译商业计划.doc 15页

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译商业计划.doc

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'译商业计划3.2金融机构发展战略、业务模式普遍趋同。各大银行在发展战略和业务模式上没有明显区别。农信社、城信社大多选择了市场化改革道路,向商业银行方向发展;只要基本条件具备,各家银行都以上市作为目标。金融机构间利率、费率的竞争,受到监管当局严格限制。普通金融服务和保障性金融服务没有有效区分,“穷人的银行业务”日益边缘化。在政策性银行业务方面,我国已确定了其商业化改革的道路,未来政策性业务的发展面临新的市场环境。 3.2Theconvergenceofthedevelopmentstrategyandbusinessmodel.Therearen’tmanydifferencesbetweenthedevelopmentstrategyandbusinessmodelofdifferentbanks.MostoftheAgriculturalCreditCooperativesandCityCreditCooperativeshavechosenthereformationpathofmarketization,aimingatbeingcommercialbanks;Aslongastheyhavethebasicpremises,allthebankswouldtargetatgoingontheboard.Theinterestrateandtariffcompetitionamongdifferentorganizationsareunderstrictregulationoftheregulatoryauthority.Thenormalfinanceservicehasn’tbeeneffectivelydifferentiatedfromsupportablefinanceserviceyet,andthe“poor’sbankingservice”hasbeenperipherizedwitheachpassingday.Asforthepolicybank,ourcountryhaschosenitswayofcommercialization.Inthenearfuture,thepolicybusinesswillfaceabrandnewmarketenvironment.3.3在金融市场结构中,货币市场中以银行间债券市场为主体,资本市场中以股票市场为主体,股票市场又以场内交易市场为主体。直接融资发展相对滞后,债券市场发展和财政、准财政关系密切。直接融资占比较低是银行主导型金融体系的重要特征,不仅如此,我国股票一级市场在规模和价格方面同时存在管制,价格和行为扭曲明显;二级市场投机气氛较为浓厚,市场大起大落,指数长期成长性低于经济增长率水平。债券市场方面,地方政府缺乏正规债务融资渠道,相当数量的企业债具有市政债券性质,隐含政府担保风险。3.3Themainpartofcurrencymarketisbondmarketbetweendifferentbanks,whilethemainpartofcapitalmarketisstockmarket.Andthebodyofstockmarketistransactiononexchange.Thedevelopmentofdirectfinancingisrelativelylaggedbehind.Bondmarkethasacloserelationshipwithfiscalandquasi-fiscal.Thelowportionofdirectfinanceisamainfeatureofbank-centeredfinancialsystem.What’smore?Theregulationexistssimultaneouslyinthescaleandpriceofprimarymarket.Andthedistortingofpriceandactareveryobvious.Thespeculatedatmosphereinthesecondarymarketistoostrong.There’supheavalinthemarket.Theindexgrowthinessalwayslowersthaneconomicgrowthrate;localgovernmentdoesn’thaveacompleteregulationonfinancingchannel.Quiteanumberofenterpriseshavethequalityofmunicipalbondswhichcontainsthegovernment-guaranteedrisk.  3.4货币市场、外汇市场、资本市场发育不全,存在价格扭曲。作为货币市场基准利率对货币政策和汇率的影响远未体现。始于2005年7月的人民币汇率形成机制,已历时5年,至今仍有缺陷外汇交易市场的发展还处于初级阶段,发行审批和询价制度的不健全导致新股上市高溢价和高市盈率的不断出现。15 3.4Theundergrowthandpricedistortionofcapitalmarket,moneymarketandinternationalexchangemarket.Thebenchmarkinterestratehasn’tshownitsinfluenceovermoneymarket.TheRMBratemechanismwasformedsinceJune.2005.Ithasbeenfiveyears,neverthelesstheinternationalexchangemarketstillonitselementarystage.Thedistemperednessonissue,approvalandinquirysystemleadtotherecurrenceofhighpremiumandearningratio. 3.5垂直集中领导的分业经营、分业监管模式,面临新的挑战。“一行三会”严格分业监管模式的监管效率存在降低趋势,监管真空和重复监管同时存在。分业监管模式无力对境外混业的外资金融机构开展有效监管。人民银行作为最后贷款人,与其在现有监管体系中的地位和作用不相符合,金融稳定、金融发展、货币政策传导之间存在内在冲突。地方金融监管作为派出机构,不承担区域金融发展责任,金融监管和地方金融发展有所脱节。