《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案课后习题答案 39页

'《计算机英语（第4版）》练习参考答案UnitOne:ComputerandComputerScienceUnitOne/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.CharlesBabbage;AugustaAdaByron2.input;output3.VLSI4.workstations;mainframes5.vacuum;transistors6.instructions;software7.digit;eight;byte8.microminiaturization;chipII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.artificialintelligence人工智能2.paper-tapereader纸带阅读器3.opticalcomputer光计算机4.neuralnetwork神经网络5.instructionset指令集6.parallelprocessing并行处理7.differenceengine差分机8.versatilelogicalelement通用逻辑元件9.siliconsubstrate硅衬底10.vacuumtube真空管11.数据的存储与处理thestorageandhandlingofdata12.超大规模集成电路verylarge-scaleintegratedcircuit13.中央处理器centralprocessingunit14.个人计算机personalcomputer 15.模拟计算机analoguecomputer16.数字计算机digitalcomputer17.通用计算机general-purposecomputer18.处理器芯片processorchip19.操作指令operatinginstructions20.输入设备inputdeviceIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Wecandefineacomputerasadevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput.Accordingtothemodeofprocessing,computersareeitheranalogordigital.Theycanalsobeclassifiedasmainframes,minicomputers,workstations,ormicrocomputers.Allelse(forexample,theageofthemachine)beingequal,thiscategorizationprovidessomeindicationofthecomputer’sspeed,size,cost,andabilities.Eversincetheadventofcomputers,therehavebeenconstantchanges.First-generationcomputersofhistoricsignificance,suchasUNIVAC(通用自动计算机),introducedintheearly1950s,werebasedonvacuumtubes.Second-generationcomputers,appearingintheearly1960s,werethoseinwhichtransistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Inthird-generationcomputers,datingfromthe1960s,integratedcircuitsreplacedtransistors.Infourth-generationcomputerssuchasmicrocomputers,whichfirstappearedinthemid-1970s,large-scaleintegrationenabledthousandsofcircuitstobeincorporatedononechip.Fifth-generationcomputersareexpectedtocombinevery-large-scaleintegrationwithsophisticatedapproachestocomputing,includingartificialintelligenceandtruedistributedprocessing.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。 人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行运算的计算。这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。还有一些限制与即使最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。UnitOne/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.experimentation2.interfacing3.interdisciplinary4.microprocessorII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.artificialneuralnetwork人工神经网络2.computerarchitecture计算机体系结构3.robustcomputerprogram健壮的计算机程序4.human-computerinterface人机接口5.knowledgerepresentation知识表示6.数值分析numericalanalysis7.程序设计环境programmingenvironment8.数据结构datastructure9.存储和检索信息storeandretrieveinformation10.虚拟现实virtualrealityUnitOne/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.output2.supercomputer3.microcontroller4.handheld;convergenceII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.Webpage（万维）网页 2.touchscreen触摸屏，触屏3.bladeserver刀片服务器4.removablestoragedevice移动（式）存储设备5.声卡soundcard6.存储服务器storageserver7.便携式媒体播放器portablemediaplayer8.硬盘harddiskUnitTwo:ComputerArchitectureUnitTwo/SectionAI．Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.input;output;storage2.BasicInput/OutputSystem3.flatbed;hand-held4.LCD-based5.dot-matrix;inkjet6.disk;memory7.volatile8.serial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.functionkey功能键，操作键，函数键2.voicerecognitionmodule语音识别模块3.touch-sensitiveregion触敏区4.addressbus地址总线5.flatbedscanner平板扫描仪6.dot-matrixprinter点阵打印机（针式打印机）7.parallelconnection并行连接8.cathoderaytube阴极射线管9.videogame电子游戏 10.audiosignal音频信号11.操作系统operatingsystem12.液晶显示（器）LCD(liquidcrystaldisplay)13.喷墨打印机inkjetprinter14.数据总线databus15.串行连接serialconnection16.易失性存储器volatilememory17.激光打印机laserprinter18.磁盘驱动器diskdrive19.基本输入／输出系统BIOS(BasicInput/OutputSystem)20.视频显示器videodisplayIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:CD-ROMstandsforcompactdiscread-onlymemory.Unlikefloppyandharddisks,whichusemagneticchargestorepresent1sand0s,opticaldiscsusereflectedlight.OnaCD-ROMdisc,1sand0sarerepresentedbyflatareasandbumpy(高低不平的)areas(called“pits”)onitsbottomsurface.TheCD-ROMdiscisreadbyalaserthatprojectsatinybeamoflightontheseareas.Theamountofreflectedlightdetermineswhetherthearearepresentsa1ora0.LikeacommercialCDfoundinmusicstores,aCD-ROMisa“read-only”disc.Read-onlymeansitcannotbewrittenonorerasedbytheuser.Thus,youasauserhaveaccessonlytothedataimprinted(压印)bythepublisher.AsingleCD-ROMdisccanstore650megabytes(兆字节)ofdata.Thatisequivalentto451floppydisks.Withthatmuchinformationonasingledisc,thetimetoretrieveoraccesstheinformationisveryimportant.AnimportantcharacteristicofCD-ROMdrivesistheiraccessrate.