英汉互译实用教程 精简笔记.doc 50页

'一翻译概论译者合格条件五条：1.外文水平高2.中文水平高3.知识面广4.政治觉悟较高5.熟悉基本的翻译技巧AbriefintroductiontothehistoryoftranslationinchinaTranslationinchinahasalonghistoryofabouttwothousandyears.Duringthecenturies,quiteanumberofworld-famoustranslatorsinChinaappearedoneafteranotherandtheymadegreatcontributionstoChinaaswellastotheworldinthedevelopmentoftranslation.Seethefollowingfacts:1.TheEasternHan–theNorthernandSouthernDynasties(25—581)ChinainvitedforeignersortheforeignerscametoChinabythemselvestotranslateBuddhistScripture.AmongthemwereAnShigao（AnQing）fromPersia(nowIran),InduDharmarakchaandKumarajivaformIndia.2.TheSuiDynasty(581—618)–theTangDynasty(618—907):GoldenAgeofTranslationinAncientChina.ThreegiantsintranslatingBuddhistScriptureappeared:1)XuanZang(theTangDynasty)2)Kumarajiva(theEasternJinDynasty)鸠摩罗什3)Paramatha(alsocalledGunarata)(N.&S.Dynasties)真谛（波罗末他）3.TheMingDynasty(1368—1644)XuGuangqi(徐光启),aChineseandM.Ricci,(利玛窦)anItaliancotranslatedEuclid’sElements(or:Euclid’sElementorum)4.TheQingDynasty(1644—1911)ThereweregreattranslatorslikeYanFuandLinShuLinShu:1Camille(or:LaDameauxCamelias)(《巴黎茶花女遗事》)2UncleTom’sCabin(《黑奴吁天录》)3DavidCopperfield(《块肉余生述》)YanFu:1EvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssaysbyT.H.Huxley(《天演论》)2AnInquiryIntotheNatureandCauseoftheWealthofNationsbyA.Smith(《原富》)3OnLibertybyJ.S.Mill(《群己权界论》)4AHistoryofPoliticsbyE.Jenks(《社会通诠》)习题1.YanFu’s3-wordtranslationcriteriaarefaithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.（严氏三字真言）2.ThetwowordsusedasthecommoncriteriaoftranslationinChinatodayare faithfulnessandsmoothness.3.Translationisarepresentationorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage,notonlyanartbutalsoascience.(whatismeantbytranslation?)4.KarlMarxwasfondofsaying:“Aforeignlanguageisaweaponinthestruggleoflife.”5.Generallyspeaking,aqualifiedtranslatorshouldhavefiveprerequisites：1agoodcommandofthesourcelanguage,2agoodcommandofthetargetlanguage,3awiderangeandscopeofknowledge,4ahighpoliticalconsciousness,5anecessaryknowledgeofbasictechniquesusedintranslation.6.Tome,thecriteriaoftranslationshouldbethefollowingtwowords:faithfulnessandsmoothness,orevenonlyoneword：faithfulness.(whatdoyouthinkshouldbethecriteriaoftranslation？)（faithfulness更重要）“宁顺而不信。”“宁信而不顺”“itisbettertohaveasmoothversionthanafaithfulone.”“ratherbefaithful(inthought)thansmooth(inlanguage)“保持着原作丰姿”“keepthefullflavoroftheoriginalwork.”直译与意译Literaltranslationandliberal(free)translation二大写，标点符号与英汉互译大写规则1.历史上的时间，时期和文件。2.商品的牌子名称3.星期名、月份、假日4.人名和地名5.标题与书名等专名中的实词与两个音节及其以上的虚词。如《儒林外史》TheScholars6.圣经中关于上帝的名词与代词7.职称、头衔和亲属关系称呼用在人名前头时8.机关、学校、建筑物和商业机构的名称，其中英译中的实词。如：教育部MinistryofEducation9.种族、国籍、语言和宗教方面的词语。10.其他一切有特殊含义的词语，包括一句话或一封信的开头词、诗行的开头词、直接引语的开头词、强调词语等。几种标点符号的例句及其英译：1.认识落后，才能去改变落后；学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。Backwardnessmustbeperceivedbeforeitcanbechanged.Apersonmustlearnfromtheadvancedbeforehecancatchupandsurpassthem.（分号变句号） 1.许贞一把抱住秀云，惊异地问道：“你这是怎么啦？”XuZhenhuggedXiuyunandinquiredinastonishment.“What’sthematterwithyou?”（冒号变句号）2.1)······和那墙头上“休谈国事”的招贴，形成一种奇怪的对比和讽刺。...inironicalcontrasttothesignonthewall:“Politicaldiscussionprohibited.”(逗号变冒号)2)王冕看了一回，心里想道“古人说，‘人在画图中’，其实不错。”AsWangMianwatched,hethought,“Theancientssaid,‘Inabeautifulsceneamanfeelsheispartofapicture.’Howtrue!”（加逗号，句号变感叹号）3.“出去！你们全都出去！”秀云发出了命令。“Clearout,allofyou!”Xiuyunordered.（感叹号变逗号）4.“你想要什么？”他怒吼道。“WhatdoYOUwant?”hegrowled.（着重号变大写）6.爱新觉罗·溥仪Aisin-GiorePuYi约瑟夫·布罗兹·铁托JosipBrozTito7.1）据《大唐西域记》记载，那时龟兹有佛寺一百所，僧尼五千余人。AccordingtohisTravelsintheWesternRegion,Qiuciboastedofmorethan100Buddhisttemplesand5000nunsandmonks.2)《故乡》是《鲁迅短篇小说选》一书中最优秀的篇目之一。“MyOldHome”isoneofthebeststoriesinthebookSelectedStoriesofLuXun.（文章、诗、短篇书名号变引号，书名的书名号变斜体）8.司马相如者，汉蜀郡成都人也，字长卿。SimaXiangru,anativeofChengduinShucountry,isalternativelynamedChangqing.（下划线去掉）9.不管我在那里，我还是拿北京作我的小说背景，因为闭上眼睛想起的北京，是要比睁着眼看见的地方，更亲切、更真实、更有感情的，这是真话。NomatterwhereIwas,IshouldliketowritemynovelwithBeijingasitsbackground.Forinmymind’seye,Beijingappearstomemoreintimate,moretangibleandmoreaffectionatethananyotherplaceIactuallysee.Thatisaplainfact.（顿号变逗号）10.1）于是我自己解释说：故乡本也是如此，——虽然没有进步，也未必有如我所感的悲凉。ThenIrationalizedthemattertomyself,saying,Homewasalwayslikethis,andalthoughithasnotimproved,stillitisnotsodepressingasIimagined.2）消息传到聂荣臻将军那里时，他让人把这两个日本小女孩接到前线司令部接待所——滹沱河畔一座小山庄里的一幢农庄。WhenGeneralNieRongzhenlearnedaboutthegirlshehadthembroughttoacottageinamountainhamletbythesideoftheHutuoRiver,theguesthouseofthefrontlinecommandheadquarters.（破折号有时可译成句号或逗号） 英、汉标点对照1.period(.)句号（。）2.comma(,)逗号（，）3.colon(:)冒号（：）4.semicolon(;)分号（；）5.dash(-)破折号（——）6.questionmark(?)问号（？）7.quotationmark(“”or‘’)引号（“”或‘’）8.exclamation(!)感叹号（！）9.ellipsis(...)省略号（······）10.parentheses(())括号（园）（（））11.brackets([])括号（方）（【】）12.underliningRainbow书名号（手稿）（Rainbow或《虹》）13.italicsRainbow书名号（印刷）（Rainbow或《虹》）14.hyphen(-)(co-operate)（无对应的标点符号）15.virgule(/)(he/she)（斜线号，一般汉译为“或”）16.apostrophe(’)(Mike’s)(一般译为“···的”)标点特别情况(,)(you,heandI)顿号（你、我和他）Apostrophe的译法1省字母号（I’m=Iam）2省音号(electric’lectric)3副数符号(manyM.P.’s)4所有格符号(boy’sbook)习题1.琼斯一家的汽车theJoneses’car2.我几位嫂子的信mysisters-in-law’sletters3.我表兄弟们的房子mycousins’houses4.基辛格和尼克松的计划KissingerandNixon’sletters5.尼克松和罗杰斯各自的计划Nixon’sandRogers’splans三专有名词和其他一些名词的翻译专有名词，指人名、地名、机构团体名和其他具有特殊含义的名词或名词词组1外译汉长期以来，由于我国在专有名词的翻译中缺乏统一的规定，所以存在着专有名词翻译的混乱情况。如：SirIsaacNewton奈端（现译：牛顿）Chicago诗家谷/支加哥（现译：芝加哥）连现在的一些普通名词，早先也有各种各样听来古怪的译名Logic逻辑学：严复译为“名学”；孙中山译成“理则学”Philosophy哲学：马相伯译为：“致知”，蔡元培译为“道” 新中国成立以来，我国采取的措施来消除这些问题。1）Followthepronunciationoftheownerofpropernames（名从主人）2）UsethestandardpronunciationoftheChinesecharacter（标准汉音）3）Adopttheestablishedpopulartranslatednames（约定俗成）约定俗成的几个例子：Caesar凯撒Eden艾登Bethune白求恩Athens雅典Seattle西雅图关于外国专有名词汉译的问题，还要记得两点：一是外国人的名字，特别是长期住在中国、工作在中国的一些外国人，往往喜欢把自己的名字中国化，即听起来很像中国人的姓名；二是音译要采用译音表所规定的汉字，不要用那些容易引起联想的字。外国专有名词的意译：一般来说，大多数专有名词用音译；但有一部分确有明确含义者，应用意译.各学科的术语和某些普通名词的翻译规则TheTranslationofTechnicalTermsandOtherCommonNounsNothinggivesthetranslatormoretroubleandmoreperplexitythanthetranslationoftechnicaltermsofsocial,naturalandmilitarysciences.Technicalterms,especiallythoseofnaturalsciences,weregenerallyintroducedtousfirstthroughtransliterationandlater,somehavebeensubstitutedbytheirsemantictranslations,suchastelephone,penicillin,etc.OtherswhichcanhardlybetranslatedsemanticallyinafewChinesecharactersretaintheirtransliterations.Theyare:Soviet,radar,morphone,engine,etc.Thesetermscontainmuchinthemandarelikelytobemisrepresentedofdistortedinmeaning,ifotherwisetranslated.People,therefore,prefertokeeptheirtransliterations,iftheyareshortandeasytoberemembered.AlmostallthetermsinBuddhismweretransliteratedandafterwardshortened,suchasthetranslationsofthewordsthupo(塔),sangha(僧),etc.Mostofthetechnicalterms,especiallythoseofmilitaryandsocialsciences,aretranslatedsemantically.Typicalexamplesofmilitarytermsarejetplane,submarine,machinegun,guidedmissile,etc.TermsofasocialnatureareBuddhism,Marxism,etc.Besidesthetransliterationandthesemantictranslation,thereisathirdwayoftranslatingtechnicaltermsandothercommonnouns,i.e.,tocoinnewChinesecharactersifneedbe.Inthetranslationofchemicalelementssuchasoxygen,hydrogen,antimony,tungstenandsomeothernamesascoffee,pump,typhoon,etc.,thenewcoinedChinesecharactersareused.1.PuretransliterationChocolate巧克力sofa沙发morphine吗啡khan可汗2.PuresemantictranslationAirplane飞机president总统truth真理bread面包3.BothtransliterationandsemantictranslationClub俱乐部Utopia乌托邦typhoon台风romantic浪漫4.TransliterationwithsemantictranslationattheendBeer啤酒cigar雪茄烟czar沙皇card卡片jeep吉普车5.Symbolicaltranslationwithasemanticexplanationattheend Cross十字架pyramid金字塔grape葡萄弹mattock鹤嘴锄2.汉译外TheTranslationofChineseNamesofPersonsandPlacesIntoEnglishTheWade-GilesSystem(威妥玛-贾尔斯系统）hasbeenappliedtothetransliterationofChinesewordsintoEnglishforalongtime.ThesystemwasinitiatedbyThomasFrancisWade（威妥玛）,whopublishedhissystemfirstin1859.Asbothanimperialistagentanda19thcenturysinologist(汉学家）,hehadlivedinChinaforscoresofyearsbeforehebecametheBritishMinisterPlenipotentiarytoChina（英国驻华全权公使）intheQingDynasty.Therearecaseswhereseveralnamesrepresentthesameperson.Sometimes,atitleornicknameisalsousedtofulfillthefunctionofarealname.WecanfindalotofexamplesinourChinesenovels.Thetroubleisthatallthedifferentnamesofthesamepersonmaycomeoutalternativelyinthesamestoryoreveninthesameparagraph.Inorderthatnotraceofambiguityostobeleftintheversion,atranslatorhasgottowardoffanypossiblemisplacement.Inthisconnexion,hemaytransliterateonlyoneofthedifferentnamesanduseitforalltherestortransliterateallofthemandgiveanexplanationtoeachbywayofanote.Whenwetranslatesomenamescontainingorimplyingaspecial,certainmeaningofnickname,wearetousesemantictranslation,ortotranslatetheminacombinationofsemantictranslationandtransliteration.