3.5NewchallengesofSeparateOperationandSupervisionSegregationmodeunderverticalconcentration.Thesupervisionefficiencyof“Onebankandthreecommissions”hasseenafallingdown.Andthevacuumsupervisionandrepeatsupervisionarecoexistedwitheachother.TheSupervisionSegregationcannotapplytoforeigncapitalfinancialinstitutionseffectively.ThePeople"sBank,asthelenderoflastresort,isnotworthofitsname.Thereareconflictsbetweenfinancialstability,financialdevelopmentandthecarryonofMonetaryPolicy.LocalfinancialSupervision,asthesending-outagency,cannotshouldertheresponsibilityoffinancialdevelopment.Thereisagapbetweenfinancialsupervisionandlocalfinancialdevelopment.4、我国金融结构问题阐述改革开放以来,尽管金融结构发生了巨大的变化,但仍然存在很多问题,使金融结构演进中促进金融发展和提升金融功能与效率的作用没有体现出来,还带来诸多不利影响。金融结构中比较突出的问题有:4、ProblemsofChina’sfinancialstructureSincereformandopening-up,alotchangeshasbeentakenplaceinfinancialstructure,yettherearestillmanyproblems.Thefinancialstructurerevolution’sinfluenceoverfinancialdevelopment,functionandefficiencyhasn’tbeenshown.Contrarily,itbringsaboutmanyunfavorableinfluences.Someoftheprominentproblemsare:4.1我国金融结构的变迁仍带有较强的计划经济色彩和人为设计的痕迹,多元化结构的形成不是由各经济主体的内在需求决定,而是由政府主导(其中不乏为便利政府有效筹集资金,进行经济增长计划的实施,或是为了达到某种改革效果的强制性设置),甚或由行政安排的,更多关注的是形式化的改变和简单化的建设,这种自上而下的结构变迁一旦不能遵循市场经济发展的内在要求,必然大大削弱多元化结构演进中的效能发挥。4.1ThevariationsofChina’sfinancialstructurestillhaveastrongcolorofplannedeconomyandartificialwork.Itsmulti-facetedstructurewasn’tdecidedbytheinnerneedsofeconomyentity,instead,itwasdecidedbythegovernment(there’snolackofexamplesofthemeasurementstakeintheconveniencesofthegovernmentsoastoachievethegoalofeconomicgrowth.)Thiskindof15 top-to-bottomstructurewouldnotbringintofullplayifitcannotgotothespot.4.2金融结构与企业结构不对称。由于国有商业银行的垄断地位和经营特性,制约着为中小企业及民营企业提供及时、灵活、有效的金融服务,使得广大中小企业在金融资产总量中的比重偏低,与其在全社会工业产值中构成的比例严重不相称。同时也限制了中小企业的进一步发展。4.2Asymmetryinfinancialstructureandenterprisesstructure.Sincethenationalizedcommercialbankenjoythemonopolyposition,ithindersthemediumandsmallsizecompaniesfromofferinghigheffectservice.Thesefinallylowertheportionofmediumandsmallsizecompaniesinfinancialcapital.Asaresult,thedevelopmentsofmediumandsmallsizecompaniesareimpeded.4.3农村金融极为落后,成为整个金融体系中最薄弱的环节。中国是一个农业大国,解决农业、农村、农民这一“三农”问题成为构建社会主义和谐社会最为关键的环节之一。但客观地说,随着改革的深入,农村和城市相比不仅占有金融资源的差距不断趋于扩大,大量的农村金融服务无法得到满足,已经成为制约农村经济发展最为重要的制度约束之一。4.3Ruralfinancialbecometheweakestlinkofthewholefinancialsystem.Chinaasagreatpowerinagriculture,hasmanyproblemswithruraleconomy,ruraldevelopmentandruraldemography,whicharethekeyproblemswehavetodealwithwhendevelopingaharmonioussociety.Objectivelyspeaking,withthereformdeepening,thefinanceresourcegapbetweenruralandcityiswidening.Largeamountofruralfinancecannotbesatisfied,whicheventuallyrestrictthedevelopmentofruraleconomy.4.4当前金融结构中区域结构不合理,不利于区域经济的均衡发展、不利于城市、农村经济的协调发展。金融机构和有形金融市场多分布在城市,且集中在东部地区,中、西部尤其是农村地区设置较少,金融产业在区域经济、城乡经济的协调发展中没有发挥其应有的作用。