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese: 调制解调器是在模拟与数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。UnitTwo/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.graphical2.file;scheduler3.virtual4.sliceII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.interrupthandler中断处理程序2.virtualmemory虚拟存储（器），虚存，虚拟内存3.contextswitch上下文转换，语境转换4.mainmemory主存（储器）5.bitpattern位模式6.外围设备peripheraldevice7.进程表processtable8.时间片timeslice9.图形用户界面graphicaluserinterface10.海量存储器massstorageUnitTwo/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.repository2.central;sub-systems3.network 4.layered或abstractmachineII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.codegenerator代码生成程序，代码发生器2.abstractmachine抽象机3.programeditor程序编辑程序，程序编辑器4.configurationitem配置项5.计算机辅助设计CAD(computer-aideddesign)6.数据冗余dataredundancy7.指挥与控制系统commandandcontrolsystem8.视频压缩与解压缩videocompressionanddecompressionUnitThree:ComputerLanguageandProgrammingUnitThree/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.artificial;instructions2.low-level;high-level3.machine4.machine5.functional;logic6.statement7.module8.digitalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.storageregister存储寄存器2.functionstatement函数语句3.programstatement程序语句4.object-orientedlanguage面向对象语言5.assemblylanguage汇编语言 6.intermediatelanguage中间语言，中级语言7.relationallanguage关系（型）语言8.artificiallanguage人工语言9.datadeclaration数据声明10.StructuredQueryLanguage结构化查询语言11.可执行程序executableprogram12.程序模块programmodule13.条件语句conditionalstatement14.赋值语句assignmentstatement15.逻辑语言logiclanguage16.机器语言machinelanguage17.函数式语言functionallanguage18.程序设计语言programminglanguage19.运行计算机程序runacomputerprogram20.计算机程序员computerprogrammerIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Aprogramminglanguageisalanguageusedtowriteinstructionsforthecomputer.Itletstheprogrammerexpressdataprocessinginasymbolicmannerwithoutregardtomachine-specificdetails.Thedifficultyofwritingprogramsinthemachinelanguageof0sand1sledfirsttothedevelopmentofassemblylanguage,whichallowsprogrammerstousemnemonics(助记符)forinstructionsandsymbolsforvariables.Suchprogramsarethentranslatedbyaprogramknownasanassembler(汇编程序，汇编器)intothebinaryencodingusedbythecomputer.Otherpiecesofsystemsoftwareknownaslinkingloaders(连接装入程序)combinepiecesofassembledcodeandloadthemintothemachine’smainmemoryunit,wheretheyarethenreadyforexecution.Theconceptoflinkingseparatepiecesofcodewasimportant,sinceitallowed“libraries”ofprogramstobebuiltuptocarryoutcommontasks—afirststeptowardtheincreasinglyemphasizednotionofsoftwarereuse.Assemblylanguagewasfoundtobesufficientlyinconvenientthathigher-levellanguages(closertonaturallanguages)were inventedinthe1950sforeasier,fasterprogramming;alongwiththemcametheneedforcompilers,programsthattranslatehigh-levellanguageprogramsintomachinecode.Asprogramminglanguagesbecamemorepowerfulandabstract,buildingefficientcompilersthatcreatehigh-qualitycodeintermsofexecutionspeedandstorageconsumptionbecameaninterestingcomputerscienceprobleminitself.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:面向对象程序设计语言，如C++和Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。UnitThree/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.objects2.platform-independent3.multithreading4.runtimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.nativecode本机（代）码2.headerfile头标文件；页眉文件3.multithreadedprogram多线程程序4.Java-enabledbrowser支持Java的浏览器5.maliciouscode恶意代码6.机器码machinecode7.汇编码assemblycode8.特洛伊木马程序Trojanhorse 9.软件包softwarepackage10.类层次classhierarchyUnitThree/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.subscript;index2.fixed3.histogram4.two-dimensionalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.barchart条形图2.frequencyarray频率数组3.graphicalrepresentation图形表示4.multidimensionalarray多维数组5.用户视图user(’s)view6.下标形式subscriptform7.一维数组one-dimensionalarray8.编程结构programmingconstructUnitFour:SoftwareDevelopmentUnitFour/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.application;operating2.assemblers3.compiler4.interpreter5.debugger6.loop7.driver 8.JohnvonNeumannII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.inferenceengine推理机2.systemcall系统调用3.compiledlanguage编译执行的语言4.parallelcomputing并行计算5.patternmatching模式匹配6.memorylocation存储单元7.interpreterprogram解释程序8.libraryroutine库程序，程序库例行程序9.intermediateprogram中间程序，过渡程序10.sourcefile源文件11.