《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案.doc 19页

'UnitFour/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Informationengineeringemphasizesamodelingtoolcalledentityrelationshipdiagrams.2.Oneofthedisadvantagesofmodel-drivendevelopmentisthelongdurationofprojects.3.Unlikestructuredanalysisanddesignandinformationengineering,object-orientedanalysisanddesignattempttoemergethedataandprocessconcernsintosingularconstructscalledobjects.4.Unlikelogicalmodels,physicalmodelsshownotonlywhatasystemisordoes,butalsohowthesystemisphysicallyandtechnicallyimplemented.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.checkbox复选框，选择框，校验框2.structureddesign结构化设计3.buildingblock积木块，构建模块，构件4.databaseschema数据库模式5.radiobutton单选（按）钮6.系统建模技术systemmodelingtechnique7.模型驱动开发model-drivendevelopment8.数据流程图dataflowdiagram9.下拉式菜单drop-down(或pull-down)menu10.滚动条scrollbarUnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Newsoftwaremaybedevelopedfromscratchorthroughtheuseofexistingsystemsandoff-the-shelfsoftwareorsystemcomponents.2.Thethreegenericprocessmodelsdiscussedinthetextareoftencomplementaryratherthanmutuallyexclusive,especiallyforlargesystemdevelopment. 3.Thewaterfallmodelissonamedbecauseofthecascadefromonephasetoanotherinthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess.4.Thefundamentaldevelopmentactivitiesofthewaterfallmodelarerequirementsanalysisanddefinition,systemandsoftwaredesign,implementationandunittesting,integrationandsystemtesting,andoperationandmaintenance.5.Thetwofundamentaltypesofevolutionarydevelopmentareexploratorydevelopmentandthrowawayprototyping.6.Theevolutionaryapproachisoftenmoreeffectivethanthewaterfallapproachinproducingsystemsthatmeettheimmediateneedsofcustomers,butitisdifficulttoestablisha(n)stablesystemarchitectureusingthisapproach.7.CBSEisa(n)reuse-orientedapproachtosoftwaredevelopment,whichreliesonalargebaseofreusablesoftwarecomponentsandanintegratingframeworkforthesecomponents.8.WhileCBSEcanreducetheamountofsoftwaretobedevelopedandtheassociatedcostandrisks,itcannotavoidrequirementscompromiseswhichmayleadtoasystemthatdoesnotmeettherealneedsofusers.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.systemspecification系统规格说明2.unittesting单位（或单元、部件）测试3.softwarelifecycle软件生命周期（或生存周期）4.systemvalidationtesting系统验证测试5.evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化开发过程6.linearmodel线性模型7.programunit程序单元8.throwawayprototype抛弃式原型9.textformatting正文格式编排，文本格式化10.systemevolution系统演变11.系统设计范例systemdesignparadigm12.需求分析与定义requirementsanalysisanddefinition13.探索式编程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach14.系统文件编制systemdocumentation 15.瀑布模型waterfallmodel16.系统集成systemintegration17.商用现成软件commercialoff-the-shelf(或COTS)software18.基于组件的软件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering(CBSE)19.软件维护工具softwaremaintenancetool20.软件复用softwarereuseIV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:Softwareprocessesarecomplexand,likeallintellectualandcreativeprocesses,relyonpeoplemakingdecisionsandjudgments.Becauseoftheneedforjudgmentandcreativity,attemptstoautomatesoftwareprocesseshavemetwithlimitedsuccess.Computer-aidedsoftwareengineering(CASE)toolscansupportsomeprocessactivities.However,thereisnopossibility,atleastinthenextfewyears,ofmoreextensiveautomationwheresoftwaretakesovercreativedesignfromtheengineersinvolvedinthesoftwareprocess.OnereasontheeffectivenessofCASEtoolsislimitedisbecauseoftheimmensediversityofsoftwareprocesses.Thereisnoidealprocess,andmanyorganizationhavedevelopedtheirownapproachtosoftwaredevelopment.Processeshaveevolvedtoexploitthecapabilitiesofthepeopleinanorganizationandthespecificcharacteristicsofthesystemsthatarebeingdeveloped.Forsomesystems,averystructureddevelopmentprocessisrequiredwhileforothersaflexible,agileprocessislikelytobemoreeffective.