另外把汉语专名译成英语，有两点要特别注意：1.性和名的第一个英文字母要大写，在名性之间空一字符，如：杜牧（DuMu)2.音节界限易混淆读者，应使用隔音符号。如：吴承恩（WuCheng’en）　西安（Xi’an)附文SuggestionorStandard1.CapitalizethefirstletterofpropernamesofcompaniesandorganizationinBeijing.2.CapitalizeeachletterofPinyinandthefirstletterofeachEnglishwordforroadsorotherplacenamesinordertodistinguishPinyinfromEnglishwords.3.Abbreviationsareusedforgeneralnamessuchas“avenue,”“road”adn“expressway”whentheyfollowspecificpropernamesofaplace.e.g.Theabbreviationfor“Avenue(DaJie)”is“Ave”.Theabbreviationfor“Road(Lu)”is“Rd”.Theabbreviationfor“Expressway(Gaosulu)”is“Expwy”.4.Capitalizethesinglewordroadsignsinlinewithinternationalpractice.EXIT(Chukou)=ENTRANCE(Rikou)5.Englishwordsareusedtoindicatedirection.Whenusedinspecificroadnames,“East,”“West,”“South”and“North”shouldbeabbreviated,respectively,into“E.,”“W.,”“S.,”and“N.”E.g：“XisanhuanBeilu”shouldbetranslatedinto“W.3rdRingRd.N.”6.Englishequivalentsareusedforinfrastructureandfacilitiesusedinternationally, suchas“Jichang(airport),”“Chezhan(railwaystation),”“Yiyuan(hospital),”“Tiyuguan(stadium),”and“Jiayouzhan(gasstation),”7.BridgeisusedforanyoverpassinBeijing.8.IndentOrdinalnumbersinEnglish.E.g:1st2nd3rd9.”interchange”isusedforanintersectionwithouttrafficlightand“Junction”forthatwithtrafficlight.某些英文报刊名称的汉译1.TheTimes《泰晤士报》2.NewYorkTimes《纽约时报》3.TheSundayTimes《星期日时报》4.DailyTelegraph《每日电讯报》5.DailyMirror《每日镜报》6.TheGuardian《前卫》（杂志）E7.WallStreetJournal《华尔街日报》8.TheSun《太阳报》E9.Observer《观察家报》E10.ChicagoTribune《芝加哥论坛报》11.TheBostonGlobe《波士顿环球报》12.ChristianScienceMonitor《基督教科学箴言报》13.Time《时代周刊》A14.Newsweek《新闻周刊》A15.TVGuide《电视导报》周刊16.NationalGeographicMagazine《全国地理杂志》17.Reader’sDigest《读者文摘》月刊18.FamilyCircle《家族》月刊（杂志）19.GoodHousekeeping《家政》（杂志）20.TheStar《星报》练习一、翻译报刊名称1.EveningStandard(B.)《旗帜晚报》（英国）2.MorningStar(B.)《晨星报》（英）3.MorningStar(Ind.)《晨星》（杂志）（印度）4.MorningStar(Sri.L)《晨星》（月刊）（斯里兰卡）5.MorningTimes(Sri.L)《时代晨报》（斯里兰卡）6.Punch(B.)《笨拙》周刊（英）7.Punch(Ghana)《笨拙报》周刊（加纳）8.TVTimes(B.)《电视时代》周刊（英）9.RadioTimes(B.)《广播时报》周刊（英）10.TheListener(B.)《听众》周刊（英）二、根据我国政府1978年12月关于我国地名汉译外的规定，改换下列旧译名。1.PekingBeijing2.FormosaTaiwan 3.SwatowShantou4.Canton(City)Guangzhou5.AmoyXiamen6.TheYellowRiverTheHuanghe三、意译下列人名或绰号1.王胡子WhiskerWang2.钱麻子Pock-markedQian3.陈虾子ChentheShrimp4.胡偏头Slant-neckedHu5.张铁臂Iron-armedZhang6.周剥皮SkinnerZhou四、意译下列旅游地名或建筑名1.莫愁湖CarefreeLake2.玉泉JadeFoundation3.大观园GrandViewGarden4.清水塘ClearWaterPool5.枫树湾MapleBay6.放生池ReleasingLifePool7.马蹄角Horse-shoeBay(Cape)8.鸭嘴滩Duck’sBillBeach9.庐山MountLu10.居庸关Juyongguan11.宝塔山PagodaHill12.紫金山PurpleMetalHill(PurpleMountain)13.卧龙岗SleepingDragon(ReposingDragonRidge)14.摩天岭Sky-kissingRange15.独秀峰PeakofUniqueBeauty16.雨花台RainFlowerMount(TerraceoftheRainingFlower)17.飞虎峪FlyingTigerGully18.鼓楼坡DrumTowerSlope19.小石崖SmallRockCliff20.燕子矶SwallowCliff21.七星岩Seven-StarCrag22.仙人洞FairyCave23.朝阳沟Facing-SunValley24.凤凰冲PhoenixDip25.大雁塔BidwildGoosePagoda26.湖心亭Mid-LakePavilion27.佛香阁PavilionoftheFragranceofBuddha28.大观楼GrandSpectacleTavern29.听鹂馆HallofListeningtotheOrioles30.忠义堂Loyalty&JusticeHall31.聚义厅HallofJustice32.养心殿HallofMentalCultivation33.坤宁宫PalaceofEarthlyTranquility34.颐和园SummerPalace35.灵隐室MonasteryofSoul’sRetreat36.文庙ConfuciusTemple37.观音庵NunneryoftheGoddessMercy 38.长春观ChangchunTaoistTemple39.虎跑泉Tiger-clawedSpring40.白鹿洞书院White-deer-caveAcademy人名翻译PoliticalFigureAlexandertheGreat亚历山大大帝Caesar凯撒Stalin斯大林Lenin列宁WinstonChurchhill温斯顿·丘吉尔MargaretThatcher撒切尔Napoleon拿破仑CharlesdeGaulle夏尔·戴高乐WriterHomer荷马Virgil维吉尔Ovid奥维德Dante但丁BritishWriterWilliamShakespeare莎士比亚GeoffreyChaucer乔叟JohnMilton约翰·弥尔顿FrancisBacon弗朗西斯·培根WilliamWordsworth威廉华兹华斯JohnKeats约翰济慈GeorgeGordonByron乔治·戈登·拜伦CharlesDickens狄更斯W.B.Yeats叶芝VirginiaWoolf伍尔芙D.H.LawrenceD.H.劳伦斯GeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳GeorgeOrwell乔治·奥威尔ThomasHardy托马斯·哈代OscarWilde奥斯卡·王尔德FrenchWriterVictorHugo维克多·雨果Balzac巴尔扎克Maupassant莫泊桑Flaubert福楼拜AlexanderDumas,pere大仲马AlexanderDumas,fils小仲马RomanRoland罗曼·罗兰AlbertCamus加缪JeanPaulSartre萨特SimonedeBeauvoir西蒙·波伏娃AmericanWriterRalphWaldoEmerson爱默生HenryDavidThoreau梭罗WaltWhitman惠特曼MarkTwain马克·吐温JackLondon杰克·伦敦TheodoreDreiser德莱赛F.Scott.Fitzgerald菲茨杰拉德ErnestHemingway海明威WilliamFaulkner福克纳JohnSteinbeck斯坦贝克J.D.Salinger塞林格OthercountriesPushkin普希金Chekhov契诃夫Tolstoy托尔斯泰Goethe歌德Tagore泰戈尔PhilosopherPlato柏拉图Socrates苏格拉底Aristotle亚里士多德Spinoza斯宾诺莎Kant康德Hegel黑格尔Descartes笛卡尔Nietzsche尼采Schopenhauer叔本华Wittgenstein维特根斯坦KarlMarx卡尔·马克思Engels恩格斯 Voltaire伏尔泰Rousseau卢梭SigmundFreud弗洛伊德JohnLocke约翰洛克BertrandRussell伯特兰·罗素Heidegger海德格尔BusinessManWarrenBuffet沃伦巴菲特GeorgeSoros乔治索罗斯SteveJobs史蒂夫·乔布斯BillGates比尔·盖茨MovieStarMarilynMonroe玛丽莲·梦露VivienLeigh费雯·丽AudreyHepburn奥黛丽·赫本ClarkGable克拉克盖博GretaGarbo葛丽泰·嘉宝CharlesChaplin卓别林GraceKelly格蕾丝·凯利李小龙BruceLee成龙JackieChen李连杰　JetLiMusicianBeethoven贝多芬Schubert舒伯特Debussy德彪西Mozart莫扎特Bach巴赫Schumann舒曼Chopin肖邦ArtistGiotto乔托Botticelli波提切利LeonarddaVinci达芬奇Michelangelo米开朗琪罗Raphael拉斐尔Rembrandt伦勃朗ClaudeMonet克劳德·莫奈VincentVanGogh文森特·梵高PaulGauguin保罗·高更Renoir雷诺阿Manet马奈Picasso毕加索Matisse马蒂斯AndyWarhol安迪·沃霍尔ScientistIssacNewton艾萨克·牛顿CharlesDarwin查尔斯·达尔文Galileo伽利略Copercicus哥白尼Archimedes阿基米德Euclid欧几里得AlbertEinstein阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦ThomasEdison托马斯·爱迪生MadameCurie居里夫人StephenHawking史蒂芬·霍金FictionalCharacterOedipus俄狄浦斯DonQuixote堂吉诃德SherlockHolmes夏洛克·福尔摩斯JohnWatson约翰·华生JamesBond詹姆斯·邦德ForeignerswhohaveChinesenamesGaryLocke骆家辉JonHuntsman洪博培KevinRudd陆克文GladysYang戴乃迭JohnKingFairbank费正清ChristopherPatten彭定康PearlS.Buck赛珍珠JosephNeedham李约瑟I.M.Pei贝聿铭英美报刊杂志名称英国TheTimes泰晤士报TheFinancialTimes金融时报 TheDailyTelegraph每日电讯报TheGuardian卫报TheSun太阳报TheDailyMirror每日镜报TheNewsoftheWorld世界新闻报TheEconomist经济学家/经济学人美国TheNewYorkTimes纽约时报WashingtonPost华盛顿邮报TheWallStreetJournal华尔街日报USAToday今日美国TheLosAngelesTimes洛杉矶时报Reader’sDigest读者文摘People人物Time时代Newsweek新闻周刊Businessweek商业周刊Forbes福布斯Fortune财富TheNewYorker纽约客国际组织名称UN(UnitedNations)联合国WTO（WorldTradeOrganization）世界贸易组织WHO（WorldHealthOrganizaion）世界卫生组织UNESCO（UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization）联合国教科文组织UNICEF（UnitedNationsInternationalChildrenEmergencyFund）联合国儿童基金会OECD（OrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment）经济合作与发展组织IOC(InternationalOlympicCommittee)国际奥委会ISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)国际标准化组织EU（EuropeanUnion）欧盟Commonwealth英联邦NATO（NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization）北大西洋公约组织（北约）NEFTA（NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea）北美自由贸易区APEC（Aisa-PacificEconomicCooperation)亚太经合组织ASEAN（AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations）东南亚国家联盟（东盟）OPEC（OrganizationofPetrolumExportingCountries)石油输出国组织IMF（InternationalMonetaryFund)国际货币基金组织WorldBank世界银行G-8G-20（Summit）八国集团，二十国集团峰会TheWorldEconomicForuminDavos达沃斯世界经济论坛部分地名Europe欧洲Britain英国首都：London伦敦England英格兰Wales威尔士Scotland苏格兰NorthernIreland北爱尔兰主要城市： Cardiff卡迪夫Edinburgh爱丁堡Belfast贝尔法斯特Liverpool利物浦Leeds利兹Manchester曼彻斯特Birmingham伯明翰Nottingham诺丁汉Cornwall康沃尔Newcastle纽卡斯尔Glasgow格拉斯哥Sheffield谢菲尔德Plymouth普利茅斯Cambridge剑桥Oxford牛津Dover多佛Southhampton南安普顿风景名胜：DowningStreetNo.10唐宁街十号BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫TheBritishMusuem大英博物馆TowerofLondon伦敦塔WestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特大教堂BigBen大本钟Heathrowairport希斯罗机场France法国首都：Paris巴黎主要城市：Lyon里昂Lille里尔Toulouse图卢兹Dijon第戎Nice尼斯Bordeaux波尔多Provence普罗旺斯Cannes戛纳Nantes南特Burgundy勃艮第风景名胜：LeLouvre卢浮宫NotreDamedeParis巴黎圣母院Seine塞纳河EiffelTower埃菲尔铁塔Fontainebleau枫丹白露Elysees爱丽舍宫AvenuedeChamps-Elysees香榭丽舍大街Pantheon先贤祠Versailles凡尔赛L’ArcdeTriomphe(TheArcoftriumph)凯旋门Italy意大利首都：Rome罗马主要城市：Milan米兰Naples那不勒斯Florence佛罗伦萨Sienna锡耶纳Venice威尼斯Turin都灵Verona维罗纳Sicily西西里岛Germany德国首都：Berlin柏林主要城市：Munich慕尼黑Frankfurt法兰克福Koln科隆Hamburg汉堡Hannover汉诺威Stuttgart斯图加特Heidelberg海德堡Bremen不莱梅Dusseldorf杜塞尔多夫Spain西班牙首都：Madrid马德里主要城市：Barcelona巴塞罗那Valencia瓦伦西亚Netherlands荷兰首都：Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹主要城市：Rotterdam鹿特丹Hague海牙Switzerland瑞士首都：Bern伯尔尼主要城市：Geneva日内瓦Zurich苏黎世 