解释执行的语言interpretedlanguage12.设备驱动程序devicedriver13.源程序sourceprogram14.调试程序debuggingprogram15.目标代码objectcode16.应用程序applicationprogram17.实用程序utilityprogram18.逻辑程序logicprogram19.墨盒inkcartridge20.程序的存储与执行programstorageandexecutionIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Acompiler,incomputerscience,isacomputerprogramthattranslatessourcecodeintoobjectcode.Softwareengineerswritesourcecodeusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstand.Computerscannotdirectlyexecutesourcecode,butneedacompilertotranslatetheseinstructionsintoalow-levellanguagecalledmachinecode.Compilerscollectandreorganize(compile)alltheinstructionsinagivensetofsource codetoproduceobjectcode.Objectcodeisoftenthesameasorsimilartoacomputer’smachinecode.Iftheobjectcodeisthesameasthemachinelanguage,thecomputercanruntheprogramimmediatelyafterthecompilerproducesitstranslation.Iftheobjectcodeisnotinmachinelanguage,otherprograms—suchasassemblers,binders(联编程序),linkers,andloaders(加载程序)—finishthetranslation.Mostcomputerlanguagesusedifferentversionsofcompilersfordifferenttypesofcomputersoroperatingsystems,soonelanguagemayhavedifferentcompilersforpersonalcomputers(PC)andAppleMacintoshcomputers.Manydifferentmanufacturersoftenproduceversionsofthesameprogramminglanguage,socompilersforalanguagemayvarybetweenmanufacturers.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。UnitFour/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.entity2.duration3.data;process或process;data4.implementedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.checkbox复选框，选择框，校验框2.structureddesign结构化设计 3.buildingblock积木块，构建模块，构件4.databaseschema数据库模式5.radiobutton单选（按）钮6.系统建模技术systemmodelingtechnique7.模型驱动开发model-drivendevelopment8.数据流程图dataflowdiagram9.下拉式菜单drop-down(或pull-down)menu10.滚动条scrollbarUnitFour/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.heterogeneous2.asynchronous3.bridges4.opennessII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.procedurecall过程调用2.faulttolerance容错3.homogeneoussystem同构系统4.autonomousagent自主主体5.路由算法routingalgorithm6.异构型环境heterogeneousenvironment7.多址通信协议multicastprotocol8.通信链路communication(s)linkUnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.off-the-shelf 2.exclusive3.cascade4.requirements;integration5.throwaway6.immediate;stable7.reuse-oriented;framework8.software;compromisesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.systemspecification系统规格说明2.unittesting单位（或单元、部件）测试3.softwarelifecycle软件生命周期（或生存周期）4.systemvalidationtesting系统验证测试5.evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化开发过程6.linearmodel线性模型7.programunit程序单元8.throwawayprototype抛弃式原型9.textformatting正文格式编排，文本格式化10.systemevolution系统演变11.系统设计范例systemdesignparadigm12.需求分析与定义requirementsanalysisanddefinition13.探索式编程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach14.系统文件编制systemdocumentation15.瀑布模型waterfallmodel16.系统集成systemintegration17.商用现成软件commercialoff-the-shelf(或COTS)software18.基于组件的软件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering(CBSE)19.软件维护工具softwaremaintenancetool20.软件复用softwarereuseIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,making changesifnecessary:Therearethreedifferenttypesofsoftwaremaintenance.Firstly,thereismaintenancetorepairsoftwarefaults.Codingerrorsareusuallyrelativelycheaptocorrect;designerrorsaremoreexpensiveastheymayinvolverewritingseveralprogramcomponents.Requirementserrorsarethemostexpensivetorepairbecauseoftheextensivesystemredesignthatmaybenecessary.Secondly,thereismaintenancetoadaptthesoftwaretoadifferentoperatingenvironment.Thistypeofmaintenanceisrequiredwhensomeaspectofthesystem’senvironmentsuchasthehardware,theplatformoperatingsystemorothersupportsoftwarechanges.Theapplicationsystemmustbemodifiedtoadaptittocopewiththeseenvironmentalchanges.Andthirdly,thereismaintenancetoaddtoormodifythesystem’sfunctionality.Thistypeofmaintenanceisnecessarywhenthesystemrequirementschangeinresponsetoorganizationalorbusinesschange.Thescaleofthechangesrequiredtothesoftwareisoftenmuchgreaterthanfortheothertypesofmaintenance.Inpractice,thereisn’taclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthesetypesofmaintenance.Whenyouadaptthesystemtoanewenvironment,youmayaddfunctionalitytotakeadvantageofnewenvironmentalfeatures.Softwarefaultsareoftenexposedbecauseusersusethesysteminunanticipatedways.Changingthesystemtoaccommodatetheirwayofworkingisthebestwaytofixthesefaults.