软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。 UnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Datastoragetraditionallyusedindividual,unrelatedfiles,sometimescalledflatfiles.2.Accordingtothetext,aDBMSisacombinationoffivecomponents:hardware,software,data,users,andprocedures.3.AsfarasaDBMSisconcerned,userscanrefertobothendusersandapplicationprograms,andenduserscanrefertobothdatabaseadministratorsandnormaluser.4.Thethree-levelarchitectureforaDBMSdiscussedinthetextconsistsoftheinternal,conceptual,andexternallevels.5.Intherelationaldatabasemodels,dataisorganizedintwo-dimensionaltablescalledrelations.6.Adistributeddatabasecanbeclassifiedeitherasafragmenteddistributeddatabaseorasareplicateddistributeddatabase.7.Whiletryingtokeeptheadvantagesoftherelationalmodel,anobject-orienteddatabaseallowsapplicationstoaccessstructureddata.8.Animportantstepinthedesignofadatabaseinvolvesthebuildingofa(n)entity-relationshipmodelthatdefinestheentitiesforwhichsomeinformationmustbemaintained,theattributesoftheseentities,andtherelationshipbetweentheseentities.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.enduser最终用户，终端用户2.atomicoperation原子操作3.databaseadministrator数据库管理员4.relationaldatabasemodel关系数据库模型5.localdata本地数据6.object-orienteddatabase面向对象数据库7.databasemanagementsystem(DBMS)数据库管理系统8.entity-relationshipmodel(ERM)实体关系模型9.distributeddatabase分布式数据库10.flatfile平面文件 11.二维表two-dimensionaltable12.数据属性dataattribute13.数据库对象databaseobject14.存储设备storagedevice15.数据类型datatype16.数据插入与删除datainsertionanddeletion17.层次数据库模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel18.数据库体系结构databasearchitecture19.关系数据库管理系统relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)20.全局控制总线globalcontrolbusIV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:Inarelationaldatabase,therowsofatablerepresentrecords(collectionsofinformationaboutseparateitems)andthecolumnsrepresentfields(particularattributesofarecord).Inconductingsearches,arelationaldatabasematchesinformationfromafieldinonetablewithinformationinacorrespondingfieldofanothertabletoproduceathirdtablethatcombinesrequesteddatafrombothtables.Forexample,ifonetablecontainsthefieldsEMPLOYEE-ID,LAST-NAME,FIRST-NAME,andHIRE-DATE,andanothertablecontainsthefieldsDEPT,EMPLOYEE-ID,andSALARY,arelationaldatabasecanmatchtheEMPLOYEE-IDfieldsinthetwotablestofindsuchinformationasthenamesofallemployeesearningacertainsalaryorthedepartmentsofallemployeeshiredafteracertaindate.Inotherwords,arelationaldatabaseusesmatchingvaluesintwotablestorelateinformationinonetoinformationintheother.Microcomputerdatabaseproductstypicallyarerelationaldatabases.在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录（关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。例如，如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一个表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID 字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。