GBT 19391-2003 全球定位系统（GPS）术语及定义.pdf 27页

'GB/T19391-2003月U吕本标准由信息产业部提出。本标准由中国电子技术标准化研究所归口。本标准起草单位:中国电子技术标准化研究所、中国电子科技集团公司第二十研究所、中国科学院国家授时中心、中国地震局地震研究所。本标准主要起草人:陈倩、邱致和、周保军、王正明、赖锡安。 GB/T19391-2003全球定位系统(GPS)术语及定义范围本标准规定了全球定位系统(GPS)常用术语及定义。本标准适用于GPS专业范围内的各种标准的制定、各类技术文件的编制，也适用于科研、教学等方面。2通用术语2.1全球定位系统globalpositioningsystem(GPS)导航星navigationbysatellitetimingandranging(NAVSTAR)一种卫星导航定位系统。由空间段、地面控制段和用户段三部分组成，为全球用户提供实时的三维位置、速度和时间信息。包括主要为军用的精密定位服务(PPS)和民用的标准定位服务(SPS)2.2全球导航卫星系统globalnavigationsatellitesystem(GLONASS)一种全球卫星导航定位系统。为全球用户提供实时的三维位置、速度和时间信息包括军用和民用两种服务。2.3伽利略系统Galileosystem一种民用全球卫星导航系统。2.4全球导航卫星系统globalnavigationsatellitesystem(GNSS)由国际民航组织提出的概念。GNSS的最终目标是由多种民用卫星导航系统组成，向全球民间提供服务，并将由多国民间参与运行和控制的卫星导航系统。GNSS也已经为国际海事组织(IMO)所接受。欧洲的GNSS计划分为两个阶段，即GNSS-1和GNSS-2,GNSS-1为EGNOS(欧洲地球静止轨道卫星导航重叠服务)系统，GNSS-2为Galileo(伽利略)系统。2.5静地星/定位星系统Geostar/Locstarsystem一种卫星定位系统，利用两颗地球轨道静止卫星双程测距而实现定位功能，兼有简短报文通信能力。2.6海军导航卫星系统navynavigationsatellitesystem(NNSS)子午仪Transit是196。年由美国研制的卫星导航系统，为固定用户或低动态用户提供不连续定位信息。注:已于1997年12月31日关闭。2.7国际GPS动力学服务internationalGPSgeodynamicsservice(IGS)国际大地测量协会于1994年创立的国际GPS研究服务机构。它负责向世界各国的GPS用户提供精密的星历、地球旋转参数、全球GPS跟踪网数据等多种信息. GB/T19391-20032.8GPS空间段GPSspacesegment指GPS的空间星座，它按设计由分布在6个轨道平面上的24颗导航卫星组成，卫星向地球方向广播含有测距码和数据电文的导航信号。2.9GPS地面控制段GPSgroundcontrolsegment指GPS的地面监测和控制系统，它包括主控站、卫星监测站和上行信息注人站(又称地面天线)以及把它们联系起来的数据通信网络。2.10GPS用户段GPSusersegment指各种GPS用户终端，其主要功能是接收卫星信号，提供用户所需要的位置、速度和时间等信息。2.11BlockI，I，IA,IR,IR-M,IF,19卫星BlockI，I，IIA,IIR,IIR-M,IIF,1[satellites指GPS的各代卫星的名称。BlockI是原型卫星;BlockI和IA是目前的基本工作卫星;BlockIR和IIR-M是正在发射的替补卫星;BlockIIF是后继卫星，BlockIl是在规划中的201。年以后发射的卫星。2.12伪卫星pseudolite设立在地面上的GPS信号发射站，它发播与真实的GPS卫星相似的信号，可在近距离内起到和GPS卫星类同的作用。2.13星历ephemeris描述天体的空间位置的轨道参数。2.14GPS卫星星历GPSsatelliteephemerisGPS卫星星历一共包含16种数据，它们分别是历元、在历元上的6个卫星轨道参数以及用于在历元之后修正轨道参数的9个系数。2.15广播星历broadcastephemeris卫星播发的电文中所包含的本颗卫星的轨道参数或卫星的空间坐标。2.16精密星历preciseephemeris由若干个不属于GPS系统的卫星跟踪站获得的测量值，经事后处理计算出的卫星轨道参数，供事后精密定位使用。2.17历书almanacGPS卫星电文中包含的所有在轨卫星的粗略轨道参数2.18载频L,,L,L,carrierL,,L,LL-L:为GPS卫星所发射信号的载频，L为1575.42MHz,L。为1227.60MHz,L;为GPS卫星将增发的民用信号的载频，预定为1176.45MHz,2.19历元epoch GB/T19391-2003指一个时期和一个事件的起始时刻或者表示某个测量系统的参考日期。注:在GPS术语中两种概念都使用。2.20伪随机噪声码pseudorandomnoise(PRN)code一种具有与白噪声类似的自相关特性确定的码序列。GPS信号中采用了伪随机噪声编码技术，以产生码分多址(CDMA)，直接序列扩频和伪距测量功能2.21粗/捕获码coarse/acquisitioncodeC/A码C/Acode用于调制GPS卫星L,载频信号的民用伪随机码。2.22精码precisecodeP码Pcode曾经用于调制GPS卫星L,和I.:载频信号的伪随机码。2.23P(Y)码P(Y)codeY码YcodeGPS卫星用于调制L，和L:载频信号的军用伪随机码，由P码与加密码W模2相加而成。由于Y码仍然保持着P码的码速率，因此也称作P(Y)码。2.24精度因子dilutionofprecision(DOP)描述卫星的几何位置对误差贡献的因子。GPS的误差为测距误差与精度因子之乘积。2.25A何精度因子geometricaldilutionofprecision(GDOP)表征卫星几何位置布局对GPS三维位置误差和时间误差综合影响的精度因子。2.26位置精度因子positionaldilutionofprecision(PROP)表征卫星几何位置布局对GPS三维位置精度影响的精度因子。2.27高程精度因子verticaldilutionofprecision(VDOP)表征卫星几何位置布局对GPS高程定位精度影响的精度因子2.28平面位置精度因子horizontaldilationofprecision(HDOP)表征卫星几何位置布局对GPS平面位置精度影响的精度因子。2.29时间精度因子timedilutionofprecision(TROP)表征卫星几何位置布局对GPS时间精度影响的精度因子。2.30捕获acquisition用户设备对接收到的GPS卫星信号完成码识别、码同步和载波相位同步的处理过程。2.31重捕re-acquisitionGPS接收机因信号遮挡等原因短时间失锁后重新捕获信号的过程，一般很快便能完成。 GB/T19391-20032.32跟踪tracking对捕获到的GPS卫星信号继续保持码同步和载波相位同步的过程。2.33码相位跟踪codephasetrackingGPS接收机通过对GPS卫星信号的C/A码或NY)码的码相位进行跟踪，以获得GPS伪距测量值的过程。2.34载波相位跟踪carrierphasetrackingGPS接收机通过对GPS卫星信号的载波相位的跟踪，以获得载波相位测量值的过程。2.35载波相位平滑carrierphasesmoothing在GPS接收机中利用积分载波相位测量值，以减小由码相位跟踪噪声造成的误差的方法。2.36周跳cycleslips在GPS接收机进行载波相位跟踪时，因某种原因产生的整数载波周期跳变2.37伪距pseudorange由GPS接收机测出的卫星信号传播时间而计算出的卫星与接收天线相位中心间的距离。2.38距离变化率rangerate用测量GPS卫星载波的多普勒频移求得的伪距变化的速率。2.39选择可用性selectiveavailability(SA是美国人为地将误差引人卫星时钟和星历数据中，以降低GPS标准定位服务(SPS)精度的人为措施。注:该措施从1990年3月开始实施,2001年5月1日停止使用。2.40完好性integrity当无线电导航系统不应当用于导航时向用户及时发出警告(信息)的能力。GPS系统有一定的完好性措施，但对一些应用系统目前的完好性还不够。2.41反欺骗anti-spoofing(A-S)(;PS卫星信号中用加密码W与P码相叠加，使之变为Y码的措施，用于精密定位服务(PPS)。只有具有解密能力的接收机才能利用精密定位服务2.42标准定位服务standardpositioningservice(SPS)由GPS的C/A码所提供的公开的民用服务。2.43精密定位服务precisepositioningservice(PPS)由GPS的NY)码所提供的保密服务，仅供美国及其盟国军用或经特许的其他用户使用2.44接收机自主完好性监测receiverautonomousintegritymonitoring(RAIM) GB/T19391-2003接收机利用冗余GPS卫星的伪距测量信息，以判定GPS系统完好性的方法。它能判断可见卫星中是否有卫星出现故障或哪一颗卫星发生了故障并将其排除在导航解之外2.45飞机自主完好性监视airplaneautonomousintegritymonitoring(AAIM)利用飞机上各种导航设备的冗余信息辅助GPS接收机，以提高GPS完好性的一种技术。2.46GPS完好性通道GPSintegritychannel(GIC)以由多个地面GPS卫星监测台组成的网为基础，提高GPS星座完好性的技术。2.47故障检测和排除faultdetectionexclusion(FDE)在RAIM中，利用冗余GPS卫星的伪距测量信息，具体地判定某一颗卫星不可用而将其从求解组合中排除不用的方法。注:当可见卫星为s颗以上时，才能作故障检测和排除。2.48GPS监测站GPSmonitorstation在GPS地面控制段中用以对GPS星座的所有卫星进行跟踪测量的设施，全球一共设有5个。所有监测站收集到的数据传送到主控站，在那里解算出卫星星历和时间的修正参数，然后上行加载到卫星上。2.49主机板originalequipmentmanufacture(OEM);engineboard是GPS接收机的核心部件，包括RF、数字通道、处理器和定位解算软件在OEM基础上，根据不同用户的需求，加上不同的人机界面、天线和外壳结构，可以做成适合不同需要的GPS用户设备。2.50C/A码GPS接收机C/AcodeGPSreceiver利用GPS的C/A码进行导航定位的接收机。2.51P(Y)码GPS接收机P(Y)codeGPSreceiver利用GPS的P(Y)码进行导航定位的接收机2.52单频GPS接收机singlefrequencyGPSreceiver只能接收GPSL，载频信号而进行导航定位的接收机。2.53双频GPS接收机dualfrequencyGPSreceiver能够接收GPSL,,I,:信号而进行导航定位的接收机。2.54无码GPS接收机codelessGPSreceiver在不知道P(Y)码序列的条件下，采用某种信号处理技术获得GPSL，和L;双频信号的测量值，从而具有电离层延迟校正能力的民用双频GPS接收机。2.55软件无线电GPS接收机softwareradioGPSreceiver将经天线接收和直接放大后的GPS卫星信号送人高速模/数变换器，其后的全部处理过程由通用数字信号处理器完成的GPS接收机。 GS/T19391-20032.56导航型GPS接收机navigationalGPSreceiver能在动态条件下提供实时定位及其他数据并具有导航功能的GPS接收机。2.57测地型GPS接收机geodeticGPSreceiver能够提供卫星信号原始观测值用于高精度测量的接收机。2.58GPS/GLONASS兼用接收机GPS月3LONASSdual-usedreceiver能够同时接收GPS卫星和GLONASS卫星信号进行导航定位的接收机2.59测姿型GPS接收机attitude-determinationGPSreceiver用以测量载体方向、横滚和俯仰等参数的GPS接收机通常由多个GPS接收天线、OEM和相应的处理器组成2.60测向型GPS接收机GPSazimuth-determinationreceiver用以测量载体方向等参数的GPS接收机，通常由双天线,OEM和相应的处理器组成。2.61授时型GPS接收机timetransferGPSreceiver专用于精确时间(GPS时或UTC时间)发布的GPS接收机。有时还同时输出高稳定度的频率。授时精度可以达到或超过40ns2.62定时校频GPS接收机GPStime/frequencyreceiver同时产生GPS标准秒信号和基准频率的GPS接收机。用于对用户的时钟和频率源进行定时和校准。2.63单通道GPS接收机singlechannelGPSreceiver采用单个硬件通道，按照一定的时序实现对多颗卫星信号的跟踪，并完成定位功能的老式GPS接收机2.64多通道GPS接收机multichannelGPSreceiver一个包含多个并行通道的GPS接收机。每个通道都能独立连续跟踪一颗或一颗以上卫星。2.65GPS数字接收机GPSdigitalreceiver从中频开始进行数字量化处理的GPS接收机。2.66GPS模拟接收机GPSanalogreceiver载波环和码环采用模拟电路实现的老式GPS接收机。2.67差分GPS接收机differentialGPSreceiver能够接收由差分基准站的数据链路发射的差分修正数据，而进行差分导航定位的GPS用户设备，一般包括数据链信号接收机和能利用差修正信息的GPS接收机。2.68GPS接收机应用模块GPSreceiverapplicationmodule(GRAM)6 GB/T19391-2003是一种标准化的美国军用GPS用户设备模块，用于确保军用GPS用户设备的安全性、共用性和互换性2.69CPS天线相位中心CPSantennaphasecenter指GPS天线的电气中心。其理论设计应与天线的几何中心一致2.70CPS接收机噪声CPSreceivernoiseGPS接收机噪声是由接收机内部热噪声、通道间的偏差和量化误差等引起的测距和测相误差的综合表征。