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。 UnitFive/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.acceptance2.code3.automation;coverage4.regressionII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.blackboxtesting黑盒测试（法）2.acceptancetesting验收测试3.codeexecutionpath代码执行路径4.testharness测试框架5.equivalencepartitioning等价（类）划分6.捕获／回放工具capture/playbacktool7.视频分辨率videoresolution8.白盒测试whiteboxtesting9.测试脚本testscript10.用例usecaseUnitFive/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.problem2.consequences3.design4.specific;generalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.procedurallanguage过程语言2.commondesignstructure通用设计结构3.classandobjectinteraction类与对象交互 4.designconstraint设计约束5.设计模式designpattern6.可复用软件reusablesoftware7.面向对象的系统object-orientedsystem8.继承层次inheritancehierarchyUnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.flat2.data3.application;administrators4.conceptual5.tables6.fragmented;replicated7.structured8.entity-relationship;attributesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.enduser最终用户，终端用户2.atomicoperation原子操作3.databaseadministrator数据库管理员4.relationaldatabasemodel关系数据库模型5.localdata本地数据6.object-orienteddatabase面向对象数据库7.databasemanagementsystem(DBMS)数据库管理系统8.entity-relationshipmodel(ERM)实体关系模型9.distributeddatabase分布式数据库10.flatfile平面文件11.二维表two-dimensionaltable 12.数据属性dataattribute13.数据库对象databaseobject14.存储设备storagedevice15.数据类型datatype16.数据插入与删除datainsertionanddeletion17.层次数据库模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel18.数据库体系结构databasearchitecture19.关系数据库管理系统relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)20.全局控制总线globalcontrolbusIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Adatabaseisanycollectionofdataorganizedforstorageinacomputermemoryanddesignedforeasyaccessbyauthorizedusers.Thedatamaybeintheformoftext,numbers,orencodedgraphics.SmalldatabaseswerefirstdevelopedorfundedbytheU.S.governmentforagencyorprofessionaluse.Inthe1960s,somedatabasesbecamecommerciallyavailable,buttheirusewasfunnelled(传送)throughafewso-calledresearchcentersthatcollectedinformationinquiriesandhandledtheminbatches(批，批量).Onlinedatabases—thatis,databasesavailabletoanyonewhocouldlinkuptothembycomputer—firstappearedinthe1970s.Sincetheirfirst,experimentalappearanceinthe1950s,databaseshavebecomesoimportantthattheycanbefoundinalmosteveryfieldofinformation.Government,military,andindustrialdatabasesareoftenhighlyrestricted,andprofessionaldatabasesareusuallyoflimitedinterest.Awiderangeofcommercial,governmental,andnonprofitdatabasesareavailabletothegeneralpublic,however,andmaybeusedbyanyonewhoownsorhasaccesstotheequipmentthattheyrequire.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录（关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。例如，如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和 HIRE-DATE字段，另一个表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。换言之，关系数据库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数据库产品一般是关系数据库。UnitSix/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.commit2.scheduler3.shared;exclusive4.wound-waitII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.nonvolatilestoragesystem非易失性存储系统2.equipmentmalfunction设备故障3.wound-waitprotocol受伤―等待协议4.exclusivelock排它锁，互斥（型）锁5.databaseintegrity数据库完整性6.共享锁sharedlock7.数据库实现databaseimplementation8.级联回滚cascadingrollback9.数据项dataitem10.分时操作系统time-sharingoperatingsystemUnitSix/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.patterns;data2.knowledge3.centralized;distributed 4.wirelessII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.dataset数据集2.datawarehouse数据仓库3.WebcommunityWeb社区，网络社区4.sensornetwork传感器网络，传感网，感知网5.数据挖掘datamining6.社交网络socialnetwork7.软件错误softwarebug8.实时realtimeUnitSeven:ComputerNetworksUnitSeven/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.MAN2.open;closed3.bus4.token5.Ethernet6.client/server7.equals;temporary8.networkII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.fileserver文件服务器2.carriersense载波检测，载波监听3.protocolsuite协议组，协议集4.peer-to-peermodel对等模型5.bustopologynetwork总线拓扑网络 6.inter-machinecooperation机器间合作，计算机间合作7.Ethernetprotocolcollection以太网协议集8.proprietarynetwork专有网络9.utilitypackage实用软件包，公用程序包10.starnetwork星形网络11.局域网localareanetwork(LAN)12.令牌环tokenring13.无线网络wirelessnetwork14.