换言之，关系数据库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数据库产品一般是关系数据库。UnitSix/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.ThecommitpointisthepointatwhichallthestepsinatransactionhavebeenrecordedinthelogoftheDBMS.2.AlargeDBMSoftencontainaschedulertocoordinatetime-sharingamongtransactionsinmuchthesamewaythatatime-sharingoperatingsystemcoordinatesinterweavingofprocesses.3.Theitemswithinadatabasethatarecurrentlybeingusedbysometransactionaremarkedwithlocks.Therearetwocommontypesoflocks:sharedlocksandexclusivelocks.4.Withthewound-waitprotocol,ifanoldertransactionrequiresaccesstoanitemthatislockedbyayoungertransactionisforcedtoreleaseallofitsdataitems,anditsactivitiesarerolledback.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.nonvolatilestoragesystem非易失性存储系统2.equipmentmalfunction设备故障3.wound-waitprotocol受伤―等待协议4.exclusivelock排它锁，互斥（型）锁5.databaseintegrity数据库完整性6.共享锁sharedlock7.数据库实现databaseimplementation8.级联回滚cascadingrollback9.数据项dataitem10.分时操作系统time-sharingoperatingsystem UnitSeven:ComputerNetworksUnitSeven/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Accordingtothegeographicalareacovered,acomputernetworkisoftenclassifiedaseitheraLAN,a(n)MAN,oraWAN.2.Anetworkcanalsobeclassifiedaseithera(n)opennetworkora(n)closednetworkaccordingtowhetheritsinternaloperationisbasedondesignsinthepublicdomainoroninnovationsownedandcontrolledbyaparticularentity.3.Anetworkcanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtoitstopology.Amongthemostpopulartopologiesarethebustopology,ringtopology,andstartopology.4.ApopularprotocolinnetworksbasedontheringtopologyisthetokenringprotocoldevelopedbyIBMinthe1970s.5.Ina(n)Ethernetsystem,therighttotransmitmessagesiscontrolledbytheprotocolknownasCSMA/CD.6.Theclient/servermodelforinterprocesscommunicationdefinesthebasicrolesplayedbytheprocessesaseitheraclientoraserver.7.Thepeer-to-peermodelinvolvestwoprocessescommunicatingasequalsandusuallyexecutingona(n)temporarybasis.8.Althoughitisoftenused,thetermpeer-to-peernetworkisnotveryappropriate.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.fileserver文件服务器2.carriersense载波检测，载波监听3.protocolsuite协议组，协议集4.peer-to-peermodel对等模型5.bustopologynetwork总线拓扑网络6.inter-machinecooperation机器间合作，计算机间合作7.Ethernetprotocolcollection以太网协议集8.proprietarynetwork专有网络9.utilitypackage实用软件包，公用程序包10.starnetwork星形网络 11.局域网localareanetwork(LAN)12.令牌环tokenring13.无线网络wirelessnetwork14.封闭式网络closednetwork15.环形拓扑结构ringtopology16.客户机／服务器模型client/servermodel17.网络应用程序networkapplication18.进程间通信interprocesscommunication19.打印服务器printserver20.广域网wideareanetwork(WAN)IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:Anetwork,incomputerscience,isagroupofcomputersandassociateddevicesthatareconnectedbycommunicationsfacilities.Anetworkcaninvolvepermanentconnections,suchascables,ortemporaryconnectionsmadethroughtelephoneorothercommunicationslinks.Anetworkcanbeassmallasalocalareanetworkconsistingofanewcomputers,printers,andotherdevices,oritcanconsistofmanysmallandlargecomputersdistributedoveravastgeographicarea.Smallorlarge,acomputernetworkexiststoprovidecomputeruserswiththemeansofcommunicatingandtransferringinformationelectronically.Sometypesofcommunicationaresimpleuser-to-usermessages;others,ofthetypeknownasdistributedprocesses,caninvolveseveralcomputersandthesharingofworkloadsorcooperative(合作的)effortsinperformingatask.