Russia俄罗斯首都：Moscow莫斯科主要城市：St.Petersburg圣彼得堡Vladivostok符拉迪沃斯托克（海参崴）欧洲其他国家Andorra安道尔Albania阿尔巴尼亚Austria奥地利（Vienna维也纳）Belgium比利时（Brussels布鲁塞尔）Belarus白俄罗斯（Minsk明斯克）BosniaandHerzegovina波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那（波黑共和国）Bulgaria保加利亚Croatia克罗地亚Cyprus塞浦路斯Czech捷克(Prague布拉格)Denmark丹麦（Copenhagen哥本哈根）Estonia爱沙尼亚Finland芬兰（Helsinki赫尔辛基）Greece希腊（Athens雅典）Hungary匈牙利（Budapest布达佩斯）Iceland冰岛（Reykjavik雷克雅未克）Ireland爱尔兰（Dublin都柏林）Latvia拉脱维亚Lithuania立陶宛Luxembourg卢森堡TheRepublicofMontenegro黑山共和国（2006年独立）Macedonia马其顿Malta马耳他Monaco摩纳哥Moldova摩尔多瓦Norway挪威（Oslo奥斯陆）Poland波兰（Warsaw华沙）Portugal葡萄牙（Lisbon里斯本）Romania罗马尼亚（Buchrarest布加勒斯特）Serbia塞尔维亚（Belgrade贝尔格莱德）SanMarino圣马力诺Slovak斯洛伐克Sweden瑞典（Stockholm斯德哥尔摩）Turkey土耳其（Ankara安卡拉）Ukraine乌克兰(Kiev基辅)Kosovo科索沃（2008年宣布从塞尔维亚独立，尚未获得国际社会认可）Vatican梵蒂冈（世界上最小的主权国家，位于意大利罗马境内）（以下这些国家虽然属于亚洲，但也常被列入欧洲）Azerbaijan阿塞拜疆 Georgia格鲁吉亚（注意此地名和美国的乔治亚州相同）Kazakhstan哈萨克斯坦Asia亚洲India印度首都：NewDelhi新德里主要城市：Mumbai孟买Delhi德里Kolkata加尔各答Bangalore班加罗尔Japan日本首都：Tokyo东京主要城市：Kyoto京都Yokohama横滨Osaka大阪Kobe神户Nagoya名古屋Hiroshima广岛Armenia亚美尼亚Afghanistan阿富汗(Kabul喀布尔)Bangladesh孟加拉国（Dhaka达卡）Bahrain巴林Bhutan不丹（Thimphu廷布）Brunei文莱Burma缅甸China中国（Beijing北京）Cambodia柬埔寨（PhnomPenh金边）Indonesia印度尼西亚（Jakarta雅加达）Laos老挝（Vientiane万象）Lebanon黎巴嫩（Beirut贝鲁特）Malaysia马来西亚（KualaLumpur吉隆坡）Maldives马尔代夫（Male马累）Mongolia蒙古（UlanBator乌兰巴托）Nepal尼泊尔（Kathmandu加德满都）NorthKorea朝鲜(Pyongyang平壤)SouthKorea韩国（Seoul首尔）SriLanka斯里兰卡（Colombo科伦坡）Thailand泰国（Bangkok曼谷）Pakistan巴基斯坦(Islamabad伊斯兰堡)Philippines菲律宾（Manila马尼拉）Singapore新加坡Vietnam越南（Hanoi河内）Timor-Leste东帝汶Jordan约旦（Amman安曼）Iraq伊拉克（Baghdad巴格达）Iran伊朗（Tehran德黑兰）Israel以色列（TelAviv特拉维夫）Palestine巴勒斯坦（尚未建国）Jerusalem（耶路撒冷）SaudiArabia沙特阿拉伯（Riyadh利雅得） Yemen也门Oman阿曼TheUnitedArabEmirates阿联酋（AbuDhabi阿布扎比）Kuwait科威特Qatar卡塔尔（Doha多哈）Syria叙利亚（Damascus大马士革）Turkmenistan土库曼斯坦Kyrgyz吉尔吉斯斯坦Tajikistan塔吉克斯坦Uzbekistan乌兹别克斯坦Oceania大洋洲Australia澳大利亚首都：Canberra堪培拉主要城市：Sydney悉尼Melbourne墨尔本Brisbane布里斯班Adelaide阿德莱德Perth珀斯NewZealand新西兰首都：Wellington惠灵顿大洋洲其他国家Fiji斐济PapuaNewGuinea巴布亚新几内亚Nauru瑙鲁Palau帕劳Tonga汤加Tuvalu图瓦卢SolomonIslands所罗门群岛NorthAmerica北美洲Canada加拿大首都：Ottawa渥太华主要城市：Toronto多伦多Montreal蒙特利尔Vancouver温哥华Calgary卡尔加里Quebec魁北克TheUnitedStatesofAmerica美国首都：WashingtonD.C.华盛顿特区主要城市：NewYork纽约Boston波士顿Chicago芝加哥Detroit底特律Philadelphia费城Cleveland克利夫兰Cincinnati辛辛那提Nashville纳什维尔Baltimore巴尔的摩Pittsburgh匹兹堡Memphis孟菲斯Buffalo布法罗LosAngeles洛杉矶SanFrancisco旧金山（圣弗朗西斯科）SanJose圣何塞SanDiego圣地亚哥（圣迭戈）Atlanta亚特兰大NewOrleans新奥尔良St.Louis圣路易斯Orlando奥兰多Miami迈阿密Tempa坦帕Huston休斯顿Dallas达拉斯SaltLakeCity盐湖城LittleRockCity小石城AtlanticCity大西洋城LasVegas拉斯维加斯Seattle西雅图Portland波特兰 Denver丹佛Phoenix菲尼克斯（凤凰城）风景名胜：TheRockyMountains落基山TheAppalachianMountains阿巴拉契亚山GrandCanyon大峡谷YellowstoneNationalPark黄石国家公园NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉大瀑布Manhattan曼哈顿Brooklyn布鲁克林WhiteHouse白宫TheCapitolHill国会山LincolnMemorial林肯纪念堂CampDavid戴维营ArlingtonNationalCemetery阿灵顿国家公墓TheStatueofLiberty自由女神像Pentagon五角大楼LongIsland长岛Mt.Rushmore拉什莫尔山SiliconValley硅谷Hollywood好莱坞BeverlyHills比弗利山Broadway百老汇WallStreet华尔街CentralPark中央公园EmpireStateBuilding帝国大厦Mexico墨西哥Cuba古巴Haiti海地PuertoRico波多黎各Jamaica牙买加CostaRica哥斯达黎加CentralAmerica中美洲Belize伯利兹Bahamas巴哈马Bermuda百慕大Dominica多米尼加Honduras洪都拉斯Nicaragua尼加拉瓜Guatemala危地马拉Panama巴拿马ElSalvador萨尔瓦多SouthAmerica南美洲Argentina阿根廷　（BuenosAires布宜诺斯艾利斯）Brazil巴西（Brasilia巴西利亚　Rio里约）Bolivia玻利维亚Chile智利　（Santiago圣地亚哥）Columbia哥伦比亚Ecuador厄瓜多尔Suriname苏里南Guyana圭亚那Paraguay巴拉圭Uruguay乌拉圭Peru秘鲁（Lima利马）Venezuela委内瑞拉Africa非洲Algeria阿尔及利亚Angola安哥拉 Benin贝宁Botswana博茨瓦纳Burundi布隆迪Cameroon喀麦隆Chad乍得Congo刚果Egypt埃及（Cairo开罗）Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚Gabon加蓬Gambia冈比亚Guinea几内亚Ghana加纳IvoryCoast科特迪瓦Kenya肯尼亚Libya利比亚Lesotho莱索托Madagascar马达加斯加Malawi马拉维Mali马里Morocco摩洛哥Niger尼日尔Nigeria尼日利亚Rwanda卢旺达Senegal塞内加尔SierraLeone塞拉利昂SouthAfrica南非（Johannesburg约翰内斯堡CapeTown开普敦）Somalia索马里Sudan苏丹Tanzania坦桑尼亚Togo多哥Tunisia突尼斯Uganda乌干达Zambia赞比亚Zimbabwe津巴布韦第四章确定词意，表达得体任何翻译都要的两个必不可少的步骤：一是正确理解；二是确切表达。“Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.”一般来说，确定词义，主要依赖译者对源语的精通；二表达得体，则主要决定了译者的译入语水平和对待翻译的精益求精。一、确定词义确定词义很不容易，但又很重要。见下例 1.TheSchoolofAir2.LasteveningIwenttoadoheldbyourChinaStudyGroup.3.theSeeofSydney4.Theywantedustohavetea,butwesaidwe’djusthadit.ThenMissStandishwantedustohaveteaandcake.5.Sevenmonthstheyspenduptherekillingthemselvesinthecaneseason,‘ndthentheycomedownheretolivealittle.6.MissUniverse(or:MissWorld)7.Shetoldmethather18-year-oldsonwasthebaby.8.HermotherisasisterinaMelbournehospital.9.协议书10.家政学翻译：1.广播学校2.昨晚我参加了我们中国研究组的集会。（do：集会，娱乐宴聚活动）3.悉尼教廷（see教廷）4.他要我们吃晚饭，我们说刚吃过，于是斯坦迪什小姐就要我们喝茶吃点心。5.甘蔗收获季节七个月，他们在那里累死累活。然后才能到这里稍稍享受享受。（live尽情享受kill精疲力尽或受苦受累）6.世界小姐7.她对我们说她那18岁的儿子是她子女中年纪最小的。（baby表示兄弟姐妹中最年小的）8.她母亲是墨尔本一家医院的护士长。（sister在此表示护士长或是资历高的护士）9.Agreement10.HomeEconomics二、表达得体表达得体就是使译文恰如其分，不仅和原文的意思相符而且和原文的风格相符。如何在翻译中做到表达得体，可以归纳为如下几条1.一定要联系上下文，这是确定词义、表达得体的基础。2.注意文字表达的分寸与褒贬。3.活用词典，即不能照抄词典上的译文。4.充分发挥汉语和英语的优势，使译文更地道，做到精益求精。如汉语中四字成语很多，使用得当，无疑会使译文大放光彩。另外汉语的同义词很丰富，选准了就会文语得体。下列例子可表现汉语优势1.Caterisshootingatoilnow,butwhowillbenext?卡特现在正那石油开刀，下一个目标是谁呢？2.AloneRooseveltcouldhaveaccomplishedlittle.罗斯福要是光杆司令，他也不会有所作为。3.NaturallyI,achildofbothworlds,amconsciousofthese. 作为新旧世界的后裔，我当然意识到这些关系。4.Itispossiblethattheyneverimaginedthatanyconsiderableamountofpublicopinionwouldberalliedintheirfavor.他们绝没可能想到，竟会有这么多的舆论支持他们。5.Lookhere,oldboy,nooneisinterestedinyourbloodyappreciation.老兄，听着，没有人对你那个乱弹琴的意见感兴趣。三、正确理解与表达译例一、应用文方面的译例：汉语中同一个字，所处的上下文不同，译法就会各不同，译法就会各不相同。1.××书1）申请书LetterofApplication2）报告书Report3）协议书Agreement4）成绩通知书GradeReport5）旅行委托书BookingForm6）成交确认书SalesConfirmation7）白皮书WhiteBook8）家书aLetterfromHome(or:alettertohome)2.××启事1）招领启事Found2）鸣谢启事Acknowledge3）征稿启事ContributionsWanted4）更正启事Corrections3.××单1）名单namelist2）账单bill3）订阅单subscriptionform4）收款清单accountnote5）文艺汇演节目单aprogramofentertainment6）传单leaflet7）床单bedsheet4.××表1）病例单casehistoryform2）履历单resume3）时间表timetable4）日程表schedule5.××信1）推荐信letterofrecommendation2）证明信certificate3）口信anoralmessage以上是汉译英的例子。英译汉也有类似的情况。如：1.form1）formofreceipt收条2）ticketorderform订票单 3）atelegraphform电报纸2.list1）anactivelist现役官兵名册2）anexportlist出口商品目录二、英汉互译中切忌望文生义，一定要有根据，要合乎习惯用法。特别是一些日常用语，如公共揭示用语（publicsigns）和一些公共场所名称的英汉互译中更要注意。1.AdmittanceFree免票入场2.NoAdmittanceExceptonBusiness非公莫入3.Wet(or:Fresh)Paint油漆未干4.VisitorsDeclined谢绝参观5.OutofBounds游客止步6.Engaged(or:Taken)有人占用7.RoadUp,Detour马路翻修，车辆绕行8.Blocks（or:NoThoroughfare）此路不通9.SeetotheFire小心烟火10.CamerasForbidden严禁拍照11.ShootingProhibited禁止打猎12.KeepTopSideUp请勿倒置13.HandleWithCare小心轻放14.Round-the-ClockBusiness昼夜营业15.问讯台InformationDesk16.传达室GateHouse17.衣帽间Cloak(or:Check)Room18.太平间EmergencyDoor(or:Exit)19.意见箱ComplaintBox20.前面施工WorkmenAhead21.勿踏草地KeepOfftheGrass22.中速行驶，安全礼让DriveatModerateSpeed;YieldtheRightofWayforSafety’sSake三、下面在列举一些容易译错的例子。1.Rissiandressing蛋黄酱2.YourHonour法官大人（阁下）3.courtesycard优待卡4.Olevel学科水平合格证5.apoptest突然袭击的考试6.EveningStandard《旗帜晚报》7.Syncom同步通讯卫星8.extendedfamily直系家庭9.WaltzingMatilda背着铺盖流浪四方10.“HowWeKeptMother’sDay”waswrittenbyanEnglish-bornCanadianauthor.《我们是怎么过母亲节的》是一位英国出生的加拿大作者写的。 11.Theleisurebusinesschieflyreferstotouristindustryandtheindustryofentertainment.消遣业（休闲业）主要是指旅游业和娱乐业12.Hesaidhe’dloveatriponaluxurylinerbecausehewasalwaysagoodsailor.他说她喜欢乘舒适豪华的班船旅行，因为他从不晕船。13.Someschedulesaresubjecttolastminutechanges.Pleasecallusifyoucan’tcome.有些时间表，直到最后一分钟都会变化。要是你不能来，请给我们打电话。14.Likeknowslike.英雄识英雄。15.Injoltingdown,peopleliketouseabbreviation,acronymsandinitials.在快速笔记时，人们喜欢用缩略词、首字母缩略词和首字母。16.他在伦敦那所广播、电视和函授大学学习时，常常认真做家庭作业，甚至连自由选作题也做了。DuringhisstudyintheOpenUniversityinLondonheoftendidhishomeworkconscientiouslyandevencompletedtheopenquestion.17.自然科学分类统计资料如下。Thebreakdownofthephysicalsciencesisasfollows.18.GoingtotheTheatreIfyouwanttobecertainofseeingaplayinLondon,youhavetobookyourseatinadvance.Youcanbuyyourticketseitheratatheatreticketagencyoratthebox-officeinthetheatreitself.Ifyougoinalargeparty,itisnotalwayspossibleforallyoutositinthesamepartofthetheatre.Somewillhavetositinthestalls,othersinthedresscircle,andsomeintheuppercircle.Seatsinaboxorthefrontstallsarethemostexpensive.Whilebuyingyourtickets,you’vegottomakeclearwhethertheyareformatineeorevening.去看戏如果你想有把握在伦敦看场戏，就得事先订票。买票到剧院售票代办处或在剧院内的售票处均可。