2.71CPS微带天线CPSmicrostripantenna一种GPS接收机天线类型，由粘接在基板上的特殊设计和精确量裁的金属箔构成。2.72冷启动coldstartGPS接收机在不知道星历、历书、时间和位置的情况下开机，需要较长时间才能正常定位2.73温启动warmstartGPS接收机在不知道星历，但存有历书、时间和位置的情况下开机，达到正常定位的时间比冷启动短。2.74热启动hotstartGPS接收机在存有星历、历书、时间和位置的情况下开机，达到正常定位的时间比温启动短2.75均方根误差rootmeansquare(RMS)表明GPS观测值数据质量的参数，其值越小，数据质量越好。2.76用户距离误差userrangeerror(URE)用户测量所得的伪距与至卫星真实距离的误差，用均方根值来规定。2.77用户等效距离误差userequivalentrangeerrorWERE)根据各种误差源所求得的对用户至卫星距离测量误差的估值。2.78CPS导航电文CPSnavigationmessage是由GPS卫星播发给用户的描述卫星运行状态与参数的电文，包括卫星健康状况、星历、历书，卫星时钟的修正值、电离层时延模型参数等内容，以50bps速率播发2.79转换字handoverword(HOW)GPS导航电文中的转换字载有时间信息，用于在P(Y)码接收机中辅助从C/A码跟踪状态转换到P(Y)码跟踪状态。2.80Z-计数Z-countGPS卫星时钟时间，在GPS导航电文中位于每个子帧的第二个转换字(HOW)之前，用29位二进制数表示，单位为1,5。，一个Z一计数为657 GB/T19391-20032.81差分GPSdifferentialGPS(DGPS)一种提高GPS定位和定时精度的技术。在已知点上设置GPS基准接收机，根据由此获得的GPS测量误差产生误差修正量，实时或事后提供给差分GPS用户设备，使用户设备接收并利用修正量以提高其定位精度2.82差分基准站differentialreferencestation差分站differentialstation设在已知坐标点_1=的GPS基准接收机连续观测视界内的卫星，产生差分修正量，再利用数据链发射台向差分GPS用户设备发送差分修正信息。这种固定站称为差分基准站2.83局域差分GPSlocalareaDGPS(LADGPS)用于提高局部区域的GPS定位精度的实时差分GPS系统。2.84局域增强系统localareaaugmentationsystem(LAAS)利用VHF数据链的局域差分GPS系统，它同时提高GPS定位精度和完好性，为飞机精密进近服务2.85位置差分GPSpositiondifferentialGPS以差分基准接收机提供的位置误差作为修正量的局域差分GPS，它要求基准站GPS接收机和用户接收机使用相同的卫星组进行定位解算。2.86伪距差分GPSpseudorangedifferentialGPS以差分基准接收机产生的视界内各颗GPS卫星的伪距误差及其变化率作为修正量的局域差分GPS，它不要求基准接收机和用户接收机使用相同的星组。2.87载波相位差分GPScarrierphasedifferentialGPS利用基站GPS接收机和用户GPS接收机对多颗卫星信号的载波相位和码伪距的观测量，进行双差分和其他处理，以使用户获得厘米甚至毫米级定位精度的一种相对定位技术2.88实时动态测量系统realtimekinematic(RTK)surveysystem利用数据链将基站GPS接收机的载波相位和码伪距观测量传送给用户，用户接收机采用双差分以及其他处理，快速解算出载波整周多值性，以实现动态高精度的实时定位系统2.89EUROFIX系统EUROFIXsystem以罗兰C作为数据链的局域差分GPS系统2.90连续1作基准站continuouslyoperatingreferencestations(CORS)互联网差分GPSinternetdifferentialGPS由美国大地测绘局(NGS)、国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)联合建立的GPS增强系统，它通过互联网和电话数据包服务，收集来自分布在全国的几百个基准站的码距离和载波相位数据，经中心站处理后，再通过互联网，提供给用户，支持GPS非导航用户和后处理应用，提高GPS定位精度。 GB/T19391-20032.91中波数据链差分differentialusingmediumfrequencydatalink利用中波数据链的局域差分GPSo2.92海用差分GPSmaritimeDGPS是一种中波数据链差分GPS，用已有的或增强的海用无线电信标台发射信号的副载波作数据链，同时提高水上用户的定位精度和完好性。2.93调频数据链差分differentialusingFMdatalink利用调频广播副载波作数据链的局域差分GPS2.94全国差分GPSnationwidedifferentialGPS(NDGPS)利用与海用差分GPS同样的体系结构，由许多基准站组成，并连同已有的海用差分站，组成覆盖全美国的系统，用于提高GPS定位精度与完好性，为陆上和水上用户服务。2.95广域差分GPSwideareaDGPS(WADGPS)利用大范围地面分布的GPS基准站收集GPS卫星的数据，把伪距误差分解成分量，在整个区域对每一分量进行估计，形成修正量，将这些修正量实时传送给GPS用户设备一般由主控站、多个基准站、差分信号播发站、数据通信网络和用户设备组成。可用相对较少的基准站提高较广区域的GPS定位精度。2.96广域增强系统wideareaaugmentationsystem(WAAS)由美国研制的，利用广域差分技术、卫星完好性监测技术和GPS导航信号转发技术，用地球静止卫星作为数据链以GPSL,载频播发这些增强信息，用户使用相应的接收机系统。WASS提高GPS的完好性、精度和可用性，主要为美国民用航空服务，目标是使GPS在整个美国达到飞机I类精密进近的水平。2.97欧洲静地星导航重盛服务Europeangeostationarynavigationoverlayservice(EGNOS)欧洲发展的与WAAS相类似的系统，和WAAS的主要差别是:它将同时增强GPS和GLONASS系统，覆盖整个欧洲及周边地区。2.98多功能交通卫星星基增强系统MTAATsatellitebasedaugmentationsystem(VISAS)由日本发展的，与WAAS十分类似的系统，利用多功能交通卫星(MSAST)播发数据，覆盖日本及其周边洋区。2.99星基增强系统satellitebasedaugmentationsystem(SBAS)利用地球静止轨道卫星播发差分修正及其他信息，以提高卫星导航用户的精度及其性能的广域增强系统。2.100陆基增强系统groundbasedaugmentationsystem(GBAS)利用地面发射台播发差分修正及其他信息，以提高卫星导航用户精度及其他性能的局域增强系统2.101机上增强系统aircraftbasedaugmentationsvstem(ABAS) GB/T19391-2003航空器上利用其他系统获得信息以增强卫星导航用户终端的(定位)性能，或利用它们之间的组合方式共同形成性能增强的导航信息。2.102联合精密进近着陆系统jointprecisionapproachandlandingsystem(JPALS)是美国军方正在研制的利用军用信号的差分GPS着陆、着舰系统。2.103舰载相对GPSshipboardrelativeGPS是联合精密进近着陆系统作舰载飞机着舰时的特殊应用方式，为飞机提供相对于军舰的位置。2.104GPS现代化GPSmodernization为提高GPS系统性能而正在执行的计划，包括在GPS卫星发射的L:载频上增加调制民用码，增加发射L载频的民用信号，把军用与民用信号频谱分隔开，在L=肠上增发军用的M码、增大卫星发射功率和改善地面控制段等措施.2.105广域GPS强化wideareaGPSenhancements(WAGE)利用GPS卫星同时发播整个星座的伪距修正信息，以提高GPS系统精度的一种方法。2.106GPS精度改善创新GPSaccuracyimprovementinitiative(A][)是美国为提高GPS系统精度而正在进行的一项计划，该计划包括把美国影像和地图绘制局(NIMA)的GPS卫星监测站并人现有监视网络，重新设计主控站GPS中的卡尔曼滤波器以及改善对GPS卫星上行注人方式与能力等三项改善地面控制段的措施。2.1073P计划3Pprogram是美国对GPS导航战计划的别称，包括:.保护(美国及其盟国)在战场上的GPS军事服务;.防止敌对方对GPS服务的利用;.维持在战场区域以外的GPS民用服务。注:由于保护(protection),防止(prevention)、维持(preserve)的英文字头均为P，故称为3P,2.108导航战navigationwarfare(NAVWAR)美国于1996年开始执行的一项军事计划，其目的是提高GPS军用接收机的抗干扰能力，使美军具有在区域的基础上停止GPS民用接收机工作的能力，甚至包括停止其他卫星系统工作的能力。2.109GPS接口控制文件GPSICD-200GPS接口控制文件是一个美国政府文件，包括用户与GPS卫星间接口的完整的技术说明2.110海用差分GPS电文格式RTCMSC-104DGPSmessageformat美国海用无线电技术委员会(RTCM)104专门委员会(SC-104)制定的GPS差分数据电文格式，在世界范围得到推广应用。2.111NMEA-0183美国国家海洋电子协会制定的海用电子设备接口标准及数据格式，许多GPS接收机采用这种标准作为一种数据输人输出格式。10 GB/T19391-20033测量特性术语3.11984世界大地坐标系，orldgeodeticsystem84WG84坐标系WG84coordinatesystem由美国国防部在与WGS72相应的精密星历系统NSWC-9Z-2基础上，采用1980大地参考系和BIH1984.。系统定向所建立的一种地心参考系。3.2模糊度(多值性)ambiguity当一个接收机对卫星进行连续观测，为重建载波相位的伪距观测值，其中所包含的待解未知整周数。称为整周模糊度值。3.3天线高antennaheight观测时接收机天线相位中心至测站中心标志面的高度。3.4观测时段observationsession观测站上开始接收卫星信号到停止接收，连续观测的时间间隔称为观测时段。简称时段。3.5同步观测simulateousobservation两台或两台以上接收机同时对同一卫星进行的观测。3.6独立观测环independentobservationloop由非同步观测获得的基线向量构成的闭合环。3.7单差解singledifferencesolution对两个不同观测站GPS接收机同步观测同一卫星载波相位观测值进行求差的数据处理方法，可以消除或削弱GPS卫星钟差、轨道误差、电离层时延和对流层时延3.8双差解doubledifferencesolution对两个不同观测站GPS接收机同步观测两顺卫星所得的单差进行求差的数据处理方法，可以消除GPS接收机钟差。3.9三差解tripledifferencesolution对两个不同观测站GPS接收机同步观测两颗卫星所得的双差在不同历元进行求差的数据处理方法，可以消除整周模糊度3.10数据剔除率percentageofdatarejection删除的观测值个数与应获取的观测值个数的比值。3.11扼流圈天线chokeringantenna一种根据L=L:频率值精心设计的带有多路径抑制槽、可以同时消除L=1.:多路径效应的测量型GPS接收机专用天线，一般用于高精度GPS测量。 GB/T19391-20033.12RATIO值RATIO反映GPS整周模糊度解算结果可靠性的参数，其结果取决于多种因素，用次最小RMS与最小RMS的比值来表示。3.13组合观测值combinativeobservation由L,,L:载波相位观测值通过一定的数学运算得到的观测值。3.14宽巷观测值widelaneobservation由L-L:得到的组合观测值，其波长为86.19cm，有利于求解整周模糊度。3.15窄巷观测值narrowlaneobservation由L,+L:得到的组合观测值，具有比L,、I.，都小的观测噪声。3.16RINEX格式receiverindependentexchangeformat是GPS原始观测数据的一种通用的存储格式，是ASCII码文本文件，一般由观测数据文件、导航数据文件、气象数据文件三种，有特定的文件命名方式。其最新版已包括GLONASS数据。3.17参考站referencestation在一定的观测时间内，一台或几台接收机分别固定在一个或几个测站上，一直保持跟踪观测卫星，其余接收机在这些测站的一定范围内流动设站作业，这些固定测站就称参考站。3.18流动站rovingstation在参考站的一定范围内流动作业的接收机所设立的测站。3.19GPS静态定位测量staticGPSpositioning通过在多个测站上进行若干时段同步观测，确定测站之间相对位置的GPS定位测量。3.20GPS快速静态定位测量faststaticGPSpositioning利用快速整周模糊度解算法原理所进行的GPS静态定位测量。3.21永久性跟踪站permanenttrackingstation长期连续跟踪接收卫星信号的永久性地面观测站3.22单基线解singlebaselinesolution在多台GPS接收机同步观测中，每次选取两台接收机的GPS观测数据解算相应的基线向量。3.23多基线解multi-baselinesolution从m(m>3)台GPS接收机同步观测值中，由m-1条独立基线构成观测方程，统一解算m-1条基线向量。3.24航摄GPS测量参考点referencepointforGPSphotographicsurveying航摄GPS测量中计算动态基线的起算点。12 GB/T19391-20033.25偏心向量eccentricvector飞机上GPS天线相位中心对航摄仪镜头中心的偏移向量。3.26初始基线initializationbaseline航摄GPS测量开始之前，参考点和飞机上GPS天线相位中心之间的距离。