封闭式网络closednetwork15.环形拓扑结构ringtopology16.客户机／服务器模型client/servermodel17.网络应用程序networkapplication18.进程间通信interprocesscommunication19.打印服务器printserver20.广域网wideareanetwork(WAN)III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Computerscancommunicatewithothercomputersthroughaseriesofconnectionsandassociatedhardwarecalledanetwork.Theadvantageofanetworkisthatdatacanbeexchangedrapidly,andsoftwareandhardwareresources,suchashard-diskspaceorprinters,canbeshared.Networksalsoallowremoteuseofacomputerbyauserwhocannotphysicallyaccessthecomputer.Onetypeofnetwork,alocalareanetwork(LAN),consistsofseveralPCsorworkstationsconnectedtoaspecialcomputercalledaserver,oftenwithinthesamebuildingorofficecomplex.Theserverstoresandmanagesprogramsanddata.Aserveroftencontainsallofanetworkedgroup’sdataandenablesLANworkstationsorPCstobesetupwithoutlargestoragecapabilities.Inthisscenario(方案),eachPCmayhave“local”memory(forexample,aharddrive)specifictoitself,butthebulkofstorageresidesontheserver.ThisreducesthecostoftheworkstationorPCbecauselessexpensivecomputerscanbepurchased,anditsimplifiesthemaintenanceofsoftwarebecausethesoftwareresidesonlyontheserverrather thanoneachindividualworkstationorPC.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机及其相关设备。网络可采用电缆等永久性连接，或者采用通过电话或其他通信链路而实现的临时性连接。网络可以小到由少数计算机、打印机以及其他设备构成的局域网，也可以由分布在广大地理区域的许多小型与大型计算机组成。计算机网络无论大小，其存在的目的均在于为计算机用户提供以电子方式进行信息通信与传送的方法。有些类型的通信是简单的用户到用户消息；有些称为分布式过程，可能涉及数台计算机，以及在执行任务中分担工作量或进行协作。UnitSeven/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.terminator2.sub-central3.tree;central4.meshII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.routingpath路由选择通路2.dual-ringtopology双环形拓扑结构3.extendedstartopology扩展星形拓扑结构4.backbonenetwork基干网，骨干网5.meshtopology网格拓扑结构6.同轴电缆coaxialcable7.逻辑拓扑结构logicaltopology8.无冲突连网环境collision-freenetworkingenvironment9.树形拓扑结构treetopology10.目的地节点destinationnode UnitSeven/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.repeater2.data-link3.gateway4.routerII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.destinationaddress目的地址2.performancedegradation性能退化（或降级）3.four-interfacebridge4接口网桥4.commonbus公共总线，公用总线5.数据链路层data-linklayer6.协议转换器protocolconverter7.开放式系统互连OSI(OpenSystemsInterconnection)8.物理地址physicaladdressUnitEight:TheInternetUnitEight/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.research2.ICANN或theInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers3.router;gateway4.temporary/dial-up;permanent/dedicated5.ISP或Internetserviceprovider6.network;host7.decimal8.mnemonicII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa: 1.cellphone蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机2.IPaddress网际协议地址，IP地址3.autonomoussystem自主系统4.dial-upconnection拨号连接5.networkidentifier网络标识符6.binarynotation二进制记数法7.mnemonicname助记名，缩写名8.Internet-widedirectorysystem因特网范围的目录系统9.nameserver名称服务器10.Internetinfrastructure因特网基础结构11.助记地址mnemonicaddress12.网吧cybercafe13.宽带因特网访问broadbandInternetaccess14.顶级域名top-leveldomain(TLD)15.因特网编址Internetaddressing16.点分十进制记数法dotteddecimalnotation17.因特网服务提供商Internetserviceprovider(ISP)18.专用因特网连接dedicatedInternetconnection19.主机地址hostaddress20.硬件与软件支持hardwareandsoftwaresupportIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Earlycomputernetworksusedleasedtelephonecompanylinesfortheirconnections.Telephonecompanysystemsofthattimeestablishedasingleconnectionbetweensenderandreceiverforeachtelephonecall,andthatconnectioncarriedalldataalongasinglepath.Whenacompanywantedtoconnectcomputersitownedattwodifferentlocations,thecompanyplacedatelephonecalltoestablishtheconnection,andthenconnectedonecomputertoeachendofthatsingleconnection.TheU.S.DefenseDepartmentwasconcernedabouttheinherentriskofthissingle-channelmethodforconnectingcomputers,anditsresearchersdevelopedadifferent methodofsendinginformationthroughmultiplechannels.Inthismethod,filesandmessagesarebrokenintopacketsthatarelabeledelectronicallywithcodesfortheirorigins,sequences,anddestinations.In1969,DefenseDepartmentresearchersintheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)usedthisnetworkmodeltoconnectfourcomputersintoanetworkcalledtheARPANET.TheARPANETwastheearliestofthenetworksthateventuallycombinedtobecomewhatwenowcalltheInternet.Throughoutthe1970sand1980s,manyresearchersintheacademiccommunityconnectedtotheARPANETandcontributedtothetechnologicaldevelopmentsthatincreaseditsspeedandefficiency.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:因特网只是提供了将许许多多的计算机连接在一起的物理与逻辑基础结构。