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国际贸易实务第三版课后答案.doc

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'国际贸易实务第三版课后答案xcf整理Unit5QualityofCommodityKey:I.GivetheChineseequivalentsforthefollowingEnglishterms:1本身所具有的特性2光泽、造型、结构3耐用性4可销售性5社会属6消毒7适用性8卫生9规格10水产品11跨国公司12保证生活质量II.Twocolumnsaregivenforyoutodecidewhichmethodisbestsuitedforacertaincommodity.Pleasematchthem.1A,2C,3D,4E,5B,6G,7F,8HIII.多项选择题1.AE2.ABE3.ABC4.CDE5.AC6.ABD7.BCE8.ACDE9.BD10.AC11.BC12.AC13.BCDE14.CD15.AB16.CDE17.ABCDEIV.MonomialChoice1.A2.D3.A4.D5.A6.A7.B8.B9.D10.AV.案例分析1.[Answer]:我方应负责赔偿。作为出口公司理应知道所售货物的英文名称。如来证货名与实际不符,我方一是应要求对方改证,二是应自己更改货物的英文名称。如只考虑单证相符而置货物上的名称不顾,势必给对方在办理进口报关时造成严重后果。2.[Answer]:1)这个问题要视合同如何约定,如果合同约定了检验期间,则由于甲方没有在约定的检验期间内验货导致其丧失了质量异议权。如果合同没有约定检验期间,则在甲方收货后两年内都有权要求退货,依据是合同法第157、158条。所以,乙方已履行部分可以要求退货。2)未履行部分可以解除。因乙方行为已导致合同目的无法实现,甲方经催告后可解除合同,理由是合同法第94条。3)定金应双倍返还给甲方。4)定金和违约金只能择其一,给甲方造成损失的,乙方仍应当赔偿,包括差旅费500元,已收取的货款应当退还给甲方。3[Answer]:Theexporterdidn’tfulfillhisobligation.Thoughtheexportermadeshipmentontime,inordertodelivertheapplesingoodquality,hearrangedthegoodswithhigherquality,butthequalityisnotsimilartothelevelonthecontract.Sothesellerbreachesthecontract.Ifthebuyerlodgesaclaim,thesellerwillsuffertheloss.29 Inordertoavoidtheproblem,thesellershouldaskforthebuyer’sopinionfirstly.4.[Answer]:买方的索赔要求是合理的,此案中,虽然合同对商品的品质提出了要求,但卖方在成交前寄送样品的行为本身即表明该批货物既凭说明买卖(salebydescription),又凭样品买卖(salebysample)。因此,买方在对商品进行检验后发现与样品不符提出索赔的要求是合情合理的。卖方的失误在于使用两种方式约束商品品质对其不利。5.[Answer]:我方这样做是不合适的。因为如双方事先无品质机动幅度的规定,卖方在交货时,对于货物的质量(包括规格、花色搭配、型号等)应严格遵守合同的规定。否则,由此而产生的一切后果将由卖方承担。就本案而言,我方在发现pyw—B型电冰箱数量短缺,应先征得买方的同意才能发货,而不能擅自以其他型号的电冰箱来代替。因此,我方的做法是不合适的。6.[Answer]:按合同规定的品质条件提交货物是卖方的基本义务之一,本案买卖双方凭样品买卖,卖方的交货应与样品完全一致,卖方应承担交货品质不符的责任。但《公约》第86条第一款规定:“如果买方已收到货物,但打算行使合同或本公约的任何权利,把货物退回,他必须按情况采取合理措施,以保全货物,他有权保有这些货物,直至卖方把他所付的合理费用偿还给他为止。”即买方在决定退货后,应采取合理措施妥善保管货物。而本案中的买方却未这样做,导致货物变质。我方可就货物的损失及进口国海关向我方收取的费用与买方进行交涉,尽可能挽回损失。Unit6QuantityofGoodsKey:I.Heregiveninthefollowingareshortformsforsomeunitsofmeasureandweight.Pleasegivethecompleteformofeach:1)吨2)盎斯3)磅4)品脱5)码6)加仑7)令8)公斤9)克10)平方米II.Pleasereadthestatementscarefully,andthengiveyourchoiceTrueorFalse.1.   T2. F wherethegoodsaretobeunloadedmustbedecidedandconfirmedbythebuyeratleast48hoursbeforetheshiparrivesatthefirstoptionalport.3.T4.    T5.    T6.  F aletterofindemnityisissuedbytheshippertotheshippingcompanyinexchangeforaclean-on-boardshippedbilloflading.7.  Faccordingtoarticle23oftheUCPNO.500,”IFACreditcallsforabillofladingcoveringaporttoportshipment,bankswill,unlessotherwisestipulatedinCredit,acceptadocument,howevernamed,which……containsnoindicationthatitissubjecttoacharterparty ……”8.    T9.    F dispatchmoneyisanamountpaidbytheship-ownertotheshipperfortheshipper’squickerloadingandunloadingofthegoods.10.  TIII.PleasegivethefollowingdefinitionsforthenamesinEnglish:1.Grossweightisthesumoftotalweightofthecommodityitselfandthetare(thepackageweight).That’stosayitreferstothenetweightplusthetareweightofthegoods.2.Netweightistheactualweightofcommoditywithouttheadditionofthetare.Ininternationaltradeifthegoodsaresoldbyweight,thenetweightisoftenused.29 3.Actualtare:Theactualweightofpackagesofthewholecommodities.4.Averagetare:Inthisway,theweightofpackagesiscalculatedonthebasisoftheaveragetareofapartofthepackages.5.Customarytare:Theweightofstandardizedpackagehasagenerallyrecognizerweightwhichcanbeusedtorepresenttheweightofsuchpackages.6.Computedtare:Theweightofpackageiscalculatedaccordingtothetarepreviouslyagreeduponbythesellerandthebuyerinsteadofactualweighing.IV.简答题1.答:数量条款规定了买卖双方交货数量及与之有关的权利和义务,他涉及成交数量的确定、计量单位和计量方法的规定及数量机动幅度等内容。为订好数量条款,应依据政策的规定和经营意图,根据需要和可能,按外商资信情况和市场行情变化,正确掌握进出口商品的成交数量,以利于合同的履行。2.答:(1)大宗农、副产品、矿产品及一部分工业制成品惯于采用按重量计算,一些贵重商品也惯于采用重量单位。(2)按数量计算适用于大多数工业制成品,尤其是日用消费品、轻工业品、机械产品及一部分土特产品。(3)按长度计算多用于金属绳索、布匹,绸缎等商品买卖。(4)面积单位可用于玻璃板、地毯、皮革等商品。(5)体积单位仅用于木材、天然气及化学气体的买卖。(6)容积单位中的蒲式耳是美国用来计量各种谷物的,公升和加仑多用于液体商品。(7)有些国家对某些商品有自己习惯的或法定的计量单位。例如棉花许多国家以"包"为单位,糖以"袋"为单位。3.答:(1)毛重。是商品本身加包装重量。(2)净重。是商品本身实际重量,不包括皮重。计算皮重时有按实际皮重、平均皮重、习惯皮重、约定皮重计算等四种做法。(3)公量。有些商品因较强的吸湿性导致重量不稳定,对此类商品可用科学的方法除去其所含实际水分,然后再加上国际公认的标准含水量。即公量=干量+标准含水量。(4)理论重量。对按固定规格形状和尺寸所生产和买卖的商品可从其件数推算总重量,此总重量即为理论重量。一般只作为计算实际重量的参考。(5)法定重量和实物净重。法定重量是商品重量加上直接接触商品的包装物料的重量,而除去这部分重量所表示出来的纯商品重量即为实物净重。此方法大多用于海关征税。4.答:数量机动幅度是指卖方可按买卖双方约定的某一具体数量多交或少交若干的幅度。他的规定方法有:(1)合同中明确具体的规定数量的机动幅度。它既可只简单规定机动幅度,也可在此基础上约定由谁选择及作价原则。(2)合同中为明确规定数量机动幅度,但将数量定为约数。《跟单信用证统一惯例》规定约数的增减幅度不超过10%。(3)合同中未明确规定数量机动幅度。此时卖方交货数量原则上应与合同完全一致,但《跟单信用证统一惯例》500号出版物规定货物数量允许有5%的伸缩。5.答:(1)目前对在机动幅度范围内超出或低于合同数量的多装或少装部分,一般按合同价格计价结算。(2)为防止有权选择溢短装的当事人利用行市变化有意多装或少装而获取额外好处,有的合同规定多装或少装部分不按合同价格计算,而代之以按装船日的行市或目的地的市场价格计算。(3)若双方未能就装船日或到货日或是市场价格取得协议,则可交由仲裁机构解决。29 (4)有的合同还规定多交或少交货物中一部分按合同价格计算,其余部分按装船时或到货时的市价计算。IV.Casestudy1[Answer]:AccordingtoArticle11ofCISG:“Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedin,orevidencedby,writingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.”ThoughChinaandtheUSarebothmembercountriesoftheCISG,Chinadeclaredthatitwon’tbeboundbyArticle11anditsrelatedarticles.Thatistosay,anykindofcontractsinChinamustbeevidencingbywriting.Inthiscase,thoughbothcompaniesagreedorallyastothemaintermsofthesalescontract,thereisnowritingevidencingthecontract.Thiscontract,accordingtoChineselaw,isnoteffective.2[Answer]:AccordingtoItem2ofArticle21ofCISG:“Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Inthiscase,inordertoavoidunnecessaryloss,theChinesecompanyshouldtelephoneordispatchimmediatelyanoticeinformingthattheacceptanceisineffectiveasitislate.3.[Answer]:Ininternationaltrade,themoreorlessclausehasamplemeaning,itmeansnotonlythetotalquantityshouldbesubjecttothestipulation,butalsothequantityineachtype.Inthiscase,thoughthetotalquantityhasnotsurpassedthe5%,butthequantityineachtypeisfarawayfromthestipulationinthecontract.Soweconsiderthatthesellerhasbreachedthequantityclause.andtheimporterrefusethegoodsowingtoquantityproblemsisreasonable.4.[Answer]:对方的要求是合理的。卖方交货的数量应严格按照信用证的规定执行,且应按商品的净重交货。本案我方用双线新麻袋包装货物,每袋50公斤,但货物扣除皮重后不足500吨,说明我方短量交货,买方有权要求我方退回因短量而多收的货款,因此,对方的要求是合理的。5.[Answer]:卖方避免对交易货物的品质承担双重担保义务(既凭规格又凭样品);虽卖方电文中告诉对方货物与样品相似,而不是完全相符,但买方有权保留所赔的权利;买出具品质比样品低7%的证明,虽不符合实情,卖方拿不出留存样品,故要赔偿600英镑。Unit7PackingandMarkingofGoodsKeyI.Forthefalsestatements,pleasestateTrueorFalse1.(T)2.(F)3.(F)4.(F)5.(F)6.(F)7.(F)8.(F)9.(F)II.PutthefollowingintoEnglish:1.consumingtaste2.giftpacking3.prettifycommodities4.portablepacking5.socialcustoms6.transparentpacking7.creativedesign8.suspensiblepackingIII.SupposeyouareanexporterandyourbusinessplaceisinChina,pleasemakethejudgmentifthefollowingstatementsarecorrectornotandgiveyourreasons.1.(F)2.(F)3.(T)4.(F)5.(T)6.(T)7.(F)8. (F)9.(F)10.