3.27闭合基线closurebaseline航摄GPS测量结束后，参考点和飞机上GPS天线之间的距离。3.28运动测量kinematicsurveying只需短时间的观测资料的连续差分载波相位测量的一种方式。操作常数包括确定一已知基线或从一已知基点开始，最少跟踪四颗卫星。一个接收机应固定安装在一控制点上(已知点上)，其他接收机在被测点间移动。3.29单点定位pointpositioning一台接收机单独模式下的地理定位3.30绝对定位absolutepositioning定位方式之一，定出某点在某一个特定坐标系上的位置，该坐标系通常是地心坐标系。3.31相对定位relativepositioning指通过两个站的接收机同时同步地观测相同卫星来确定两个站的相对位置差的过程。这种技术可以消掉两个站的共同误差，比如卫星钟差和预报星历误差，传播延迟等。3.32静态定位staticpositioning一种接收机处在静止或几乎静止情况下的定位。3.33动态定位dynamicpositioning按时间顺序求解运动中的接收机的坐标。每一组坐标只由一次信号取样来确定，且通常进行实时解算。4导航特性术语4.1汽车GPS导航系统in-vehicleGPSnavigationsystem汽车GPS导航系统是以车载GPS接收机为基础，结合其他导航手段获得载体位置数据，并与导航地图数据库相匹配，实时显示载体位置并进行道路引导的导航系统。4.2导航地图数据库mapdatabasefornavigation导航地图数据库是指按特定格式存储的，并与导航信息有关的数字地图信息数据库。通常与地图有关的信息包括地理编码数据、路线计算数据、背景数据和参考数据等。4.3数字地图digitalmap13 GB/T19391-2003存储在磁盘、磁带或光盘等介质上、利用计算机图形显示系统才能阅读的二维或三维地图。4.4首次定位时间timetofirstfix(TTFF)接收机通电后获得首次正确定位的时间。4.5路线计算routecalculate路线计算是指利用导航地图数据库所提供的地图帮助驾驶者在行驶前或行驶中规划路线的过程。4.6路线引导routeguidance路线引导是指驾驶者沿着路线计算出的路线行驶的过程。4.7机动引导maneuverguidance机动引导是指在路线引导过程中遇到下列情况之一时应提前提供的引导:a)在路线中遇到交叉路口时，不是直行通过路口，或者需要驶人与当前道路等级不同的道路;b)在路线中遇到环岛。4.8巡航引导cruiseguidance巡航引导是指在未遇到机动时应提供的路线引导。4.9惯性导航系统inertialnavigationsystem(INS)利用惯性仪表(陀螺仪和加速度计)、参考方向和初始位置来测量载体运动方向、速度。算出载体即时位置的自主式推算导航系统。4.10GPS一惯性组合导航系统GPS-inertialintegratednavigationsystem由GPS接收机和惯性导航系统组合成的导航系统。4.11GPS一多普勒组合导航系统GPS-Dopplerintegratedsystem由GPS接收机和多普勒雷达组合成的导航系统。4.12GPS-罗兰C组合导航系统GPS-LoranCintegratednavigationsystem由GPS接收机和罗兰C组合成的导航系统。4.13导航数据navigationdata(NAVD弃TA)由每颗卫星在L,和L:信号上，以50bit/s发摧阳勺1500bit导航信息，包括卫星星历参数和GPS系统时间与UTC时间转换参数、卫星时钟修正参数、电离层时延模型参数及卫星工作状态数据。授时特性术语格林尼治时间Greenwichtime以格林尼治天文子午线为基准的时间。5.2世界时universaltime(UT)世界时是非常近似地符合于在本初子午线上观测太阳周日平均运动的一种时间测量。 GB/T19391-20035.3协调世界时universaltimecoordinated(UTC)以世界时作为时间初始基准，以原子时作为时间单元(s)基础的标准时间。5.4国际原子时internationalatomictime(TAI)由国际计量局(BIPM)建立和保持的、以分布于全世界的大量运转中的原子钟的数据为基础的一种时间尺度。它的初始历元设定在1958年1月1日.在这个时刻TAI与UT1之差近似为零。国际单位制(Si)秒的定义是艳原子133基态的两个超精细能级间跃迁辐射9,192,631,770周所持续的时间长度，TAI的速率与其直接相关.5.5网络时间协议networktimeprotocol(NTP)网络时间协议(N丁P)用于把计算机用户或者计算机网络服务器的时间同步到另一个服务器或者参考时间源的时间上去。5.6共视比对timecomparisonusingcommonviewmethods两地设备同时测量本地时钟相对同一颗GPS卫星的时刻差，经交换数据计算得到两地时钟时间偏差的时间比对方法5.7频率准确度frequencyaccuracy频率偏差frequencybiasGPS定时接收机输出频率的标称值与标准装置测量值的相对变化量。5.8最大时间间隔误差maximumtimeintervalerror(MTIE)最大时间间隔误差(MTIE)表征频偏和相位偏离情况，它是在观测持续时间段内发生的最大的峰一峰时间间隔误差(TIE),5.9基准钟primaryclock其速率与所采用的秒定义相对应，是一种时间基准，这样的钟获得的准确度与校准无关。5.10基准频标primaryfrequencystandard其频率与所采用的秒定义相对应，是一种时间基准，其标定的频率准确度与校准无关5.11标准频率standardfrequency标准频率是指一个频率，它与一个频标的输出信号有已知的关系。5.12时间同步synchronization对两个或多个时间源之间的时间差进行相对调整以消除它们之间的时间差的过程。5.13时码timecode用于转换时间信息(例如旧期、一天中的时刻或者时间间隔)的某种特定的格式中的一个数字或者模拟符号系统5.14时标timemarker15 GB/T19391一2003在时间尺度上识别某个特定瞬间的信号标记。5.15时间参考timereference为给定的测量系统所选择的一个基本的重复周期，作为公共的时间参考，例如每秒一个脉冲(lpps)。5.16时间信号发射timesi即alemisslon按规定的间隔、以标定的频率准确度进行的一系列时间信号的广播。注:ITU一RTF.460文件建议标准时间信号的发播参照UTC要在lms以内，而且要发播专门的码来包含DUTI的信息。5.17GPS时间GPStime俗称GPS系统时间。根据地面监控站和卫星上的原子钟的时间加权而得到的，作为GPS信号的时间基准。5.18GpS星钟偏差GPSclockbias单颗GPS卫星钟的时间与GPS时间之差。5。19GpS时间频率传递Gpstimeand触quen仔transfer基于卫星共视的方法，利用码或者载波频率测量进行远程钟的时间或频率比对。5。20恒温天线temperaturestabilizedantenna(TSA)具有恒温功能的GPS天线，用于稳定天线前置放大器的时延。5.21GPS周数GPSweeknumber是从198。年1月6日开始累计的星期数。5.22GpS时间型接收机软件标准standardizationofGpstimereCeivers0ftware是由时间频率咨询委员会下属的全球导航卫星系统时间频率规范研究组制定的GPS时间型接收机技术标准。5.23BIPMGPS共视表BIRMGPSCVschedulesBIPM为全球参加TAI(国际原子时)合作的时间实验室计算TAI而制定的单通道GPS接收机所用的时间共视表。524接收机内部时延校正receiverinternaldelaycalibration用于远程共视时间比对的GPS接收机必须用内部时延经过定标的接收机来进行校正，以便修正接收机内部时延，提高时间比对准确度。 GB/T19391-2003汉语索引BE闭合基线·····································⋯⋯3.27扼流圈天线···································⋯⋯3.11标准定位服务································⋯⋯2.42EUROFIX系统··························⋯⋯2.89标准频率························，···············一5.11FBIPMGPS共视表············，············⋯⋯5.23反欺骗·········································⋯⋯2.41BlockI,I,IA,IR,RR-M,IF,M卫星飞机自主完好性监视························⋯⋯2.45............................···········，··⋯2.11G捕获·········································⋯⋯2.30高程精度因子·······························，···，⋯2.27C格林尼治时间·····························⋯⋯5.1C/A码·····································⋯⋯2.21跟踪············································⋯⋯2.32C/A码GPS接收机······················⋯⋯2.50共视比对·······································一5.6参考站·。·················，···················⋯⋯3.17GPS导航电文·····························⋯⋯2.78测地型GPS接收机···，···················⋯⋯2.57GPS地面控制段·····················，········⋯⋯2.9测向型GPS接收机··························。⋯2.60CPS一多普勒组合导航系统···············⋯⋯4.11测姿型GPS接收机···········，···········⋯⋯2.59GPS/GLONASS兼用接收机··············⋯⋯2.58差分GPS···································⋯⋯2.81GPS-惯性组合导航系统·········，·······⋯⋯4.10差分GPS接收机·························⋯⋯2.67GPS监测站·································⋯⋯2.48差分基准站··································，·⋯2.82GPS接口控制文件·····················⋯⋯2.109差分站·······································⋯⋯2.82GPS接收机应用模块·····················⋯⋯2.68重捕·····················，··················，··⋯⋯2.31GPS接收机噪声··························⋯⋯2.70初始基线······································⋯⋯3.26GPS精度改善创新························⋯⋯2.106粗/捕获码··································⋯⋯2.21GPS静态定位测量·······················⋯⋯3.19DGPS空间段···································⋯⋯2.8单差解·····································⋯⋯3.7GPS快速静态定位测旦，·················⋯⋯3.20单点定位······································⋯⋯3.29GPS一罗兰C组合导航系统············⋯⋯4.12单基线解·····································⋯⋯3.22GPS模拟接收机··························⋯⋯2.66单频GPS接收机···························⋯⋯2.52GPS时间····································⋯⋯5.17单通道GPS接收机··。···················⋯⋯2.63GPS时间频率传递························⋯⋯5.19导航地图数据库····························⋯⋯4.2GPS时间型接收机软件标准············⋯⋯5.22导航数据················，·····················⋯⋯4.13GPS数字接收机·························⋯⋯2.65导航星·······································⋯⋯2.1GPS天线相位中心························⋯⋯2.69导航型GPS接收机························⋯⋯2.56GPS完好性通道·························，·⋯⋯2.46导航战······································⋯⋯2.108GPS微带天线·····························⋯⋯2.71定时校频GPS接收机···················⋯⋯2.62GPS卫星星历······························⋯⋯2.14动态定位····，···。