假如是集体看戏，要坐在一起总是不可能。有的要坐在正厅（前几排），另外一些人得坐在楼座前几排，有的坐楼座后几排。包厢和正厅前排座位票价最高。买票的时候，你一定要弄清你要的是日场的还是夜场的。19．Intheairplane--ADialogueBetweenStewardessandPassengerS:MayIseeyourboardingpass?P:Ohhereitis.IhopeIgotnon-smokingsection.S:Yes,youdid.It’sSeat32Contheaisle.P:Miss,thisismyfirstflight.Iwonderifyoucouldshowmetheropes.S:Certainly,I’dbegladto.Everyonehastomaketheirfirstflightsometime.P:Thanks,Idon’tevenknowhowtofastenmysafetybelt. S:Theintercomwillgiveyouinstruction.P:Thankyou.在飞机空姐：我可以看看您的登机卡吗？乘客：你请。我希望我的座位在无烟区。空：恩，是的。您的座位在32排C座，靠走道。乘：小姐，这是我第一次坐飞机，你能否告诉我有关规则。空：没问题，我乐意效劳。谁都有第一次乘飞机的时候。乘：太谢谢了，我连怎么系安全带都不知道呢。空：机内通讯联络系统会告诉你的。乘：谢谢。练习一、翻译1.Youhavemysympathy.我同情你。2.Agreatelationovercomesthem.他们兴喜若狂。3.March,1913foundmeworkinginasmallconstructionalfirm.1913年三月，我在一家小建筑公司工作。4.WashingtoninthattimewasaplaceforMovementpeopletocomeformoney,notmarches.那时候青年激进分子到华盛顿来是为了筹款，而不是搞游行示威。5.Aringroadliesonthesiteofanoldtownwallwhichhasbeenremoved.旧的城墙已经拆掉，原来的墙址上修了一条环城马路。6.Didyouatleasttotaltheguythathityou?那个打你的家伙，你最起码也找他算过账了吧？7.Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.约翰为人可信，正直诚信。二、翻译下列短语和句子，注意一语多译或多语同译1.1）abrokenman绝望的人2）abrokensoldier残废兵3）brokenmoney零钱2.1）itwasagooddinner.2）OurPartysecretaryprovedtobeaverygoodlistener.那是一次丰盛的宴会。3）Thecaptainofthejetcameback,salutedand,inverygoodEnglishsaidtothePresident,“ToCairo,sir?”我们的书记显得善于听取他人意见。4）He(Dulles)wastold,whencomplainingthathecouldnotfollowNasser’smoves,thatNasserwasagoodchessplayer.喷气飞机机长走过来，敬了礼，用非常漂亮的英语文总统：“先生，去开罗吗？”5）TheyarereallygoodChristians,goodparents,children,wivesorhusband.有一次当他（杜勒斯）抱怨纳赛尔棋步难以捉摸时，有人对他说，纳赛尔是个高明的棋手。 3.1）Weareneithermakinganapologynorexpressingglee.我们既不向谁表示歉意，也不洋洋得意。2）HeknowsofcoursetheirtriumphantproclamationbytheBonapartistgeneralsthemselves.他当然知道波拿马的将军们洋洋自得地宣布的种种暴行。3）Heexultsintheimportantpartheplaysandthenoisehemakesintheworld!他对自己所起的重要作用以及在全世界制造喧嚣洋洋得意。4）ItwasobviousthattheAmericanwasbackingdown.Edenwasbesidehimselfwithfury.AndNasserrodehigh.很明显，美国在打退堂鼓。艾登气得不得了，而纳赛尔则洋洋得意。三、翻译下列句子，注意词义的褒贬。1.1）Theyincitedhimtogintofurtherinvestigation.他们鼓励他在作进一步的调查。2）Theplottersincitedthesoldierstoriseagainsttheirofficers.密谋者煽动士兵反对他们的军官。2.1）Thisgeneralhasthereputationofbeingcourageous.这位将军以勇敢闻名。2）Hewasanhonestman,butunfortunatelyhehadacertainreputation.他是个诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。3.ManyoftheoldOrleaniststagershadmergedintotheBonapartistLot.很多奥尔良派的老角色也与波拿马派同流合污了。4.InourSecondAddressonthewar,fivedaysaftertheadventofthosemen,wetoldyouwhattheywere.在这伙人上台五天以后，我们在关于前次战争的第二篇宣言中已经向你们说明他们究竟是些什么货色了。5.ButitwouldbeludicroustodaytoattemptrecountingthemerelypreliminaryatrocitiescommittedbythebombardiersofParisandthefomentersofaslaveholders’rebellionprotectedbyforeigninvasion.但是今天要试图一一列举那些轰击巴黎，在外国侵略者的卵翼下发起奴隶主叛乱的人们的暴行（而这些暴行仅仅是开始），那就太可笑了。四、下下列句子或段落的翻译中注意选词用字1.1）Thepeopletheworldoverhopetoenjoyalastingpeace.全世界人民都希望享受永久和平。2）TheirjourneyleftalastingimprintonMexicanculture,ontherefinementofitsartsandcustoms.这一航行在墨西哥的文化中，在她艺术和风俗的改进中，留下不可磨灭的痕迹。2.Manyprominentjournalistsbesiegehisdoor,seekingaudiencewithhimandPresidentBush.许多知名记者竞相登门求见，并要求他引见布什总统。3.Wewouldliketobuildacolorblindsocietywhereallmencanhaveequalopportunity.我们愿意建立一个机会均等、不因肤色不同而产生种族歧视的社会。 4.Alas,anexaminationoftheinternationalsituationdoesnotwarrantoptimism.可惜的是，国际形势看来并不使人乐观。5.ArabsrubshoulderswithJews,andhavebeendoingsofromtheearliersettlementoftheterritories.阿拉伯人和以色列人生活在一起，而且从这些地区最初有人居住的时候就一种如此。6.Heonceagainimpartedtoushisgreatknowledge,experienceandwisdom.我们又一次领教了他渊博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。7.ButEgyptwasrecoveringherself,drawinglessonsbothfromherownmistakesandfromherenemies.埃及正在恢复自己的本来面目，她既从自己的错误中吸取教训，又从自己的敌人那里得到借鉴。8.Nuclearenergyisstoredinthenucleusofanatomandcanbereleasedthroughfission,fusion,orradioactivity.原子能储存在原子核，可通过裂变、聚变或放射释放出来。9.TrafficRegulationsandDrivingHabitsinSomeEuropeanCountriesInAustria,afirstaidkitiscompulsory.Duringlicenseswillbeconfiscatedforanalcoholoffence.InBelgiumtrafficfromtherighthastherightofway.Ifyouareinvolvedinanaccidentyoumuststayatthesceneuntilthepoliceallowyoutoleave.InFrance,seatbeltsarecompulsoryoutsidebuilt-upareas.InHolland,seatbeltsarecompulsoryfordiversandfrontseatpassengersunlesstheyareunder1.6meterstall.InItaly,penaltiesareheavyfordrunkendrivers.Sometimestheycanbeputinprisonforuptosixmonths.Translation（？）ofdriver’slicenseisessential.InGermany,parkingfacingtheoncomingtrafficisforbidden.某些欧洲国家的交通规则和驾驶习惯在奥地利，车上必备急救药箱。司机要是喝了酒，其执照必须吊销。在比利时，右边来的车有优先行使权。如果你与事故有关，必须留在现场，尽警察允许才能离开。在法国，车出建筑物多的地方之后必须系上安全带。在荷兰，身高过1.6米者，开车或与司机坐同一排时一定要系安全带。在意大利，司机醉酒必受严惩，有时得坐牢半年。翻译（？吊销！）执照是必不可少的。在德国，禁止对着车停车。第五章书名和标题的翻译一、关于文章的标题标题一般分为如下几种常见类型：1.词组型标题2.动宾型标题3.陈述句标题4.问句标题5.带有破折号（或副标题）的标题 看下例：1.《马恩早期著作中关于科学技术的思想》（词组型）Marx’sandEngel’sViewsonScienceandTechnologyasReflectedinTheEarlierWorks2.《试论我国建设社会主义时期反封建残余的斗争》（动宾型）TheStruggleAgainstVestigesofFeudalisminSocialistChina3.《尊重客观经济规律促进国民经济持续的高速度发展——谈谈我国国民经济发展中的“两期两落”》（带有破折号或副标题类型）Onthe“TwoUpsandTwoDowns”intheDevelopmentofOurNationalEconomy4.《章太炎是什么派》（问句标题）ThePoliticalStandofZhangTaiyan5.《农业现代化是扩大就业的物质基础》（陈述句标题）ModernizationofAgricultureastheMaterialBasisforEnlargedEmployment通过以上例子，可以总结出如下方法1.适当使用翻译技巧2.抓住主要内容3.以具体代替空泛：汉语文章标题常用比较空泛而抽象的评介性题目，再用副标题提出实质性的内容，有时还采用汉语特有的对仗形式。这类标题的英译如过分拘泥于原文，题目不免冗长，且不能突出重点。因此翻译时要抓住具体的实质性内容。4.在忠实于原文的前提下使译文合乎语言习惯：如英语特点之一就是可用短语代替汉语陈述句，可以避免平铺直叙而又显得地道简洁。要说明的一点是，标题与书名并无严格界限，实质上是一回事。二、关于书名的翻译一、早年的译作，大多采取“意译”的方法，一种随便的“意译”方法，即根本不管原著的书名而为了某种社会需要或客观效果由译者另起炉灶。林纾就是此代表。如他把UncleTom’sCabin译成《黑奴呼天录》二、过去有很多译名，尽管有的不那么理想，但已沿用很久，影响深远为广大群众所熟悉，就只好遵从“约定俗成”的原则，继续使用它们如《圣经》各书的译名：1.Genesis《创世纪》2.Number《民数记》3.Judge《士师记》4.Kings《列王记》5.Chronicles《历代志》6.Psalm《诗篇》7.Proverbs《箴言》8.Jude《犹大书》9.Acts《使徒行传》10.Jonah《约拿书》11.Romans《罗马书》 12.St.Mark《马可福音》13.SongofSolomon《雅歌》三、书名译名讲求简短易记，文字优美，吸引读者，多采用汉语四字成语或四字格。如：1.All’sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》2.AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》3.WaterlooBridge《魂断蓝桥》4.CarveHerNamewithPride《女英烈传》5.OliverTwist《雾都孤儿》6.Love’sLabour’sLost《空爱一场》7.MeasureforMeasure《恶有恶报》8.MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》9.ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》10.SheStoopstoConquer《委曲求全》11.DombeyandSon《董贝父子》12.ProfessorUnrat《垃圾教授》13.BleakHouse《荒凉山庄》14.TheheartbreakHouse《伤心之家》15.TheWaroftheWorlds《星际战争》16.RedStarOverChina《西行漫记》17.GonewiththeWind《乱世佳人》18.HistoryofNewYorktotheEndoftheDutchDynasty,byDiedrichKnickerbocker《纽约外史》19.SisterCarrie《嘉丽妹妹》20.ForWhomtheBellTolls《战地钟声》21.OfMiceandMen《人鼠皆然》四、一名多译，多数各有千秋：同一书名在新旧多种译名的情况不少，要注意学习，具有这方面的知识，并能分辨其优劣，决定取舍。切记不要自己乱译。如：1.《水浒传》a.WaterMarginb.AllMenAreBrothersc.HeroesoftheMarshd.OutlawsoftheMarsh2.《红楼梦》a.TheStoryoftheStoneb.DreamoftheRedChamberc.ADreamofRedMansions3.TalesfromShakespearea.《吟边燕语》b.《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》4.DavidCopperfielda.《块肉余生述》b.《大卫·科波菲尔》 c.《大卫·考坡菲》5.WutheringHeightsa.《魂归离恨天》b.《呼啸山庄》c.《咆哮山庄》6.AFarewelltoArmsa.《战地春梦》b.《永别了，战争》c.《永别了，武器》d.《永别了，凯瑟琳的怀抱》7.ForWhomtheBellsTollsa.《战地钟声》b.《钟为谁鸣》c.《丧钟为谁而鸣》8.GonewiththeWinda.《飘》b.《随风逝去》c.《随风而去》d.《乱世佳人》9.TheCalloftheWilda.《荒野的呼唤》b.《野性的呼喊》c.《野性的呼声》10.TheVoyageofDamneda.《苦海余生》b.《该死的航程》11.Spell-bounda.《意乱情迷》b.《勾魂摄魄》c.《爱德华大夫》五、首先要弄清书名的典故，然后再决定译名：有些作家，如ErnestHemingway和J.E.Steinbeck等，喜欢引用典故作书名。六、关于书名的翻译方法，还有别的方法，如音译、音译和意译相结合，等等。但不管用什么方法，有两条必须牢记：一是真正看懂全书之后再决定译名；二是译出的书名必须符合通用的翻译标准：“忠实，通顺”，并且要有美感。上面六条，基本上是关于文学书名的翻译。至于非文学性书名的翻译，与上述几点相比，有共同处也有不同处。这不同之处主要是：非文学性书名以直译为主，意译为辅。