(T)29 IV.IV.PleasegivethedefinitiontothefollowingsinEnglish:1TransportPacking:Transportpackingisalsocalledouterpackingorbigpacking.Itisusedtopreventthepackedgoodsfromanydamage,easytostore,pilferage-proof,convenienttoloadandunloadanddischarge.2Container:Thecontainerisakindoftoolusedfortransportationwhichcanbethoughtofasaparticularshippingpackingofthecargo,usuallyprovidedbytheshipcompanytogoaround.3Salespacking:Salespacking(alsocalledinnerpacking,smallpackingorimmediatepacking)isnotonlyadoptedasaformofprotectiontoreducetherisksofgoodsbeingdamagedintransitandpreventpilferage,butmainlywiththepurposeofpromotingsales.Itisnowuniversallyrecognizedasadecisiveaidinsellinghouseholdconsuminggoods.4Neutralpacking:TheNeutralpackingmeansthatthereisneitheranameoftheorigin,noranameandaddressofthefactory/manufacturer,noratrademark,abrand,orevenanywordsonthe(outerorinner)packingofthecommodityandthecommodityitself.Thepurposeofusingneutralpackingbyexportersistobreakdownthetariffandnon-tariffbarriersofsomecountriesorregions,ormeetthespecialdemandofthetransaction(suchasentrepot).Itmayalsohelpthemanufacturersinexportingcountriestoincreasethecompetitivenessoftheirproducts,expandtheexportsandmarketprofitablyintheimportingcountries.5Packingmark:Packingmarkorrecognitionmarkreferstodifferentdiagrams,wordsandfigureswhicharewritten,printed,orbrushedontheoutsideoftheshippingpackinginorderthatitiseasyandconvenientforgoods’loading,unloading,store,inspectionanddischarge.6Shippingmark:Shippingmarksaremarksofsimpledesigns,someletters,numbersandsimplewordsonpackages,oftenstenciled,thatserveasidentificationoftheconsignmenttowhichtheybelong.Itisoneofthemostimportantelementswhichareagreedonbytheexporterandtheimporterinasalescontract.V.简答题1.答:包装重要性体现在以下几个方面:(1)是实现商品价值和使用价值的重要手段,是商品生产和消费之间的桥梁。(2)出口商品需经过长距离辗转运输,有时需多次装卸、搬运和存储,包装可保证商品质量和数量完整,方便货物装卸、搬运、储存。(3)商品生产过程,包装是最后一道工序;在流通领域中,包装具有保护商品、美化商品、宣传商品、提高售价的重要作用,并可作为对外竞争的重要手段。约定包装条件的意义在于:(1)不仅起到保护和美化商品作用,且包装本身还是货物说明的组成部分。(2)按一些国家法律解释,如一方违反了所约定的包装条件,另一方有权提出索赔,甚至拒收货物。2.答:(1)必须适应商品特性。(2)必须适应各种不同运输方式的要求。(3)必须考虑有关国家的法律规定和客户要求。(4)要保证包装牢固的前提下节省费用,便于各环节有关人员进行操作以免使货物遭受损失。3.答:(1)按包装方式,可分为单件运输包装和集合运输包装,后者又分为集装包和集装袋。(2)按包装造型,可分为箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。29 (3)按包装材料,可分为纸制,金属、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制品及竹、柳、草制品包装等。(4)按包装质地,可分为软性,半硬性和硬性包装。(5)按包装程度,可分为全部包装和局部包装。4.答:(1)便于陈列展销,以吸引顾客和供消费者选购。(2)便于识别商品,以便消费者了解,看货成交。(3)便于携带和使用,为消费者提供方便。(4)要有艺术吸引力,以便吸引顾客、提高售价、扩大销路。5.答:(1)包装的装潢画面要美观大方,富有艺术吸引力,突出特点,图案和色彩要适应有关国家民族习惯和爱好,便于扩大出口。(2)包装上的文字说明应同装潢画面紧密配合,互相衬托,以达到宣传和促销目的,使用文字应简明扼要,并能让顾客看懂,必要时可中、外文并用。(3)包装上标签应注意有关国家的标签管理条例,尤其是食品、药品、服装。(4)销售包装还应注意条形码技术的使用问题。6.答:(1)有效提高结算效率和准确性,也方便了顾客。(2)有利于提高国际间贸易信息传递的准确性,使交易双方及时了解对方商品有关资料和本国商品在对方的销售情况。(3)条形码的使用是有效促使名优商品打入许多国家超级市场的前提条件。7.答:定牌生产产生的原因有:(1)世界许多国家超级市场、大百货公司和专业商店在其经营出售商品上标有本商店使用的商标或品牌,以扩大本企业知名度并显示该商品身价。(2)出口厂商为利用买方经营能力及商业信誉和品牌声誉,以提高商品售价和扩大销路,也采用定牌生产。我国出口贸易中定牌生产具体做法有:(1)在商品或包装上,打印上外商所指定的商标或品牌,而不标明生产国别和出口厂商名称。(2)在商品或包装上,表明我国的商标或品牌,同时加注国外商号名称或表示其商号的标记。(3)在商品或包装上,采用买方指定商标或品牌,同时注明"中国制造"字样。8.答:制定原因为:(1)运输标志内容较多。(2)有时要加进一些不必要项目。(3)各国和各种运输方式之间对运输标志的要求差异较大,不能适应国际货物流动量的增加和多式联运的开展,不利于电子计算机在运输和单证流转方面的应用。作用有:(1)减少了运输标志内容,节省出口成本、时间和费用。(2)提高计算机操作和审单效率,加速船舶和资金周转。(3)消除因运输标志内容过多和繁杂而可能造成的失误和困难,保证交货的顺利进行。1.答:(1)对包装要求应当明确具体,做到明确规定包装材料、造型、规格。除传统商品外不宜采用"按惯常方式包装"等含糊包装术语。另外,除非买卖双方对具体内容事先充分交换意见或在长期业务往来中就问题取得一致认识,包装条款一定要明确具体。29 (2)应订明包装费用由何方负担。按惯例,包装费用一般在货价之内,包装条款中无须另行订明。若买方坚持要求对原本不需包装的商品实施特殊包装,导致包装费用超出正常,增加产品成本,或包装物料刚好构成产品成本增加时,则需订明包装费用负担。若卖方同意接受买方提供包装,包装条款中还应订明寄送包装方法,包装送达日期,送交包装延迟责任及运送包装费用负担等内容。进口合同中对包装技术性较强的商品通常在单价后注明"包括包装费用",以免发生纠纷。(3)明确由何方提供运输标志。按惯例,运输标志可由买方提供,也可由卖方决定。卖方决定时可不订入合同,或只订明"卖方标志",由卖方设计后通知买方。买方提供时应在合同中规定买方提供时间,如超过时间卖方可提出其他补救方法。(4)明确包装不良应负的责任。保险公司一般不负责因包装不良造成的损失。在包装条款中,应对包装不善所造成损失的索赔问题作适当规定,以防止进口货物因包装不良受到损失,对仪器、机器设备进口时使用的包装条款,更应就索赔问题作出详细规定。VI.案例题1、答:(1)外商做法是否合理应从两个方面来看。(2)一般来讲,保险公司不负责因包装不良所造成的损失。所以在进口合同条款中外商应对包装不善造成的损失的索赔问题做出详细规定。若买方已做出规定,包装不良造成损失由卖方负责,那么外商的做法是合理的。若买方未作具体规定,则外商做法不尽合理,应由双方协商解决,或提交仲裁机构解决。2、答:(1)按国际贸易习惯,唛头由买方提供时在合同中应规定买方提供时间。如超过时间,卖方可提出其他补救办法,如自行规定唛头。(2)该公司在此情况下应致电买方询问延误原因,请其快速电告所设计唛头,否则将由该公司自行规定。3、答:(1)我方据此提出拒收或索赔是完全合理的。(2)在国际货物买卖中,如一方违反了所约定的包装条件,另一方有权提出索赔,甚至可以拒收货物。由此可知,虽然外商交货数量与合同规定数量相符,但他的行为违反了合同中的包装条款,已构成违约,我方可以提出拒收或索赔。4、答:有些国家的法律,把买卖分为两类,一种叫凭样品买卖,一种叫凭说明买卖。后者所包括的范围很广,不仅涉及商品品质方面的问题,也包括数量,甚至包括合同中有关装运期、包装和货物花式搭配方面的陈述。按照英国买卖法的规定,凡合同中一切有关货物“说明”的事项都是合同的要件,如有违反,买方有权拒收货物,并可以提出索赔。本案例中,英国法认为,包装是属于“说明”的组成部分,屑于要件,卖方违背合同要件,买方有理由拒收全部货物,也可以接受合乎规定部分,拒收不合规定部分,并提出损害赔偿。5、答:海关处置正确。这实际上是一个定牌中性包装问题,在国际贸易中对于中性包装,尤其是定牌中性包装,在按照买方的要求注明有关商标、牌号外,还应注明以后因此而产生的侵权行为或知识产权纠纷,由买方承担一切责任和费用。6、答:有些国家的法律,把买卖分为两类,一种叫凭样品买卖,一种叫凭说明买卖。后者所包括的范围很广,不仅涉及商品品质方面的问题,也包括数量,甚至包括合同中有关装运期、包装和货物花式搭配方面的陈述。按照英国买卖法的规定,凡合同中一切有关货物“说明”的事项都是合同的要件,如有违反,买方有权拒收货物,并可以提出索赔。本案例中,英国法认为,包装是属于“说明”的组成部分,属于要件,卖方违背合同要件,买方有理由拒收全部货物,也可以接受合乎规定部分,拒收不合规定部分,并提出损害赔偿。UnitEightPriceofGoodsKeyI、单项选择题1、C2、B3、D4、A5、B6、A7、C8、D9、A10、B11、B12、D13、CII、多项选择题1、ABCE2、ABC3、BCD4、ABCDE5、BCE6、ABC7、ABCDE8、ABCE9、AC10、ABCE11.ABCDE29 III、名词解释1、出口总成本:是外贸企业为出口商品支付的国内总成本。它的构成因素有进货成本和国内费用。如是需缴纳出口税的商品,还应包括出口税。2、出口换汇成本:指某商品出口净收入一个单位的外汇所需要的人民币成本。是衡量外贸企业和进出口交易盈亏的重要指标。3、固定价格:指交易双方协商一致的基础上,对合同价格予以明确、具体的规定。4、后定价格:指在合同中不明确规定价格,具体价格留待以后确定。5、暂定价格:在合同中先订立一个初步价格,作为开立信用证和初步付款依据,待双方确定最后价格后再进行最后清算,多退少补。6、待定价格:交易双方就其他条件达成一致,合同已成立,但规定“价格待定”或合同中没有明示或默示规定货物价格的情况。7、价格调整条款:在订约时只规定初步价格,同时规定,如原材料价格和工资等发生变化,按原材料价格和工资等的变动来计算合同最终价格。8、佣金:指代理人或经纪人为委托人服务而收取的报酬。9、明佣:交易双方在洽谈时将佣金明确表示出并写入价格条款中。10、折扣:是卖方给予买方一定的价格减让,一般可在买方支付货款时预先扣除。11、出口成本价格:是企业以出口总成本为基础计算出来的单位成本价格。12、出口外汇净收入:是出口外汇总收入扣除劳务费用等非贸易外汇后的外汇收入。13、出口盈亏额:是指出口销售的人民币净收入与出口总成本的差额。IV、简答题1、答:(1)要考虑商品的质量和档次,贯彻以质论价的原则。(2)要考虑运输距离,核算运输成本,做好比价工作,以体现地区差价。(3)要考虑交货地点和交货条件,把买卖双方的责任、费用和风险在价格中体现出来。(4)要考虑季节性需求的变化,掌握好季节性差价,争取有利价格。(5)要考虑成交数量,成交量大时可给予适当优惠。(6)要考虑支付条件是否有利和汇率变动的趋势,把利息负担和汇率变动风险也计入货价。(7)要考虑国际市场价格走势,注意搜集国际市场信息,对其价格及供求状况进行分析和预测。(8)要考虑交货期远近、市场销售习惯及消费者爱好与否等因素。2、答:固定价格明确、具体、肯定,便于核算和执行,是国际市场上常见做法。它的不足之处在于:(1)合同缺乏稳定性。行市剧变时,不守信用的商人会寻找各种借撕毁合同,使我方遭受不应有的损失。(2)价格不稳定时,国外商人会观望不前,怕承担价格波动带来的风险。为使交易顺利达成,提高履约率,减少风险,我们采用固定价格时应注意两点。(1)必须对影响商品供求的各种因素细致研究,并在此基础上对价格走势作出判断,以此作为决定合同价格依据。(2)通过各种途径了解客户资信情况,慎重选择订约对象。3、答:非固定价格是一种变通做法,它的有利之处在于:(1)有助于暂时解决价格方面的分歧,双方可先就其他条款达成协议,早日签约,待日后再确定成交价格。(2)解除客户对价格风险顾虑,使之敢于签订交货期长的合同。有利于巩固和扩大出口市场,有利于生产、收购和出口计划完成。(3)虽不能完全排除交易双方的价格风险,但有利于出口方不失时机地做成生意,也有利于进口方保证一定的转售利润。29 非固定价格的缺点在于:(1)因先订约后作价,就不可避免的带来较大的不稳定性。特别是待定价格,万一双方作价时不能取得一致意见,合同就无法执行。(2)如作价条款规定不当,合同还有失去法律效力的危险。4、答:在实际业务中,如果交易双方对佣金虽已达成协议,却约定不在合同中表示出来,约定的佣金由一方当事人按约定另行支付,则称为“暗佣”。国外中间商或买主,为赚取“双头佣”,或为达到逃汇或逃税的目的,往往提出使用“暗佣”。“暗扣”是指当事人出于各种考虑,对折扣虽已达成协议,却不在合同价格条款中表示出来,折扣的金额由一方当事人按约定另行支付。5、答:佣金的支付要根据中间商提供服务的性质和内容而定。支付方法有两种:(1)交易达成时就向中间商支付佣金。(2)卖方收到全部货款后,再另行支付佣金。第一种情况下,虽交易已达成,但万一合同无法履行,委托人仍要向中间商支付佣金。第二种情况对委托人比较有利。为避免误解、除要明确规定委托人与中间商之间权利与义务之外,委托人最好事先与佣金商达成书面协议,明确规定出支付佣金的方法。通常佣金可在合同履行后逐笔支付,也可按月、季、半年,甚至一年汇总支付。折扣的支付一般可在买方支付货款时预先扣除,或采用“暗扣”、“回扣”的方法。6、答:(1)明确规定作价标准。规定作价标准可减少非固定价格条款给合同带来的不稳定因素,消除双方在价格方面的矛盾。(2)谨慎选择作价时间。它可使出口方安全收汇,保证合同顺利履行。时间的确定可分为装船前作价、装船时作价、装船后作价三种。