···············，，·············⋯⋯3.33GPS现代化·······，················，·······⋯⋯2.104独立观测环············，·····················⋯⋯3.6GPS星钟偏差····························⋯⋯5.18多功能交通卫星星基增强系统···········⋯⋯2.98GPS用户段·······························⋯⋯2.10多基线解·····································⋯⋯3.23GPS周数···········，·····················⋯⋯5.21多通道GPS接收机························⋯⋯2.64故障检测和排除···，·························⋯⋯2.47多值性·······································⋯⋯3.2观测时段·······················，···············⋯⋯3.417 GB/T19391-2003惯性导航系统································，·⋯4.9流动站·········································⋯⋯3.18广播星历·····································⋯⋯2.15陆基增强系统·························，·⋯⋯2.100广域差分GPS································一2.95路线计算·······，·······························⋯⋯4.5广域GPS强化···············，，·············⋯⋯2.105路线引导····，····································一4.6广域增强系统································⋯⋯2.96M国际CPS动力学服务······················⋯⋯2.7码相位跟踪··············，·················，，·⋯⋯2.33国际原子时····································⋯⋯5.4模糊度······································⋯⋯32HN海军导航卫星系统························⋯⋯2.6NMEA-0183········，·······················⋯⋯2.111海用差分GPS，，····················，·，·····⋯⋯2.92O海用差分GPS电文格式··················⋯⋯2.110欧洲静地星导航重叠服务······，············，·⋯2.97航摄GPS测量参考点·····················⋯⋯3.24P恒温天线·················，···················。⋯⋯5.20P码·············································⋯⋯2.22互联网差分GPS···························⋯⋯2.90P(Y)码·······························，·····⋯⋯2.23JP(Y)码GPS接收机····················⋯⋯2.51机动引导，·····································⋯⋯4.7偏心向Ja............··························⋯⋯3.25几何精度因子································⋯⋯2.25频率偏差························.············⋯⋯5.7机上增强系统·····························⋯⋯2.101频率准确度····················，··········，··⋯⋯5.7基准频标·，·····································⋯⋯5.10平面位置精度因子···········，··············⋯⋯2.28基准钟························，·，··············⋯⋯5.9Q伽利略系统···································⋯⋯2.3汽车GPS导航系统······················⋯⋯4.1舰载相对GPS····························⋯⋯2.103全国差分GPS······，·······················⋯⋯2.94接收机内部时延校正·····，················⋯⋯5.24全球导航卫星系统·，·，······················⋯⋯2.2接收机自主完好性监测····················⋯⋯2.44全球导航卫星系统··························⋯⋯2.4精度因子，······································⋯⋯2.24全球定位系统·······························..⋯⋯2.1精码······，················，····················⋯⋯2.22R精密定位服务·······················，·········⋯⋯2.43RATIO值····································⋯⋯3.12精密星历······························，········⋯⋯2.16热启动········，································⋯⋯2.74静地星/定位星系统···························⋯⋯2.5RINEX格式····························⋯⋯3.16静态定位··················，····，··············⋯⋯3.32软件无线电GPS接收机·················，·⋯2.55局域差分GPS⋯‘··，······················⋯⋯2.83S局域增强系统·······························⋯⋯2.84三差解········································⋯⋯3.9距离变化率···································⋯⋯2.383P计划······································⋯⋯2.107绝对定位··························-···········⋯⋯3.30时标············································⋯⋯5.14均方根误差·································⋯⋯2.75时间参考······································⋯⋯5.15K时间精度因子································⋯⋯2.29宽巷观测值·········。·······················⋯⋯3.14时间同步····，··································⋯⋯5.12L时间信号发射·································⋯⋯5.16冷启动··········，······························⋯⋯2.72时码·····································，·····，···⋯5.13历书·············································⋯⋯2.17世界时·········································⋯⋯5.2历元···············································一2.19实时动态测盘系统·，························⋯⋯2.88联合精密进近着陆系统·，···············⋯⋯2.102首次定位时间······························⋯⋯4.4连续工作基准站···························⋯⋯2.90授时型GPS接收机······················⋯⋯2.61i吕 GB/T19391-2003数据剔除率···································⋯⋯3.10星历············································⋯⋯2.13数字地图·······································⋯⋯4.3选择可用性····································⋯⋯2.39双差解········································⋯⋯3.8巡航引导····························，······，·⋯⋯4.8双频GPS接收机·······················。··⋯⋯2.53YTY码············································⋯⋯2.23天线高··，·······································⋯⋯3.31984世界大地坐标系························⋯⋯3.1调频数据链差分······························⋯⋯2.93用户等效距离误差·····················⋯⋯2.77同步观测···································⋯⋯3.5用户距离误差·····························⋯⋯2.76W永久性跟踪站·································⋯⋯3.21完好性·····················，········，·······，···⋯⋯2.40运动测19.............................................3.28网络时间协议·······························⋯⋯5.5Z伪距·············································⋯⋯2.37Z一计数·········································⋯⋯2.80伪距差分GPS······························⋯⋯2.86载波相位差分GPS····················⋯⋯2.87伪随机噪声码·································⋯⋯2.20载波相位跟踪·································⋯⋯2.34伪卫星···························‘··············⋯⋯2.12载波相位平滑·······················，·······⋯⋯2.35位置差分GPS······························⋯⋯2.85载频L,,L2、Ls······························⋯⋯2.18位置精度因子·································⋯⋯2.26窄巷观测值····································⋯⋯3.15温启动·········································⋯⋯2.73中波数据链差分······························⋯⋯2.91WG84坐标系································⋯⋯3.1周跳············································⋯⋯2.36无码GPS接收机···························⋯⋯2.54主机板··········································⋯⋯2.49X转换字·················，·······················⋯⋯2.79相对定位·······································⋯⋯3.31子午仪·········································⋯⋯2.6协调世界时····································⋯⋯5.3组合观测值···················，················⋯⋯3.13星基增强系统··································一2.99最大时间间隔误差···························⋯⋯5.8 GB/T19391-2003英文索引AAIM。·········。·........................................:...··，·················。························。····⋯⋯2.45ABAS·、··。····。。·，。·········，，·····。·。，············，···，，·····，····，·····，。···················。。·。⋯2.101一﹃八西︺absolutepositioning:一勺n口Uacquisition，n卜.幻All·。。··。·，，。‘··，··、·，·，··，···。··，，。，·，、一叶一口.