如：一、以直译为主：1.CommunicationAcrossCulture:TranslationTheoryandContrastiveTextLinguistics 《跨文化交际——翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》2.TheScienceofTranslation:ProblemsandMethods《翻译学——问题与方法》3.ATextbookofTranslation《翻译教程》4.DiscourseadntheTranslator《语篇与译者》5.LanguageandCulture:ContextsinTranslating《语言与文化——翻译中的语境》一、意译者与部分意译者1.ConstructingCultures:EssayonLiteraryTranslation《文化构建——文学翻译论集》2.TranslatingasaPurposefulActivity:FunctionistApproachesExpained《目的性行为——解析功能翻译理论》3.ThePragmaticsofTranslation《语用学与翻译》4.TranslationStudies:AnIntegratedApproach《翻译研究——综合法》5.TowardaScienceofTranslating《翻译科学探索》部分经典书名翻译PrideandPrejudice《傲慢与偏见》SenseandSensibility《理智与情感》Persuasion《劝导》MansfieldPark《曼斯菲尔德庄园》ParadiseLost《失乐园》RobinsonCrusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》TheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》ATaleofTwoCities《双城记》GreatExpectation《远大前程》JaneEyre《简·爱》TheOldManandtheSea《老人与海》ForWhomtheBellTolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》TheScarletLetter《红字》TheSoundandtheFury《喧哗与骚动》Catch-22《第二十二条军规》TheCatcherintheRye《麦田里的守望者》Rebecca《蝴蝶梦》MobyDick《白鲸》Pilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》 VanityFair《名利场》莎士比亚作品All’sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》AsYouLikeit《皆大欢喜》MuchAdoaboutNothing《无事生非》MeasureForMeasure《恶有恶报》Love’sLabour’sLost《空爱一场》TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》KingLear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》Othello《奥赛罗》Hamlet《哈姆雷特》RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》AMidsummerNight’sDream《仲夏夜之梦》MerchantsofVenice《威尼斯商人》TheTempest《暴风雨》TwelfthNight《第十二夜》附录：商标的翻译常见商标品牌翻译Procter&Gamble（P&G）宝洁Heads&Shoulders海飞丝Rejoice飘柔Safeguard舒肤佳Tide汰渍电子产品HP惠普Dell戴尔Xerox施乐Siemens西门子Motorola摩托罗拉石油公司RoyalDutchShell荷兰皇家壳牌石油公司ExxonMobil埃克森美孚ConocoPhillips康菲石油公司BP（BritishPetroleum）英国石油公司Total道达尔金融FannieMae房利美FreddieMac房地美HSBC汇丰CitiBank花旗银行StandardChartered渣打银行MerrillLynch美林证券AIG美国国际集团（AmericanInternationalGroup）GoldmanSachs高盛MorganStanley摩根斯坦利日本品牌Toyota丰田Hitachi日立Canon佳能Honda本田Toshiba东芝Mitsubishi三菱Suzuki铃木Panasonic松下Sony索尼其他Pfizer辉瑞Nestle雀巢Cisco思科Oracle甲骨文FedEx联邦快递Johnson&Johnson强生Unilever联合利华DowChemical陶氏化学Michelin米其林Boeing波音GE（GeneralElectric）通用电气汽车 BMW宝马Mercedes-Benz梅赛德斯·奔驰Volkswagen大众Hummer悍马LandRover路虎Peugeot标致Volvo沃尔沃Porsche保时捷Jaguar捷豹Ikea宜家PizzaHut必胜客Starbucks星巴克Mirinda美年达Sprite雪碧PepsiCola百事可乐CocaCola可口可乐7-Up七喜Fanta芬达超市Wal-Mart沃尔玛Carrefour家乐福Metro麦德龙TescoCostco好市多BestBuy百思买中国品牌联想Lenovo华为Huawei中兴ZTE（ZhongxingTelecomEquipment）海尔Haier格力Gree方正Founder宏基Acer第六章Idioms与熟语的翻译一、什么是idiom和熟语？它们包括什么？指一些什么语言内容？在综合了众多的英、汉词典和大量参考书和材料后，可以作出这样的回答：Idiomsinbroadsensemayinclude:1.setphrases,2.proverbs3.saying4.epigrams5.slangexpression6.colloquialisms7.quotations8two-partallegoricalsayings.根据这一定义，它相当于，或可译为汉语的“熟语”。而汉语的广义的“熟语”一般可包括：1.短语2.成语（多由四字组成）3.俗语4.谚语5.格言6.箴言7.名言（引语或语录）8.警句9.隽语10.俚语11.粗话12.行话13.歇后语14.习语，等等。由于Idioms和熟语翻译的困难，中外古今学者对其翻译方法尚无定论，仅从他们自己的研究角度提供了一些有用的翻译方法。一、《英汉翻译教程》提出三种主要方法：（一）直译法（二）意译法（三）同义语套用法（一）直译法：1coldwar冷战2.armedtotheteeth3.agentleman’sagreement君子协定（二）意译法：1tobecat’spaws上当2likeafishoutofwater很不自在3.tobebornwithasliverspooninone’smouth生在富贵之家（三）同义词语套用法：1笑掉大牙tolaughoffone’shead2猫哭老鼠toshedcrocodiletears3tobeoutatelbows捉襟见肘二、但是，同义熟语的套用是有条件的，不能在任何情况下都使用。《也谈英文成语的翻译》一文中说：“一组对应的中文和英文成语即使意思相近或形式相似，二者的确切涵义和感情色彩也多有细微的甚至很大的差别，故而不可随便借用···”由于文化背景和民族心理素质的不同，两种语言的一组对应成语即使词义相近，因潜在的背景因素引起的心理联想也不会相同，故而要特别注意避免使用包含本民族具体人名、地名和历史神话典故的成语来套译英文成语。如：林琴南当年译穿着西服的洋绅士“拂袖而去”，商务印书馆出版的《英华大辞典》也不把Speakofangelsandyouwillheartheirwings译作“说曹操，曹操到” 三、深爱中华民族及其灿烂文化的广大海外侨胞中也不乏其人。也有人不太赞成直译而较倾向把英语习语尽量译成汉语成语或熟语。四、综上所述，翻译idioms和熟语的比较实用的方法可以归纳为如下五条：1.直译加解释法：采取直译加解释的方法来翻译，不仅能使读者见到其原有的形象和风格，还可以帮助读者进一步理解它们的潜在意义。尽管译文有点啰嗦，却能显出被译熟语的本色。在编写词典时常用此译法。如：1.(Thereis)norosewithoutathorn.没有不带刺的玫瑰。（世上没有十全十美的幸福；有乐必有苦）2.Anolddogwilllearnnonewtricks(youcannotteacholddogsnewtricks)老狗学不出新把戏。（老顽固不能学新事物）2.直译联想法：由于使用汉语和英语的两种民族文化的差异，各自的某些熟语含义或比喻意义基本相同，但表达方法差异很大。对这样的熟语要使用直译联想法，如：1.Badworkmenoftenblamethiertools.拙匠常怪工具差（联想：不会撑船怪河弯）2.Hewholaughsatcrookedmenshouldneedwalkverystraight.笑被人驼背的人的自己先把身子挺直（联想：己不正不正人）3.It’salonglanethathasnoturning.　　　路定有弯，世上没有直路（联想：事毕有变）　　　　3.意译改造法：英、汉语有些熟语意译大致相等，二者的差别仅在于形象和风格，翻译时，只要略加改造，即可达意。如：　　1.nosmokewithoutfire.无火不起烟（来自：无风不起浪）4.对联增字法：汉语中以对联形式构成的谚语较为常见。上联说形象，下联说意义。如：路遥知马力，等等。某些英语熟语用对联对字的手段处理，将会收到较好的效果。如：1.Illnewcomesapace.好事不出门，坏事传千里。2.Hewhokeepscompanywiththewolfwilllearntohowl.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。5.等值互借法：有些英语和某些汉语的熟语无论在意义、形象或风格上都比较相近或相似，翻译时可采取等值互借方法。如：1.Amongtheblindtheone-eyedmanisking.山中无老虎，猴子称大王。2.Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。在使用此法时，有一点要牢记：民族色彩、文化因素太重的熟语要尽量避免相互套用。Idioms来源英语中的idioms很多。其中保存idioms最多的文献当推对现今西方文化影响较大的著作。这些著作主要是：1)TheBible,2)WritingsbyW.Shakespeare,3)TheFablesofAesop。如：I．IdiomsfromtheBible: 1.Thedaysofouryearsarethree-scoreyearsandten.我们一生的岁月是七十岁。（“人生七十古来稀”）2.theappleoftheeye眼珠（掌上明珠）3.hideone’slightunderabushel（联想：不露锋芒）4.newwineinoldbottles旧瓶装新酒5.adeaddog废物或无价值之物6.eyeforeye,toothfortooth以眼还眼，以牙还牙7.betweenthedevilandthedeepsea进退两难；进退维谷8.escapebytheskinofone’steeth死里逃生；幸免于难9.holeandcorner偷偷摸摸；鬼鬼祟祟10.abrokenreed压伤的苇杖（不能依靠的东西或人）11.entertainanangelunawares与不觉察中招待了天使（联想：有眼不识泰山）12.muchcryandlittlewool叫得多，干得几乎没效果（联想：雷声大雨点小）13.alionintheway当路虎14.Everyoneforhimselfandthedeviltakethehindmost.人人为自己，魔鬼抓到最后的。（联想：人不为己天诛地灭）15.kickagainstthepricks以卵击石；螳臂当车16.aflyintheointment一颗老鼠屎坏了一锅粥17.norespectofpersons一视同仁18.washone’shandsofathing洗手不干（喻：与某事无关）19.castpearlsbefore(swine)明珠投暗；对牛弹琴（把珍珠抛给猪）20.Thespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweak.心有余而力不足。21.Separatethesheepfromthegoats.把好人和坏人分开。（分辨良莠）22.Inthemultitudeofcounselorsthereissafety.谋士多，人便安居（聪明保险的办法是向大量的谋士求计）　23.Alltheriversrunintothesea;yettheseaisnotfull.“百川归海而海不盈”24.Forwebroughtnothingintothisworld,anditiscertainwecancarrynothingout.因为我们没带什么到世界上来，也不能带什么去。（《红楼梦》“赤条条，来去无牵挂”）II．IdiomsfromW.Shakespeare:1.bay(or:barkat)themoon对月亮吠叫（干徒劳无用的事）2.what’sdoneisdone.事情干了就算了（联想：既往不咎）3.murderwillout(Truthwillcometolight)纸包不住火（联想：真想终将大白）4.strangebedfellows同床异梦5.behoistwithone’sownpetard用炸药来炸醒自己（联想：做法自毙）6.togild(the)refinedgold,Topaintthelily, Tothrowaperfumeontheviolet,Tosmooththeice,orAddanotherhueuntotherainbow,orWithtaper-lighttoseekthebeauteouseyeofheaventogarnish,Iswastefulandridiculousexcess.这句话引至“TheLifeandDeathofKingJohn”,分成了七行：头六行的每一行的意思都和其他五行的意思几乎相同，都可以用最后一行来表达其真正含义。莎翁之后，人们常引用topaintthelily来表达“实在是浪费而可笑的多事”。使人联想到“画蛇添足”这一成语7.muchadoaboutnothing无事生非8.Loveisblind.爱情是盲目的。（联想：情人眼里出西施）III．IdiomsfromTheFablesofAesop1.Oneswallowdoesnotmakeasummer.一燕不成夏2.adoginthemanger占着茅坑不拉屎（在其位不谋其政）3.cherishasnakeinone’sbosom养虎为患4.killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs杀鸡取卵5.awolfinsheep’sclothing笑面虎6.blowhotandcold朝三暮四7.crywolf发假警报第三节谚语和成语谚语的特点中还有用义与反义或似非而是的特点：反义谚语如：1.Absencemakestheheartgrowfonder.(新婚不如就别)对比Outofsight,outofmind（离旧情疏）2.Toomanycooksspoilthebroth（厨子多了煮坏汤）对比Morehandsmakelightwork（人多了好办事）同义谚语：1.Whenamanisgoingdownhill,everyonewillgivehimapush./Kicksomebodywhenheisdown./Hitamanwhenheisdown.墙倒众人推。落井下石2.Aburntchilddreadsthefire./Oncebitten,twiceshy.被火烫过的孩子害怕火。一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。了解谚语的一些特点后，可以归纳出几点翻译的方法。一、认真弄清其确切含义之后再动手翻译。1.Thelongestdaymusthaveanend.再难熬的日子也有头（苦难终有尽头）。不是：宴席必散。2.pullsomebody’sleg愚弄人；开某人的玩笑。不是：拉后腿。3.moveheavenandearth竭尽全力；不遗余力。不是：翻天覆地4.child’splay简单容易不是：儿戏5.eatone’swords承认说错了话不是：食言（不履行诺言）6.dogeatdog你死我活。不是：狗咬狗7.throwasprattocatchawhale吃小亏占大便宜。不是：抛砖引玉8.Beggarscannotbechoosers只好给什么就要什么。不是：饥不择食 二、谚语的翻译要注意民族性。翻译时不应夹杂着译文语言的强烈的民族色彩，如：1.Givesomebodyaninchandhewilltakeanell.得寸进尺。不译：得陇望蜀2.teachone’sgrandmothertosuckeggs教老奶奶吸鸡蛋（在内行人面前充内行）不译：班门弄斧3.blowhotandcold朝三暮四不译：朝秦暮楚三、谚语的翻译要大众化和口语化。当然不是所有的谚语都要译得明白如话。有些较古老的谚语，或来自《圣经》和其他名著的谚语，不妨译得典雅一点。如：1.Thehigherup,thegreaterthefall.爬得越高，跌得越惨。2.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.时光不等人；时不我待。3.Acontentedmindisaperpetualfeast.知足常乐。4.Courtesycostsnothing.礼多人不怪。5.Lovers’quarrelsaresoonmended.夫妻没有隔夜仇。6.Countone’schickensbeforetheyarehatched.小鸡未孵出，急着数鸡数。（过早乐观）7.Carekillsacat.(Workwillnotkillamanbutworrywill)忧能伤身8.Emptyvesselsmakethemostnoise.瓶子越空，响声越大；无知的人爱自吹。9.It’sapoormousethathasonlyonehole.老鼠之一洞，真是可怜虫。（只有一个洞的老鼠首先被捉）10.Youcan’tmakecrabwalkstraight.(Theleopardcan’tchangeitsspots)有豹必有斑，是蟹必横行。11.Agoodconscienceisasoftpillow.为人不做亏心事，半夜叫门心不惊。12.Hardwordsbreaknobones.恶话或难听的话伤不到人；良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行13.Letthesleepingdoglie.莫惹睡狗（不要自找麻烦）14.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分15.Whatyouloseontheswingsyougetbackintheroundabouts.失在秋千得在木马；失之东隅，收之桑榆。16.Anewbroomsweepsclean.新扫把扫的干净；新官上任三把火。17.There’smanyaslipbetweencupandthelip. 从端在杯里到喝进嘴里，节外生枝的是任然不少；凡事都难一帆风顺。18.Onecan’tmakeasilkpurseoutofasow’sear.猪耳做不出丝钱包；坏材料造不出好东西。19.Lookers-onseemorethanplayers.当事者迷，旁观者清。20.Youcan’tmakeanomelettewithoutbreakingeggs.不先打破蛋，蛋饼做不成；有失才有得；不付代价达不到目的。第四节歇后语（含双关语）汉语由于自身独特的特点，可以构成许多歇后语与双关语，这是英语所望尘莫及的。我国译界早有人对此进行了研究，提出了有关歇后语英译的种种方法，归纳起来，主要有如下五条：一、解释法虽说翻译也是一种解释，但毕竟与我们所说的解释不同：解释比翻译的含义广，更自由，修饰较多，不那么讲究对应。