(3)充分考虑采用非固定价格对合同成立的影响。在实际业务中,商品具体价格可以不在合同中规定,只规定作价办法或原则,合同即为有效成立。因此在采用非固定价格时应尽可能将作价方法订得明确具体。7、答:我国进出口商品的作价原则是,在贯彻平等互利的原则下,根据国际价格水平,结合国别(地区)政策,按我方的经营意图确定适当的价格。8、答:出口成本价格是企业以出口总成本为基础计算出来的单位成本价格。它与出口成交价格的主要区别在于出口成本价格并不涉及有关国外的任何费用;而出口成交价格则可能包括单位商品的国外费用,如国外运费、保险费、佣金等。9、答:(1)明确规定作价标准。为减少非固定价格条款给合同带来的不稳定因素,消除双方在作价方面的矛盾,明确订立作价标准是一个重要的必不可少的前提。(2)谨慎选择作价时间。在采用非固定价格时,作价时间的规定非常重要,为了使出口方安全收汇,保证合同顺利履行,应谨慎选择作价时间。(3)充分考虑采用非固定价格对合同成立的影响。10、答:(1)合理地确定商品的单价,防止偏高或偏低。(2)根据船源、货源等实际情况,选择适当的贸易术语。(3)争取选择有利的计价货币,必要时可加订保值条款。(4)灵活运用各种不同的作价办法,避免承担价格变动的风险。(5)参照国际贸易的习惯做法,注意佣金和折扣的合理运用。(6)如交货品质、交货数量有机动幅度或包装费用另行计价时,应一并订立机动部分作价和包装费计价的基本办法。(7)单价中的计量单位、计价货币和港口名称,必须书写清楚,以利于合同的履行。V、计算题1、解:出口总成本=4000×(1+15%)=4600(人民币元)出口外汇净收入=1000-(80+10+1000×3%)=880(美元)出口换汇成本=4600÷880≈5.227(人民币元/美元)29 2、解:CIFC3%纽约价=(500+60)÷(1-1.1×0.8%)≈614.04(美元)CIFC3%=614.04÷(1-3%)=633.03(美元)3、解:fob中国岸价=1000×(1-1.1×0.85%)-75=915.65(美元)4、解:CFRC4%价=1000÷(1-4%)≈1041.7(美元)5、解:出口方单位商品净收入=1000×(1-2%)=980(美元)6、解:按题意可知P0=100万,A=20%,B=50%,C=30%,M=110,M0=100,W=112,W0=100则最终价格P=100×(20%+50%×110/100+30%×112/100)=108.6(万美元)VI.Trueorfalse1.(F)2.(F)3.(T)4.(T)5.(F)6.(T)7.(T)8.(F)9.(T)10.(F)UnitNineDeliveryofGoodsKeyI.Trueorfalse1.     T2.   F wherethegoodsaretobeunloadedmustbedecidedandconfirmedbythebuyeratleast48hoursbeforetheshiparrivesatthefirstoptionalport.3.     T4.     T5.     T6.     F aletterofindemnityisissuedbytheshippertotheshippingcompanyinexchangeforaclean-on-boardshippedbilloflading.7.     Faccordingtoarticle23oftheUCPNO.500,”IFACreditcallsforabillofladingcoveringaporttoportshipment,bankswill,unlessotherwisestipulatedinCredit,acceptadocument,howevernamed,which……containsnoindicationthatitissubjecttoacharterparty ……”8.     T9.F dispatchmoneyisanamountpaidbytheship-ownertotheshipperfortheshipper’squickerloadingandunloadingofthegoods.10.TII.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(Omitted)III.Answerthefollowingquestionsbrieflyaccordingtowhatyouhavelearntinthisunit.1.Itisalsocalledtramp.Ashippingbycharteringisafreight-carryingvesselwhichhasnoregularrouteorfixedscheduleofsailing.Itisfirstinonetradeandtheninanother,alwaysseekingthoseportswherethereisademandatthemomentforshippingspace.Theshippercharterstheshipfromtheship-ownerandusesittocarrythegoods.Itfallsinto3kinds:voyagecharter,timecharteranddemisecharter.2.Thetimeofdeliveryreferstothetimelimitduringwhichthesellershalldeliverthegoodstothebuyerattheagreedplacebytheagreedmethods.Therearethefollowingwaystostipulatethetimeofdeliveryinthecontract.Instipulatethetimeofdeliverywehavetopayattentiontothefollowings:29 (1)Theshipmentdateshouldbemadeinsuchamannerthatitfacilitatesthesellerandenablesthesellertoeffectshipmentontimeandperformtherelevantobligationsstipulatedinthecontract.Forinstance,thesellershouldbegivenaperiodofreasonabletimeforarrangingthesupplyofthecontractedgoods.(2)Differentshipmentperiodshouldbefixed,basedontheavailabilityofshippingspace,forcontractedgoodsofdifferentnature.Anunreasonableshorttimeforshipmentshallcausenolittleinconveniencetotheseller.(3)Accordingtotherelevantstipulationsof(UniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits):Expressionssuchas“prompt”;“immediately”,“assoonaspossible”andthelikeshouldnotbeused.Iftheyareusedbankswilldisregardthem.(4)Unlessotherwisestipulatedinthecredit,theexpression“shipment”usedinstipulatinganearliestand/oralatestshipmentdatewillbeunderstoodtoincludetheexpressions“loadingonboard”,“dispatch”,“acceptedforcarriage”,“flightdate”,“dateofpostreceipt”,"dateofpickup"andinthecaseofacreditcallingfororallowingamulti-modaltransportdocumenttheexpression“takingincharge”.(5)Iftheexpression“onorabout”andsimilarexpressionsareused,bankswillinterpretthemasastipulationthatshipmentistobemadeduringtheperiodfromthefivedaysbeforetofivedaysafterthespecifieddate,bothenddaysincluded.Thewords“to”,“until”,“till”,“from”andwordsofsimilarexpressionsappliedtoanydateorperiodinthecreditreferringtoshipmentwillbeunderstoodtoincludethedatementioned.Theword“after”willbeunderstoodtoexcludethedatementioned.Theterm“firsthalf”,“secondhalf”ofamonthshallbeconstruedrespectivelyasthe1sttothe15th,andthe16thtothelastdayofsuchmonth,alldatesinclusive.Theterms“beginning”,“middle”,or“end”ofamonthshallbeconstruedrespectivelyasthe1sttothe10th,the11thtothe20th",andthe21sttothelastdayofsuchmonth,alldatesinclusive.3.TheBillofLadinghasthreeimportantfunctions.a.Itisareceiptforgoodssignedbytheshippingcompanyandgiventotheshippers;b.Itisalsoevidenceofacontractofcarriagebetweentheshippingcompanyandshippers.Inaddition,c.itisadocumentoftitlebecausethelegalowneroftheBillofLadingistheownerofthegoods.ForthisreasontheBillofLadingcanbeusedtotransferthegoods-fromoneownertoanother.“Whentheexporterscompleteit,theycanwritethebuyer’snameinthespace,“consignee”.Thismeanstheconsigneeisthelegalownerofthegoods,asnamedonBillofLading.Otherwisetheexporterscanwrite“toother”intheconsigneespace.Underneath“toorder”theywritethenameandaddressoftheagent.Thentheagentintheimportingcountrycanendorsethebilltothebuyer.Inthiswaytheimporterscantransfertheconsignmenttotheircustomers.ThismeansthattherehastobeaseparateBillofLadingforeachconsigneeandseveralconsignmentscannotbeconsolidatedontoonebill.4.ThereareseveraltypesofBillsofLadingwhicharecategorizedindifferentways.(1).OnboardB/LandreceivedforshipmentB/LAccordingtowhetherthegoodsareloadedornot,thebillsofladingcanbeclassifiedintoonboard(orshipped)B/Landreceived(orreceivedforshipment)B/L.AshippedonboardB/Lisevidencethatthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardacertainsteamer.Itcommenceswiththewording“Shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition”,Accordingtogeneralforeigntradepractices,onlytheshippedonboardB/LisacceptedbybanksforpaymentunderaL/C.(2).CleanbillanduncleanbillAccordingtowhethertherearenotesontheB/L,itfallsinto2kinds:cleanB/LanduncleanB/L.AcleanB/Lshowsthatthegoodshavebeenshippedonboardavesselinapparentgoodorder29 andcondition,andthereisnomodificationoftheshipowner.Thisbillofladingiscalled“clean”or“unclaused”.Itconfirmsthatthegoodshavenotsufferedapparentoroutsidedamageandtheredoesnotseemtobeanydefectinthepacking.Byissuingcleanbilloflading,theshipowneradmitshisfullliabilityofthecargodescribedintheBillunderthelawandhiscontract.Thistypeismuchfavoredbybanksforfinancialsettlementpurpose.UncleanB/Lisgenerallymarked“insufficientlypacked”,“coversoldandstained”,“wetbyrain”,“…packedindamagedcondition”,“unclean”,“foul”,etc.Therearemanyrecurringtypesofsuchclausesincludinginadequatepackaging,unprotectedmachinery,wetorstainedcartons,damagedcrates,etc.ThistypeofB/Lisusuallyunacceptabletoabank.ButnotallB/L(s)whicharenotedareuncleanB/L.