汽U1aircraftbasedaugmentationsystem⋯一咬airplaneautonomousintegritymonitoring几贝m-nae2.17ambiguity3.2antennaheight3.3anti-spoofing2.41A-52.41attitude-determinationGPSreceiver259B一BIRMGPSCVschedulesBlock工，1，兀A,IIR,皿R-M,皿F,皿satellites·】······，·。，········1·······，·，，·········，·····，·，一2.11broadcastephemeris···························。。············“··，，······························‘···········‘⋯⋯2.15CC/Acode·，·，········，·，··、·‘··，···、，···，······、·，，········，····，，··············‘·······二········，·····一2.21C/AcodeCPSreceiver···························，·························································⋯⋯2.50carrierL:,L,.LS··，二····，······‘········‘·、···，·········，··卜··‘·········，，····，、·⋯2.18carrierphasesmoothing···············，·。········，······································，················，·⋯⋯2.35carrierphasetracking·······，·，···。······，，··................................········，4······，··········，·⋯2.34carrierphasedifferentialCPS·‘······，，·········，············。，·····，·，··4··，·，··，··，··，，··，·····一2盯chokeringantenna····················‘··································‘··························，··，···。··⋯⋯3.11closurebaseline···，，·········，，··1····，················，二·······二····二···1···，，，，·，····二】二3.27coarse/acquisitioncode······。······，···。·················。······，···········，·，··，·····，，····一2.21codephasetracking·················，。···，·························。·····，·······················，·，····⋯⋯2.33codelessGPSreceiver·，·，，··。··，，····，，··，，。，，，·，···，··、，··，，!，·。·，，··，·，。，，，，，·，，··，...2.54coldstart·······，·······，·，················，············，··············································，··········。·⋯2.72combinativeobservation······4，··，·····，4·······，·········、，········，········，、，··········，·········，，，⋯3.13continuouslyoperatingreferencestations············，，·······44·，、··。········，·········，··⋯2.90CORS....................................................................................················，······⋯⋯2.90cruiseguidance····，··‘·4··，，，“，············、····、················4··，卜····‘·，，、··，，·⋯⋯4.8cycleslips················································，···，···，················，···········，·······，⋯2.36DDGPS······、，·，········，··。··，··，·，·、·、，··，二·、。。，，，、，。。··，，，·‘。、。，，，二，，。。。·，，，·“·。。·。，，，，。。2.81different抽1CPS··········································。···················································⋯⋯2.81differentialGPSreceiver.‘·······】··，·····，···4········，······，··········!·······，4·2.6720 GB/T19391-2003differentialreferencestation·······。·······································。·················，·······⋯⋯2.82differentialstation·····························································································⋯⋯2.82differentialusingFMdatalink....................................................................................2.93differentialusingmediumfrequencydatalink···························································⋯⋯2.91digitalmap······················。················································································⋯⋯4.3dilutionofprecision························································································⋯⋯2.24DOP···················。···············，···········。······························································⋯⋯2.24doubledifferencesolution·················································································⋯⋯，二3.8dualfrequencyGPSreceiver···············。，·······················································。···⋯⋯2.53dynamicpositioning3.33Feccentricvector·········，··················································································⋯⋯3.25EGNOS···································。。······································。。····························。。·⋯⋯2.97engineboard··。····································································。·，···········，·········⋯⋯2.49ephemeris······································································································⋯⋯2.13epoch·········································································································⋯⋯2.19EUROFIXsystem························。············································，···············⋯⋯2.89Europeangeostationarynavigationoverlayservice····················································⋯⋯2.97FfaststaticGPSpositioning·········································，····························...........⋯⋯3.20faultdetectionexclusion·······························。··············································.⋯⋯2.47FDE···················，·······················································。······························⋯⋯2.47frequencyaccuracy····························································，·······················⋯⋯5.7frequencybias···································································································一5.7GGalileosystem······························································································⋯⋯2.3GBAS······································································································⋯⋯2.100GDOP··············。··························。··············。······························‘·。················⋯⋯2.25geodeticGPSreceiver··················································································⋯⋯2.57geometricaldilutionofprecision······································，·······························⋯⋯2.25Geostar/Locstarsystem········，············································································⋯⋯2.5GIC·····························。·。············。··············。················································。·2.46globalnavigationsatellitesystem··········································································⋯⋯2.2globalnavigationsatellitesystem·····················································，·····················⋯⋯2.4globalpositioningsystem··········································································⋯⋯，..⋯⋯2.1GLONASS·······。···，·············································，··················，·······················⋯⋯2.2GNSS·········。················，····························。