiontypearrester······················，’·······························”··························一2.3.52externalinsulation············，···································································⋯⋯2.3.2externalovervoltage························。··························································⋯⋯2.3.30failuretooperate·······························································。·························⋯⋯.2.2.7︹月了.fault(inelectricpowersystem).................................................................................2.‘..八n了nfaultclearance··························································································⋯⋯2.2.‘nO工Jfaultclearancetime····················································。·································⋯⋯2.2。J月J马esfaultlocation⋯⋯，·..·..·······················⋯⋯，.················································⋯⋯2.2。月乃﹃乙faultlocator·········。··································，········································。。······⋯⋯2.2。月.月.﹃ferro-resonance。······················································································⋯⋯2.1。，Ofinaltripping,lock-out·········。。··························”·······································。····⋯⋯2.2。JJ GB/T2900.57一2002flashover············，·······”························”················································⋯⋯2.3.36flickermeter·····································································”··················⋯⋯2.1.28flickervoltagerange································································。···········”·······⋯⋯2.1.26frequencydeviation··························································”···························一2.1.6frequencydrift······························································································⋯⋯2.1.8frequencyreduction························································································⋯⋯2.1.9frequencystability·······················································································⋯⋯2.1.7frontofavoltageimpulse····································，·，······································⋯⋯2.3.16fulllightningimpulse················································································⋯⋯2.3.23functionalearthing···················································。····································⋯⋯2.4.11ground(USA)·························································································⋯⋯2.4.1ground-wire(USA)·············，·································”································⋯⋯2.3.45groundingarrangement(USA)····.························.·········.········.·········.···⋯⋯“⋯2.4.2groundingconductor·············································································⋯⋯2.4.5groundingterminal(USA卜··················”························”·································⋯⋯2.4.7handpole···········“···················································································⋯⋯2.4.31handstick···············。·。·················································。·························。··⋯⋯2.4.31harmonicresonance············。·······················。·。································。··············⋯⋯2.1.12highreliabilitypowerline··············································································⋯⋯2.5.6highspeedautomaticreclosing······································································⋯⋯2.2.33highestvoltageforequipment···············“·······················································⋯⋯2.3.1hotstickworking························································································⋯⋯2.4.25impulsechoppedonthefront·········”···························································⋯⋯2.3.26impulsechoppedonthetail···········································································⋯⋯2.3.27impulsegenerator···················································································。·‘··。:2.3.28incident···································...................................·········，·····。················⋯⋯2.2.3independentearthelectrodes·············································································⋯⋯2.4.4indirectlightningstrike················································································，.二2.3.32insulatedglovesworking·················。··“··················································。···⋯⋯2.4.26insulatedtool·“·····························································································一2.4.28insulatingmaterial················································，.······································。⋯⋯2.3.59insulatingpole··········································。············································。··⋯⋯2.4.30insulatingstick····························。····································，·························⋯⋯2.4.30insulatingtool......................................................................................................2.4.29insulationco-ordination·······················，·························································⋯⋯2.3.8insulationfault···························································································⋯⋯2.2.2insulationlevel··························································································⋯⋯2.3.44insulationofequipment···········································································，···⋯⋯2.3.717 GB/T2900.57一2002，月intermittentfault·················································。······································⋯⋯2.2，.﹃勺1internalinsulation································。·，································。···················⋯⋯2.J.口OOinternalovervoltage·········。·································，······························。····。···⋯⋯2.3。LJ八砂卜工interturnfault.................................................................................................2.2。UO工口少interwindingfault·······························································。······。··················⋯⋯2.2.r﹄.L勺八let-go-threshold-current································。·········································。······。·⋯2.4走艺月口lightningarrester·························································································⋯⋯2.3峙U成7lightningconductor······················································。································⋯⋯2.3﹃了确O.lightningimpulse···························································································一2.31U二CJ、lightningimpulseprotectivelevel(ofaprotectivedevice)·······································⋯⋯2.3︺J‘7linefault···················································、················································⋯⋯2.21.，nline-to-linefault(USA)············································································⋯⋯2.2走U，n料linevoltagedrop························································································⋯⋯2.1.Un月‘勺liveworking····。···························。······························································⋯⋯2.4﹄I‘loadrecovery......................................................................................................2.1J︺月n勺川loadtransfer······································。·······················································⋯⋯2.2︺qnoj(loadweighted)equivalentinterruptionduration·，················································⋯⋯2.1n门Z砚dlossofvoltage··································”····，··”··············································⋯⋯2.1masoperation·································································································⋯⋯2.2.5misoperation·························································。。··············，····，····················，·⋯2.2.5multiplefault············。·············································································。··。·⋯⋯2.2.23non-damagefault...................................................................................................2.2.9er·························。···········································⋯⋯2.3.51non-self-restoringinsulation··················································。····················。·⋯⋯2.3.Eobliqueexposure·····。····································································。·········。·······⋯⋯2.5.3overheadearthwire·········································。