4.4Theunreasonablestructureofthepresentfinancewentagainsttheharmoniousdevelopmentofregionaleconomy.Mostofthefinanceorganizationsandfinancemarketsdistributeincity,especiallytheeastarea,whilelessinmid-eastandruralarea.Financeindustrydoesn’tplayitspartinthedevelopmentofregionaleconomiesandurbanandruraleconomies.4、5在这样一种金融市场结构约束下,再加上国有金融机构对非国有经济融资的歧视以及资金价格的扭曲等金融压抑措施,在改革开放过去的30年间,中国经济增长模式以及产业结构事实上处于一种自我强化状况,导致总体上看,尽管中国建立了较为完善的工业体系(尤其是依托中国资源禀赋的制造业体系),但技术向市场的转化或产业化在中国依然非常困难,诸多民营经济只能依靠廉价的劳动力资源和国内相对扭曲的能源等价格,介入进入门槛相对较低的加工行业,产业结构长期处于较为低级的状况,在国际分工格局中处于一种极不合理的状态。4.5Undertheinfluenceofsuchakindoffinancialmarketstructure,thediscriminationofnationalownedfinanceinstitutionsandthefinancialrepression15 ssuchaspricedistortion,china’seconomygrowthmodeisaprocessofselfreinforcementinthepast30years.Ingeneral,chinahasarelativelycompleteindustrymechanism(especiallyitsmanufacturersbasedonitsabundantresources).Nevertheless,it’sstillverydifficulttoshiftfromtechnologytomarket.Mostoftheprivateeconomycanonlymakeprofitoutofthecheaplaborresourcesanddistortedprices.Itsindustrialstructurestillliesinalowlevelanditstillhasanirrelevantstatusintheinternationaldivisionoflabour.债券市场中的发行控制更加严厉,长期处于“多头管理、市场分割、低效运行”的状态,如财政部管理国债发行;发改委握有企业债发行的审批权;央行负责金融债、短期融资券、中期票据的发行;银监会负责金融次级债、混合资本债及资产证券化品种在银行间债券市场的发行;证监会负责审批以公司债名义发行的企业债和在交易所发行的资产证券化品种。这种过度的限制与分割导致我国直接融资和间接融资比例的严重失衡。Remainsofaralongtimewiththesituationof“multiheadmanagement,marketsegmentationandfall-back”,theissuecontrolofbondmarkethasbeenmuchstricterthanbefore.E.g.MinistryofFinanceisinchargeofthepublicdebt;SDRCwinstheauthoritytoexamineandapprovelowerlevelsofcorporatebonds;CentralBankdealswiththeissueoffinancialbond,short-termfinancingbondandMediumTermNote;ChinaBankingRegulatoryCommissionisresponsibleforjuniorbondsandassetsecuritization;SFCiscountforthetypesofdifferentassetsecuritizationinthenameofcompany.Thiskindofover-doleadstothesevereunbalancebetweenchina’sdirectandindirectfinances.6、优化我国金融结构的路径选择综上所述,我国的金融是大而不够强。金融业不仅要做大,更要做强,以强为支点,突出强的作用。“十二五”时期的金融改革与发展,不仅对我国应对国际金融危机冲击,健全金融体系自身十分重要,也对我国经济转型和赶超发展关系重大,影响深远。从全局和战略高度来认识和设计“十二五”时期的金融改革与发展,是推动经济发展方式转变和经济结构战略性调整的战略需要。那么,怎样才能做强我国的金融业,实现建立金融强国的战略目标呢?关键是要以科学发展观为指导,实施经营模式、增长方式和经营结构的战略转型,实现经营模式由规模扩张为主向以质量效益为主转变,提升我国金融业的核心竞争力和金融服务水平。建立金融强国是一项复杂而艰巨的系统工程,需要做多方面的努力。笔者认为,基本思路可以概括为“一个目标、两个方向、三大转变”。6、OptimizingtheroutechoicesforChina’sfinancialstructure.15 Tosumup,Chinaisacountrywithlargebutnotstrongfinancemarket.However,thefinancemarketshouldnotonlybelargebutalsostrong.Furthermore,itshouldtakestrongstandingpointandgiveprominencetoitseffect.Duringthetwelfthfive-yearplan,thereformationanddevelopmentoffinanceshouldnotonlycopewiththeinternationalfinicalcrisis,butalsofocusingonimprovingthesystemitself.Thiscountsmuchfortheeconomictransitionofchina’sfinancesystem.ItistheinnerneedsoftheStrategicAdjustmentofEconomicStructureforustotakeastrategicview.Thenhowtoenlargeandenhancethefinanceindustryandhowtomakechinapowerfulthroughfinance?Thekeyistochangethemanagementstructure,managementpatternandgrowthpatternunderthedirectionoftheScientificConceptofDevelopment.Andenlargethescalebyimprovingqualitysoastoimprovethecorecompetencyandservicelevel.It’sahugesystemicprojecttobuildastrongcountryoffinance.Inauthor’sopinion,thebasicstrategycanbeconcludedas“Onegoal,twodirectionandthreechanges.”6.1一个目标——金融改革要以经济为本金融是现代经济的核心。