在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机及其相关设备。网络可采用电缆等永久性连接，或者采用通过电话或其他通信链路而实现的临时性连接。网络可以小到由少数计算机、打印机以及其他设备构成的局域网，也可以由分布在广大地理区域的许多小型与大型计算机组成。计算机网络无论大小，其存在的目的均在于为计算机用户提供以电子方式进行信息通信与传送的方法。有些类型的通信是简单的用户到用户消息；有些称为分布式过程，可能涉及数台计算机，以及在执行任务中分担工作量或进行协作。 UnitSeven/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Inthebustopology,aterminatorshouldbeinstalledateachendofthebusormaincable.2.Ascomparedwiththestartopology,theextendedstartopologyaddssub-centraldevicesinsteadofconnectingalldevicestoacentralunit.3.Thehierarchicaltopology,alsoreferredtoasthetreetopology,ismuchlikethestartopology,exceptthatitdoesn’tusea(n)centralnode.4.Atrulyredundantnetworkcanbecreatedwiththemeshtopology.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.routingpath路由选择通路2.dual-ringtopology双环形拓扑结构3.extendedstartopology扩展星形拓扑结构4.backbonenetwork基干网，骨干网5.meshtopology网格拓扑结构6.同轴电缆coaxialcable7.逻辑拓扑结构logicaltopology8.无冲突连网环境collision-freenetworkingenvironment9.树形拓扑结构treetopology10.目的地节点destinationnodeUnitEight:TheInternetUnitEight/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.TheInternetoriginatedfromresearchprojectsgoingbacktotheearly1960s.2.TheestablishmentofdomainsontheInternetisoverseenbyanonprofitcorporationcalledICANN或theInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers.3.AregistereddomaincanbeattachedtotheexistingInternetbymeansofa(n)routerwhichisoftenreferredtoasthegatewayofthedomain.4.AusertypicallyconnectstotheInternetinoneoftwoways:temporary/dial-up connectionsandpermanent/dedicatedconnections.5.A(n)ISP或InternetserviceproviderisacompanythatprovidesInternetaccessandotherservicestocustomers.6.AnIPaddressisa32-bitaddressmadeupoftwoparts:thenetworkidentifierandthehostaddress,identifyingthedomaininwhichacomputerresidesandtheparticularcomputerwithinthedomainrespectively.7.IPaddressaretraditionallywrittenindotteddecimalnotation.8.Foreaseofmemorization,eachdomainisalsoassignedauniquemnemonicaddressknownasadomainname.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.cellphone蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机2.IPaddress网际协议地址，IP地址3.autonomoussystem自主系统4.dial-upconnection拨号连接5.networkidentifier网络标识符6.binarynotation二进制记数法7.mnemonicname助记名，缩写名8.Internet-widedirectorysystem因特网范围的目录系统9.nameserver名称服务器10.Internetinfrastructure因特网基础结构11.助记地址mnemonicaddress12.网吧cybercafe13.宽带因特网访问broadbandInternetaccess14.顶级域名top-leveldomain(TLD)15.因特网编址Internetaddressing16.点分十进制记数法dotteddecimalnotation17.因特网服务提供商Internetserviceprovider(ISP)18.专用因特网连接dedicatedInternetconnection19.主机地址hostaddress20.硬件与软件支持hardwareandsoftwaresupport IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:Theinternetprovidesonlythephysicalandlogicalinfrastructurethatconnectsmillionsofcomputerstogether.ManybelievethattheWorldWideWeb(WWW,orsimplytheWeb)providesthekillerapplication(制胜法宝)forthisglobalnetwork.TheWebisconsideredthecontentoftheInternet,providingallsortsofinformationbyusingarichsetoftoolsthatmanageandlinktext,graphics,sound,andvideo.ProvidingandviewinginformationontheWebisaccomplishedserverapplicationsandclientapplications.Ifyou’vealreadyexploredtheWeb,you’llrecognizetheclient-sideapplicationastheWebbrowser.AWebbrowserreceives,interprets,anddisplayspagesofinformationfromtheWeb.Theusercannavigatewithinpages,jumptootherpagesbyclickinghypertextlinks,andpointtojustaboutanypageontheWeb.因特网只是提供了将许许多多的计算机连接在一起的物理与逻辑基础结构。