譬如对“和尚打伞——无法无天”这一歇后语与双关语的翻译只有通过解释法才能完成：“...Itisadoublepun.Amonkhasashavenhead,hencenohair.Amonkunderanumbrellaiscutofffromthesky,hencenoheaven.Butfaalsomeans“law”,andtianalsomeans“heaven”inthesenseofsupremerulingpower.Thusamonkunderanumbrellaisamanwithoutlaworlimit--arebellikeMonkey(whoaccompaniedthemonkTripitakaonhislegendaryjourneytoIndia),unboundbyestablishedrules,institutionsorconventions,whetherearthlyordivine.二、借助上下文直译法这种译法主要是将一种语言的双关语译成另一种语言的双关语，有作适当转换和不作转换两种译法，这两种译法都的借助上下文，才能基本做到译文和原文”形似“与“神似”的统一。例如：萧伯纳剧作AugustusDoesHisBitTheClerk(entering):Areyouengaged?Augustus:Whatbusinessisthatofyours?However,ifyouwilltakethetroubletoreadthesocietypapersforthisweek,youwillseethatIamengagedtotheHonourableLucyPopham,youngestdaughterof--TheClerk:Thatisn’twhatImean.Canyouseeafemale?Augustus:OfcourseIcanseeafemaleaseasilyasamale.DoyousupposeI’mblind?TheClerk:Youdon’tseemtofollowmesomehow.There’safemaledownstairs:whatyoumightcallalady.ShewantstoknowcanyouseeherifIletherup.Augustus:Oh,youmeanamIdisengaged.TelltheladyI’mbusy.职：你有事吗？奥：与你有什么关系？不过，如果你不嫌麻烦，读一读本周的《社会报》，你会知道我和尊敬的露西·波帕姆订了婚。她是···最小的女儿。职：我不是说订婚的事。你能接见一个女人吗？奥：当然可以，我看见一个女人就像看见男人那样容易。你以为我是瞎子吗？ 职：你怎么搞的，还没懂我的意思。楼下有一个女人，你可以叫她女士吧。她想知道，如果我让她上楼来，你能否接见她。奥：啊，你的意思是，我现在是不是有空。告诉那个女士，我很忙。此例的原文利用英语的“一词多义”现象构成双关语。职员说的”see”和”tobeengaged”是“接见”和“忙于某事”之意；奥古斯都斯理解为“看见”和“订婚”的意思。三、加括号法在上下文无法说明双关词义是，可采取加括号法：一词多义译出之后，接着译出另一个放在括号里，读者一看就会明白。如：Judge:”Whatmadeyouthinkthatyoucouldparkyourcarthere?”Tourist:”Well,therewasabigsignthatread:’FineforParking’.”法官：“你怎么想到了把车停在那里？”游客：“喔，那里有写着‘停车的好去处（此处停车罚款）’。”四、译明义法在不少情况下，译者无法兼顾原文内容和形式，只好舍形式而取内容，把明显的意思译出来，这就是明义法。例如：空对着山中高士晶莹雪终不忘世外仙姝寂寞林这是贾宝玉神游太虚境时警幻仙子给他看的隐词，宝玉当事尚未领会，译者当然不宜要越俎代庖，将其隐含之义明告读者。所以其只按明义译出：Vainlyfacingthehermitinsparkingsnow-cladhillsIforgetnotthefairyinthelonewoodsbeyondtheworld五、译暗义法如果双关语中暗义是主要的，那就译暗义而不译明义、汉语中的歇后语多属此类。如：侯扒皮气得眼珠子瞪圆，他左手朝大腿一拍：“警告爷们，爷们是老虎推磨——不听那一套，对老百姓是外甥打灯笼——照舅（旧）！”Skinflintglaredround-eyedwithanger.Heslappedhisthighwithhislefthand,“Givingusanultimatum,we’llneverlistentoanyofthatstuff!Ourtreatmentofcivilianswillnotchangeonebit......当然，关于汉语歇后语和英、汉双关语的翻译，除了前述的五种方法之外，还可能有别的方法。现从各种译著中摘取若干条，供阅读、欣赏：1.你们别笑，老鼠拉木锹——大事还在后头呢！Don’tlaugh;thebestisyettocome!2.生活的海里起过小小的波浪，如今似乎有平静下去，一切平常一样，一切似乎都是外甥打灯笼，照舅（旧）。Theeventenoroftheirlifehadbeendisturbed,butthingsseemedtobesettlingdownagain.Thevillagersfeltthemselvesbackintheoldrut.3.”看你，隔着门缝瞧人，把人看扁了。““Humph!Ifyoupeeratapersonthroughacrack,helooksfat!Don’tbesoprejudiced.”4.”鸠山先生，你这个诀窍对我来说，真好比擀面杖吹火——一窍不通。”“Mr.Hatoyama,formeyoursecretisliketryingtoblowupafirethrougharollingpin.Itjustdoesn’twork.”5.那胡正卿心头“十五个吊桶打水，七上八下”。 HuCheng-chingwasverymuchupsetbythisandhisheartwasbeatinglikefifteenbucketsbeinghurriedlyloweredintoawellforwater--eightgoingdownwhilesevenwerecoomingup.6.这件事······谁也不知道。他也不对任何人提起。哑巴吃黄连——有苦说不出。Nooneknewofthesetransactions...Norwashegoingtomentionthemattertoanyoneelse.Hewaslikethedumbmaneatingthebitterherb:hehadtosufferthebitternessofitinsilence.7.去埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就开溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。Wehadnoconfidenceintoday’sambushbecauseweweresurehehadescapedlastnight.Itseemedasuselessasablindmanlightingacandle.8.后脑勺上长疮，自己看不见以为别人也看不见那才笑话。Ifwehaveaboilonthebackofourheadwecan’tseeitourselves,butit’sridiculoustoimagineotherpeoplecan’tseeit.9.你可倒好！肉包子打狗——一去不回啊！Wellyoucertainlyareaguy!Adoggivenabonewhodoesn’tcomebackformore!10.把田村家得罪下了，咱也没上利。阉猪割耳朵——两头受罪。WewrongedthepeopleofTianVillageallfornothingexcepttoberobbedbythelandlords!Losersinmorewaysthanoneaswecertainlyare,we’rejustlikegeldedpigswhichhavetheirearscutoffaswell.第五节《红楼梦》熟语英译实例1.至午后，金桂故意出去，让个空儿与他二人，薛蟠便拉拉扯扯起来，宝蟾心里也知八九了，也就半推半就。Afterlunch,Chin-kueideliberatelywenttoclearthecoastforthemboth,andHsuehPanstartedmakingadvancetoPao-chan.Wellawareofwhathewanted,sheonlymadeashowofresisting.2.今日林妹妹这五首诗，亦可谓命意新奇，别开生面了。AndthesefiveCousinLinhaswrittentodaycanalsobeconsideredasfreshandoriginal,aquitenewapproachtothesubject.3.俗话说：病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Haven’tyouheardthesaying:”Illnesscomesasfastasawallfallingdown,butgoesasslowlyasunravelingacocoon?”4.姐姐博古通今，色色都知道，怎么连这一出戏的名儿也不知道，就说了这一套。这叫做”负荆请罪”。Why,cousin,surelyyouaresufficientlywellversedinancientandmodernliteraturetoknowthetitleofthatopera.Whydoyouhavetodescribeit?It’scalled“AbjectApologies”.5.虽才干优长，未免贪酷，且恃才悔上，那同寅皆侧目而视。Butalthoughhisintelligenceandabilitywereoutstanding,thesequalitieswereunfortunatelyoffsetbycertaincupidityandharshnessandatendencytousehisintelligenceinordertooutwithissuperiors;allofwhichcausedhisfellowofficialsto castenviousglancesinhisdirection.6.说着，就自己举手，左右开弓，自己打了一顿嘴巴子。Heraisedhishandsandslappedhimselfonbothcheeks.7.我们没事评论起来，你们这几个，都是百里挑不出一个来的。妙在各人有各人的长处。Whenwehavenothingtodobutgossip,wealwaysagreethateachsingleoneofyougirlsisoneinahundred.Andthewonderfulthingisthateachoneofyouhasherowngoodqualities.8.自古嫦娥爱少年。Fromofold,youngnymphshavepreferredyouthtoage.9.子系中山狼，得志便猖狂。Pairedwithabrutelikethewolfintheoldfable,Whoinhissaviorturnedwhenhewasable.10.紫鹃飞红了脸，笑道：“姨太太真个倚老卖老的！“Tzu-chuanflushedandflashedback,“You’represumingonyourage,madam!”11.怎么能雅俗共赏的好。Let’sfindsomethingthathighbrowsandlowbrowsalikecanenjoy.12.也没见我们这位呆爷，”听见风儿就是雨”，往后怎么好？I’veneverseensuchasimpletonasouryoungmaster,thewayhecatchesatshadows.What’stobecomeofhim?”13.可知俗话说：“天下无难事，只怕有心人。”Astheproverbsays,“Alldifficultiesonearthcanbeovercomeifmenbutgivetheirmindstoit.”14.天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight.15.俗话说：“随乡入乡”，到了你这里，自然把这金珠玉宝一概贬为俗器了。But“othercountries,otherways”,youknow.WhenIenteryourdomain,Inaturallyadoptyourstandardsandlookongold,jewelsandjadeascommon,vulgarthings.16.一时欢乐，万不可忘了那“筵席必散”的俗语。Whateverhappensdoesn’tforgettheproverb,“Eventhegrandestfeastmusthaveanend.”17.俗话说：“凭着一身剐，敢把皇帝拉下马”，他穷疯了的人，什么事做不出来？Astheproverbsays,”OnewhowillriskbeingslicedtopiecesdareunsaddletheEmperor.”Amansodesperatelypoorwillgotoanylengths.18.姑娘们天天山珍海味的，也吃腻了，吃个野菜儿，也算我们的穷心。Youyoungladiesmustbetiredofthedelicaciesyoueateveryday,andyoumaycaretotryourcountryfare.Thisisjustourpoorwayofshowingourgratitude.19.你倒也“三从四德”的，只是这贤惠也太过了。Quiteamodelofwifelysubmissionandvirtue,aren’tyou?Onlyyoucarrythisobediencetoofar.20.正式俗话说的好，“清官难断家务事”。此时正式“公婆难断床帏事了”。Justas“Notevengoodofficialscansettlefamilytroubles”,so“Notevenparentscansettledisputesbetweensonandwife.” 21.宝玉笑道：“我就是个‘多愁多病的身’，你就是那‘倾城倾国的貌’。”黛玉听了，不觉带腮连耳的通红了。“I’mtheone‘sickwithlonging’,”hejoked.”Andyoursisthebeautywhichcaused‘citiesandkingdomstofall’.”Tai-yuflushedtothetipsofherears.22.袭人道：“人家牵肠挂肚的等着，你且高兴去！也到底打发个人来个信儿！”“Wellreally!”saidAroma.”Herewerewepracticallybesideourselveswithanxiety,andallthetimeyouwerethereenjoyingyourself!Youmightatleasthavesentwordtoletusknowyouwereallright.”23.自古到：“千里姻缘一线牵。”管姻缘的有一个月下老儿，预先注定，暗里只用一根红线，把这两个人的脚绊住。Thereisanoldsaying:”Peopleathousandliapartmaybelinkedbymarriage.”It’sallthedoingoftheOldManoftheMoon.Ifhe’ssecretlyfastenedhisredthreadaroundtheanklesoftwoyoungpeople...24.宝玉道：“古人云，‘千金难买一笑’，几把扇子，能值几何？”“Youknowtheancientsaying,”putinPaoyu,“Athousandpiecesofgoldcanhardlypurchaseasmileofabeautifulwoman,andwhatareafewfansworth?”25.你又不大在家，知道你天天萍踪浪迹，没个一定的去处。Youaresoseldomathome,floatingaboutasfreeasduckweedeveryday,oneneverknowswheretofindyou.第六节《四书》语录及其英译《四书》是我国经典著作《论语》（ConfucianAnalects）、《孟子》（TheWorksofMencius）、《中庸》（TheDoctrineoftheMean）和《大学》（TheGreatLearning）四本书的合称。在早期众多英译本中，最优秀译本当推英国学者理雅各（JamesLegge）所译的《华英四书》（TheFourBookswithEnglishTranslationandNotes）下面的几条语录是根据“批判地吸收”等原则精选的。1.子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎。有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎。”TheMastersaid,”Isitnotpleasanttolearnwithaconstantperseveranceandapplication?Isitnotdelightfultohavefriendscomingfromdistantquarters?Ishenotamanofcompletevirtue,whofeelsnodiscomposurethoughmenmaytakenonoteofhim?”2.曾子曰：“为人谋，而不忠乎？与朋友交，而不信乎？传而不习乎？”ThephilosopherTsangsaid,”Idailyexaminemyselfofthreepoints:--whether,intransactingbusinessforothers,Imayhavebeennotfaithful;--whether,inintercoursewithfriends,Imayhavebeennotsincere;--whether,Imayhavenotmasteredandpracticedtheinstructionsofmyteacher.”3.子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。”Themastersaid,”Iwillnotbeafflictedatmen’snotknowingme,IwillbeafflictedthatIdonotknowthem.”4.子曰：“诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。”