加快金融改革与开放可以促进经济发展,但如果处理不好,同样会给国内经济稳定带来冲击。因此,把握金融发展的首要原则,不能为自身的开放而开放,也不能为自身的改革而改革。即在具体工作中,不宜脱离经济发展需求,对金融改革开放设定独立的具体目标。在国际上,发展金融业,确实既可以主要为实体经济服务,也可以相对独立发展,并构成GDP增长的重要来源。但是,对于持续高增长的发展中大国――中国而言,实体经济仍是决定中国经济长远发展的基础。由此,笔者认为,即使在强调当前中国金融总体发展不足或“滞后”的阶段,也应尽力避免单纯为了追赶世界其他金融中心城市,或世界上“现代金融”中最新金融产品和技术,不顾实体经济的需求,进行简单的模仿与照搬。例如,在贷款行政控制仍艰难实行的阶段,不讲条件地去加快推进某些高杠杆性产品等。6.1Onegoal----ThereformationoffinanceshouldbasedoneconomyFinanceisthecentreofmoderneconomy.Wecanpromotetheeconomyby15 speedingupthefinancereforming.Yetifit’snotreasonabletodealwith,itcanbringaboutbadeffecttothestabilityofeconomy.Thereforetheprincipleisnottoopenforopen’ssakeandnottoreformforreform’ssake.Thatistosay,wecannotdeviantfromtheneedsofeconomicworks.Internationalspeaking;financeindustrycannotonlyontheserviceoftherealeconomy,butalsodevelopindependentlyandcanbethemainsourceofGDPgrowth.However,asfortherapidandcontinuousdevelopingcountry----China,therealeconomyisstillthebasicelementwhichdecidesthelong-termdevelopmentofChina.Herefrom,IthinkChinashouldavoidchasingafterotherfinancialcentrecitieswhilestillundersloworinadequatedevelopment.Regardlessoftheneedsofrealeconomywithsimpleimitation,administrativeloancontrolisnotadvisable.6.2两个方向——充分市场化和监管有效化6.2.1充分市场化要实现国内金融的充分市场化,核心是必须放松国内现存的各种金融管制。严格区分金融监管与“保姆式”管理,妥善处置加强监管和鼓励创新的关系。一是要加快和完善国内各方面的制度改革,实现金融机构、金融产品(股票、债券等传统工具及各种理财产品)的市场化进入和退出,重新审视和取消不必要的行政审批制度,包括金融机构和金融产品能依合法的市场规则较自由地准入;二是实现资金和风险的市场定价,基本确立多层次的资本市场框架,包括统一的债券市场、主板、二板、创业板框架,逐步降低银行存贷业务在我国融资体系中的相对重要性。同时在不引起市场重大波动的情况下,逐渐推动利率的市场化。三是逐步完善、统一金融市场,消除现有的市场分割,提高整体市场效率。四是建立灵活多样、适合中国广阔市场特征的中小企业融资体系。五是完善政策性性金融与市场性金融在机构、业务政策等方面的制度建设,15 中西部地区、“三农”、县域经济、中小企业以及教育、医疗卫生、中低收入者住房等民生领域长期得不到充分的融资支持。从根本上说,金融与经济社会发展不协调,都可以从市场、信用、制度的空白、缺损和落后中找到症结。解决这些问题,需要金融部门通过推进市场、信用和制度建设,探索市场化、商业化、可持续的支持模式切实承担社会责任,加大对其融资支持力度。6.2Twodirections---fullymarketizationandeffectivemarketsupervision6.2.1Bringmarketizationintofullplay  Thegisttobringmarketizationintofullplayistounfastentheexistingfinancialregulations,distinguishthefinancialsupervisionfromnanny-statemanagementandhandletherelationshipofenhancedsupervisionandencouragedinnovation.Firstly,weshouldspeeduptheconstructionofallkindsofsystemreformationandmarketizefinancialinstitutionandproducts(e.g.stockshare,bondandotherfinancingproducts);secondly,weshouldfinishthepricingoffundandrisk,andestablishthemulti-layercapitalmarketstructureframework,includingbondmarket,mainboard,secondboardandCarve-outBoardMarket.Andgraduallylowertheimportanceofdepositandloaninourfinancingsystem.Meanwhile,weshouldpromotethemarketizationofinterestratewithoutcausingthefluctuation;Thirdly,weshouldperfectandintegratethefinancemarket,eliminatemarketsegmentation,improvetheefficiencyasawhole;Fourthly,weshouldbuildupadiversifiedfinancingsystemformediumandsmallenterprises;Fifth,weshouldperfectthesystembuildingofpolicyfinanceandmarketfinanceinthelivelihoodissuesofMideast,andsolvetheproblemswithruraleconomy,ruraldevelopmentandruraldemography,countyeconomy,mediumandsmallenterprises,education,healthandmedical,middleandlowincomegrouphousingprogram.Essentiallyspeaking,theabsent,impairmentandbackwardofasystemcountmuchfortheincompatibilitybetweenfinanceandeconomicsociety.Thewaytosolvethoseproblemsistopromotemartketizationandcommercialization,buildthemarket,creditandregulationandfindasustainablewaytosupportanddevelop.6.2.2、监管有效化(完善金融创新机制,强化金融监管力度)金融监管与金融创新是现代金融发展的两大永恒主题,但又是一对矛盾。金融监管刺激金融创新产生,又在不断调整中促使更进一步的金融创新。金融监管与金融创新矛盾对立,形成了“监管—创新—再监管—再创新”的良性15 动态循环博弈发展过程。07年的金融危机在一定程度、一定层面上源于金融的过度创新和金融监管过度宽松的共同作用。“十二五”期间我们必须正确地处理金融监管和金融创新的关系,才能使我国金融业的发展更好地适应和促进经济增长方式的转变。随着经济金融全球化进程的加快,银行、证券、保险监管部门应积极探索彼此合作的协调机制和监管模式,进一步完善三者之间有效的政策协调和信息共享机制,加强信息交流,规范和健全金融机构财务信息披露制度,使监管体系、模式、手段不断完善。同时将由侧重于外部监管模式向既重视内部监管,也重视外部监管模式转变。6.2.2EffectiveBankingSupervisionFinancialregulationandfinancialinnovationaretwoofthetimelessthemeofthemodernfinancedevelopment.Neverthelesstheyarecontradictedwitheachotheratthesametime.Financialregulationstimulatesandimprovesfinancialinnovation.Theyareconflictedwitheachotherandformedavirtuouscircleof“supervision--innovation--re-supervision—re-innovation”.Theinternationalcrisisin1997isaproductionofover-innovationandover-flexiblesupervisioninasense.Duringthetwelfthfiveyearplan,weshouldbettertherelationshipbetweenfinancesupervisionandfinancialinnovationsoastoadapttothechangeofeconomygrowthmode.Alongwiththequickenedpaceofeconomicglobalization,bank,stockmarketandinsurancesupervisiondepartments,weshouldexploreaeffectivecoordinatingsystemandregulationmodeinordertoperfectthecoordinationandinformationsharesystemamongthem.Byenhancingtheinformationcommunication,establishingacompleteandstandardfinancialinformationdisclosuresystem,wecanconstantlyimprovethesupervisionsystem,modeandmeans.Meanwhileweshouldshiftfromexternalsupervisiontointernalsupervision.6.3金融创新的内涵表现6.3.1金融产品创新金融产品、衍生品创新是银行金融创新的核心,对银行增加收入、赢得市场、扩大利润和积累资本具有非常明显的影响。我国银行应加强对知识和技术含量较高的投资15 银行、资产管理、衍生产品等中间业务、表外业务的研究和开发;要把银行信用和企业信用有机结合起来,利用银行信用创造效益;加强银行同业之间和银行与证券、保险、信托、基金、租赁、财务公司等金融机构的合作,共同研发新的金融产品,满足客户多样化需要;尽快建立强大的后台信息技术体系,提高银行业务电子化处理能力,运用科技创新的一切成果支持商业银行的产品和业务创新。6.3Theconnotationoffinancialinnovation.6.3.1ProductinnovationFinanceproductandderivesarethecoreofproductinnovation.Ithasgreateffectonincreasingincome,winningthemarket,pushingthemarketandaccumulatingcapital.Chinashouldemphasizethesurveyonhightechnologyintermediaryserviceandoff-balancesheetactivities(OBSA)suchasinvestmentbank,assetsmanagementandderivatives;andweshouldcombinethebankcreditandenterprisescredit,soastomakeprofitoutofbankingcredit;weshouldenhancethecooperationamongdifferentfinanceinstitutionssuchassecurities,insurance,trust,fund,tenantryandfinancecompany,andcreatenewproductsinordertomeetdiversifiedneedsofclients;Furthermoreweshouldbuildupbackstageinformationtechnologyandimprovetheelectronabilitytodealwithdifferentstuffs.6.3.2金融管理创新金融管理创新包括5项具体内容:战略决策创新,即银行在发展的前瞻性和战略决策上体现出来的创新思维;制度安排创新。