(3).AstraightB/L,AnorderB/LandAblankB/LAccordingtowhethertheB/Listransferable,itisdividedinto3kinds:straightB/L,orderB/LandblankB/L.AstraightB/Lismadeoutsothatonlythenamedconsigneeatthedestinationisentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoodsunderthebill.Theconsigneeisdesignatedbytheshipper.Thecarrierhastohandoverthecargotothenamedconsignee,nottoanythirdpartyinpossessionofthebill.ThiskindofB/Lisnottransferable.Theshippercannotpassthebilltoathirdpartybyendorsement.Sothebillisofveryrestrictedapplication.Whenthegoodsareshippedonanon-commercialbasis,suchassamplesorexhibits,materialsinaidofothercountries,orwhenthegoodsareextremelyvaluable,astraightB/Lisgenerallyissued.AnorderB/Lindicatesthatthebillismadeouttotheorderofortoorderof…anypersonnamedinsuchabill,whichmaybetransferred/negotiatedafterendorsement.SoitissometimescalledtransferableB/L.Itisbecauseofthisthatnowadays,itiscommonlyusedininternationalpractice.AblankB/LisalsocalledopenB/LorbearerB/L.Itreferstothebillinwhichthenameofadefiniteconsigneeisnotmentioned.TheareainB/Lcallingforthenameoftheconsigneeisleftblank,withneitherthenameoftheconsigneenorthephraseologyof“toorder”filledin.ThiskindofB/Lcanbetransferred/negotiablewithoutendorsement.Thereusuallyappearintheboxofconsigneewordslike“tobearer”andholderoftheB/LcantakedeliveryofthegoodsagainstthesurrenderofB/L,i.e.,ownershipofthegoodspasseswhenthebillishandedovertoanyone.(4).DirectB/L,AtransshipmentB/L,AthroughB/LAccordingtothemodesoftransport,itcanbedividedinto3kinds.AdirectB/Lisreferredtotheconsignmentcarriedtotheportofdestinationdirectlywithouttransshipment.AtranshipmentB/Lisissuedbyshippingcompanieswhenthereisnodirectservicebetweentheportofloadingandportofdestination,andtheshipownerarrangestotranshipthecargoatanintermediateportathisexpense.ThiskindofBillusuallybearssuchaclause“Transhipmenttobemade”AthroughB/Lisissuedwhentheentirevoyageinvolvesmorethanonecarrier,wheretheoceanshipmentformsonlypartofthecompletejourneyand,subsequentthereto,thegoodshavetobecarriedbyotherlandorseacarriers.Thefirstcarrierissuesthebillandcollectsthefreightfortheentirevoyage,andarrangestransshipmentandforwardingofthegoodsattheintermediateport.TheshipperprefersthiskindofB/Lbecauseofthetroublehavingbeensavedtodealwithothercarriersbyhimself.(5).AlongformB/L,AshortformB/LAccordingtothecontentsoftheB/L,itcanbedividedinto2forms:LongFormB/LandShortFormB/L29 AlongformB/LreferstotheB/Lonthebackofwhichallthedetailedtermsandconditionsabouttherightsandobligationsofthecarrierandtheconsignorarelistedasanintegralpartofthebill.Itismorefrequentlyused.AshortformB/LisadocumentwhichomitsthetermsandconditionsonthebackofB/L.(6).AfreightprepaidB/L,AfreighttobecollectedB/LAccordingtothetimeforpaymentoffreight,itcanbedividedinto2types.AfreightprepaidB/LmeansthatallthefreightispaidbytheconsignorwhenB/Lisissuedbythecarrieronwhich“freightprepaid”isindicated.AfreighttobecollectedB/LreferstotheB/Lonwhich“freightpayableatdestination”isindicated.(7).AlinerB/L,AcharterpartyB/LAccordingtothetypesofthecarryingvessels,itcanbeclassifiedintoalinerB/LandacharterpartyB/L.(8).OthertypesofB/LBesidestheabove-mentionedtypesofB/Ltherearesomeothertypessuchas:containerB/L;onDeckB/L;staleB/L;groupageB/L;houseB/L;antedatedB/LandadvancedB/L.5.答:这是规定分运时一定要按照比例装运。这多用于同一商品具有多种规格的情况下。例如,我出口桃仁1500箱,其中头路900箱,二路600箱,合同规定每次装运要按4、6搭配。而且来证又作了如上规定。如我分三次装运,则每次应为300箱头路,200箱二路,始才合规定。Thismeanswhenthegoodsaredeliveredpartially,thesub-deliveredshipmentmustbeonpro-ratabasis.Itisusedwhenthereareseveralspecificationsforonecommodity.Forexample,weexport1500boxesofPeachKernels,ofwhichthefirstlot900boxes,second600boxes.Thecontractstipulatesthateachshipmentshouldbedeliveredontheproportionof4to6.InthecomingL/C,thereisalsothisstipulation.Ifwewanttodeliverthegoodsinthreelots,thefirstlotshouldbe300cases,second200.6Thereisnodifferenceintranslation,bothcanbetranslatedas“分两批装运”.Butinpracticalwork,theunderstandingisdifferent,soindealingwiththesesentencesweshouldusedifferentways.Asto“twolots”,theconsignercanloadthegoodsinthesamecontractonthesameshipwiththesamevoyage,butheshouldmaketwosetsofdocuments.Asto“twoshipments”,thegoodsshouldbeloadedontwodifferentshipsorthesameshipwithdifferentvoyages.7PSA=PortofSingaporeAuthority,whichisanarticleinSingaporeAuthorityPort.Thisarticlerequiresshipstobedockedatthepierduetolowerprices,butSingapore"sberthisingreattension,oftentheshipshavetofloat,sothisarticleshouldnotbeaccepted.8ItshouldbeconsideredwiththeL/C.IftransshipmentisallowedintheL/C,itcanbeunderstoodas“TransshipmentatHongkong”;iftransshipmentisnotallowedintheL/C,itshouldbeunderstoodas“NotransshipmentatHongkong,butonlypass-byatHongkong.”9ThistermcanbeoftenseenintheL/CfromGermany.ItcanbeacceptedbyChina.Usually,accordingtotheterm,thethroughbillofladingisissuedbyChinaortheChinaMerchants,anditshouldmakeitclearthatinHongkongthegoodsshouldbetransshippedtotheshipsofMaerskshippingcompany.10.P&IClubmeansProtectionandInelemnityClub.ThisprovisionrequiresthemembersoftheAssociationtousethecargoshipsoftheAssociationandthecertificationshouldbeissuedbytheAssociationaswell.OurChinesecompaniesdonotacceptthisprovision.11ItmeansthatthegoodsarerequestedtobeloadedonthecargoshipsregisteredinBritishLioydsRegisterofShippingandthecertificateshouldbeissuedbythisLioydsRegisterofShipping.Generallyspeaking,itcannotbeacceptedbyusbecausethereisnoagentofLioydsRegisterofShippinginoutcountry.InHongkong,thereisasuchagency,whichcanissuethecertificatesrequired29 bytheterms.12ThisisarequesttoFCLcontainershipment,onlythemantissaisallowedforLCLshipments.Whenthegoodsareshipped,itshouldbeindicatedclearlythatwhichgoodsareFCLcontainershipment,andwhichgoodsareLCLcontainershipment.IV.Casestudy1.[Answer]:Thelosstothestationarypertainedtoparticularaverage,whilethelosstotheteawasapartialone…TheinsurancecompanywillhavecompensatedforthelossesifthegoodshadbeeninsuredagainstFPA.2.[Answer]:Themostimportantlessonwecanlearnisthat,itisessentialfortheexportertopresentdocumentsinaccordancewiththestipulationsoftherelevantLC.Inthiscase,findingtheshippingmarksillegibleontheLC,theexportsalesmanintheABCCompany,insteadofaskingthebuyerforclarification,decidedtheshippingmarkshimself.ThisconstituteddiscrepancybetweenthedocumentsandtheLC.Article14oftheUCP500clearlyindicates,“WhentheIssuingBankauthorizesanotherbanktopay,incuradeferredpaymentundertaking,acceptdraft(s),ornegotiateagainstdocumentswhichappearontheirfacetobeincompliancewiththetermsandconditionsoftheCredit…”ItisclearthatthedocumentspresentedmustbeinconformitywiththestipulationsintheL/C.3.