··············一·······························⋯⋯2.3.45overvoltage(inasystem)parallelism·························。·····························································，········⋯⋯2.5.2勺﹃呢perception-threshold-current.................................................................................2.4‘︺月.n.钊permanentfault...................................................................................................2.2月自q嘴perturbograph······························································································⋯⋯2.2︺‘产.︺phase-to-earthfault·······················································································。一2.2︺jn.Uphase-to-earthovervoltageperunit...........................................................................2.3八门了‘phase-to-phasefault······················································································⋯⋯2.2﹄ GB/"r2900.57一2002phase-to-phaseovervoltageperunit·································································⋯⋯2.3.11pointofsupply。···················································································，···········⋯⋯2.1.4powerfrequencywithstandvoltage····················································-·············“⋯⋯2.3.38protectivecover·······················································。················。····················⋯⋯2.4.34protectiveratioagainstlightningimpulse··。·························································⋯⋯2.3.55protectiveratioagainstswitchingimpulse······································，················，····⋯⋯2.3.56(protective)sparkgap····································································，···············⋯⋯2.3.46qualityofsupply2.1.5residualvoltage(ofanarrester)···························。············································⋯⋯2.3.50resistivefault································································································⋯⋯2.2.15resonantovervoltage··························。。·····················································。。·⋯⋯2.3.34screeningfactor··········。。·················································································⋯⋯2.5.5self-extinguishingcurrentlimit·········································································一2.2.13self-extinguishingfault····················⋯⋯‘·························································⋯⋯2.2.12self-restoringinsulation························································，·························⋯⋯2.3.4seriesinjectionofacentralizedtelecontrolsignal。·..·..·........·.······························⋯⋯2.1.42shroud··..·.⋯⋯，·..·..···························⋯⋯2.4.34shuntinjectionofacentralizedtelecontrolsignal···············································⋯⋯2.1.43singlelinetogroundfault(USA)··································································，⋯⋯2.2.19singleshotreclosing························。······························································⋯⋯2.2.37sourceofharmoniccurrent·············································································⋯⋯2门，11sourceofharmonicvoltage···········································“·······························⋯⋯2.1门0sparkover···························..............................................................................2.3.36straycurrent·································、，···························。·································⋯⋯2.4.13subsynchronousresonance·······················································。······················⋯⋯2.，.13successfulreclosing································································。·····················⋯⋯2.2.35(supply)continuitycriterion··········································································⋯⋯2.1.33supply(ofelectricity)·······················································‘·······························⋯⋯2.1门supplydisconnection·······················································································⋯⋯2.1.34supplyvoltage································································································⋯⋯2.1.16supportpole·····················································⋯⋯，’·························，········⋯⋯2.4.33surgearrester································································································⋯⋯2.3.48surgediverter····，···········，，················································································一2.3.48switchingimpulse··························································································⋯⋯2.3.20switchingimpulseprotectivelevel(ofaprotectivedevice)·······································⋯⋯2.3.54symmetricalfault··················································································，······⋯⋯2.2.24systemincident································································································⋯⋯2.2.4 GB/T2900.57一2002tailofavoltageimpulse····。···············。·····················································⋯⋯2.3.17temporaryovervoltage········。。·。··········································。·····················⋯⋯2.3.12tetanizationthreshold-current·····································································”··⋯2.4.21three-phasesfault···············，·····································································⋯⋯2.2.24thresholdofventricularfibrillating(current)··············。······························。···⋯⋯2.4.20timetochipping···························································································⋯⋯2.3.25timetocrest(ofaswitchingimpulse)........................................................................2.3.21timetohalfvalue(ofanimpulse)·······，.··························。·······。··············。·········⋯⋯2.3.22transientfault··············································，················································⋯⋯2.2.11transientovervoltage.............................................................................................2.3.13tripping····························，·····································，，.······························⋯⋯2.2.31turn-to-turnfault·················。。····································································⋯⋯2.2.26two-phase-to-earthfault··············································································⋯⋯2.2.21Inunbalancefactor························································································⋯⋯2.1.JU工JCuniversaltoolattachment·····················································，·······················⋯⋯2.4.J乙，行﹄J目unsuccessfulreclosing，·············，··································································⋯⋯2.2.行‘unwantedoperation····················································，································⋯⋯2.2.Uvirtualfrontdurationofalightningimpulse...............................................................2.3.19voltagecollaps。································································。·························⋯⋯2.1.22voltagedepression·········。。·····················。·····················································⋯⋯2.1.44voltagedeviation...................................................................................................2.1.17voltagedip······························································································⋯⋯2.1.25voltagefluctuation·····················································································⋯⋯2.1.19voltageimpulse···························”·········”····”············。············”·············。··⋯⋯2.3.14voltageinstability·················································································⋯⋯2.1.45voltagerecover···················································································‘····⋯⋯2.1.24voltagereduction····························，···························································⋯⋯2.1.21voltagestability...................................................................................................2.1.15voltagesurge·······························································································⋯⋯2.3.15voltageunbalance·························································································⋯⋯2.1.29Wwithstandvoltage············。························。·················································⋯⋯2.3.39'