不少人认为，是万维网（WWW或简称theWeb）为这个全球网络提供了“制胜法宝”。万维网被视为因特网的内容，它通过使用管理与链接文本、图形、声音和视频的一套丰富工具来提供各种信息。在万维网上提供和查看信息，是使用服务器应用程序和客户应用程序完成的。如果你已经探索过万维网，你就会看出客户端应用程序就是万维网浏览器。万维网浏览器接收、解释和显示来自万维网的网页信息。用户可以在网页之内浏览，可以通过点击超文本链接跳到其他网页，也可以指向万维网上的几乎任何网页。UnitEight/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.application;transport;network;link2.transport3.different4.link;network或network;linkII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.incomingmessage来报，到来的报文2.applicationlayer应用层3.utilitysoftware实用软件4.sequencenumber（顺）序号，序列号 5.remotelogincapabilities远程登录能力6.端口号portnumber7.软件例程softwareroutine8.传输层transportlayer9.文件传送协议FTP（FileTransferProtocol）10.万维网浏览器WebbrowserUnitEight/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.hyperlinks2.home3.tags4.keywords;operatorsII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.wildcardcharacter通配符2.Copycommand复制命令3.searchoperator搜索算符4.homepage主页5.回车键Enterkey6.搜索引擎searchengine7.嵌入代码embeddedcode8.超文本标记语言HypertextMarkupLanguageUnitNine:MobileandCloudComputingUnitNine/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.cluster;utility2.Internet3.intranet 4.hybrid5.private;public6.multi-core;disk7.desktops8.physicalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.serverfarm大型机服务器2.accessprotocol存取协议，访问协议3.storageareanetwork存储区域网（络）4.high-throughputcomputing高吞吐（量）计算5.servercluster服务器集群6.publiccloud公共云7.gridcomputing网格计算8.security-awarecloudarchitecture具有安全意识的云体系结构9.socialnetworking社交网络10.utilitycomputing效用计算11.云计算提供商cloudcomputingprovider12.存储芯片memorychip13.基于内部网的私有云intranet-basedprivatecloud14.网络带宽networkbandwidth15.混合云hybridcloud16.磁盘阵列diskarray17.软件即服务SoftwareasaService(SaaS)18.集群计算clustercomputing19.虚拟化计算机资源virtualizedcomputerresources20.多核处理器multi-coreprocessorIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Thearchitectureofacloudisdevelopedatthreelayers:infrastructure,platform,and application.TheinfrastructurelayerisdeployedfirsttosupportIaaS(InfrastructureasaService)services.ThislayerservesasthefoundationforbuildingtheplatformlayerofthecloudforsupportingPaaS(PlatformasaService)services.Inturn,theplatformlayerisafoundationforimplementingtheapplicationlayerforSaaSapplications.Theinfrastructurelayerisbuiltwithvirtualizedcompute,storage,andnetworkresources.Theabstractionofthesehardwareresourcesismeanttoprovidetheflexibilitydemandedbyusers.Internally,virtualizationrealizesautomatedprovisioningofresourcesandoptimizestheinfrastructuremanagementprocess.Theplatformlayerisforgeneral-purposeandrepeatedusageofthecollectionofsoftwareresources.Thislayerprovidesuserswithanenvironmenttodeveloptheirapplications,totestoperationflows,andtomonitorexecutionresultsandperformance.Inaway,thevirtualizedcloudplatformservesasa“systemmiddleware(中间件)”betweentheinfrastructureandapplicationlayersofthecloud.TheapplicationlayerisformedwithacollectionofallneededsoftwaremodulesforSaaSapplications.Serviceapplicationsinthislayerincludedailyofficemanagementwork.Theapplicationlayerisalsoheavilyusedbyenterprisesinbusinessmarketingandsales,consumerrelationshipmanagement,financialtransactions,andsupplychainmanagement.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:云计算动态供应硬件、软件和数据集，以此方式按需应用一个拥有弹性资源的虚拟化平台。其目的是通过在数据中心使用服务器集群和巨型数据库而将桌面计算转移到一个面向服务的平台。云计算充分利用其低成本与简单的特性既惠及用户也惠及提供商。机器虚拟化使这样的成本效益成为可能。云计算意在同时满足许多用户应用程序的需要。云生态系统必须设计得具有安全性、可信性和可靠性。有些计算机用户将云视为一个集中式资源池，而另外一些计算机用户则认为云是一个在所用的各个服务器上实行分布式计算的服务器集群。传统上，一个分布式计算系统往往由一个自主管理域（如一个研究实验室或公司）为内部计算需要而拥有和使用。然而，这些传统系统遭遇数个性能瓶颈：系统维护需要不断进行；利用率差；与硬件／软件升级有关的费用日益增长。作为一种按需计算范式，云计算可解决这些问题或可使我们摆脱这些问题。 UnitNine/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.enabling2.tablet;smart3.sensing;clouds4.autonomousII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.computervision计算机视觉2.ubiquitouscomputing普适计算3.commandline命令行4.dataloggingsystem数据记录（或登录）系统5.augmentedreality增强现实6.移动网络mobilenetwork7.平板电脑tabletcomputer8.物联网InternetofThings9.智能电网smartpowergrid10.传感器融合sensorfusionUnitNine/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.desktop2.wireless3.nodes4.phones;computersII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.notebookcomputer笔记本2.wirelesshotspot无线热点3.ShortMessageService短信（服务） 4.wearablecomputer可穿戴计算机，穿戴式计算机5.移动电话mobilephone6.条形码阅读器barcodereader7.网站Website8.