不少人认为，是万维网（WWW或简称theWeb）为这个全球网络提供了“制胜法宝”。万维网被视为因特网的内容，它通过使用管理与链接文本、图形、声音和视频的一套丰富工具来提供各种信息。在万维网上提供和查看信息，是使用服务器应用程序和客户应用程序完成的。如果你已经探索过万维网，你就会看出客户端应用程序就是万维网浏览器。万维网浏览器接收、解释和显示来自万维网的网页信息。用户可以在网页之内浏览，可以通过点击超文本链接跳到其他网页，也可以指向万维网上的几乎任何网页。UnitEight/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Foranoutgoingmessage,thefourlayersofsoftwareinvolvedinInternetcommunicationworkintheorderoftheapplicationlayer,thetransportlayer,thenetworklayer,andthelinklayer;foranincomingmessage,itisjusttheopposite.2.ThetransportlayerconvertslongmessagesintopacketscompatiblewiththeInternetbeforetheirtransmissionandreassemblesthematthedestination.3.ThepacketsrelatedtoacommonmessagemayfollowdifferentpathsthroughtheInternet.4.Onlythelinkandnetworklayersareinvolvedattheintermediatestopsduringapacket’sjourneytoitsfinaldestination. II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.incomingmessage来报，到来的报文2.applicationlayer应用层3.utilitysoftware实用软件4.sequencenumber（顺）序号，序列号5.remotelogincapabilities远程登录能力6.端口号portnumber7.软件例程softwareroutine8.传输层transportlayer9.文件传送协议FTP（FileTransferProtocol）10.万维网浏览器WebbrowserUnitNine:MobileandCloudComputingUnitNine/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Theconceptofcloudcomputinghasevolvedfromcluster,grid,andutilitycomputing.2.ApubliccloudisbuiltovertheInternetandcanbeaccessedbyanyuserwhohaspaidfortheservice.3.Aprivatecloudisbuiltwithinthedomainofa(n)intranetownedbyasingleorganization.4.A(n)hybridcloudisbuiltwithbothpublicandprivateclouds.5.Generallyspeaking,privatecloudsareeasiertomanage,andpubliccloudsareeasiertoaccess.6.Therapidprogressinmulti-coreCPUs,memorychip,anddiskarrayshasmadeitpossibletobuiltfasterdatacenterswithhugeamountsofstoragespace.7.Oneofthedesignobjectivesforcloudcomputingisshiftingcomputingfromdesktopstodatacenters8.TheInternetcloudisenvisionedasamassiveclusterofservers,whichcanbephysicalmachinesorVMs. II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.serverfarm大型机服务器2.accessprotocol存取协议，访问协议3.storageareanetwork存储区域网（络）4.high-throughputcomputing高吞吐（量）计算5.servercluster服务器集群6.publiccloud公共云7.gridcomputing网格计算8.security-awarecloudarchitecture具有安全意识的云体系结构9.socialnetworking社交网络10.utilitycomputing效用计算11.云计算提供商cloudcomputingprovider12.存储芯片memorychip13.基于内部网的私有云intranet-basedprivatecloud14.网络带宽networkbandwidth15.混合云hybridcloud16.磁盘阵列diskarray17.软件即服务SoftwareasaService(SaaS)18.集群计算clustercomputing19.虚拟化计算机资源virtualizedcomputerresources20.多核处理器multi-coreprocessorIV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:Cloudcomputingappliesavirtualizedplatformwithelasticresourcesondemandbyprovisioninghardware,software,anddatasetsdynamically.Theideaistomovedesktopcomputingtoaservice-orientedplatformusingserverclusterandhugedatabasesatdatacenters.Cloudcomputingleveragesitslowcostandsimplicitytobenefitbothusersandproviders.Machinesvirtualizationhasenabledsuchcost-effectiveness.Cloudcomputingintendstosatisfymanyuserapplicationssimultaneously.Thecloudecosystem(生态系统)mustbedesignedtobesecure,trustworthy,anddependable.Somecomputerusersthinkofthecloudasacentralizedresourcepool.Othersconsiderthecloudtobeaserversused. Traditionally,adistributedcomputingsystemtendstobeownedandoperatedbyanautonomousadministrativedomain(e.g.,aresearchlaboratoryorcompany)foron-premises(机构内部的)computingneeds.However,thesetraditionalsystemshaveencounteredseveralperformancebottlenecks(瓶颈):constantsystemmaintenance,poorutilization,andincreasingcostsassociatedwithhardware/softwareupgrades(升级).Cloudcomputingasanon-demandcomputingparadigmresolvesorrelievesusfromtheseproblems.