制度安排是经济主体之间进行合作的一种方式和机制,制度安排创新通过优化这种方式和机制提升整体管理效率。机构设置创新,即运用组织机构调整的方式实现创新目标,目前主要体现出两个发展方向,一个是从“部门银行”向“流程银行”的转变,另一个是通过减少行政管理层次、裁减冗余人员建立一种紧凑、干练的扁平化组织结构;人员准备创新,即培养、吸引并留住优秀人才,通过创新的方式培训现有人才、提升现有人才素质,使人力资源价值得到充分发挥;管理模式创新,即通过审视管理原则、丰富管理方法,实现银行管理流程的优化,主要包括项目管理、绩效评估、内部协调等方面的工作。6.3.2FinanceManagementinnovation15 Managementinnovationincludesfiveitems:strategicdecisioninnovation----theinnovatingthoughtinstrategydecision;institutionalarrangementinnovation.Institutionalarrangementisakindofcooperationmechanismbetweendifferenteconomicsubjectssoastoimprovetheefficiency;innovationofestablishmentofinstitution----achievetheinnovationgoalthroughorganizationaladjustment.Therearetwodirectionssofar,oneistheshiftfromdepartmentbanktoprocessbank,andtheotheristhesimplificationofadministrativeprocedureandredundantpeople.Inthiswaywecanbuildacompactandflatorganization;personnelpreparinginnovation----thatiscultivatingandattractingtalentedpeopleinordertobringthehumanresourcesintofullplay;innovationofmanagementmode----thatisoptimizingthemanagementprocedurethroughcheckthemanagementprinciplesandcompletethemanagementmeanssuchasprojectmanagement,performanceevaluationandinternalcoordination.6.3.3金融服务创新银行产品天然具有同质性强的特点,银行单靠“有形产品”很难取得竞争优势,被称为“无形产品”的金融服务必将成为各家商业银行竞争的焦点。从一定意义上讲,国内银行的竞争实质上已经进入了“以服务取胜、以服务论优”的阶段。在打造差别化、个性化、综合化服务体系,努力形成具有自身特质、区别于竞争对手、难以轻易模仿的服务优势的过程中,商业银行应重点从两个方面进行金融服务创新:一方面要打牢提升服务的管理基础,需要解决的首要问题是加强流程优化工作。商业银行内部工作环节设置要突出风险控制原则,外部服务环节设置要突出“以客户为中心”的原则,进一步简化操作手续,提高服务效率,努力使银行服务达到“超出客户期望”的水准。另一方面要夯实服务的素质基础,立足于银行现有人力资源状况,系统化、针对性、立体式、多角度地加强员工服务培训,充分发挥好清算、科技、统计等后台部门的服务职能,实行全覆盖的银行全面服务管理,从深层次上解决一线服务水平差强人意的问题。6.3.3InnovationoffinancialserviceThebankproducthashighhomogeneity.It’shardtowinthecompetitionwith15 tangibleproducts.Anditistheintangibleproductswhichshouldbethefocus.Inasense,thebankcompetitioninchinahasphasedintheperiodof“winthemarketwithservice”.Inbuildingtheservicesystemofliberalization,differentiation,andintegrating,weshouldformawayofindividualizedandcharacterizedservice.Commercialbankshouldfocusontwoaspects:thefirstisbuildingaconcretemanagementbasisandoptimizetheprocedure.TheinternalworklinkofCommercialbankshouldfocusonriskcontrol.Theexternalworklinkmustbecustomer-centric.Andoperatingperformanceshouldbefurthersimplifiedsothattheserviceefficiencywouldbeimprovedandfinallybeyondtheexpectationofclients.Theotheris,weshouldtamptheservicebasis,whichestablishesinthepresenthumanresourcessituationandenhancesthesystematized,relevantandmulti-angleservicetraining.Inthisway,wecanbringthatbackstagedepartmentsuchassettlement,statisticsandtechnologyintofullplayandsolvetheprobleminaboardersense.6.4金融创新的机制选择——以公司治理机制为主导6.4.1完善公司治理机制公司治理是银行持续、稳定发展的关键。通过完善治理体系,强化对金融机构高层管理者的激励和约束,健全监管机制,可以有效地防范风险,化解风险。金融危机的爆发,再一次凸显了“繁荣”背后的金融风险问题,缺乏治理保障的金融创新,最终导致了空前的灾难。正是由于金融机构自身治理和对业务对象治理的双重问题,如果金融机构的治理不善,必然使得其治理风险日积月累,达到阀值并最终以金融风险事故的形式爆发,进而导致其自身陷入困境、破产,甚至引发委托代理链条上其他利益相关机构的倒闭,严重威胁社会经济生活的各个链条。