[Answer]:TheChinesecompanyisnotright.Thebankswillrefusetopay.Because:AccordingtothestipulationsofArt.C,the31stparagraphofUCP600:“Apresentationconsistingofmorethanonecourierreceipt,postreceiptorcertificateofpostingwillnotberegardedasapartialshipmentifthecourierreceipts,postreceiptsorcertificatesofpostingappeartohavebeenstampedorsignedbythesamecourierorpostalserviceatthesameplaceanddateandforthesamedestination.”Inthiscase,nopartialshipmentsareallowed.TheChinesecompanyloaded3000casesofJujubeonboardtheship“festive”onMay10thwiththeoceanbillofladingofMay10,andonMay15,another2000casesofJujubeonS/S“flyingGeese”withtheMay15thoceanbillofladingrespectively.EventhoughthetwoshipmentsweretransshippedinSingaporebyS/S“Wind”toSanFrancisco,theshippingdocumentspresentedtotheBanksweretwosetsofdocumentswithdifferentnamesofshipsanddifferentshippingdates.Thisobviouslyshowsthattherewerepartialshipments,whichwasnotinconformitywithtermsoftheContractandL/C.Thebanks,ofcourse,wouldrefusetopaybecauseofthediscrepanciesinL/Candshippingdocuments.4.[Answer]:(1)Thereasonsforthesuccessfulsettlementforthegoodsare:eventhoughthegoodswereloadedintwodifferentportsandondifferentdates,yetthenameoftheloadingshipisthesame“ZhuangHe”withthesamevoyage“018”.AccordingtothestipulationsofArt.B,the31stparagraphofUCP600:Apresentationconsistingofmorethanonesetoftransportdocumentsevidencingshipmentcommencingonthesamemeansofconveyanceandforthesamejourney,providedtheyindicatethesamedestination,willnotberegardedascoveringapartialshipment,eveniftheyindicatedifferentdatesofshipmentordifferentportsofloading,placesoftakinginchargeordispatch.Ifthepresentationconsistsofmorethanonesetoftransportdocuments,thelatestdateofshipmentasevidencedonanyofthesetsoftransportdocumentswillberegardedasthedateofshipment.”(2)Theshipmentdateofthegoodsshouldbethelatestdateofshipmentinalltransportdocumentsdisplayed.ThatisJuly17th.5.答:银行的拒付是有理的。因为,本案中,我方取得了签发日期为12月10日的提单,于1月4日到银行交单议付。尽管我方未超过信用证规定的有效期到银行议付,但我方提交的提单已构成了过期提单。根据《UCPS00》第四十三条a款的规定:“除规定一个交单到期日外,凡要求提交运输单据的信用证,还须规定一个装运日后按信用证规定必须交单的特定期限。如未规定该期限,银行将不予接受迟于装运日期后二十一天提交的单据……”因此,我方提交的过期提单银行是有权拒付的。29 6.答:日商这样做的目的是想将运费转嫁由我方承担。我方可采取以下两种做法以确保我方的利益不受损害:1)要求日商修改信用证,将“运费已付”改为“运费到付”;2)要求日商在装船前将从中国口岸到悉尼的运费付给我方,在此基础上同意在提单上表明“运费已付”字样。7.答:1)买方没有拒收货物并要求退款的权利。首先在信用证支付方式下,银行承担第一性的付款责任。只要银行审核单据时,确认卖方所提交的单据表面上与信用证的规定相符,付款银行就应该履行付款的义务。另外,CIF术语成交属于象征性交货,卖方凭单交货,买方凭单付款。本案中,我方已于10月6日向银行提交单据,其中包括9月29日签发的已装船清洁提单,经银行审核,单单相符、单证相符,银行接受了单据并支付了货款,说明我方已完成了交货,我方理应按信用证的规定取回货款。因此,买方的拒绝收货和退款的要求是不合理的;2)本案中,买方应与有关方面联系,确认货物受损和短少的原因,然后凭保险单及其他证据向有关方面提出索赔,以弥补自己的损失。V.PleasemakeouttheShippingAdviceaccordingtothefollowingparticulars:SHANGHAIIMPORT&EXPORTTRADECORPATION1321,ZHONGSHANROAD,SHANGHAICHINASHIPPINGADVICEDate:2009-08-01DearSirs:TAKAMRAINPORT&EXPORTTRADECORPATION324,OTOLIMACH,TOKYO,JAPANRe:shipmentofContractNo.THX040831LetterofCreditNo.HX03072WewishtoadvisethatthefollowingstipulatedvesselwillarriveatOSAKAport,on/about2004-08-16,Vessel’snameDONGFANGVoyNo.0707FormOSAKAtoSHANGHAI.We‘llappreciatetoseethatthecoveringgoodswouldontheabovevesselonthedateofL/Ccalled.C.C.SHANGHAIIMPORT&EXPORTTRADECORPATION李军VI.Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothebillofladinggivenbelow:(1)托运人:GUANGDONGTEXTILESIMP.ANDWOOLENKNITWEARCO.,LTD.29 13/F.,GUANGDONGTEX.MANSIONNO.168XIAOBEIRD.GUANGZHOU,CHINA(2)收货人:CONSIGNEDTOCANADIANIMPERIALBANKOFCOMMERCEQUEENANDSIMCOE,TORONTO,ONTARIO,CANADA(3)被通知人:ABCCO.(4)提单号码:KRL030523(5)船名:REPULSEBAYV.48E21(6)装货港:GUANGZHOU,CHINA(7)目的港:VANCOUVER,CANADA(8)唛头:P.O.#STYLE#QUANTITYPRE-PACKMADEINCHINACARTON#(9)件数和包装:30CTNS(10)总毛重:285KGS(11)总尺码:1.85CBM(12)货物名称LADIES95PERCENTCOTTON5PERCENT(SPANDEX)KNITTEDTOP(13)运费缴付方式:FREIGHTPREPAID&DDCCOLLECT(14)“DDCCILLECT”的中文意思为:目的地交货费待付(15)正本提单件数:THREE(16)提单日期及签发地点:GUANGZHOUMAY15,2009(17)货物的装运日期:2009/5/21VII.PleasefillintheB/Laccordingtothefollowingparticulars:ShipperDongFengCompanyinShenzhen,ChinaB/LNo.ConsigneeToOrderCombinedTransportB/LNotifyAddressBritishOceanCompanyForDeliveryofgoodspleaseapplyto:Pre-carriagebyPlaceofReceiptOceanVesselVoy.No.S.S.DongfengPortofLoadingShenzhenPortPortofDischargeLondonPortofDeliveryFinalDestinationfortheMerchant’sReferenceonlyContainer,SealNo.&Mark&Nos.BOCLONDONNOS:500No.ofPackage&DescriptionofGoods500CARTONSCrossWeightKgs27500Measurementm390m329 FREIGHT&CHARGESPrepaidRevenueTonsRatePerPrepaidCollectEx.Rate:PrepaidatPayableatPlaceanddateofissueSept.28,2009ShenzhenTotalPrepaidNo.ofOriginalB(s)/LTWOStanp&SignatureLADENONBAORDTHEVESSELDateBy……………………………………………………………….UnitTenCargoTransportationInsuranceKeyI.Trueorfalse1.    F manycountriesintheworldhavebeguntoadopttheInstituteCargoClause,includingChina.2.    T3.    T4.    T5.    F allrisksdonotcoverotherspecialriskslikeWarrisk,Strikerisk,etc.6.  F theinsuredmaychoosetoattachWarofStrikerisktoW.P.A.7.   F accordingtointernationalbusinesspractice,insurableinterestisrequiredonlywhentheinsuredclaimsdamageswiththeinsurancecompany.8.    T9.    F  byfranchiseinmeantthattheinsurancecompanymuststillcompensatetheinsuredoncethedamageexceedsthepercentagestipulated.10. F irrespectiveofpercentageisappliedtogoodswhichareeasilybrokenordeliveredshort;ithasnothingtodowithotherdisasterssuchasstrikes,war,andothernaturaldisasters.11.T12.FHooking,theft,taintofodor,breakage,dampingarenotfortuitousrisks,butgeneralextraneousrisks.13.TWhenconstructivetotallosstakesplace,theinsuredcanasktheinsurertocoverpartofhislossorallofhisloss.Underthelattercase,theinsuredmustpresenttotheinsureranoticeofabandonment,bywhichhemeanstotransferallhisinterestandobligationstotheinsurertothathemightcoverhistotalloss.Theabandonmentiseffectiveonlyafteritisacceptedbytheinsurer.14.T15.F.Accordingtointernationalpractice,thedatebillofladingshouldbelaterthanthedateofinsurancepolicy.Otherwise,thebankwillrefusetopay.16.FAccordingtoCICprovisions,iffreefromparticularaverageiscovered,theinsurancecompanyshouldcompensatefortheparticularaveragecausedbyfortuitousloss,butifthelossisparticularaveragecausedbynaturalcalamities,theinsurancecompanyisnotliabletocompensate.II.PleasegivethefollowingdefinitionsforthenamesinEnglish.1NaturalCalamityreferstotheperilsunderforcemajeuresuchasvileweather,thunderstormandlightening,tsunami,earthquake,flood,etc.(Theordinaryactionofthewindsandwavesisnottakenasnaturalcalamity.)2Partiallossmeansthatthelossordamagetothegoodsisonlypartial.Partiallosscanbeeithergeneralaverageorparticularaverage.3Actualtotallossmeansthewholelotoftheconsignmenthasbeenlostordamagedorfoundvaluelessuponthearrivalattheportofdestination.29 4ParticularAveragemeansthataparticularconsignmentissufferedbyonewhosegoodsarepartlylostordamaged.5Sueandlaborexpensearetheexpensesarisingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbytheinsured,theemployeeandtheassignee,etc.forminimizingoravoidinglossescausedbytheriskscoveredintheinsurancepolicy.Theinsurerisheldresponsibletocompensateforsuchexpenses.6Salvagechargesareexpensesresultingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbyathirdpartyotherthantheinsured,theemployeeandtheassignee,etc.III.Choosethebestanswer:1C2B3A4C5D6D7D8B9C10C11C12B13A14D15D16AIV.MultipleChoice1E2E3C4E5B6EV.