云计算动态供应硬件、软件和数据集，以此方式按需应用一个拥有弹性资源的虚拟化平台。其目的是通过在数据中心使用服务器集群和巨型数据库而将桌面计算转移到一个面向服务的平台。云计算充分利用其低成本与简单的特性既惠及用户也惠及提供商。机器虚拟化使这样的成本效益成为可能。云计算意在同时满足许多用户应用程序的需要。云生态系统必须设计得具有安全性、可信性和可靠性。有些计算机用户将云视为一个集中式资源池，而另外一些计算机用户则认为云是一个在所用的各个服务器上实行分布式计算的服务器集群。传统上，一个分布式计算系统往往由一个自主管理域（如一个研究实验室或公司）为内部计算需要而拥有和使用。然而，这些传统系统遭遇数个性能瓶颈：系统维护需要不断进行；利用率差；与硬件／软件升级有关的费用日益增长。作为一种按需计算范式，云计算可解决这些问题或可使我们摆脱这些问题。UnitNine/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.SupportivetechnologiesfortheIoTaredividedintotwocategories:enablingandsynergistictechnologies.2.Contemporarydevicesthatlendsupporttoubiquitouscomputingincludesmartphones,tabletcomputers,sensornetworks,RFIDtags,smartcards,andGPSdevices.3.ThearchitectureofanIoTconsistsofsensingdevicesconnectedtovariousapplicationsviamobilenetworks,theInternet,andprocessingclouds.4.Atypicalwirelesssensornetworkconsistsofspatiallydistributedautonomoussensorstocooperativelymonitorphysicalorenvironmentalconditions.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.computervision计算机视觉 2.ubiquitouscomputing普适计算3.commandline命令行4.dataloggingsystem数据记录（或登录）系统5.augmentedreality增强现实6.移动网络mobilenetwork7.平板电脑tabletcomputer8.物联网InternetofThings9.智能电网smartpowergrid10.传感器融合sensorfusionUnitTen:ComputerSecurityUnitTen/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.TheCIAtriadusedtodefinecomputersecurityobjectivesconsistsofconfidentiality,integrity,andavailability.2.Incomputersecurity,integritycoversthetworelatedconceptsofdataintegrityandsystemintegrity.3.InadditiontotheCIAtriad,twoofthemostcommonlymentionedconceptsconcerningsecurityobjectivesareauthenticityandaccountability.4.Securityconcernswithrespecttodataencompassavailability,secrecy,andintegrity5.Passivenetworksecurityattacksattempttolearnormakeuseofinformationfromthesystemwithoutaffectingsystemresources,whereasactiveattacksattempttoaltersystemresourcesoraffecttheiroperation.6.Akeythreattosoftwareisanattackonavailability7.Indevelopingasecuritypolicy,asecuritymanagermustbalanceeaseofuseagainstsecurityagainstcostoffailureandrecovery.8.Inthecontextofcomputersecurity,assuranceisthedegreeofconfidenceonehasthatthesecuritymeasuresworkasintended.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa: 1.backupsystem备份系统2.encryptionkey（加密）密钥3.dataconfidentiality数据机密性4.systemvulnerability系统脆弱性，系统脆弱之处5.unauthorizedaccess未经授权的访问，越权存取6.intrusiondetectionsystem入侵检测系统7.after-actionrecovery事后恢复8.softwarepiracy软件侵权9.authorizeduser特许用户10.dataunit数据单元，数据单位11.软件版本softwareversion12.数据完整性dataintegrity13.系统崩溃systemcrash14.病毒检查软件virus-checkingsoftware15.综合安全策略comprehensivesecuritystrategy16.软件配置管理softwareconfigurationmanagement17.故障隔离faultisolation18.统计数据库statisticaldatabase19.保密的加密算法secureencryptionalgorithm20.