···················································⋯⋯2.4GPS··············。···············，·······················································，···················⋯⋯2.1GPSaccuracyimprovementinitiative··················，················································⋯⋯2.106GPSanalogreceiver·······················，··························································⋯⋯2.66GPSantennaphasecenter·。······························。··，···································.············⋯⋯2.69GPSazimuth-determinationreceiver····································································⋯⋯2.60GPSdockbias············。··············。。·，············。·。·······························。·················。，⋯⋯5.1821 GB/T19391-2003GPSdigitalreceiver·························································································⋯⋯2.65GPS-Dopplerintegratedsystem·············································································⋯⋯4.11GPS/GLONASSdual-usedreceiver·······································································⋯⋯2.58GPSgroundcontrolsegment·················································································⋯⋯2.9GPSICD-200·······························································································⋯⋯2.109GPS-inertialintegratednavigationsystem·······························································⋯⋯4.10GPSintegritychannel................................................................................................2.46GPS-LoranCintegratednavigationsystem·······························································⋯⋯4.12GPSmicrostripantenna·····················································································⋯⋯2.71GPSmodernization·······················，··································································⋯⋯2.104GPSmonitorstation·························································································⋯⋯2.48GPSnavigationmessage·······················································································⋯⋯2.78GPSreceiverapplicationmodule···········································································⋯⋯2.68GPSreceivernoise···························································································⋯⋯2.70GPSsatelliteephemeris·······················································································⋯⋯2.14GPSspacesegment···························································································⋯⋯2.8GPStime··········。·············。··········。·。。············。·············，·························。。。。···········一5.17GPStimeandfrequencytransfer···········································································⋯⋯5.19GPStime/frequencyreceiver·················································································⋯⋯2.62GPSusersegment·····························································································⋯⋯2.10GPSweeknumber···························································································⋯⋯5.2飞GRAM···························。·。·······················。··。·······················。。··········。。。。···········。⋯2.68Greenwichtime····。。························。··。············。·········。···。············。························⋯⋯5.1groundbasedaugmentationsystem········································································⋯⋯2.100handoverword······················。·。·····························。······················。··········。·。。····⋯⋯2.79HDOP··························。·。··························。·。··························。。········。················一2.28horizontaldilationofprecision··············································································⋯⋯2.28hotstart···············。······················。·。·。。············。··········。··。·····················。··。·········一2.74HOW············。·························。···············。············。·························。。·········。·。··⋯2.79IGS·············。··‘··························。·······················。····························。·。。···········。·。··⋯2.7independentobservationloop·················································································⋯⋯3.6inertialnavigationsystem·······················································································⋯⋯4.9initializationbaseline··························································································⋯⋯3.26INS·························。············。··。··························。···································。··。。·······一4.9integrity······································································································⋯⋯2.40internationalatomictime·········，············································································⋯⋯5.4internationalGPSgeodynamicsservice·····································································⋯⋯2.7internetdifferentialGPS····················································································⋯⋯2.90in-vehicleGPSnavigationsystem·············································································⋯⋯4.1Jjointprecisionapproachandlandingsystem·······，····················································⋯⋯2.10222 GB/T19391-2003JPALS······································⋯⋯，’··························································⋯⋯2.102Kkinematicsurveying··························································································⋯⋯3.28LLAAS···············。··········································。·。·。。···········································⋯⋯2.84LADGPS··。。·························。···。··········································································一2.83localareaaugmentationsystem·········································································，····⋯⋯2.84localareaDGPS································································································⋯⋯2.83Mmaneuverguidance····························································································⋯⋯4.7mapdatabasefornavigation·················································································⋯⋯4.2maritimeDGPS·····························································································⋯⋯2.92maximumtimeintervalerror·················································································⋯⋯5.8MSAS···············..................................................................................................2.98MTIE············。