阅读理解(1)该笔交易是出口贸易。根据保单记载,装运港是我国的上海港,目的港是希腊的派瑞斯港。(2)受益人到银行办理议付前需要对该保单进行背书转让。GMGHARDWARE&TOOLSIMP.&EXP.COMPANYLTD.是出口公司,该交易以CIF条件达成,根据《2000通则》的规定,该公司只承担货物在上海港越过船舷前的风险,上海港越过船舷后的风险由进口方承担。由于保单的被保险人一栏填写的是出口方的名称,所以受益人到银行办理议付前需要对该保单进行背书转让,否则银行不予议付。该金额不是发票金额。因为该交易以CIF条件达成,根据《2000通则》的有关CIF章节A3款的规定,卖方有义务按合同规定的价款加10%投保。VICasestudy1、答:(1)保险公司应赔偿1000美元的损失,而1500美元的损失应由买方自己承担。(2)因为,根据中国人民保险公司《海运货物保险条款》水渍险的责任范围的规定,该案例中的1000美元是运输工具遭到自然灾害造成的部分损失,保险公司对此应负责赔偿。化肥袋包装破裂险属一般附加险的责任范围,它不在所投保的水渍险的责任范围,故保险公司不予赔偿。又因为按CIF条件成交,卖方只需按合同规定投保险别,运输途中的风险则由买方承担,故案例中的1500美元则由买方自负。因此,保险公司应对1000美元予以赔偿,1500美元的损失由买方自己承担。2、答:(1)是因运输工具遭遇意外事故而造成的直接损失,属单独海损;(2)是因维护船、货共同安全、进行修船而造成的损失和产生的费用,属共同海损。3、答:在CIF术语下,货物的风险划分以启运港的船舷为界,当货物越过船舷后,买方就必须承担货物的一切风险。此案中,合同双方签订了CIF合同,卖方提供了全套清洁单据,且床单潮湿发生在货损途中。因此,买方必须履行付款义务。对于货物的损失,买方可向包厢公司提出索赔。如果买方能够举证床单潮湿是由于包装不良所致,他可向卖方提出索赔。4、答:与日本商人的交易:由卖方办理货运保险手续;与英国商人的交易:由买方办理货运保险手续。在这两笔交易中,该风险与责任均由卖方承担。保险公司对于“与日本商人的交易”应对该货损给予赔偿,CIF条件下由卖方投保,保险合同在货物启运地启运后生效;保险公司对于“与英国商人的交易”不会对该货损给予赔偿,FOB、CFR29 条件下由买方投保,保险合同在货物越过船舷后生效。Unit11PaymentofGoodsKeyI.Trueorfalse1.      T2.      T3.      F thisisadiscrepancybetweenthecontractandthecoveringL/C.4.      T5.      F this“moreorless“tolerancedoesnotapplywhen”theCreditstipulatesthequantityintermsofastatednumberofpackingunitsorindividualitems.6.      F accordingtoarticle42oftheUCP500,afreelynegotiablecreditdoesnotneedto“stipulateaplacefornegotiation.”7.      F article43oftheUCP500alsostates:”……ifnosuchperiodoftimeisstipulated,bankswillaccept……”.HeretheL/CstipulatedanexpirydateoftheL/C,thepresentationofdocuments,therefore,shouldnotexceedthatdate(September15)8.      T9.      F article11oftheUCP500reads:”ifabankusestheservicesofanAdvisingBanktohavetheCreditadvisedtotheBeneficiary,itmustalsousetheservicesofthesamebankforadvisinganamendment.10.  T11.T12. F onCFR,CPTorFOBterms,itisthebuyerwhomustinsurethegoodsandpaytheinsurancepremiuminvolved.13.  F accordingtoItemofarticle13oftheUCP500:”documentswhichappearintheirfacetobeinconsistentwithoneanotherwillbeconsideredasnotappearingontheirfacetobeincompliancewiththetermsandconditionsoftheCredit,”discrepanciesbetweenthedocumentsthemselvesarenotallowed.14.   F bankswon’trefusedtoeffectpayment,asisstatedinarticle13oftheUCP500,”documentsnotstipulatedintheCreditwillnotbeexaminedbybanks.Iftheyreceivesuchdocuments,theyshallreturnthemtothepresenterorpassthemonwithoutresponsibility.”15.   F thetimeallowedforexaminingandnegotiatingthedocumentsissevenbankingdays,asisindicatedinarticle13(b)oftheUCP500:”theIssuingBank……shalleachhaveareasonabletime,nottoexceedsevenbankingdaysfollowingthedayofreceiptofthedocuments,toexaminethedocumentsanddeterminewhethertotaleuporrefusethedocumentsandtoinformthepartyformwhich itreceivedthedocumentsaccordingly.”16.   F thebeneficiarydoesnotneedtoactonsuggestionswrittenintheL/Ciftheyatenotindicatedasdocuments,asisstatedinarticle4oftheUCP500:”inCreditoperationsallpartiesconcerneddealwithdocumentsandnotwithgoods,servicesand/orotherperformancestowhichthedocumentsmayrelate.”17.   T18.   T19.   F thebeneficiarymustpresentalltheoriginalsifmorethanoneoriginalinsurancepolicyhasbeenissued.Thisisclearlyspecifiedin article34oftheUCP500:”iftheinsurancedocumentindicatesthatithasbeenissuedinmorethanoneoriginal,alltheoriginalsmustbepresentedunlessotherwiseauthorizedintheCredit.”20.  F aCertificateofOriginisusedtoprovethatacertaincommodityisproducedandmanufacturedinacertaincountry.II.Ineachblankspacewriteawordthatfitsnaturally:29 method,international,letter,ideal,for,trade,gives,starts,issue(open,establish),amount,and,instructions,transaction,sends,correspondent,On,correspondent,credit,usual,confirm,undertakes,due,forth(out),with,knowing,money,secure,behalf,carriedoutIII.PaymentandacknowledgementA.Readthebillofexchangebelowandanswerquestions.1.Drawer:Henannativeproduce…Drawee:HanoverTrustCo.2.4thDEC,19993.twocopies4.US$63,162.005.UniteStatesDollarsSixtyThreeThousandOneHundredAndSixtyTwoOnly6.Thesender"splaceisonthebottomrightandthereceiver"sisonthebottomleft.7.90days8.LC1.USdollars,number,letterofcredit,companyB.Figuresandwords1.onehundredpoundssterlingonly2.eighty-ninedollarsandfiftycentsonly3.Yeneighthundredandsixty-eightthousandsonly4.Twohundredandthirty-fourpounds,fourshillings,andthreepenceonly5.DeutschemarkfivehundredandninetyonlyIV.Readthefollowinglettersregardingpaymentterms.Identifythewriter,thetermproposedandthereasongiven.ThenfilltheInformationForm.LetterNo.Buyer/SellerTermproposedReason1BuyerCAD凭单付款Dealofsmallvalue2BuyerT/T电汇Assurethetimeofdelivery&saveexpenses3SellerCIA(notCOD货到付款)Usualpractice4SellerD/A承兑交单Topushsales5SellerD/P付款交单Toexpandbusiness6BuyerConsignmentUnabletomakepurchaseonhisownV.Identifytheproblemsandcompletethelettersbysuggestingasolution.1.increasetheamountofyourLCby$600LCamountisinsufficient2.makethenecessaryamendmenttotheLCsothatthecurrenciesofthedocumentsarethesame.discrepancyincurrency3.amendyourLCasstatedinyourorderpaymenttermsdifferbetweenLCandordersheet4.amendyourLCtoread"Transshipmentisallowed".discrepancyintermsofdelivery29 VI.VI.Pleasethefollowingbillcarefully,andthenfillintheblankswiththequestionsgiven:Key(1)ThenameoftheissuingbankSAKURABANK,LTE.,THE(FORMERYLYMITSUITAIYOKOBE)TOKOYO(2)ThenumberofthecreditNo.200909301111(3)TheopeningdateofthecreditSept.30,2009(4)TheamountandcurrencyofthecreditU.SDOLLARSTWENTY-FOURTHOUSANDFIVEHUNDREDANDSIXTYONLY(5)DraftdeadlineAtsight(6)PayeePAYTOTHEORDEROFBANKOFCHINA(7)DraweeSAKURABANK,LTE.,THE(FORMERYLYMITSUITAIYOKOBE)TOKOYO(8)DrawerGUANGZHOUMACHINERYIMP.ANDEXP.CORP.,(GROUP)VII.Pleasemakeoutthebillofexchangeaccordingtotheinformationyouhavegotfromtheparticulars:Key凭美国纽约银行Drawnunder……………………………………………………………………………信用证第10-20090611-1号L/C………………………………….………………………………………..日期2009年6月10日Dated…………………………………………………………………………..按息付款Payablewithinterest@…………………………………%perannum号码汇票金额中国广州年月日No…………………….Exchangefor…………………………….,China……20……….见票日后(本汇票之副本未付)  付At…******…sight ofthisFIRSTofexchange(Secondofexchangebeingunpaid)paytotheorderof……………………………………………………………或其指定人金额六万美元整thesumofUSDOLLARSSIXTYTHOUSANDONLY此致﷒VIII.Pleasegivetherightsettlementmethodintheformaccordingtotheinformationyouhavegot:Key序号信息资料结算方式1(1)出口的货物是库存的服装商品,且国内没有市场;(2)进口商是我方的长期客户,有着良好的商业信誉Collection2(1)出口的货物是为欧盟研制的新产品,首次打入该市场,不知前景如何;(2)为了获取更多的市场信息,改进新产品,提升品牌;(3)进口商是我方的多年客户,有着良好的商业信誉Collection3(1)出口的货物是一般的电器产品,在该国有一定的市场占有率;(2)该进口商是我方新的客户,商业信誉程度不知L/C4(1)出口的货物是一般的农作物产品,长期出口该国,具有较大的市场占有率;(2)该进口商是我方多年的客户,商业信誉较好;L/C29 (3)该国最近经济状况不太好,政局有所动荡5(1)该商品为欧盟研制的新产品;(2)目的是参加该国的轻工产品展览会,想了解该国的市场信息;(3)产品展览后,想卖给当地的客商T/TTo美国纽约银行广州广发玩具进出口公司IX.Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothecreditgivenbelow:(1)开证人:ABCCo.