数据流datastreamIV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:Intruder(入侵者)attacksrangefromthebenign(良性的，温和的)totheserious.Atthebeginendofthescale,therearemanypeoplewhosimplywishtoexploreinternetsandseewhatisoutthere.Attheseriousendareindividualswhoareattemptingtoreadprivilegeddata,performunauthorizedmodificationstodata,ordisruptthesystem.Theobjectiveoftheintruderistogainaccesstoasystemortoincreasetherangeofprivilegesaccessibleonasystem.Mostinitialattacksusesystemorsoftwarevulnerabilitiesthatallowausertoexecutecodethatopensabackdoorintothesystem.Intruderscangetaccesstoasystembyexploitingattackssuchasbufferoverflows(缓存溢出)onaprogramthatrunswithcertainprivileges. Alternatively,theintruderattemptstoacquireinformationthatshouldhavebeenprotected.Insomecases,thisinformationisintheformofauserpassword.Withknowledgeofsomeotherusers’password,anintrudercanlogintoasystemandexercisealltheprivilegesaccordedtothelegitimateuser.入侵者攻击从温和的到严重的形形色色。在这一系列攻击的温和端，有许多人只是希望探查互联网，看看那里有什么。在严重端的是试图阅读特许数据、对数据进行未经授权的修改或扰乱系统的个人。入侵者的目标是获得进入一个系统的机会，或者增加在一个系统中可以使用的特权范围。初始攻击大多利用系统或软件的脆弱之处，这些脆弱之处允许用户执行相应的代码，打开进入系统的后门。入侵者可对具有某些运行特权的程序实施像缓存溢出这样的攻击，利用此类攻击获得进入一个系统的机会。另外，入侵者也试图获取应予保护的信息。在有些情况下，这种信息是以用户口令的形式存在的。知道了某个其他用户的口令之后，入侵者就可以登录系统并行使赋予合法用户的所有特权。UnitTen/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Mostcommercialantivirussoftwareusesboththevirusdictionaryapproachandthesuspiciousbehaviorapproachwithemphasisonthevirusdictionaryapproach.2.Anemergingtechniquetodealwithmalwareingeneraliswhitelistingwhichpreventsexecutionofallcomputercodeexceptthatwhichhasbeenpreviouslyidentifiedastrustworthybythesystemadministrator.3.Insteadofattemptingtoidentifyknownviruses,thesuspiciousbehaviorapproachprovidesprotectionagainstbrand-newvirusesthatdonotyetexistinanyvirusdictionaries.4.Usuallyoneshouldhaveonlyonetypeofmemory-residentantivirussoftwareinstalledonasinglecomputer.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.phishingattack网络钓鱼攻击2.graphicscard显（示）卡3.heuristicanalysis试探性分析 4.infectedfile被感染文件5.virusdictionary病毒字典6.数据捕获datacapture7.恶意软件malicioussoftware8.病毒特征代码virussignature9.防病毒软件antivirussoftware10.内存驻留程序memory-residentprogramUnitEleven:CybercultureUnitEleven/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Whenprofessionalwebsitedesignersdeterminethenumberoflevelsinawebsite,aguidelineusuallyfollowedisthatthereshouldbeamaximumofthreelinksforthemostimportantinformation.2.Awebsitehasafewdifferentkindsofwebpages:thehomepage,nodepages,basicpages,navigationpages,andtheoptionalsplashpage.3.Accordingtothetext,thefiveprinciplesofdesignfortheinterfaceofawebsitearebalance,alignment,grouping,consistency,andcontrast.4.Beforeuploadingyourwebsite,youshoulddosomeusabilitytestingtoensurequality.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.web-authoringsoftware网络写作软件2.templategenerator模版生成程序3.navigationpage导航页面4.corporatelogo公司标识5.splashpage醒目页面，过渡页6.导航条navigationbar7.节点页面nodepage8.网站地图sitemap9.可用性测试usabilitytesting 10.图形交换格式gif（GraphicsInterchangeFormat）UnitTwelve:ElectronicCommerceUnitTwelve/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.Allelectroniccommercesitesmustatleastprovideacatalogdisplay,shoppingcartcapabilities,andtransactionprocessing.2.Smallcommercesitescanusea(n)staticcatalogwhilelargercommercesitesaremorelikelytousea(n)dynamiccatalog.3.Ashoppingcartissometimescalledashoppingbagorshoppingbasket.4.Atcheckout,theonlineshopper’sWebbrowsersoftwareandtheseller’sWebserversoftwarebothswitchintoasecurestateofcommunication.II.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.softwaresuite软件套件2.textbox文本框3.virtualcheckoutcounter虚拟付款台4.staticcatalog静态目录5.browsersession浏览器会话期6.动态目录dynamiccatalog7.购物车软件shoppingcartsoftware8.供应链supplychain9.企业资源计划软件enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)software10.税率taxrate'