智能手机smartphoneUnitTen:ComputerSecurityUnitTen/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.confidentiality;availability2.data3.authenticity4.integrity5.Passive;active6.availability7.ease;security8.assuranceII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.backupsystem备份系统2.encryptionkey（加密）密钥3.dataconfidentiality数据机密性4.systemvulnerability系统脆弱性，系统脆弱之处5.unauthorizedaccess未经授权的访问，越权存取6.intrusiondetectionsystem入侵检测系统7.after-actionrecovery事后恢复8.softwarepiracy软件侵权9.authorizeduser特许用户10.dataunit数据单元，数据单位11.软件版本softwareversion 12.数据完整性dataintegrity13.系统崩溃systemcrash14.病毒检查软件virus-checkingsoftware15.综合安全策略comprehensivesecuritystrategy16.软件配置管理softwareconfigurationmanagement17.故障隔离faultisolation18.统计数据库statisticaldatabase19.保密的加密算法secureencryptionalgorithm20.数据流datastreamIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Anaccesscontrolmechanismmediatesbetweenauser(oraprocessexecutingonbehalfofauser)andsystemresources,suchasapplications,operatingsystems,firewalls,routers,files,anddatabases.Thesystemmustfirstauthenticate(验证)auserseekingaccess.Typicallytheauthenticationfunctiondetermineswhethertheuserispermittedtoaccessthesystematall.Thentheaccesscontrolfunctiondeterminesifthespecificrequestedaccessbythisuserispermitted.Asecurityadministratormaintainsanauthorization(授权)databasethatspecifieswhattypeofaccesstowhichresourcesisallowedforthisuser.Theaccesscontrolfunctionconsultsthisdatabasetodeterminewhethertograntaccess.Anauditingfunctionmonitorsandkeepsarecordofuseraccessestosystemresources.Inpractice,anumberofcomponentsmaycooperativelysharetheaccesscontrolfunction.Alloperatingsystemshaveatleastarudimentary(基本的),andinmanycasesaquiterobust,accesscontrolcomponent.Add-onsecuritypackagescanaddtothenativeaccesscontrolcapabilitiesoftheOS.Particularapplicationsorutilities,suchasadatabasemanagementsystem,alsoincorporateaccesscontrolfunctions.Externaldevices,suchasfirewalls,canalsoprovideaccesscontrolservices.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:入侵者攻击 从温和的到严重的形形色色。在这一系列攻击的温和端，有许多人只是希望探查互联网，看看那里有什么。在严重端的是试图阅读特许数据、对数据进行未经授权的修改或扰乱系统的个人。入侵者的目标是获得进入一个系统的机会，或者增加在一个系统中可以使用的特权范围。初始攻击大多利用系统或软件的脆弱之处，这些脆弱之处允许用户执行相应的代码，打开进入系统的后门。入侵者可对具有某些运行特权的程序实施像缓存溢出这样的攻击，利用此类攻击获得进入一个系统的机会。另外，入侵者也试图获取应予保护的信息。在有些情况下，这种信息是以用户口令的形式存在的。知道了某个其他用户的口令之后，入侵者就可以登录系统并行使赋予合法用户的所有特权。UnitTen/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.virusdictionary2.whitelisting;administrator3.suspiciousbehavior4.memory-residentII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.phishingattack网络钓鱼攻击2.graphicscard显（示）卡3.heuristicanalysis试探性分析4.infectedfile被感染文件5.virusdictionary病毒字典6.数据捕获datacapture7.恶意软件malicioussoftware8.病毒特征代码virussignature9.防病毒软件antivirussoftware10.内存驻留程序memory-residentprogramUnitTen/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext: 1.infection;payload2.trapdoor3.botnet4.administrator;rootII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.maintenancehook维护陷阱2.multipartitevirus多成分病毒3.authenticationprocedure验证过程，认证过程4.instantmessaging即时通信，即时消息5.系统登录程序systemloginprogram6.逻辑炸弹logicbomb7.多威胁恶意软件multiple-threatmalware8.源代码sourcecodeUnitEleven:CybercultureUnitEleven/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.system2.copyright3.rights4.deleted5.formatting或format6.signature7.screens8.emoticonsII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.mailinglist邮件发送清单，邮件列表2.proprietarysoftware专有软件 3.ccline抄送行4.bccline密送行5.forwardede-mailmessage转发的电子邮件6.e-mailconvention电子邮件常规7.clickonanicon点击图标8.confidentialdocument密件，秘密文件9.classifiedinformation密级信息10.recoverede-mailmessage恢复的电子邮件11.常用情感符commonlyusedemoticon12.已删除电子邮件deletede-mail13.电子系统electronicsystem14.附件行Attachmentsline15.版权法copyrightlaw16.电子邮件网规e-mailnetiquette17.信息高速公路informationsuperhighway18.签名文件signaturefile19.电子数据表程序spreadsheetprogram20.文字处理软件wordprocessorIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Instantmessaginghasalwaysbeenagoodwaytostayintouchwithfriends.Ascompanieslooktocutcostsandimproveefficiency,instantmessagingisagoodwaytoreplacein-personmeetings,whileallowingpeopletocollaborate(合作)throughtheircomputers.Instantmessagingisavaluablenewtoolthatisbecomingascommonase-mailintheworkplace.Severalcompanies,suchasYahoo!,AOL,andMicrosoft,willgiveyoufreeaccesstoinstantmessaging.Tousetheirsystems,youwillneedtodownloadtheirsoftwaretoyourcomputerfromtheirwebsites.Someinstantmessagingprogramsincludetheabilitytosendliveaudioorvideo.Withamicrophoneand/ordigitalcameramountedonyourcomputer,youcanletotherpeopleseeandhearyoutalking. Mostinstantmessagingprogramsaskyoutosigninwithapassword.Then,youcancreatealistofotherpeoplewithwhomyouwanttoconverse(交谈).Tobeginaconversation,sendamessagetotheotherstoseeiftheyareattheircomputers.Theircomputerswillopenawindowormakeasoundtotellthemyouwanttotalktothem.Iftheyrespond,youcanstartwritingbackandforth.