Themastersaid,”IntheBookofPoetryarethreehundredpieces,butthedesign ofthemwillallmaybeembracedinonesentence...‘Havingnodepravedthoughts.’”5.子曰：“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。”TheMastersaid,“Atfifteen,Ihadmymindbentonlearning.Atthirty,Istoodfirm.Atforty,Ihadnodoubts.Atfifty,IknowthedecreesofHeaven.Atsixty,myearwasanobedientorganforthereceptionoftruth.Atseventy,Icouldfollowwhatmyheartdesired,withouttransgressingwhatwasright.6.子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。”TheMastersaid,“Ifamankeepscherishinghisoldknowledge,soascontinuallytobeacquiringthenew,hemaybeateacherofothers.”7.子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。攻乎异端，斯害也己。由，悔女知之乎？知之为知之不知为不知，是知也。”TheMastersaid,“Learningwithoutthoughtsislaborlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous.Thestudyofstrangedoctrinesisinjuriousindeed!Yu,shallIteachyouwhatknowledgeis?Whenyouknowathing,toholdthatyouknowit;andwhenyoudonotknowathing,toallowthatyoudonotknowit;--Thisisknowledge.8.哀公问曰：“何为则民服？”孔子对曰：“举直错诸枉，则民服；举枉错诸直，则民不服。”TheDukeAiasked,saying,“Whatshouldbedoneinordertosecurethesubmissionofthepeople?”Confuciusreplied,“Advancetheuprightandsetasidethecrooked,thenthepeoplewillsubmit.Advancethecrookedandsetasidetheupright,thenthepeoplewillnotsubmit.”9.子闻之曰：“成事不说，遂事不谏，既往不咎。”WhentheMasterheardit,hesaid,“Thingsthataredone,itisneedlesstospeakabout;thingsthathavehadtheircourse,itisneedlesstoremonstrateabout;thingsthatarepassed,itisneedlesstoblame.”10.子曰：“富与贵，是人之所欲也，不以其道得之，不处之。”TheMastersaid,“Richesandhonorsarewhatmendesire.Ifitcannotbeobtainedintheproperway,theyshouldnobeheld.”11.子曰：“见贤思齐之，见不贤而内自省也。”TheMastersaid,“Whenwemeetmenofworth,weshouldthinkofequalingthem,whenweseemenofcontractcharacter,weshallturninwardandexamineourselves.”12.子曰：“敏而好学，是以谓之文也。”TheMastersaid,“Hewasofanactivenatureandfondoflearning,andhewasnorshametoaskandlearnofhisinferiors!--onthesegroundshewasbeenstyledWan.”13.季文字三思而后行之。ChiWanthoughtthrice,andthenacted.14.子曰：“默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦。”TheMastersaid,“Thesilenttreasuringupofknowledge;Learningwithoutsatiety;andinstructingotherswithoutwearing.”15.子曰：“······不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。”TheMastersaid,“...Richesandhonorsthatareacquiredbyunrighteousnessare tomeasafloatingcloud.”16.子曰：“我非生而知之者。”TheMastersaid,“Iamnotonewhowasborninthepossessionofknowledge.”17.子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”TheMastersaid,“WhenIwalkalongwithtwoothers,theymayservemeasmyteachers.Iwillselecttheirgoodqualitiesandfollowthem,theirbadqualitiesandavoidedthem.”18.子曰：“君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。”TheMastersaid:“Thesuperiormanissatisfiedandcomposed;themeanmanisalwaysfullofdistress.”19.子曰：“不在其位，不谋其政。”TheMastersaid,“Hewhoisnotinanyparticularofficehavenothingtodowiththeadministrationofitsduties.”20.子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。”TheMasterstandingbyastreamandsaid,“Itpassesonjustlikethis,notceasingdayornight!”21.子曰：“三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。”TheMastersaid,“Thecommanderoftheforceofalargestatemaybecarriedoff,butthewillofevenacommonmancannotbetakenfromhim.”22.子曰：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后彫也。”TheMastersaid,“Whentheyearbecomescold,thenweknowhowthepineandthecypressarethelasttolosetheirleaves.”23.子曰：“其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。”TheMastersaid,“Whenaprince’spersonalconductiscorrect,hisgovernmentiseffectivewithoutissuingoforders,ifhispersonalconductisnotcorrect,hemayissueorders,andtheywillnotbefollowed.”24.子曰：“无欲速，无见小利。欲速则不达，见小利而大事不成。”TheMastersaid,“Donotbedesiroustohavethingsdonequickly;donotlookatsmalladvantage.Desiretohavethingsdonequicklypreventstheirbeingdonethoroughly.Lookingatsmalladvantagespreventsgreataffairsfrombeingaccomplished.”25.子曰：“言必信，行必果。”TheMastersaid,“Theyaredeterminedtobesincereinwhattheysay,andtocarryoutwhattheydo.”26.子曰：“志士任人，无求生以害仁，有杀身以成任。”TheMastersaid,“Thedeterminedscholarandthemanofvirtuewillnotseektoliveattheexpenseofinjuringtheirvirtue.Theywillevensacrificetheirlifetopreservetheirvirtuecomplete.”27.子曰：“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”TheMastersaid,“Themechanic,whowishestodohisworkwell,mustfirstsharpenhistools.”28.子曰：“人无远虑，必有近忧。”TheMastersaid,“Ifamantakesnothoughtofwhatisdistant,hewillfindsorrownearathand.” 29.子曰：“君子不以言举人，不以人废言。”TheMastersaid,“Thesuperiormandoesnotpromoteamansimpleonaccountofhiswords,nordoesheputasidegoodwordsbecauseoftheman.”30.子曰：“己所不欲，勿施于人。”ThaMastersaid,“...Whatyoudonotwantdonebyyourself,donotdotoothers.”31.子曰：“过儿不改，是谓过矣。”TheMastersaid,“Tohavethemandnottoreformthem–this,indeed,shouldbepronouncedhavingfaults.”32.子曰：“有教无类。”TheMastersaid,“Inteachingthereshouldbenodistinctionofclasses.”33.子曰：“饱食终日，无所用心，难以哉。”TheMastersaid,“Hardisittodealwithhim,whowillstuffhimwithfoodthewholeday,withoutapplyinghismindtoanythinggood.”34.心不在焉，视而不见，听而不闻，食而不知其味。Whenthemindisnotpresent,welookanddonotsee;wehearanddonotunderstand;weeatanddonotknowwhatweeat.35.道得众，则得国；失众，则失国。是故君子，先慎乎德，有德，此有人，有人此有土，有土此有财，有财此有用，德者，本也，财者，末也。Thisshowsthat,bygainingthepeople,thekingdomisgained,and,bylosingpeople,thekingdomislost.Onthisaccount,therulerwillfirsttakepainsabouthisownvirtue.Possessingthevirtuewillgivehimthepeople.Possessingthepeoplewillgivehimtheterritory.Possessingtheterritorywillgivehimitswealth.Possessingthewealth,hewillhaveresourcesforexpenditure.Virtueistheroot;wealthistheresult.36.在上位，不陵下；在下位，不援上。正己而不求于人，则无怨。上不怨天，下不尤人。Inahighpostion,hedoesnottreatwithcontempthisinferiors.Inalowsituation,hedoesnotcourtthefavourofhissuperior.Herectifieshimself,andseeksfornothingfromothers,sothathehasnodissatisfactions.Hedoesnotmurmuragainstheaven,norgrumbleagainstmen.37.君子之道，辟如行远必自迩；辟如登高必自卑。Thewayofthesuperiormenmaybecomparedtowhattakesplaceintraveling,whentogotoadistance,wemustfirsttraversethespacethatisnear,andinascendingaheight,wemustbeginfromthelowerground.38.老吾老，以及人之老；幼吾幼，以及人之幼。Treatwiththereverenceduetoagetheeldersinyourownfamily,sothattheeldersinthefamiliesofothersshallbesimilarlytreated;treatedwiththekindnessduetotheyoungsothattheeldersinthefamiliesofothersshallbesimilarlybesimilarlytreated.39.以利服人者，非心服也，力不赡也；以德服人，中心悦而诚服也。Whenonebyforcesubduesmen,theydonotsubmittohiminheart.Theysubmit,becausetheirstrengthisnotadequatetoresist.Whenmansubduesmenbyvirtue,intheirhearts’coretheyarepleased,andsincerelysubmit.40.孟子曰：“尊贤使能，俊杰在位，则天下之士，皆悦而愿立于其朝矣。 Menciussaid,“Ifarulergiveshonortothemenoftalentsandvirtueandemploystheable,sothatofficesshallallbefilledbyindividualsofdistinctionandmark–thenallthescholaroftheempirewillbepleased,andwishtostandinhiscourt.”41.孟子曰：”子路，人告之以过，则喜；禹闻善言，则拜。Menciussaid,“WhenanyonetoldTszd-loothathehadafault,herejoiced.WhenYuheardgoodwords,hebowedtothespeaker.”42.孟子曰：“天时不如地利，地利不如人和。”Menciussaid,“OpportunitiesoftimevouchsafedbyHeavenarenotequaltoadvantagesofsituationaffordedbytheEarth,andadvantagesofsituationaffordedbytheEartharenotequaltotheunionarisingfromtheaccordofMen.”43.得道者多助，失道者寡助。Hewhofindsthepropercoursehasmanytoassisthim.Hewholosesthepropercoursehasfewtoassisthim.44.孟子曰：“人之患，在好为人师。”Menciussaid,“Theevilofmenisthattheyliketobeteachersofothers.”45.爱人者，人恒爱之；敬人者，人恒敬之。Hewholovesothersisconstantlylovedbythem.Hewhorespectsothersisconstantlyrespectedbythem.46.今夫弈之为数，小数也，不专心致志，则不得也。Nowchessplayingisbutasmallart,butwithouthiswholemindbeinggiven,andhiswillbenttoit,amancannotsucceedatit.47.孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也，义，亦我所欲也，二者不可得兼，舍身而取义者也。Menciussaid,“IlikefishandIalsolikebear’spaws.IfIcannothavethetwotogether,Iwillletthefishgo,andtakethebear’spaws.So,Ilikelife,andIalsolikerighteousness.IfIcannotkeepthetwotogether,Iwillletlifegoandchooserighteousness.”48.心之官则思，思则得之；不思，则不得也。Tothemindbelongstheofficeofthinking.Bythinking,itgetstherightviewofthing;byneglectingtothink,itfailstodothis.49.在天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱起所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。Thus,whenHeavenisabouttoconferagreatofficeonanyman,itfirstexerciseshismindwithsuffering,andhissinewsandbonewithtoil.Itexposeshisbodytohunger,andsubjectshimtoextremepoverty.Itconfoundshisundertakings.Byallthesemethodsitstimulateshismind,hardenshisnature,andsupplieshisincompetence.50.