······················································。···········································⋯⋯5.8MTSATsatellitebasedaugmentationsystem····························································⋯⋯2.98multi-baselinesolution················································································，······⋯⋯3.23multichannelGPSreceiver··················································································⋯⋯2.64Nnarrowlaneobservation·····················································································⋯⋯3.15nationwidedifferentialGPS···············。·································································⋯⋯2.94NAVDATA·······一，·。····························。··。·········。·。·····。·····································⋯⋯4.13navigationalGPSreceiver···················································································⋯⋯2.56navigationbysatellitetimingandranging··································································⋯⋯2.1navigationdata·······························································································⋯⋯4.13navigationwarfare··························································································⋯⋯2.108NAVSTAR····················。······。·······················。···················································⋯⋯2.1NAVWAR·····································。········。·······················。。··········。···················⋯⋯2.108navynavigationsatellitesystem··············································································⋯⋯2.6NDGPS············，····。·。·····················。····。······。·。·。··················································⋯⋯2.94networktimeprotocol·························································································⋯⋯5.5NMEA-0183·····································。。。··。···························。······。·。·。·····。··········⋯⋯2.111NNSS·····。·························。·。·······························。。············································。·⋯2.6NTP·······················。·······························。··。·。····························。····················，··⋯5.5Oobservationsession·················。·········································································，·⋯⋯3.4OEM···········。····························。。···································································⋯⋯2.49originalequipmentmanufacture··········································································⋯⋯2.49PP(Y)code。····················································。················································⋯⋯2.23P(Y)codeGPSreceiver·······················································································⋯⋯2.513Pprogram··································································································⋯⋯2.107PDOP···············，·············。·。························。·。·。··············································⋯⋯2.2623 GB/T19391-2003percentageofdatarejection···············································································⋯⋯3.10permanenttrackingstation···············································································⋯⋯3.21pointpositioning...............................·······························································⋯⋯3.29positiondifferentialCPS············，······································································⋯⋯2.85positionaldilutionofprecision··········································，······。············‘·········⋯⋯2.26PPS·············································································································⋯⋯2.43precisecode·····································································································⋯⋯2.22preciseephemeris··················，················································⋯⋯‘·······。········⋯⋯2.16precisepositioningservice····················································································⋯⋯2.43primaryclock···············································································，···················⋯⋯5.9primaryfrequencystandard······································。··········································⋯⋯5.10pseudorandomnoise(PRN)code·······································································⋯⋯2.20pseudolite············································。··························································⋯⋯2.12pseudorange··············································································。··················⋯⋯2.37pseudorangedifferentialCPS·············································································，··⋯⋯2.86RRAIM··············。··································。。·········。······································，·····⋯⋯2.44rangerate····································································································⋯⋯2.38RATIO·····························································。··。····。····························，··，······，·，，·3.12re-acquisition································································································⋯⋯2.31realtimekinematic(RTK)surveysystem··································⋯⋯“····················⋯⋯2.88receiverautonomousintegritymonitoring································································⋯⋯2.44receiverindependentexchangeformat·····。·····························································.⋯⋯3.16receiverinternaldelaycalibration········································································⋯⋯5.24referencepointforCPSphotographicsurveying·························································⋯⋯3.24referencestation····················································。