6.4ThechoiceofinnovationmechanismofGovernance----leadbyCorporateGovernance6.4.1CompletetheCorporateGovernancesystemCorporateGovernanceisthekeyofsustainablebankdevelopment.Through15 makethesystemperfect,itcaninspiritandrestricttheseniormanagers.Byperfectingthemechanism,wecanpreventriskeffectivelyandeliminatetherisk.Thebreak-outoftheinternationalcrisisrevealsthedangerbehindtheprosperity.Thelackingofcontroloverthefinanceinnovationfinallyleadstothecatastrophe.Itisadualprobleminfinanceorganizationandtargetclients.Iftheyarenotreasonablysolved,theriskwillbeaccumulatedandreachthethresholdvaluesandbreakoutasafinancialcrisisaccidentintheend. 6.4.2建立有效的金融业务创新机制  要建立完善金融业务创新的组织结构和业务创新制度保障体系。要明确创新部门的职责和创新目标,以利于发挥每个员工的聪明才智;要高度重视人力资源开发,加强对员工金融新业务、新知识的培训,进一步提高员工的创新意识和实际创新能力。6.4.2BuildaneffectivebusinessinnovationmechanismWeshouldBuildanorganizationstructureandsecuritysystem.Andweshouldclearassignmentofresponsibilitysoastoelaboratethetalentsofeachworker.Weshouldalsoattachgreatimportancetohumanresourcesdevelopmentandstimulatethecreativemotiveofemployees. 6.4.3加强金融产品和服务创新机制  随着信息网络技术的发展,金融创新的范围进一步扩大,金融创新的进程进一步加快。提高金融产品的科技含量,延伸金融的服务触角,是商业银行提高核心竞争力的关键。同时大力发展金融中间业务,要提高汇兑、结算业务的服务效率,保住已有的市场份额。要迅速增加代理业务的服务种类,扩展业务范围。要大力发展租赁业务,根据实际情况开展回租租赁、经营租赁、杠杆租赁业务等。要积极开展各种咨询业务,利用专业优势和不断发展的信息网络对企业和个人开展有关资产管理、负债管理、风险控制、投资组合设计和家庭理财等多种咨询服务。6.4.3EnhancingthefinancialproductandservicemechanismWiththedevelopmentoftechnologyandnetwork,therangeoffinance15 innovationisexpendedandtheprogressoffinanceinnovationisfastened.Thekeytoimprovecompetenceistoincreasethescienceandtechnologycontentandextendtheservicerange.Atthesametime,weshouldimprovetheefficiencyintheintermediarybusiness,suchasexchangeandaccountsettlementbusiness,andkeepthemarketshare.Alsoweshouldincreasetheservicetypeandenlargethebusinessrange.Vigorousexpansionofleasingbusinessisfavorable.Wecanstartlease-back,operatingleaseorleveragedleasingaccordingtodifferentsituations.Meanwhileweshouldactivelydevelopadvisoryservices.Bymakinguseofprofessionaladvantages,wecandevelopdifferentkindsofadvisoryservicesonpersonalcapitalmanagement,debtmanagement,riskcontrol,investmentcombinationplansandfamilyfinacing,etc.6.5三大转变6.5.1推动从大银行为主向大中小共生并存多层次多元化银行体系转变我国仍处于工业化中期向后期推进阶段,进一步完善银行体系十分必要。为了克服以大银行为主的金融体系不利于改进对中小企业、农村和不发达地区的金融服务,风险纵向集中化、对宏观经济波动的放大作用及对区域不平衡的逆调节等副作用,必须大力发展多种形式的地方性信贷服务机构,尤其要发展既不为地方政府也不为大型金融机构所控制、既不存在被动放款压力也不存在资金大量外调渠道、完全独立自主的真正股份制中小商业银行,健全大中小共生并存多层次多元化银行体系,促进银行业有效竞争,为促进产业结构、区域结构和城乡结构调整优化和宏观经济持续稳定发展创造条件。6.5Threechanges6.5.1Encouragingthecoexistedmulti-levelandmulti-componentbankingsystemChinaisstillonitsmiddleandlatephaseofindustrialization.Itishighly15 