入，则无法家拂士；出，则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。然后知生于忧患而死于安乐也。Ifaprincehasnotabouthiscourtfamiliesattachedtothelawsandworthycounselors,andifabroadtherearenothostilestatesorotherexternalcalamities,hiskingdomwillgenerallycometoruin.Fromthesethingsweseehowlifespringsfromsorrowandcalamity,anddeathfromeaseandpleasure. 51.孟子曰：“孔子登东山而小鲁，登泰山而小天下。”Menciussaid,“Confuciusascendedtheeasternhill,andLooappearedtohimsmall.HeascendedtheT’aeMountain,andallbeneaththeheavensappearedtohimsmall.”52.孟子曰：“杨子取为我，拔一毛而利天下不为也。”Menciussaid,“TheprincipleofthephilosopherYangwas‘Eachoneforhimself’.Thoughhemighthavebenefitedthewholeempirebypluckingoutasinglehair,hewouldnothavedoneit.”53.孟子曰：”饥者甘食，渴者甘饮。”Menciussaid,“Thehungrythinkanyfoodsweet,andthethirstythinkthesameofanydrink.”54.孟子曰：“有为者，辟若掘井，掘井九轫，而不及泉，犹为弃井也。”Menciussaid,“Amanwithdefiniteaimstobeaccomplishedmaybecomparedtoonediggingawell.Todigthewelltoadepthofseventy-twocubits,andstopwithoutreachingthespring,isafterallthrowingawaythewell.”55.孟子曰：“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。”Menciussaid,“Thepeoplearethemostimportantelementinanation;thespiritsofthelandandgrainarethenext;thesovereignisthelightest.”56.孟子曰：“贤者，以其昭昭；今以其昏昏，使人昭昭。”Menciussaid,“Anciently,menofvirtueandtalentsbymeansoftheirownenlightenmentmadeothersenlightened.Nowadays,itistried,whiletheyarethemselvesindarkness,tomakeothersenlightened.”57.孟子谓高子曰：“山径之蹊间，介然用之而成路，为间不用，则茅塞之矣。”MenciussaidtothediscipleKaou,“Therearethefootpathsalongthehills…ifsuddenlytheybeused,theybecomeroads;andifassuddenlytheyarenotused,thewildgrassfillsthemup.”58.孟子曰：“诸侯之宝三：土地，人民，政事。宝珠玉者殃必及身。”Menciussaid,“Thepreciousthingsofaprincearethree…theterritory,thepeople,thegovernmentanditsbusiness.Ifonevaluesasmostpreciouspearlsandstones,calamityissuretobefallhim.”59.人能充无欲害人之心，而仁不可胜用也。Ifamancangivefulldevelopmenttothefeelingwhichmakeshimshrinkfrominjuringothers,hisbenevolencewillbemorethancanbecalledintopractice.60.孟子曰：“养心，莫善于寡欲······”Menciussaid,“Tonourishtheheartthereisnothingbetterthantomakethedesiresfew…”第七节中外名人名言及其译文名人名言，是一种特殊的引语或语录，也是广义熟语的一种，富有人品教益意义，是古今中外政治家、思想家、哲学家和科学家等多方面名人的真知灼见和智慧表述。同时，名人名言又有其简洁、深刻、优美等诸多语言美。因此，要把它们译成另外的语言，需要各种技巧。1.顾炎武：天下兴亡，匹夫有责。GuYanwu:Everyordinarypersonisresponsiblefortheprosperityofdeclineofthecountry. 2.孙中山：为祖国效死，死重于泰山。SunYat-sen:DeathforthehomelandisweightierthanMountTai.3.鲁迅：我以我血鉴轩辕。LuXunIwillshedmybloodformymotherland.4.诸葛亮：鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。ZhugeLiangIwillmakemyselfadedicatedservanttomycountryuntildeath.5.文天祥：人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青。WenTianxiangNomancanliveforever;letmediewithaloyalheartshininginthepagesofhistory.6.胡适：科学的根本精神在于求真理。HuShiTheultimatespiritofscienceistoseektruth.7.老子：天下难事，必须于易；天下大事，必须于细。LaoZiToconquerthehard,onemustmastertheeasy;toachievegreatness,onemustbeginfromthetriviality.8.梁启超：患难与困苦，是磨练人格的最高学校。LiangQichaoHardshipanddistressarethebestschooltosteelone’spersonality.9.孙武：知己知彼，百战不殆。SunWuOnewhoknowshisownstrengthandthatoftheenemyisinvincibleinbattle.10.李世民：君子用人如器，各取所长。LiShiminTheemperortreatstalentsastools,usingtheirstrongpointstohisadvantage.11.华罗庚：勤能补拙是良训，一分辛劳一分才。HuaLuogengItistruethatdiligencewillmakeupforshortcomings,soyourtalentwilldependonyourlabor.12.孙中山：人能尽其才，则百事兴。SunYat-senEverythingwillprosperifwecouldmakethebestuseofeverytalent.13.赵翼：江山代有人才出，各领风骚数百年。ZhaoYiTalentsdistinguishthemselvesoutindifferentgenerations,andeachgainspopularityforcenturies.14.蔡元培：知识者，人事之基本也。CaiYuanpeiGeniusesaremostlytrainedbydiligenceaswellascarefulness.15.南怀瑾：如果没有真知灼见，切勿只图一时快意，舞文弄墨。 NanHuaijinWithouttruthandbrightideas,besurenottowriteanythingonlyforaninstantpleasure.16.(America)Lincoln:Itistruethatgoldisvaluable,butthevigorousandbravepatriotsaremorevaluablethangold.（美）林肯黄金固然是可贵的，但是生气勃勃勇敢的爱国者却比黄金更为宝贵。17.(America)Kennedy:Don’taskwhatyourcountrywilldoforyou–askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.（美）肯尼迪不要问你的祖国能为你做什么，要问你能为你的祖国做什么。18.(Germany)Goethe:Scienceandartareoriginatedfromtheworld;theyareborderless.（德）歌德科学和艺术是源于世界的，它们没有国界。19.(Russia)Tolstoy:Theobjectiveofscienceistoservethepeople.（俄）托尔斯泰科学的目的是为人服务。20.(Britain)Newton:Noboldconjectures,nogreatfindings.（英）牛顿没有大胆的猜想就做不出伟大的发现。21.(Germany)Einstein:Itisnotaterriblethingifapersononcetookaroundaboutcourseormadesomemistakesintheprocessofscientificresearch,notevenashame;heshouldbecourageoustoacknowledgeandcorrectthemistakesinpractice.（德）爱因斯坦一个人在科学上进步而在道德上走过弯路，犯过错误并不是坏事，更不是什么耻辱，要在实践中勇于承认和改正错误。22.(AncientGreece)AristotleThosewhomakeprogressinsciencebutgobackwardinmoralityarenotadvancingbutfallingback.（古希腊）亚里士多德在科学上进步而在道德上落后的人，不是前进，而是后退。23.(America)WhitemanFailureisgreattooifitisunavoidable.（美）惠特曼当失败不可避免是，失败也是伟大的。24.(Spain)SamaranchIadheretounity.Onlywithabsoluteunitycanwebepowerful.（西班牙）萨马兰奇 我坚持团结，只有在全体一致的团结中我们才有力量。25.(France)VictorHugeIwouldratherpursuemyfutureonmyownthanbeghelpfromthepowerful.（法）雨果我宁愿靠自己的力量，打开我的前途，而不求权势者垂青。26.(Germany)MarxWe’dbetterstruggleforthefutureratherthanregretforthepast.（德）马克思后悔过去，不如奋斗将来。27.(America)MichaelJordanIfanybodydoubtsorlooksdownuponme…,thatwillbemydrivingforce.（美）迈克尔·乔丹如果有人轻视或怀疑我······那将成为我前进的动力。28.(Denmark)AndersenOnecannotsucceedifonedoesnotstrive.（丹麦）安徒生一个人必须经过一番刻苦奋斗，才会有所成就。29.(America)EdisonThestrongisabletostriveinthestormoffate.（美）爱迪生坚强者能在命运风暴中奋斗。30.(America)GatesEmployextremelyintelligentyoungpeopleandestablishsurvival-of-the-fittestemploymentsystem.（美）比尔·盖茨聘用绝顶聪明的年轻人，建立适者生存的用人机制。31.(America)FordCorrectideasarethefoundationofsuccessinone’scareer.Hewhowinsmen,prospers;hewholosesthem,fails.（美）福特正确的理念是事业成功的基础，得人者昌，，失人者亡。32.(Germany)HegelIgnoranceisnotfree,becauseitsoppositeisastrangeworld.（德）黑格尔无知是不自由的，因为和它对立的是一个陌生的世界。33.(France)HugoManhasonetyrant–ignorance.（法）雨果无知是迷信之母。34.(theSovietUnion)GorkyWecannotinterpretlifecorrectlywithoutknowledge.（苏联）高尔基没有知识就不可能对生活做出正确的解释。35.(AncientGreece)Socrates Thereisonlyonething.intheworldwhichistreasure,andthatisknowledge.（古希腊）苏格拉底世上只有一样东西是珍宝，那就是知识。36.(AncientGreece)PlatoIbelieveknowledgeisthemostpowerfulamongall.（古希腊）柏拉图我认为知识在一切之中最有力量。37(Britain)ChurchillTheempireoftomorrowwillbetheempireofintelligence.（英）丘吉尔明日之帝国将是智力之帝国。38.(America)WashingtonIneverycountry,knowledgeisthemostreliablebaseforpublichappiness.（美）华盛顿在每个国家，知识都是公共幸福的最可靠的基础。39.(Britain)BaconThemostknowledgeonehas,themostpowerfulheis.Hisknowledgeishiscapability.（英）培根人越有知识就越有力量，其知识和能力是相等的。40.(theSovietUnion)LeninTheonlywaytobecomeacommunististoenrichoneselfwithallthetreasureofknowledgethathumanbeingshavecreated.（苏联）列林只有用人类创造的全部知识财富来充实自己头脑的人，才能成为共产主义者。41.(Britain)ShakespeareOnthebigclockoftime,thereisonlyoneword:present.（英）莎士比亚在时间的大钟上，只有两个字——现在。42.(Russia)PushkinWakeup–everyminuteisgold.（俄）普希金醒来吧——每一分钟都贵如黄金。43.(Italy)DanteMencannotlivelikebeasts;weshouldpursueknowledgeandvirtue.（意大利）但丁人不能像走兽那样活着，应该追求知识和美德。44.(Britain)RussellAmongallmoralqualities,thebornkindnessisneededthemostintheworld.（英）罗素一切道德品质中，善良的本性在世界上是最需要的。45.(France)RomainRollandYouwilltolerateallifyouunderstandall. （法）罗曼·罗兰没有美德，就没有真正的幸福。46.(France)BalzacHospitalityisvirtueandhappiness.（法）巴尔扎克好客是一种美德，也是一种幸福。47.(Russia)ChekhovKeepobjectivewhenassociating.（俄）契科夫待人处世保持客观。48.(SouthAfrica)NelsonMandelaAllmenshouldcoexistpeacefully;andallmenshouldbegiventheequalrights.（南非）纳尔逊·曼德拉所有的人都要和平相处，具有平等权利。49.(America)FranklinItisgreattrusttotellyourfriendyourshortcomings,whileitisgreatertrusttotellyourfriendhisshortcomings.(美)富兰克林把自己的缺点告诉朋友是莫大的信任，把朋友的缺点告诉朋友是更大的信任。50.(ancientGreece)Plato（古希腊）柏拉图Theminoritymayholdthetruth.真理有时在少数人一边。Respectingpeopleshouldnotbemoreimportantthanrespectingtruth.尊重人不应该重于尊重真理。51.(America)ThomasEdisonBeingindecisiveinmakinggreatdecisionandhavinginsufficientrushingstrengtharethetwomajorcauseswhichmakeusfrustratedanddepressed.（美）爱迪生作重大决定时优柔寡断，行动时冲劲不足，是使我们失意沮丧的两大主因。52.(America)HemingwayAmancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.（美）海明威人可以被毁灭，但决不能被打败.53.（Britain）Shelley:Thepastbelongstodeath;onlythefuturebelongstous.（英）雪莱过去属于死神，唯有未来属于我们活着的人。54.(theSovietUnion)OstrovskyThemostbeautifulthinginlifeisthatwhenyoustopbreathing,youcanalsoservethepeoplewiththethingsyou’vecreated.（苏）奥斯特洛夫斯基 人生最美好的，就是，即使你生命已经停止，你还能以你人生中的创造为他人服务。55.(America)ThoreauPeoplearecraftsmenfortheirownhappiness.（美）梭罗'