(13)交单期限:提单日后15天,但须在信用证的有效期内(2)受益人:GuangdongTextilesI.&E.Corp.(14)信用证是否保兑:non-confirmed(3)信用证号码:ILCT507553(15)信用证是否可转让:transferable(4)开证日期:May29,2002(16)信用证是否可撤销:irrevocable(5)信用证有效期:July1,2002(17)信用证金额:USD80000(6)到期地点:China(18)信用证金额增减百分比:2%(7)装运港:Guangzhou(19)汇票付款期限:sightdraft(8)目的港:NewYork(20)能否分批:withpartialshipmentallowed(9)装运期限:June10,2002(21)能否转船:withtransshipmentallowed(10)商品名称:LadiesJeansAssortedStyleandColor(22)付款人:JPMORGANCHASEBANK(11)商品数量:About800doz.(23)单据不符点扣费:USD50(12)数量增减幅度:10%(24)要求单据:①commcercialinvoice;②packinglist;③customesinvoice;④certificateoforigin;⑤cleanbilloflading;⑥beneficiary’scertificateX.Pleasemakeproperadmentmenttothecreditaccordingtothecontract:(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)XI.CaseStudy1.[Answer]:ThelawoftheUSAappliestothiscontractbecause(1)thiswasaCIFcontract;(2)theplaceofconclusionofthecontractwasintheUSA;(3)theplaceoftheexecutionofthecontractwasalsointheUSA.ThesellercompletedhisresponsibilitiesafterhedeliveredthegoodsattheportoftheUSA.2.[Answer]:Itseemsthatthesellerdeliveredthegoodsmorethanwhatwasstipulatedinthecontract;therefore,accordingtoArticle52oftheCISG,thebuyermayrefusetotakedeliveryoftheexcessquantitydelivered.However,inthiscasebecauseoftheignoranceofthestaffconcerned,differenceoccurredbetweentheactualgoodsdeliveredandthequantityspecifiedindocuments.What’ssunnyisthattheweightindicatedonthedocumentswasthesameasthatstatedinthecontract.Asaresult,thebuyermightobtainmorewithoutpayinganything.However,theJapaneseCustomsHousediscoveredthedifferencebetweenthedocumentsandtheactualgoodsdelivered,whichcauseembarrassmenttotheChinesecompany.Theonlywayofsolvingtheproblem,perhaps,wastoexplainwhathappenedinthefactorytotheJapaneseCustomsHouse.Althoughtheproblemmighthavebeensolved,westillhavealottolearnfromthiscase:(1)Strengthentheconnectionbetweenthesalespeopleandthefactory;(2)theexportsalesmanshouldmakethemodeofpackingcleartotheprocessingfactory;(3)theChineseCustomsHousemustalsochecktheweightofgoodsagainstthedocument;and(4)weshouldseethatthereisagreementnotonlybetweenthedocumentspresented,butalsobetweenthedocumentsandthegoods.29 Unit12Disputes,ClaimandArbitrationKeyI.Trueorfalse1.   F theinjuredpartycannotrescindthecontract,butholdstherightofclaimingdamages.2.   F accordingtoarticle18ofthelaw,thepartywhohasbreachedthecontractcanadoptreasonableremedialmeasures.3.   F itistheCISGthatapplies”fundamentalbreachofcontract.”4.   T5.   T6.   F accordingtoarticle74oftheCISGstates,thereare4conditionsonwhichaForceMajeurecanbeestablished.7. T8. T9.   F theconciliator’ssuggestionisnotalaw;therefore,hecannotforcethepartiesindisputetoactonhisadvice.10.  TII.Fillintheblankswithproperwordsandexpressions1.discrepancy,contracted5.oversight2.awkward6.delivered,qualityexpected3.roughlyhandled,damage7.beyondourcontrol4.charges,borne8.aclaimon,for,onaccountofIII.名词解释1、违约:指合同的一方当事人没有履行和没有完全履行其合同规定的义务的行为。2、留置权:指未收到货款的卖方将货物扣留下来,作为买方支付价金的担保,直到买方支付价金为止。3、索赔:就是当事人依据有关合同对违约造成的损失或货物损失,向责任方提出予以补救的主张。4、理赔:是指责任方对索赔的处理。5、救济方法:是指一个人的合法权利被他人侵害时,法律法律上给以受损害一方的补偿方法。6、回复原状:是指使用实物赔偿损失,使货物恢复到损害发生前的原状,例如把损坏的物品加以修复,或用同类货物替换。7、实际损失:是指一方违约给对方造成的现实的损害,即按合同规定的合法利益遭受到的损失。8、交货:是指卖方将对货物的占有权转移出去,在广义上应该包括交运货物或提交单据。IV.简答题1、答:(1)大陆法系将实际履行作为一种主要的救济方法。(2)英美法系将实际履行作为例外的辅助性的救济方法。(3)按《公约》的规定,当事人有权要求对方实际履行合同义务。2、答:(1)大陆法系认为,损害赔偿责任的成立,必须具备以下三个条件:必须要有A、必须要有损害事实。B、须有归责于债务人的原因。C、损害是由于债务人应予负责的原因造成。(2)英美法认为,只要一方违约,就足以构成对方可以提起损害赔偿之诉。29 (3)《公约》认为,损害赔偿是一种主要的救济方法。3、答:(1)《德国民法典》认为,损害赔偿的范围应包括违约所造成的与实际损失和所得利益两方面。法国法关于损失赔偿的范围的原则与德国法是一致的。(2)英美法认为,损失赔偿的范围,是使由于债务人违约而蒙受损害的一方,在经济上能处于该合同得到履行时同等地位。另外还规定,一方违约,另一方有义务采取一切合理的措施以减少违约造成的损失,否则本来可以合理避免的损失,不能要求给以赔偿。(3)我国《涉外经济合同法》对损害赔偿金额的确定,遵循两个原则:A、当事人赔偿责任应相当于另一方所受的损失。B、赔偿责任不得超过违约方在订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。(4)《公约》对此也有规定、A、一方当事人违反合同应负的损害赔偿额,应与另一方当事人因他违反合同而遭受的包括利润在内的损失额相等。B、为限制守约方漫天要价,还规定了守约方可以得到的损害赔偿"不得超过违反合同一方在订立合同时,按照他当时已知道或理应知道的事实和情况,对违反合同预料和理应预料到的可能损失"4、答:(1)大陆法对此规定得比较简单。大陆法认为,只要合同一方当事人不履行其合同义务时,对方就有权解除合同。(2)英国法认为,一方违约构成违反要件,对方才可要求解除合同;如果一方仅仅是违反担保,对方只能请求损害赔偿,而不能要求解除合同。美国法与英国法的规定有些相似。(3)《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》认为,合同一方不履行义务构成根本性违约,另一方有权解除合同。(4)我国《涉外经济合同法》认为,一方违约,另一方在下列两种情况下才能要求解除合同:A、违约必须导致严重影响订立合同所期望的经济利益。B、如果一方在合同规定的期限内没有履行合同义务,而且在被允许的推迟履行的合理期限内仍未履行,则守约方可要求解除合同义务。5、答:(1)认真细致身后国外买方提出的单证和出证机构的合法性。(2)认真做好调查研究、弄清事实、分清责任。(3)要合理确定损失程度、金额、和赔付办法。6、答:(1)两种办法:A、通过实际占有货物的办法行使停运权。B、把行使停运权的要求通知占有货物的承运人和货物的保管人,但要按卖方的指示处置货物。(2)未收货款的卖方在行使停运权时要注意必须符合下列三个条件:A、卖方已经丧失了对货物的占有权。B、卖方必须在买方无力偿付时行使停运权。C、卖方必须在货物处于运输过程中行使其停运权。7、答:(1)卖方所交货物不具备商销品质。(2)卖方所交货物与合同说明不一样。(3)卖方所交货物不适合约定的特殊用途。(4)卖方所交货物与凭样成交时的品种不符。(5)卖方所交货物与合同规定的品种不同。(6)卖方所交货物在数量上大于或小于合同规定的数量。V.Casestudy1[Answer]:InthiscasethecontractwasconcludedbetweenCompanyEandCompanyWonFOBterms,accordingtowhichthesellerendedhisresponsibilitieswhenhedeliveredthegoodsonboardtheshipattheportofshipment.Hedidnotneedtopayfortransportationofthegoodsortheinsurancepremium.Therefore,itwasnotrightforWtoaskEtopaythefreightandindicate“Freight29 Prepaid”ontheB/L.ThereasonwhyWaskedEtodothatmightbethathewantedtotransferthefreightchargestoE.However,inpracticaldealings,foreigntradecompaniesoftencomeacrosssuchsituations,especiallywhenacontractisconcludedwithanagent,whowantstoresellsthegoods.Inthiscase,EmightcomplywithW’srequests,buthehadtoindicatethatthefreightshouldbebornebyW.2[Answer]:Inthiscasethelosswascausedsimplybecauseoftheignoranceonthepartoftheexportbusinessman.Whatwecanlearnfromthiscaseisthat,whenofferingabroad,wemustmakeexactcalculationsofthetotalfreightandotherrelevantcharges.Mostimportantly,itisverybeneficialforeveryexportbusinessmantolearngeography.3[Answer]:中国与意大利均系《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》缔约国,该案双方洽谈过程中,均未排除或作出任何保留,因此,双方当事人均应受《公约》约束。我方于11日收到意商的接受电报属因传递延误而造成的逾期接受。因此,如我方不能同意此项交易,应即复电通知对方:我方原发盘已经失效。如我方鉴于其他原因,愿按原发盘达成交易,订立合同,可回电确信,也可不予答复,此时接受即告失效。4[Answer]:中国与法国均系《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》缔约国,洽谈过程中,双方对《公约》均未排除或作出任何保留。因此,双方当事人均应受该《公约》约束。按《公约》规定:对口头要约,须立即接受方能成立合同。据此,我方鉴于市场有趋涨迹象,可以予以拒绝或提高售价继续洽谈。5.首先应认定该伞厂的火灾是否属于不可抗力事故(无法预见、无法预防、无法避免、无法控制)。如实为不可抗力,应由中国国际贸易促进委员会出具相关证明文件,根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》可免除责任。6.不合理。因为我方未能按时派船接货是由于不可抗力事件的发生。但是,我方有按约定的通知期限和通知方式通知对方的义务,并与对方商定是解除合同还是延期履行。如果没有按时通知,我方对卖方应未收到通知而造成的损害应负赔偿责任。7.不合理。该禁令自公布之日起15日后生效,即要到9月30日后才生效,而合同规定在9月份交货,所以日商不能以不可抗力为由要求解除合同。8.在本案中乙公司是属于违约的一方当事人是毫无疑问的,他的行为构成了不完全履行的违约责任。依法当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的,应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。一方违约后,另一方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大;没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的,不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。在本案中应该要求乙方承担继续履行的责任;但是由于甲方在乙方明确告知即将违约的情况下仍然继续采购了90吨的棉麻纺织品,扩大了损失的范围,所以甲方在本案中也是要承担相应的责任的。