胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案.doc 34页

'胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.  A.contact  B.communication   C.relation    D.community2. Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?  A.tree     B.typewriter     C.crash      D.bang3. Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________.  A.interrogative  B.directive   C.informative   D.performative4. InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform? A.Interpersonal     B.Emotive     C.Performative        D.Recreational5. Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.Transferability    B.Duality      C.Displacement        D.Arbitrariness6. Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?  —Aniceday,isn’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight. A.Emotive       B.Phatic        C.Performative        D.Interpersonal7. __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.Performance     B.Competence   C.Langue  D.Parole34 8. Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.  A.culturaltransmission   B.productivity     C.displacement   D.duality9. __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.  A.Psycholinguistics B.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics   D.Appliedlinguistics10. __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.  A.Linguistictheory  B.PracticallinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12. Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13. Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14. Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15. Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16. Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17. .DeSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19. Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20. Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III. Fillintheblanks.(10%)21. Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.22. Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.23. Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.24. Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.34 25. Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.26. Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27. Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.28. Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.29. Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Designfeature32.  Displacement33.  Competence34.SynchroniclinguisticsV.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南开大学，2004）36. Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）34 第二章：语音I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.   A.intonation         B.tone           C.pronunciation    D.voice2.  Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).   A.allophone        B.phone             C.phoneme        D.morpheme3.  Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.   A.analogues       B.tagmemes        C.morphemes        D.allophones4. Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.  A.glottis           B.vocalcavity     C.pharynx            D.uvula5.  Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.A.wide    B.closing    C.narrow      D.centering6. Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.   A.minimalpairs     B.allomorphs          C.phones              D.allophones7.  Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?   A.Acousticphonetics  B.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.Auditoryphonetics D.Noneoftheabove8. Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]  B.[m] C.[b]  D.[p]9.  Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?  A.[i:]              B.[u]           C.[e]              D.[i]10. Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?  A.Voiceless      B.Voiced         C.Glottalstop          D.ConsonantII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.34 13. Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14. [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15. Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16. Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17. Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.  Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19. ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20. Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III.   Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.22. Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.23. Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.24.  Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25.  Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.26. Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.27.  InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28.  __________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.29.  __________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.30. Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.   Soundassimilation32.   Suprasegmentalfeature33.   Complementarydistribution34.  Distinctivefeatures34 V.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whatisacousticphonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南开04）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青岛海洋大学，1999）   (1) voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop   (2)  lowfrontvowel    (3) lateralliquid   (4)  velarnasal   (5)  voicedinterdentalfricative34 第三章：词汇I.  Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.  A.lexicalwords         B.grammaticalwords      C.functionwords        D.formwords2. Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.  A.inflectional      B.free                   C.bound                 D.derivational3. Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.  A.three           B.four            C.five               D.six4. InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.   A.prefixes       B.suffixes       C.infixes             D.stems5. Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.   A.derivationalaffix     B.inflectionalaffix      C.infix                  D.back-formation6.  __________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.  A.affixation          B.back-formation      C.insertion              D.addition7. ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.  A.acronymy        B.clipping        C.initialism        D.blending8. Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.  A.blending        B.clipping      C.back-formation    D.acronymy9. Thestemofdisagreementsis__________  A.agreement       B.agree         C.disagree        D.disagreement10.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.  A.lexeme        B.phoneme      C.morpheme          D.allomorphII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.34 12. Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13. Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14. Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15.  Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16. Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18. Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19. Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20. Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III. Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.22. Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.23. Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.24. Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.25. Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.26.  __________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27.  __________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.28. Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.29.  Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.30.  Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-classword34. Morphologicalrule34 V.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（厦门大学，2003）36.  WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武汉大学，2004）          I                                II(1)      acronym                          a.      foe(2)      freemorpheme                b.      subconscious(3)      derivationalmorpheme          c.      UNESCO(4)      inflectionalmorpheme          d.      overwhelmed(5)      prefix                          e.      calculation34 第四章：句法I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinear      B.onlyhierarchicalC.complex       D.bothlinearandhierarchical2. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large       B.small         C.finite            D.infinite3. The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical              B.morphological      C.linguistic            D.combinational4. Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right         B.wrong        C.grammatical     D.ungrammatical5. A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator    B.particle     C.preposition      D.subordinator6. Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive       B.grammatical   C.social        D.functional7. Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.8. Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________. A.thecity          B.Rome           C.city           D.thecityRome9. Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.   A.endocentric    B.exocentric       C.subordinate    D.coordinate10. Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence.   A.simple       B.coordinate      C.compound       D.complex34 II. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.12. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13.  Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14. Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15. Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16. InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17. InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.18. Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.19. Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.20. Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. A__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.22. A__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.23. A__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.24. Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled__________.25. A__________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.26. Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan__________clause.27. Majorlexicalcategoriesare__________categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.28.  __________conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.29.  __________aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinoneway oranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenand34 amongnatural languages.30. Thetheoryof__________conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Syntax32.  ICanalysis33.  Hierarchicalstructure34.TracetheoryV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.  Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?（武汉大学，2004）36.  Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.（北京二外国语大学，2004）VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:    Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.34 第五章：意义I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.Plato           B.Bloomfield      C.GeoffreyLeech      D.Firth2. “Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistview     B.contexutalismC.thenamingtheory    D.behaviorism3. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.  4.“CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswith     B.isinconsistentwith C.entails   D.presupposes5. ___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.Predicationanalysis   B.Componentialanalysis C.Phonemicanalysis   D.Grammaticalanalysis6. “Alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonyms  B.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonyms  D.Noneoftheabove7. _________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.Reference      B.Concept        C.Semantics          D.Sense8. ___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy            B.Synonymy          C.Homonymy              D.Hyponymy9. Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonyms       B.polysemies       C.hyponyms    D.synonyms34 10. Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrules   B.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrules      D.semanticfeaturesII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.  12. Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.13. Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.14. Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.15.  Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.  16. Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.  17. Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.  18. Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.19. “Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.  20. Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. __________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.22. Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisno__________linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.23. __________meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.24. Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled__________.25. Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled__________.26. __________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.27. __________analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.28. Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalled34 __________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.29. A(n)__________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.30. Accordingtothe__________theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Entailment32.  Proposition33.  Componentialanalysis34.  ReferenceV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.  Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?      Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots（青岛海洋大学，1999）36. Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?（武汉大学，2004）VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesaresharedbythe(a)wordsandthe(b)words,andwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words.    (1)  a.    bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chief          b.  bull,rooster,drake,ram    (2)  a.    table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,car          b.  milk,alcohol,rice,soup    (3)  a.    book,temple,mountain,road,tractor          b.  idea,love,charity,sincerity,bravery,fear（青岛海洋大学，1999）34 第七章：语言、文化和社会[注：第六章无测试题]I.    Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. _______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.Psycholinguistics     B.SociolinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics    D.Generallinguistics2. Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits__________.A.useofwords      B.useofstructuresC.accent            D.morphemes3. __________isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.Regionalvariation      B.LanguagevariationC.Socialvariation    D.Registervariation4. _______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.GeographicalbarriersB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeechC.PhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers5. _________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.Languageinterference  B.Languagechanges  C.Languageplanning  D.Languagetransfer6. _________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.Regionalvariation   B.ChangesinemotionsC.Variationinconnotations  D.Stylisticvariation7. A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafranca       B.registerC.Creole       D.nationallanguage8. Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguagesB.creoles       C.pidgins      D.sociolects34 9. Innormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female;male     B.male;female     C.old;young      D.young;old10. Alinguistic_______referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A.slang           B.euphemism       C.jargon          D.tabooII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.12. Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.13. Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.14. Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.15. Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.16. Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.17. Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.18. Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.19. Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.20. Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeech__________.22.Speech__________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.23.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethana__________varietyofalanguage.24.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguage__________.25.Socialvariationgivesriseto__________whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.26.__________variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.27.Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationalor34 __________languageofacountry.28.Thestandardlanguageisa__________,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.29.Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,or__________languages.30.Apidgintypicallylacksin__________morphemes.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Linguafranca32.  Regionaldialect33.  Register34.SociolinguisticsV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.  IsAmericanEnglishsuperiortoAfricanEnglish?Whyorwhynot?（中国人民大学，2003）36.Ifwetakeitasrulethatlanguageisintimatelyrelatedtoculture,thenhowdothekinshipwords,suchasuncleandaunt,reflecttheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese?（东北师范大学，2004）VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Explainthedifferencesbetweenregistersandregional/socialdialects.Giveexamplesifnecessary.（东北师范大学，2005）34 第八章：语言的使用I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.A.reference       B.speechact       C.practicalusage    D.context2. Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmatic      B.grammatical      C.mental         D.conceptual3. Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A.constative     B.directive         C.utterance         D.expressive4. Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.5. Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury           B.intheearly1950’s  C.inthelate1960’s                            D.intheearly21stcentury6. __________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.Alocutionaryact  B.AnillocutionaryactC.Aperlocutionaryact    D.Aperformativeact7. AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs8. Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.A.intheirillocutionaryacts                  B.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforce                    D.intheireffectbroughtabout9. __________isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrinciple                      B.PolitenessPrinciple34 C.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar  D.AdjacencyPrinciple10.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.  A.impoliteness                            B.contradictions  C.mutualunderstanding                      D.conversationalimplicaturesII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.12. Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.13. Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.14. Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.15. Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.16. Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.17. Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences18. SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.19. Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.20. Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. Thenotionof__________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.22. Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesan__________.23. Themeaningofasentenceis__________,anddecontexualized.24. __________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.25. __________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.26. A(n)__________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.27. A(n)__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.28. A(n)_________iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.29. A(n)________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.30. Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximof__________,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.  IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Conversationalimplicature32.  Performative34 33.  Locutionaryact34.  Q-principle(Horn)V.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Explainthefollowingremarkswithexamplesormakesomecomments.“Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsareconcernedwithmeaning,butthedifferencebetweenthemcanbetracedtotwodifferentusesoftheverbmean:(a)WhatdoesXmean?(b)WhatdidyoumeanbyX?”（东北师范大学，2006）36. DoyouthinkBiscooperativeinthefollowingdialogue?SupportyourargumentwithCooperativePrinciple.（南开大学，2004）    A:Whenisthebuscoming?    B:Therehasbeenanaccidentfurtheruptheroad.VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Whatisthefunctionofcontextincommunication?Trytoexplainthefollowingutterancesratherthanjuststatefacts.   (1)  Theroomismessy.   (2)  Itwouldbegoodifshehadagreenskirton.34 第十二章：现代语言学理论与流派[注：第九、十、十一章无测试题]I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”is__________..   A.Firth            B.Saussure        C.Halliday         D.Chomsky2. ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof__________.  A.function         B.meaning       C.signs           D.system3. TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis__________.   A.Boas            B.Sapir          C.Bloomfield      D.Harris4. Generallyspeaking,the__________specifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.   A.Slot            B.Class          C.Role          D.Cohesion5. __________GrammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguages.   A.Traditional      B.Structural       C.Functional      D.Generative6. __________GrammarstartedfromtheAmericanlinguistSydneyM.Lambinthelate1950sandtheearly1960s.   A.Stratificational    B.Case         C.Relational        D.Montague7. InHalliday’sview,the__________functionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings.   A.personal        B.heuristic     C.imaginative     D.informative8. Therhemeinthesentence“OnitstoodJane”is__________.   A.Onit          B.stood           C.Onitstood      D.Jane9. Chomskyfollows__________inphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.   A.empiricism    B.behaviorism      C.relationalism    D.mentalism10.TGgrammarhasseen__________stagesofdevelopment.   A.three        B.four             C.five               D.sixII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. FollowingSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtolanguewhereasphonologybelongedtoparole.34 12. Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandrhemecontrast.13. LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.14. AccordingtoFirth,asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure.15. AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.16. TheStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.17. Americandescriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesondiversitiesoflanguages.18. Chomsky’sconceptoflinguisticperformanceissimilartoSaussure’sconceptofparole,whilehisuseoflinguisticcompetenceissomewhatdifferentfromSaussure’slangue.19. Glossematicsemphasizesthenatureandstatusoflinguistictheoryanditsrelationtodescription.20. Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. ThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleof__________Linguistics.22. ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetween__________andphonology.23. ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwas__________.24. Halliday’sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,andthetheorybehindhisFunctionalGrammaris__________.25. Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)__________orientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.26. Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsof__________.27. InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theperiodbetween1933and1950isalsoknownas__________Age.28. __________inlanguagetheoriesischaracteristicofAmerica.29. ThestartingpointofChomsky’sTGgrammarishis__________hypothesis.30. ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements,thatisa__________,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  FSP32.Cohesion34 33.LAD34.CaseGrammarV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?36. Whatisbehaviorism?Whatisbehaviorisminlinguistics?WhatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandbehaviorismaccordingtoBloomfield?Doesbehaviorismhaveanylimitations?Ifyes,whatarethey?VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Canyoumakeabriefintroductiontosomeimportantschoolsandtheirinfluentialrepresentativesinmodernlinguistics?34 第一章：语言学导论参考答案I.1~5BACCC   6~10BACACII.11~15FFTFF  16~20FFFFFIII.21.verbal  22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction  24.yo-he-ho25.scientific  26.descriptive27.speech     28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue                    30.competenceIV.31. Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32. Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33. Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34. Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35. Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.34 Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.第二章：语音参考答案I.1~5  ACDAA     6~10DBABBII.11~15TTTFF       16~20TTTFFIII.21.voiced,voiceless,voiced      22.friction23.tongue      24.height25.obstruction    26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs        28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes                     30.airstreamIV.31.  Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32. Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33. Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemenever34 occurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34. Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.VI.37.Omit.第三章：词汇参考答案I.1~5 AACBB    6~10BCADBII.11~15FTFTT   16~20FTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronym   22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open    24.morpheme25.close,open        26.back-formation27.conversion           28.morpheme29.derivative,compound          30.affix,boundrootIV.31. Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)34 32.Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33. Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34. Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.VI.37.(1)c          (2)a          (3)e          (4)d          (5)b第四章：句法参考答案I.1~5DCDDD    6~10ADDBAII.11~15TTTTF 16~20FTFTTIII.21.simple           22.sentence23.subject           24.predicate25.complex     26.embedded  27.open         28.Adjacency29.Parameters        30.CaseIV.31. Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.32.  ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.33.  Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,34 suchasNP,VPandPP.34.  Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.V.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.36.(1)more|beautifulflowers(2)morebeautiful|flowers第五章：意义参考答案I.1~5ABDDB      6~10CACDAII.11~15FFTFT        16~20TFTTTIII.21.Semantics     22.direct23.Reference        24.synonyms25.homophones        26.Relational27.Componential     28.selectional29.argument   30.namingIV.31. Entailment:Itisbasicallyasemanticrelation(orlogicalimplication),anditcanbeclarifiedwiththefollowingsentences:    a.    TomdivorcedJane.34     b.  JanewasTom’swife.    Intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthesetwosentences:whenAistrue,Bmustbealsotrue;whenBisfalse,Amustalsobefalse.WhenBistrue,Amaybetrueorfalse.ThereforewecansayAentailsB.32.  Proposition:Itistheresultoftheabstractionofsentences,whicharedescriptionsofstatesofaffairsandwhichsomewritersseeasabasicelementofsentencemeaning.Forexample,thetwosentences“CaesarinvadedGaul”and“GaulwasinvadedbyCaesar”holdthesameproposition.33. Compositionalanalysis:Itdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,orsemanticfeatures.Forexample,themeaningofthewordboymaybeanalyzedintothreecomponents:HUMAN,YOUNGandMALE.SimilarlygirlmaybeanalyzedintoHUMAN,YOUNGandFEMALE.34. Reference:Itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.V.35.Hyponymy,metonymyorpart-wholerelationship36.(Omit.)VI.37.(1)  The(a)wordsand(b)wordsaremale.         The(a)wordsarehuman,whilethe(b)wordsarenon-human.    (2)  The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareinanimate.         The(a)wordsareinstrumental,whilethe(b)wordsareedible.   (3)  The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareworldlyorconceptual.          The(a)wordsarematerial,whilethe(b)wordsarespiritual.第七章：语言、文化和社会参考答案I.1~5BCAAC      6~10DACADII.11~15FTFFF     16~20TFTFFIII.21.community    22.variety23.dialectal     24.planning34 25.sociolects              26.Stylistic27.official    28.superposed29.vernacular      30.inflectionalIV.31. Linguafranca:Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasacommonspeechforsocialcontactamonggroupsofpeoplewhospeaksdifferentnativelanguagesordialects.32. Regionaldialect:Regionaldialect,alsosocialorclassdialect,isaspeechvarietyspokenbythemembersofaparticulargrouporstratumofaspeechcommunity.33. Register:Register,alsosituationaldialect,referstothelanguagevarietyappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituationsonwhichdegreesofformalitydepends.34. Sociolinguistics:Definedinitsbroadestway,sociolinguistics,asubdisciplineoflinguistics,isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Itisconcernedwithlanguagevariation,languageuse,theimpactofextra-linguisticfactorsonlanguageuse,etc.V.35.AmericanEnglishisnotsuperiortoAfricanEnglish.AsdifferentbranchesofEnglish,AfricanEnglishandAmericanEnglishareequal.Similarastheyare,theyareinfluencedbytheirrespectiveculturalcontextandthusformrespectivesystemsofpronunciation,wordsandevengrammar.36. InChina,Chinesehasamorestrictandcomplexrelationshipsystem.SoinChinesetherearealotmorekinshipwordsthaninEnglish.VI.37.(Omit.)第八章：语言的使用参考答案I.1~5  DBCBA    6~10CBCADII.11~15FTTFF   16~20FFFTTIII.21.context  22.utterance  23.abstract      34 24.Constatives25.Performatives            26.locutionary  27.illocutionary    28.commissive  29.expressive    30.quantityIV.31.Conversationalimplicature:Inourdailylife,speakersandlistenersinvolvedinconversationaregenerallycooperatingwitheachother.Inotherwords,whenpeoplearetalkingwitheachother,theymusttrytoconversesmoothlyandsuccessfully.Inacceptingspeakers’presuppositions,listenershavetoassumethataspeakerisnottryingtomisleadthem.Thissenseofcooperationissimplyoneinwhichpeoplehavingaconversationarenotnormallyassumedtobetryingtoconfuse,trick,orwithholdrelevantinformationfromoneanother.However,inrealcommunication,theintentionofthespeakerisoftennottheliteralmeaningofwhatheorshesays.Therealintentionimpliedinthewordsiscalledconversationalimplicature.32. Performative:Inspeechacttheoryanutterancewhichperformsanact,suchasWatchout(=awarning).33.  Locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactisthesayingofsomethingwhichismeaningfulandcanbeunderstood.34. Horn’sQ-principle:(1)Makeyourcontributionsufficient(cf.quantity);(2)Sayasmuchasyoucan(givenR).V.35. Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.Pragmaticsincludesthestudyof    (1) Howtheinterpretationanduseofutterancesdependsonknowledgeoftherealworld;    (2) Howspeakersuseandunderstandspeechacts;(3) Howthestructureofsentencesisinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.    Pragmaticsissometimescontrastedwithsemantics,whichdealswithmeaningwithoutreferencetotheusersandcommunicativefunctionsofsentences.36. Yes,Biscooperative.Onthefaceofit,B’sstatementisnotananswertoA’squestion.Bdoesn’tsay“when.”However,Awillimmediatelyinterpretthestatementasmeaning“Idon’tknow”or“Iamnotsure.”JustassumethatBisbeing“relevant”and“informative.”GiventhatB’sanswercontainsrelevantinformation,Acanwork34 outthat“anaccidentfurtheruptheroad”conventionallyinvolves“trafficjam,”and“trafficjam”preludes“buscoming.”Thus,B’sanswerisnotsimplyastatementof“whenthebuscomes”;itcontainsanimplicatureconcerning“whenthebuscomes.”VI.37.Itoccursbeforeand/orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerutteranceoratext.Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.   Thecontextmayalsobethebroadersocialsituationinwhichalinguisticitemisused.  (1)  a. Amildcriticismofsomeonewhoshouldhavecleanedtheroom.         b. Inalanguageclasswhereastudentmadeamistake,forheintendedtosay“tidy.”        c. Theroomwaswantedforameeting.(2)  a.  Amildwaytoexpressdisagreementwithsomeonewhohascomplimentedonalady’sappearance.b. Aregretthatthecustomerhadnottakenthedress.c. Thatsheworearedshirtwasnotinagreementwiththecustomontheoccasion.第十二章：现代语言学理论与流派参考答案I.1~5BACAA     6~10ABDCCII.11~15FFTTF       16~20FTTTFIII.21.synchronic     22.phonetics23.J.R.Firth      24.systemic25.sociologically   26.distribution27.Bloomfieldian  28.Descriptivism29.innateness     30.hypothesis-makerIV.31. FSP:ItstandsforFunctionalSentencePerspective.Itisatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichreferstoananalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.34 32. Cohesion:TheCohesionshowswhetheracertaintagmemeisdominatingothertagmemesorisdominatedbyothers.33. LAD:LAD,thatisLanguageAcquisitionDevice,ispositedbyChomskyinthe1960sasadeviceeffectivelypresentinthemindsofchildrenbywhichagrammaroftheirnativelanguageisconstructed.34. CaseGrammar:Itisanapproachthatstressestherelationshipofelementsinasentence.ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J.Fillmoreinthelate1960s.V.VI.Omit.34'