suggestedtomakethebankingsystemperfect.Inordertoovercomethedisadvantagesofmediumandsmallenterprisesinruralandunder-developedareas,suchasthesideeffectofrisklengthwisecentralization,fuseofmacroeconomicundulationanddisproportionatenationaldevelopmentsreversedirectionadjustment,weshoulddevelopdiversifiedlocalcreditservice,especiallythelarge-scalefinancialagency.Theyarenotunderthecontrolofthelocalgovernmentnorthelarge-scalefinanceinstitution.Theydon’thavethepassiveloaningstressorthefundpostingchannel.Theyareindependentjoint-stockcommercialbanks.Completingthemulti-levelandmulti-componentbankingsystem,promotingtheeffectivecompetitionaremeaningfultooptimizetheindustrialstructure,domainstructureandurbanandruralstructureanddevelopthemacroeconomy.6.5.2推动从传统金融体系向创新金融体系的转变“十二五”时期,要以推动经济结构调整和发展方式转变为契机,加快发展以创业投资和新兴证券市场为主的创新金融体系。要大力发展以创业投资为主的创新金融体系。大力发展包括天使资本、种子基金、引导基金等在内的多种形式创业投资基金,促进市场性创业资本市场发展,为技术创新、中小企业发展和产业结构调整创造条件。要进一步健全多层次证券交易平台体系。在进一步健全主板和创业板市场的同时,要积极探索发展地方性的场外交易市场和初级性质的证券交易市场。有选择的开放地方性的柜台市场,在地方产权交易所市场基础上探索发展区域性初级交易所市场,进一步健全多层次证券市场体系。6.5.2PromotetheshiftfromtraditionalfinancesystemtoinnovatedfinancesystemWeshouldtakethetwelfthfiveyearplanasaturningpointinspeedingupthebuildofinnovatedfinancesysteminventurecapitalinvestmentandNewlyRisingmarket.WeshouldalsosparenoeffortindevelopingVentureCapitalFundsuchasangelcapital,seedfundandguidefund.Weshouldmakeconditionsfortechnologyinnovationandthestructureadjustmentofmediumandsmallenterprises.Weshould15 completethestockexchangeplatformsystem.Meanwhileweshouldexploretheex-pittransactionandelementarystockmarketactively.Wecancompletethesystembyelectivelyopenthecountindifferentarea.6.5.3推动从封闭金融体系向开放金融体系的转变现阶段我国金融体系是相对封闭的国内金融体系,服务于对外贸易和投资的金融服务相对不足。“十二五”时期,随着世界经济调整、国际经济格局和我国劳动力供求关系变化,我国将进入从商品输出向资本输出转变阶段,必然要求本国金融机构“走出去”为企业和投资者提供跟进服务。加快发展对外贸易和投资金融服务体系,推动对外金融服务从贸易金融服务向投资金融服务的转变,以及金融机构走出去从服务移民向服务企业和投资者走出去的转变。提高全国性市场对外开放度,形成全球影响力;未来注重发挥地方金融市场对周边国家的辐射作用,形成区域影响力。通过政策性金融机构,建立外汇储备与国家境外战略性投资项目之间的巨灾救助和恢复重建等,扩充政策性金融机构对外金融交往职能。逐步解决制约人民币国际化的关键性制约因素。加快境内股市国际板的建设,促进资本流出,继续通过在香港发行多种类型人民币债券,扩大境外人民币投资渠道。在建设上海国际金融中心的同时,巩固和发挥香港国际金融中心地位和作用,支持香港发展与人民币有关的各项金融业务,推动香港成为人民币国际化过程的境外人民币业务中心。6.5.3Promotetheclosefinancesystemtodevelopintoanopenone.Thefinancesysteminchinaisstillrelativelyclose,andtheserviceforforeigntradeandinvestmentarestillinadequate.Duringthetwelfthfiveyearplan,thesupply-demandrelationinchinahaschangedalot.Chinaisonitswaytochangefromacountryofcommodityexporttocapitalexport.Thiswouldfinallycalltheneedsforpost-establishmentservice.Thefinanceorganizationshouldopenuptotheworldandservetheservicefirmandinvestmentsotherthanimmigrants.Furthermoreweshouldimprovetheopennessofnation-widemarketandformingasphereofinfluence;alsoweshouldpayattentiontotheradiationeffectandinfluencesondistrict.Weshouldbuildforeign-exchangereservesandoverseasInvestmentProjectthroughpolicyfinanceorganizationsincatastrophehelporeconversion.WecangraduallyremovetherestrainingfactorsofinternationalizationofRMB.WecanpromotethecapitalexportandspeeduptheglobalizationofstockmarketbyissuingdifferentkindsofRMBbondinHKandenlargingtheoverseasinvestmentchannel.WhileweareconstructingtheShanghaiinternationalfinancecentre,weshouldsolidatethestatusofHKinternationalfinancecentreandpromoteHKtobecometheoverseascentreofRMBbusiness.15'