···。。··································⋯⋯3.17relativepositioning·····························································································⋯⋯3.31RMS······································································································⋯⋯2.75rootmeansquare·····························································································⋯⋯2.75routecalculate·····················································································。···。。·⋯⋯4.5routeguidance·····························，··········································。·····················⋯⋯4.6rovingstation··································································································⋯⋯3.18RTCMSC-104DGPSmessageformat·················································。··················⋯⋯2.110SSA················································································································⋯⋯2.39satellitebasedaugmentationsystem········。··························································⋯⋯2.99SBAS············································，··。·······················································。··⋯⋯2.99selectiveavailability·······················································································⋯⋯2.39shipboardrelativeGPS·································，··················································，··⋯2.103simulateousobservation··································，·················································⋯⋯3.5singlebaselinesolution·············································。·········································⋯⋯3.22singlechannelGPSreceiver··················································，·。·························⋯⋯2.63singledifferencesolution·····················································································⋯⋯3.724 GB/T19391-2003singlefrequencyGPSreceiver·········································································⋯⋯2.52softwareradioGPSreceiver··············································································⋯⋯2.55SPS··················································。。。··········，·，············································⋯⋯2.42standardfrequency···································，······················································⋯⋯5.11standardpositioningservice········································，··································⋯⋯2.42standardizationofGPStimereceiversoftware·························································⋯⋯5.22staticGPSpositioning······················································································⋯⋯3.19staticpositioning···············································，··············································⋯⋯3.32synchronization···································································，·······，·················⋯⋯5.12TTAI二，·5.4一29r1D()P20temperaturestabilizedantennatimecode································································。·····································⋯⋯5.13timecomparisonusingcommonviewmethods··························································⋯⋯5.6timedilutionofprecision···················································································⋯⋯2.29timemarker。，····································································································⋯⋯5.14timereference·····································。。·············。···········。·。····························⋯⋯5.15timesignalemission·····················································································⋯⋯5.16timetofirstfix··············································，··，···············，·······························⋯⋯4.4timetransferGPSreceiver··············································································⋯⋯2.61tracking··························································································，·······⋯⋯2.32Transit.:...........................................·························································⋯⋯2.6tripledifferencesolution···················································一····································⋯⋯3.9工SA1"I"N"N"⋯4.4UUERE············································································································⋯⋯2.77universaltime························································································，·····，···，⋯⋯5.2universaltimecoordinated·······。····。···········。。······。···········································⋯⋯5.3URE···············································································································⋯⋯2.76userequivalentrangeerror········································································，·············一2.77userrangeerror························，·············，····················································⋯⋯2.76UT··，·····。·················································································。·····················⋯⋯5.2UTC·。···。······················，，·····················。·············，·。·································⋯⋯5.3VVDOP··········································································································，···，⋯2.27verticaldilutionofprecision······································································，·····，····⋯⋯2.27W叭AAS··⋯⋯2.96WADGPS·········································································，··················，··⋯··，⋯⋯2.95WAGE··⋯⋯2.105warmstart····⋯⋯2.7325 GB/T19391-2003八，j.-WG84coordinatesystem⋯⋯一八暇明︸︺wideareaaugmentationsystem:一0暇曰︺wideareaDGPSwideareaGPSenhancements。...............·。.·····················································，····，⋯2.105widelaneobservation.................···············。.....·······················，··············⋯⋯3.14worldgeodeticsystem84··········································································，···········⋯⋯3.1YYcode···。，····················。················。。。··························································⋯⋯2.23Z7.-count·········································································································⋯⋯2.80'