ModelTest1I.Translatethefollowingterms:(20%)AFromEnglishintoChinese(1for1,10%)。评分标准:此题共10分,1题1分。只要错1个字就不得分。1.有形贸易2.现金折扣3.形式发票4.合资企业5.预约保单6.信用证7.成本、保险价运费8.具有代表性样品9.溢短装条款10.提单BFormChineseintoEnglish:(1for1,10%)。评分标准:此题共10分,1题1分。只要错1个单词就不得分,但是,大、小写均可。1.WorldBank  2.grossweight29 3.consignor   4.importlicense/licence5.ChamberofCommerce 6.invoice7.generalaverage8.businesscontract9.tradeterms/termsoftrade10.ocean/marinetransport/transportationII.Choosethebestanswerforeachofthefollowingquestions:(1for1,10%)评分标准:此题共10分,答对1个得1分,答错不得分。1.D2.B3.C4.B5.D6.B7.B8.C9.A10.CIII.PleaseexplainthefollowingpropernounsinEnglish:(4for1,20%)评分标准:此题共20分,每小题4分,如果单词拼错扣0.5,如果语法错扣0.5,如果基本意思错误不得分,答对一半给2分,如果答题不完整视具体情况而给分。1.Importing:Importingisreferredtothepurchasedactivitiesofforeignproductsproducedintheworldmarketorthoseservicesprovidedbyforeigncompanies.Or:Bringinggoodsfromanothercountryforsaleortrade.2.Offer:Anofferisaproposalmadebysellerstobuyersinordertoenterintoacontract.3.NudeCargo:Nudecargoorpackedcommoditiesrefertothosekindsofcargoeswhosequalitiesaremorestableandtobeshippedwithoutanypackagedorinsimplebundles.4.NetWeight:Netweightistheactualweightofcommoditywithouttheadditionofthetare.5.MarineLosses:Marinelossesarethedamagesorlossesoftheinsuredgoodsincurredbyperilsofthesea.IV.TrueorFalse.Inthefollowingstatementsyoumayfindsomearetrue,somefalse.PleasemarkTifthestatementistrue.Ifitisfalse,pleasemarkF.(1for1,25%)评分标准:此题共25分,答对1个得1分,答错不得分。1.F2.F3.T4.T5.F6.F7.F8.T9.F10.T11.T12.F13.T14.T15.T16.F17.T18.T19.T20.F21.T22.F23.F24.F25.FV.CaseAnalysis.Inthispartthereare6cases,threeofwhichareinChinese,threeEnglish.Pleaseanalyzethecases.IfthecaseisinChinese,youcananswerinChinese.IfitisinEnglish,youshouldanswerinEnglish.(5for1,25%)1.答:本案买卖双方订立的是CIF合同。CIF合同的含义是卖方负担货物在装运港越过船舷前的一切责任、费用和风险。2000通则在CIF解释中的第B5款规定:“买方负担货物越过装运港的船舷后一切货损货差的风险”。因此,货船在途中沉没造成的货物损失应由买方负担,买方应接受所有单据并且按合同规定支付全部货款。在接受单据后,买方可以凭单据向保险单载明的承保人(保险公司)索赔,通常可以获得相当于货物价值1.1倍的赔偿。评分标准:本题5分,答对CIF的责任、风险和费用的划分得2分,答对货物损失应由买方负担得1分,答对买方可以凭单据向保险单载明的承保人(保险公司)索赔得1分,答对可以获得相当于货物价值1.1倍的赔偿得1分。如果答非所问不得分,如果答题不完整视具体情况而给分。2.答:(1)按国际贸易习惯,唛头由买方提供时在合同中应规定买方提供时间。如超过时间,卖方可提出其他补救办法,如自行规定唛头。(2)该公司在此情况下应致电买方询问延误原因,请其快速电告所设计唛头,否则将由该公司自行规定。评分标准:本题5分,答对唛头由买方提供时在合同中应规定买方提供时间得2分,答对如超过时间,卖方可提出其他补救办法,如自行规定唛头得1分,答对29 该公司在此情况下应致电买方询问延误原因,请其快速电告所设计唛头,否则将由该公司自行规定得2分。如果答非所问不得分,如果答题不完整视具体情况而给分。3.买方的要求不尽合理。理由如下:采用FOB术语成交,一般由买方负责租船订舱。卖方可以接受卖方的委托代为租船订舱,但卖方不承担租不到船的责任和风险。就此案例来说,因公司代为租船没有租到,买方又不同意更换条件,因此,该公司不承担因自己未租到船而延误装运的责任,买方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以,买方的要求不合理,责任和风险应该由买方自己承担。评分标准:本题5分,答对采用FOB术语成交,一般由买方负责租船订舱得1分,答对卖方可以接受卖方的委托代为租船订舱,但卖方不承担租不到船的责任和风险得2分,答对就此案例来说,因公司代为租船没有租到,买方又不同意更换条件,因此,该公司不承担因自己未租到船而延误装运的责任,买方也不能因此提出撤消合同得1分,答对责任和风险应该由买方自己承担得1分。如果答非所问不得分,如果答题不完整视具体情况而给分。4.[Answer]:AccordingtoArticle11ofCISG:“Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedin,orevidencedby,writingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.”ThoughChinaandtheUSarebothmembercountriesoftheCISG,Chinadeclaredthatitwon’tbeboundbyArticle11anditsrelatedarticles.Thatistosay,anykindofcontractsinChinamustbeevidencingbywriting.Inthiscase,thoughbothcompaniesagreedorallyastothemaintermsofthesalescontract,thereisnowritingevidencingthecontract.Thiscontract,accordingtoChineselaw,isnoteffective.评分标准:本题5分,答对CISG条款得1分,答对Chinadeclaredthatitwon’tbeboundbyArticle11anditsrelatedarticles得2分,答对anykindofcontractsinChinamustbeevidencingbywriting得1分,答对Thiscontract,accordingtoChineselaw,isnoteffective得1分。如果单词拼错扣0.5分,如果语法错扣0.5分,如果答非所问不得分,如果答题不完整视具体情况而给分。5.[Answer]:InthiscasethecontractwasconcludedbetweenCompanyEandCompanyWonFOBterm,accordingtowhichtheseller(CompanyE)endedhisresponsibilitieswhenhedeliveredthegoodsonboardtheshipattheportofshipment.Hedidnotneedtopayfortransportationofthegoodsortheinsurancepremium.Therefore,itwasnotrightforWtoaskEtopaythefreightandindicate“FreightRepaid”ontheBillofLading.ThereasonwhyWaskedEtodothatmightbethathewantedtotransferthefreightchargestoE.However,inpracticaldealings,foreigntradecompaniesoftencomeacrosssuchsituations,especiallywhenacontractisconcludedwithanagent,whowantstoresellsthegoods.Inthiscase,EmightcomplywithW’srequest,buthehadtoindicatedthatthefreightshouldbebornebyW.评分标准:本题5分,答对theseller(CompanyE)endedhisresponsibilitieswhenhedeliveredthegoodsonboardtheshipattheportofshipment得2分,答对Hedidnotneedtopayfortransportationofthegoodsortheinsurancepremium得1分,答对itwasnotrightforWtoaskEtopaythefreight得1分,答对EmightcomplywithW’srequest,buthehadtoindicatedthatthefreightshouldbebornebyW得1分。如果单词拼错扣0.5分,如果语法错扣0.5分,如果答非所问不得分,如果答题不完整视具体情况而给分。ModelTest229 I.Whatarethedefinitionofthefollowingconcepts?(5%X3=15%)1.Aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanoffer(2%)ifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance(1%).Aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice(2%).2.Incaseofsalebytheseller’ssample(1%),toconvenienttheverificationwhenhandlingqualitydisputesorfuturetransactions,thesellerkeeppartofthesampleforlaterreferencewhilehesendtheoriginalsampletothebuyer(2%).Thesamplekeptbytheselleriscalledducatesampleorfilesample(2%).3.Draft,isdefinedas“anunconditionalorderofpaymentinwriting(2%),addressedbyonepersontoanother(1%),signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressedtopayondemand,oratafixedordeterminablefuturetime,asumcertaininmoney(1%),to,ortotheorderofaspecifiedperson,ortobearer(1%)II.TrueorFalse.(1%X20=20%)1.T2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F11.T12.13.T14.F15.F16.T17.F18.T19.T20.FIII.Makethebestchoice.(1%X15=15%)1.d2.a3.b4.c5.a6.a7.b8.d9.a10.c11.a12.b13.c14.d15.bIV.Makesuitablechoices.(2%X6=12%)1.abcde2.bcd3.acef4.ac5.abcdf6.abV.Fileintheblanks(1%X10=10%)1.RestrictivePayee,Toorder,Tobearer2.Maketheadvancedpaymentagainstdocuments;BorrowdocumentsagainstTrustReceipt(e.g.:D/P.T/R)3.generalaverage,particularaverage4.25.1530,PERM/TFOBC10QINDAOVI.Casestudies.(6%X3=18%)1.July1,15July-25July,12July,onorbefore12July,2August,12July2.(1)提出将D/P即期改D/P90天远期,旨在推迟付款,利其资金周转。(2分)(2)而日商指定A银行作为该批托收业务的代收行,则是为了便于向该行借单,以便早日获取经济效益。(2分)在一般的D/P远期业务中,代收行在未经授权的情况下通常是不会轻易同意付款人借单的。该日商所以提出通过A银行代收货款的原因,当然是该商与A银行有既定融资关系,从而可取得提前借单的便利,以达到进一步利用我方资金的目的。(2分)3.(1)案中因触礁造成船底划破,致使海水渗入货舱,造成船货的部分损失以及船舶遇恶劣气候,导致装载的某货主的一部分货物被海水浸湿的损失,属单独海损;(2分)而因修理船只所花费的修理费和各项费用开支共8000美元属共同海损。(1分)A舱起火使一部分儿童玩具被烧毁属于单独海损;(1分)而因灌水灭火使另一部分儿童玩具和全部茶叶被水浸湿属共同海损。(1分)(2)在投保了平安险的情况下,被保险人有权就案中所有损失向保险公司提出赔偿要求。(1分)VII.Calculation(10%X1=10%)1)measurementtonofthecarton:0.45*0.4*0.25=0.045(1分)2)weighttonofthecarton:0.035(1分)3)0.045>0.035basedonthew/m,sochoosethemeasurementton(2分)29 4)FREIGHT=FreighttonxBasicFreightperF/Tx(1+additionalfreightrates)=0.045*120*(1+20%+10%)=7.02(2分)5)FOB=CFR-F=50-7.02=42.98(USD)(1分)6)FOBC2=FOB/(1-commissionrate)=42.98/(1-2%)=43.86(USD)(2分)So,weofferUSD43.86PERCARTONFOBC2CHINAPORTS.(1分)29'