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:新技术带来的变化速度对于全世界人们的生活、工作和娱乐方式产生了重要影响。新兴技术对传统的教学过程以及教育的管理方式提出挑战。人们经常断言，推动当今社会发生变化的最强有力因素将证明是信息技术。信息技术虽然本身就是一个重要的学习领域，但同时也在所有的课程领域产生着重大影响。方便的全球通信使我们可以即时访问巨量的数据。快速的通信，加上在家里、工作场所和教育机构使用信息技术机会的增多，可能意味着学习成为一项真正持续终生的活动；在这项活动中，技术变化的速度迫使我们要对学习过程本身不断作出评估。UnitEleven/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.levels;three2.node;navigation3.balance;contrast4.usabilityII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.web-authoringsoftware网络写作软件2.templategenerator模版生成程序3.navigationpage导航页面4.corporatelogo公司标识5.splashpage醒目页面，过渡页6.导航条navigationbar7.节点页面nodepage8.网站地图sitemap 9.可用性测试usabilitytesting10.图形交换格式gif（GraphicsInterchangeFormat）UnitEleven/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.neutrality2.networks;content3.recognition4.PhishingII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.messageboard留言板，消息板2.softwarevendor软件供应商，软件厂商3.anonymousmessage匿名消息4.videoclip视频剪辑，视频片段5.过滤软件filteringsoftware6.版权侵犯copyrightinfringement7.网络中立性networkneutrality8.网络运营商networkoperatorUnitTwelve:ElectronicCommerceUnitTwelve/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.boom2.business3.entities;B2G4.B2B5.B2C6.U.S.或American7.capital 8.broadbandII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.customizedmarketingstrategy定制的营销策略2.B2Gtransaction企业对政府交易3.dial-upmodem拨号调制解调器4.dot-combust网络不景气5.smartcard智能卡6.digitalpiracy数字盗版7.dot-comboom网络繁荣8.C2Ctransaction消费者对消费者交易9.Webauctionsite拍卖网站10.fingerprintreader指纹读取器11.射频识别装置radio-frequencyidentification(RFID)device12.电子数据交换electronicdatainterchange(EDI)13.库存管理技术inventorymanagementtechnology14.知识产权intellectualproperty15.条形码barcode16.货币兑换currencyconversion17.电子图书electronicbook18.视网膜扫描仪retinascanner19.个人数字助理personaldigitalassistant(PDA)20.企业对企业电子商务B2BelectroniccommerceIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Commerce,thenegotiatedexchangeofgoodsorservices,hasbeenpracticedintraditionalwaysforthousandsofyears.Electroniccommerceistheapplicationofnewtechnologies,particularlyInternetandWebtechnologies,tohelpindividuals,businesses,andotherorganizationsconductbusinessmoreeffectively.AsintheIndustrialRevolution,electroniccommercewillbeadoptedinwavesofchange.Thefirstwaveofelectronic commerceendedin2000.Morerecently,asecondwavewithnewapproachestointegratingInternettechnologiesintobusinessprocesseshasbegun.Inthesecondwave,businessesarefocusinglessonoverallbusinessmodelsandmoreonimprovingspecificbusinessprocesses.Usingelectroniccommerce,somebusinesseshavebeenabletocreatenewproductsandservices,andothershaveimprovedthepromotion,marketing,anddeliveryofexistingofferings(待售品).Firmshavealsofoundmanywaystouseelectroniccommercetoimprovepurchasingandsupplyactivities;identifynewcustomers;andoperatetheirfinance,administration,andhumanresourcemanagementactivitiesmoreefficiently.Theinherentlyglobalnatureofelectroniccommerceleadstomanyopportunitiesandafewchallenges.Businessesmustbecarefultounderstandthetrust,cultural,language,andlegalissuesthatariseininternationalbusiness.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:公司对电子商务感兴趣，原因相当简单，那就是因为电子商务能够有助于增加利润。电子商务对企业的所有好处可以概括为一句话：电子商务能够提高销售额和降低成本。在万维网上做广告做得好，可使甚至一家小型公司的推销信息传布到世界每个国家的潜在顾客。一家公司可使用电子商务与地理上分散的小群顾客建立联系。万维网尤其有助于创建可成为特定种类产品或服务理想目标市场的虚拟社区。正像其可为卖家增加销售机会一样，电子商务也可为买家增加购买机会。企业可使用电子商务确定新的供应商和业务伙伴。洽谈价格和交货条件使用电子商务比较容易，因为因特网能够帮助公司高效地获取竞争性投标信息。电子商务可提高企业交换信息的速度和准确性，这可降低交易双方的成本。UnitTwelve/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.transaction2.static;dynamic3.bag;basket4.secureII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa: 1.softwaresuite软件套件2.textbox文本框3.virtualcheckoutcounter虚拟付款台4.staticcatalog静态目录5.browsersession浏览器会话期6.动态目录dynamiccatalog7.购物车软件shoppingcartsoftware8.供应链supplychain9.企业资源计划软件enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)software10.税率taxrateUnitTwelve/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.credit2.downloading;in-store3.malls4.hackersII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.privacypolicy隐私政策2.identitytheft身份（信息）盗取3.affiliatemarketing联属网络营销，联盟营销4.postalmoneyorder邮政汇票5.零售网站retailwebsite6.信用卡creditcard7.货到付款cashondelivery8.安全套接层SecureSocketsLayer'